Idea Transcript
Name ____________________ Teacher _______________________ Hour ____
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Learning Goals Unit 2: Classification of Matter I will be able to: KNOW (define): • Matter • Atom • Element • Diatomic element • Molecule • Compound • Pure substance • Homogenous mixture
• • • • • • • •
Solution Heterogenous mixture Physical combination Physical property Physical change Chemical combination Chemical property Chemical change
UNDERSTAND: 1) Describe the difference between physical and chemical changes. DO: 2) memorize the element symbols and names of the 43 most commonly used elements (see handout for details) 3) memorize the diatomic elements 4) distinguish between an element and a compound symbolically 5) describe the difference between an element and a compound 6) distinguish between an atom and a molecule symbolically 7) describe the difference between an atom and a molecule. 8) identify examples of a homogenous mixture 9) identify examples of a heterogenous mixture 10) identify examples of chemical changes 11) identify examples of physical changes 12) identify examples of chemical properties 13) identify examples of physical properties
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Elements to know for this unit: • Put the symbol on one side of your flashcard and the name on the other. • Remember the rules for writing the symbols…the first letter is capitalized and the second letter (if there is one) is lowercase! Element Symbol
Element Name
Na I Ag He Si Cl Ne Be Cu Ra S As Fe Ca Cs Mg Br Hg Cr Al Ni Au Xe P Kr Ar Li Rb Sr Pb Rn Mn Ba Zn O H C N K U F B Bi
Sodium Iodine Silver Helium Silicon Chlorine Neon Beryllium Copper Radium Sulfur Arsenic Iron Calcium Cesium Magnesium Bromine Mercury Chromium Aluminum Nickel Gold Xenon Phosphorous Krypton Argon Lithium Rubidium Strontium Lead Radon Manganese Barium Zinc Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Potassium Uranium Fluorine Boron Bismuth
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Classification of Matter How do you know if something is made out of matter or not? Anything that has mass and volume is matter. Matter is also defined as anything with the property of inertia. All of the solids, liquids and gases that you may encounter in your daily life would be classified as some type of matter. You learned about the general and special properties of all matter, now you will learn about the ways in which scientists classify this matter.
Definitions: Matter – Examples: Pure Substance –
Examples: Element – Atom – Examples: Compound – Molecule – Examples:
Mixture –
Examples: A tossed salad, cookie dough, metal alloy (stainless steel). Homogeneous –
Examples: Ice tea, metal alloys (bronze), the air we breathe. Solution – Examples: Heterogeneous Examples: Chocolate-chip cookie dough, a tossed salad, a bag of multi-colored M&M’s, sand, and a bowl of raisin bran cereal
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Creating a Concept Map Concept Maps are diagrams that are used to show the relationship among different concepts. Below are two examples of concept maps. Look at both of these concept maps and pick out some similarities and differences between each of the concept maps. Write these things down in the column on the right hand side of this page. With the class, discuss what you’ve found!
Similarities found in sample Concept Maps 1.
2.
3.
4. Differences found in sample Concept Maps 1.
2.
3.
4.
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Classification of Matter Lab Activity Now that you have a sense of how matter can be classified, let’s do some practice! Working with your group members, use the posters you are given and the classification guide to classify different types of matter. Always start with the matter placed in the box labeled matter; then follow the lines in the poster to place the matter in the proper location. Draw the concept map as it is shown on the poster in the space below:
Classification guide 1. Do you see any property that is not the same throughout the substance? Yes: Heterogeneous mixture No: Homogeneous (go to 2) 2. Do you think this is a mixture of more than one pure substance? Yes: Solution (homogenous mixture) No: Pure substance (go to 3) 3. Is this pure substance made out of more than one type of atom? Yes: Compound No: Element 1. Write down the path that you followed when classifying it (follow the example below)
26 Name of matter
path followed
a. Rice Krispies in milk
heterogeneous – mixture_________________
b. ___________________
___________________________________________
c. ___________________
___________________________________________
d. ___________________
___________________________________________
e. ___________________
___________________________________________
f.
___________________
___________________________________________
g. ___________________
___________________________________________
h. ___________________
___________________________________________
i.
