Polymers in The Marine Environment [PDF]

Oct 20, 2015 - Mikroplastik in ausgewählten Kläranlagen des Oldenburgisch-Ostfriesischen. Wasserverbandes (OOWV) in Ni

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Polymers in  The Marine Environment Robert Y. Lochhead The School of Polymers & High Performance Materials  The University of Southern Mississippi

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Marpol Annex V Prohibits Ships from  Dumping of Plastics in the Ocean

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450 years repeated…..

What was the origin  of these numbers?

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The IMO pointed me to the Greek Poster Source

,,,,but no‐one  could tell me  how these  numbers were  calculated

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Durability of plastics at sea  ( Azzarello et al,  Marine ecology prog: 37, 295‐303, 1987 • High density polyethylene is photo degradable: • Embrittlement and fragmentation occurs within 2 to 3 years at the sea surface • Can be accelerated to three months if all ultraviolet stabilizers are excluded (Dixon and  Dixon, 1981)

• Wehle, H. S., Coleman, F. C. (1983). Plastics at sea. Natural History, 92, (1983)  20‐26; suggest that fishing nets could survive 50 years in the submerged  condition. • Durability of plastic pellets  in the marine environment uncertain but they  seem to last 3‐10 years [Derraik, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2002] There is a need to accurately determine the  lifetime of plastics in the Marine Environment OCTOBER 20, 2015

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The Source of Plastics in the  Ocean

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Plastic Waste from Coastal Countries

• The amount of plastic waste entering the oceans through waste  mismanagement is depicted in the map above OCTOBER 20, 2015 PCPC SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM NEWARK NJ

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Source of plastics at sea ( Azzarello et al,  Marine ecology prog: 37, 295‐303, 1987 • 2 sources: • User plastics: materials used by man such as bags, cups, bottles, packaging  ropes and nets. • • • •

Discarded from vessels or from river and ocean dumping 13172 tonnes of fishing nets, lines and buoys discarded in 1975. 3500 small pieces per square km in the Sargasso Sea (Carpenter 1972) British coastal waters contained particles  of styrene‐butadiene copolymers (Morris  1974)

• Industrial source materials: pellets discharged from factories or flotsam from  vessels.

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The source of plastic debris in the ocean  (Derraik: Marine pollution Bulletin) • It is not possible to obtain reliable estimates of the amount of plastic  debris that reaches the marine environment, but the quantities are  nevertheless quite substantial.  • 1975 the world's fishing fleet 

• dumped 135,400 tons of plastic fishing gear • 23,600 tons of synthetic packaging material (Cawthorn, 1989; 1990);  Horsman (1982)

• Merchant ships dump 639,000 plastic containers/ day, (Shaw, 1977; Shaw  and Mapes, 1979).  • Recreational fishing and boats  • US Coast Guard estimates they dispose 52% of all rubbish dumped in US  waters (UNESCO, 1994). OCTOBER 20, 2015

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The source of plastic debris in the ocean  (Derraik: Marine pollution Bulletin) • Plastic materials also end up in the marine environment  • accidentally lost, carelessly handled (Wilber, 1987)  • left behind by beachgoers (Pruter, 1987).  • litter carried by rivers and municipal drainage systems (Pruter, 1987; Williams  and Simmons, 1997).  • land‐based sources in densely populated or industrialized areas (Pruter,  1987; Gregory, 1991), mostly packaging.  • For instance, a study on Halifax Harbour in Canada, • showed that 62% of the total litter in the harbour originated from recreation and land‐based  sources (Ross et al., 1991). 

• In contrast, in beaches away from urban areas (e.g. Alaska) most of the litter  is made up of fishing debris. OCTOBER 20, 2015

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The source of plastic debris in the ocean  (Derraik: Marine pollution Bulletin) • Small plastic pellets and granules are found in large quantities on  beaches (Gregory, 1978 and Gregory, 1989; Shiber, 1979, Shiber,  1982 and Shiber, 1987; Redford et al., 1997), • raw material for the manufacture of plastic products that end up in the  marine environment through accidental spillage during transport and  handling, (Gregory, 1978; Shiber, 1979; Redford et al., 1997).  • Their sizes usually vary from 2–6 mm, though occasionally much larger ones  can be found (Gregory, 1977 and Gregory, 1978).

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Where Does the Plastic Go?

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The Gyres • Gyres are particular hotspots for microplastic accumulation • conc of 32.76 particles/ cu m and mass of 250mg /cu m in North  Pacfic Subtropical Gyre (Goldstein et. al 2012) • Concentrations of ~ 100,000 particles per cu m reported in a Swedish  harbor adjacent to a PE production plant (Noren and Naustvoli, 2010)

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Lebreton LC‐M, Greer SD, Borrero JC. Numerical  modelling of floating debris in the world’s oceans.  Mar Pollut Bull. 2012 Mar;64(3):653–61,  doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.027. 

