German ([x] before back vowels and [Ñ] before front vowels) are transcribed. For native speakers fine phonetic as well as allophonic contrasts are superfluous in a transcription due to their knowledge of the language. For non-native speakers fine ph
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Idea Transcript
Phonetic Transcription Theory and Practice
Barry Heselwood
EDINBURGH University Press
Contents
List of Tables List of Figures Preface Acknowledgements
,
Introduction 1
ix x xiii xv
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Theoretical Preliminaries to Phonetic Notation and Transcription 1.0 1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Introduction Phonetic Transcription and Spelling 1.1.1 Logography and phonography 1.1.2 Sound-spelling correspondence 1.1.3 Speech, writing and the linguistic sign 1.1.4 Spoken and written languages as translation equivalents Phonetic Symbols and Speech Sounds 1.2.1 Speech sounds as discrete segments 1.2.2 Complexity of speech sounds 1.2.3 Speech sounds vs. analysis of speech sounds Phonetic Notation, General Phonetic Models and the Role of Phonetic Theory 1.3.1 Phonetic transcription as descriptive phonetic models 1.3.2 Phonetic transcription as data reduction-by-analysis Content of Phonetic Models Respelling as Pseudo-Phonetic Transcription 1.5.1 Transliteration as pseudo-phonetic transcription Orthographic Transcription 1.6.1 Interpretation of spellings and transcriptions Status and Function of Notations and Transcriptions
Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice Origins and Development of Phonetic Transcription 2.0 2.1 2.2
2.3
3
Introduction Representation of Pronunciation in Writing Systems Phonographic Processes in Writing Systems 2.2.1 The rebus principle 2.2.2 Syllabography 2.2.3 The acrophonic principle 2.2.4 The notion 'segment' revisited 2.2.5 Subsegmental analysis 2.2.6 Diffusion and borrowing of writing systems 2.2.7 Anti-phonography The Development of Phonetic Theory 2.3.1 Phonetic theory in the pre-Modern world 2.3.2 Phonetic theory in the Early Modern world 2.3.3 Phonetic terminology in the 'English School' 2.3.4 Phonetic theory in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 2.3.5 From correspondence to representation 2.3.6 Spelling reform
Phonetic Notation 3.0 3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Introduction Organic-Iconic Notation 3.1.1 Korean Hangul 3.1.2 Helmont's interpretation of Hebrew letters 3.1.3 Wilkins's organic-iconic symbols 3.1.4 Bell's Visible Speech notation 3.1.5 Sweet's organic-iconic notation 3.1.6 The Passy-Jones organic alphabet Organic-Analogical Notation 3.2.1 Wilkins's analogical notation 3.2.2 Lodwick's analogical notation 3.2.3 Sproat's analogical notation 3.2.4 Notation for a voiced alveolar trill in Wilkins, Bell/Sweet and Passy-Jones Analphabetic Notation 3.3.1 Jespersen's analphabetic notation 3.3.2 Pike's analphabetic notation Alphabetic Notation and the Structure of Symbols 3.4.1 Pre-nineteenth-century alphabetic notation 3.4.2 Lepsius's Standard Alphabet 3.4.3 Ellis's palaeotype notation 3.4.4 Sweet's romic notation 3.4.5 IPA notation 3.4.6 Extensions to the IPA 3.4.7 IPA Braille notation 3.4.8 Pitch notation
3.4.9 Notation for voice quality and long domain categories 3.4.10 SAMPA notation 3.4.LI Notation for infant vocalisations 3.4.12 Using notations Ordering of Components and Homography in Composite Symbols Hierarchical Notation
Introduction Specific and Generic Transcriptions Orientation of Transcriptions Broad and Narrow Transcriptions Systematic and Impressionistic Transcriptions General Phonetic Transcription Phonemic Transcription Allophonic Transcription Archiphonemic Transcription Morphophonemic Transcription Exclusive and Inclusive Transcriptions Dynamic Transcription 4.11.1 Parametric transcription 4.11.2 Gestural scores 4.11.3 Intonation and rhythm 4.12 Instrument-Dependent and Instrument-Independent Transcriptions 4.13 Transcriptions as Performance Scores 4.13.1 Nonsense words 4.13.2 Transcriptions as prescriptive models 4.13.3 Spelling pronunciation 4.13.4 Active and passive readings of transcriptions 4.14 Third Party Transcriptions 4.15 Laying Out Transcriptions
Introduction Pressure-Waves, Auditory Events and Sounds The Auditory System and Auditory Perception Of Speech 5.2.1 Just noticeable differences 5.3 Perception of Speech 5.4 Is Speech Processed Differently from Non-Speech Stimuli? 5.5 The Issue of Consistency 5.6 The Issue of Veridicality 5.7 The Content of Perceptual Objects 5.8 The Objects of Analysis for Impressionistic Transcription 5.9 Phonetic Judgements and Ascription 5.10 Objections to Impressionistic Transcription
Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14
6
Phonetic Transcription in Relation to Instrumental and Other Records 6.0 6.1
6.2
6.3 6.4 6.5
6.6
7
Who Should Make Impressionistic Transcriptions? Conditions for Making Transcriptions Comparing Transcriptions and Consensus Transcriptions Are Some Kinds of Data Harder to Transcribe Than Others?
Introduction Instrument-Dependent Transcriptions 6.1.1 Instrument-determined transcriptions 6.1.2 Instrument-informed transcriptions Functions of Instrument-Dependent Transcriptions 6.2.1 Annotating function 6.2.2 Summarising function 6.2.3 Corpus transcriptions Indexed Transcriptions Impressionistic Transcription and Instrumental Records Phonetic Domains. Phonetic Theory and Their Relations 6.5.1 Articulatory domain 6.5.2 Aerodynamic domain 6.5.3 Acoustic domain 6.5.4 Auditory domain 6.5.5 Perceptual domain 6.5.6 Phonetic categories as domain-neutral Multi-Tiered and Multilayered Transcriptions
Introduction Transcription in Dictionaries Transcription in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching Transcription in Phonetics Learning and Teaching Transcription in Speech Pathology and Therapy Transcription in Dialectology, Accent Studies and Sociophonetics Transcription in Conversation Analysis Transcription in Forensic Phonetics
Glossary References Appendix: Phonetic Notation Charts IPA Chart Revised to 2005 Elaborated Consonant Chart from Esling (2010) ExtlPA Chart Revised to 2008 VoQS Chart 1994 IPA Braille Chart 2009 Index