___________________________________________
___________________
2. What were the three easiest pieces of matter for you to classify? _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What were the three most difficult pieces of matter for you to classify? __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What made items easy or difficult to classify? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Let’s try to stump our classmates. List two items that you think your classmates will not be able to properly classify in the space below. Be sure to include how you would classify the items and explain why you classified them as you did. A.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ B.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Properties of Substances Every substance has a set of properties by which it may be identified. Many properties of matter can be seen by the naked eye, but some properties can be observed only by sophisticated equipment. The identification of a substance's properties, and the use of properties to characterize a substance, are significant parts of what chemists and other scientists do. Identifying what properties a substance does or does not have allows us to understand whether something has gone through a physical or chemical change. Knowing the difference between these types of changes will help us to appropriately classify matter. Property: A. Definition: A quality or trait belonging to an individual or thing, and/or an effect that an object has on another object or on the senses. B. Example: Water always boils when the temperature is 100o C. The tree’s leaves are green. Physical Change: A. Definition: When properties of a substance change, but the material itself is the same before and after the change. The change can be undone or reversed. B. Signs of physical changes: a. Change in shape (ripping a piece of paper in half) b. Change in phase (water changing from a solid to a liquid) Chemical Change: A. Definition: A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties. The change cannot be undone or reversed. B. Signs of chemical changes: a. Changes in color b. Energy is absorbed or released (in the form of heat or light) c. Odor changes d. Production of gases or solids For numbers 1-18, write the letter ‘C’ for a chemical change, or ‘P’ for a physical change. 1. Glass breaking
9. Exploding fireworks
2. Hammering wood together to build a playhouse
10. Squeezing oranges to make orange juice
3. A rusting nail
11. Frying an egg 12. Pouring milk onto your oatmeal
4. Melting butter for popcorn
13. Burning leaves
5. Separating the marshmallows from the cereal in Lucky Charms Cereal
14. Making salt water
6. Spoiling (rotting) food 7. Mixing chocolate powder into water to make hot cocoa. 8. Mowing the lawn
15. Cream being whipped 16. Burning toast 17. Freezing chocolate covered bananas 18. Melting ice cream
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Separation and Classification of Matter Investigation Part 1 Procedures 1) Working in groups, observe the matter at each lab station. Be sure to make observations about the matter in column A (the starting matter) and the matter in column B (the final products) on page 29. Ultimately the starting matter in column A makes up the final product of the matter listed in column B. 2) After making observations, fill in columns C, D, and E. Be sure to list suggestions for how you could possibly separate the resulting matter in column B into its original forms in column A. Don’t forget to say if this would be PHYSICALLY or CHEMICALLY separated! 3) Check: Are all of your columns (A-E) filled in? 4) Head back to your seat and wait to receive your separation assignment from your teacher. Part 2 Procedures During this half of the lab, you will perform the separation experiments. Prior to separation, you and your teacher will view and arrange the equipment you may need to accomplish this task. Think about what type of tools you will use to separate your matter. 1) Once you have been assigned a type of matter to separate, use page 31 to list your ideas on how you are hoping to test your separation ideas. Be specific about what materials you will need to perform your separations and how you will use these materials. 2) When you and your group have each filled in your Separation Proposal, bring it to your teacher and have them initial it in the upper left hand corner of page 31. Now is the time to perform your experiments on these types of matter! 3) Record your procedure, list your materials, and explain your results on page 32 of your packet. Using your results, try to classify the matter you separated. You should be ready to present your findings to the rest of the class and make a complete list of the different types of matter and their classification that you saw in this lab.
Classification Definitions Use these terms to classify the matter you observed during lab. Focus on the relationship of the starting and final products to help you. Also see page 23 of the packet. HETEROGENEOUS- having different properties throughout, not the same HOMOGENEOUS- having the same properties throughout MIXTURE- two or more substances combined that can be physically separated SOLUTION - a homogenous mixture SUBSTANCE- a kind of matter or material ELEMENT- a substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler COMPOUND- a substance that can be chemically broken down into two or more substances
A
INDIVIDUAL STARTING MATTER
B LIST THE PROPERTIES OF THE STARTING MATTER
LIST THE PROPERTIES OF THE FINAL PRODUCTS LISTED HERE
C Did the starting matter in column A undergo a CHEMICAL or PHYSICAL change to become the products in column B?
D CLASSIFY THE MATTER IN COLUMN B as Pure Substance, Mixture, etc.
E CAN YOU SEPARATE THE FINAL PRODUCT INTO ITS ORIGINAL STARTING MATTER? IF YES, HOW SPECIFICALLY COULD YOU SEPARATE THE PRODUCT? Will this be a PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL separation?
1. Cu (copper)
S (sulfur) 2.
Shinny brown, a solid, granular
Cu + S
Yellow powder H2O (water)
H2 (hydrogen) O2 (oxygen)
3. Cu (copper)
Cu(SO4) copper sulfate
S (sulfur)
O2 (oxygen) 4. H2O (water)
Kool-aid Powder
Kool-aid + water
A
INDIVIDUAL STARTING MATTER
B LIST THE PROPERTIES OF THE STARTING MATTER
LIST THE PROPERTIES OF THE FINAL PRODUCTS LISTED HERE
C Did the starting matter in column A undergo a CHEMICAL or PHYSICAL change to become the products in column B?
D CLASSIFY THE MATTER IN COLUMN B as Pure Substance, Mixture, etc.
E CAN YOU SEPARATE THE FINAL PRODUCT INTO ITS ORIGINAL STARTING MATTER? IF YES, HOW SPECIFICALLY COULD YOU SEPARATE THE PRODUCT? Will this be a PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL separation?
5. NaCl (salt)
NaCl (salt) + pepper
pepper
6. Fe (iron III)
Fe2O3 (iron III oxide)
O2 (oxygen)
7. oil
oil + H2O (water)
H2O (water)
8. Fe (iron)
sand
Fe (iron) + sand
PROPOSAL FOR SEPARATION OF MATTER EXPERIMENT
1. List the types of matter you will try to separate: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. List the materials that will be helpful for your experiment(s) and explain HOW they will be helpful: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What will you do to try to separate the matter—write your procedure here: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why do you think that this separation experiment may work? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
Separation Results 1. Record your separation results here. Be sure to include the types of matter you used. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. According to your separation results and other observations, try to classify the matter for each investigation you performed. Tell WHY you classified it as you did. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Class data and patterns: Type of Substance Cu + S H2O Cu(SO4) Kool-aid + water
NaCl + pepper Fe2O3 Oil + water Fe + sand
Tools Used/General Information
Classification
Name _______________________ Teacher_________________ Pd__ Review on the Classification of Matter 1. Fill in the blanks: Matter that is a combination of different materials and has different properties throughout is called a / an ________________________________________. A pure substance that is made of more than one element is called a / an _______________. A homogenous mixture is called a / an ________________ A pure substance that’s smallest unit is an atom is known as a / an _______________ 2. Use the terms form the packet to classify the following samples, and explain why you classified the matter as you did. See the example below a. Calcium (Ca)) is: __homogenous – pure substance - _ an element____ because it ___ is made out of only one type of atom.
b. Your shampoo is: __________________________________________________ because it: ________________________________________________________________ c. Spaghetti with meat balls is __________________________________________ because it ________________________________________________________________ d. The anti freeze salt Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) is ______________________ because it ________________________________________________________________ e. A ring of pure silver (Ag) is _________________________________________ because it ________________________________________________________________ f.
Blood is ________________________________________________________ because it _____________________________________________________
3. Both compounds and solutions are made of more than one pure substance – so what is the difference between a compound and a solution?
4. Which types of matter can be separated by physical means? _________________________________________________________________________ 5. List 3 examples of physical changes in the space below:
6. List 3 examples of chemical changes in the space below:
7. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). Is this a physical or chemical property? _________________. Explain your answer in the space below:
8. Describe an example of a chemical property in the space below:
Classification of Matter Concept Map
Matter Can be either
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Includes Includes
Mixtures
Pure Substances Are
Are
Special case: Solutions are HOMOGENOUS mixtures that are physically combined
Compounds Element(s) Smallest unit is called an
Are made of more than one
Smallest unit is called a
Molecule Atom
Chemically combined – cannot be physically separated
Physically combined – can be physically separated