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BEACHED PARTICLES Lebreton LC‐M, Greer  SD, Borrero JC. Numerical  modelling of floating  debris in the world’s  oceans. Mar Pollut Bull.  2012 Mar;64(3):653–61,  doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2 011.10.027. 

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Vacha Dam

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Reference 1

PLASTIC IS NOT  MENTIONED IN THIS  ARTICLE! Crab pot on grass after 13 weeks

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Tire on grass after 9 weeks

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Reference 2

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MICROPLASTICS

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Evaluation performed by: Dr Karen Duis ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH Böttgerstr. 2-14 D-65439 Flörsheim/Main

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Identification of microparticles For particles collected from the water surface and  beach  in Korea: • FTIR detected a higher total abundance of microplastic particles than stereomicroscopy but stereomicroscopy  detected more fibers than FTIR; 

1. 2. 3.

Transparent plastic microparticles could be missed by stereomicroscopy  Natural fibers, cotton and rayon could be mistakenly identified as  microplastic by microscopy Transparent fibers from ropes are often transparent and irregular in  shape – and could be ‘missed’ by microscopy. OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Microplastics from PET bottles

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Microplastics Source • Degradation:Weathering of plastics in the marine environment causes  embrittlement and subsequent fragmentation into microparticles of plastic • Notable exceptions are the observations of Gregory (1978, 1983), who  drew attention to the accidental release and accumulation of virgin plastic  granules washing up on various beaches around the globe.  These plastic  granules described as being colourless, transparent to translucent cylinders  and discs ranging in length from 5mm were referred to as plastic  ‘nibs’  • OPERATION CLEAN SWEEP

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Microplastics In 1991, Zitko and Hanlon (1991) drew attention to a another potential primary source of plastic beads, with sizes ranging between 100-200µm, associated with their use in cosmetic products and used as a scrubbing agent. Zitko and Hanlon (1991) were unable to assess the impact that this material might have on the environment, but suggested that the potential release of plastic scrubbers to the environment represents an unnecessary source of plastic debris. These comments were later echoed by Gregory (1996), who referred to this material as having the potential to contribute to plastic micro-litter. OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Particle Size Range Definitions • Nanoparticles = sizes between 1 and 100nm  • (EC Regulation 1223/2009)

• Microplastics = 100nm to 5mm • Primary microplastics are produced in the microsize range • Secondary microplastics are produced by environmental degradation of  discarded macroplastics

• Macroplastics =bigger than 5mm

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What did the article really say?

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The Sludge Pond

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Pipe from sludge pond to grit system

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Water passing from grit  system to oxidation  ditches OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Close‐up of the oxidation ditch surface waters OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Mixed Liquor enters the Clarifier

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In the clarifier tank, a skimmer removes any  floating particles.

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Water passes by two sets of UV light as a final  treatment before release.

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The clean water flows downhill into a pipe and  is released.

Manta Trawl for Microplastic

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Floater FTIR = polyethylene

Floater FTIR = polyethylene

White Floaters FTIR = polyethylene

Floater FTIR = polyester

Red Sinkers Inorganic  Sinker FTIR = polyester

Red Sinkers Inorganic  OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Likely to be  transported with  wastewater??

Considerable  potential????????

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Rayon is not a plastic, but we include it in our results, because it is a man-made semisynthetic material and widely reported as present in the marine environment. It is used in cigarette filters, personal hygiene products and clothing, The microplastics were all fibrous in shape Rayon, which is a man-made non-plastic polymer, was detected in all the samples (electronic supplementary material, figure S2a). It contributed to 56.9% of the total number of fibres seen and was more than twice as abundant as polyester Of the remaining fibres, polyester was the most prevalent (53.4%), followed by other plastics (34.1%), which included polyamides and acetate, then acrylic (12.4%) OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Sources of Microplastics in the Marine  Environment

Evaluation performed by: Dr Karen Duis ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH Böttgerstr. 2-14 D-65439 Flörsheim/Main OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Microplastics possible sources

Based on the irregular form of most particles Mintenig et al. (2014) concluded that cosmetics were not a likely source of these particles. Instead, it was considered more likely that these particles were generated by abrasion, e.g. from household products such as chopping boards Mintenig S, Int-Veen I, Löder M, Gerdts G (2014). Mikroplastik in ausgewählten Kläranlagen des Oldenburgisch-Ostfriesischen Wasserverbandes (OOWV) in Niedersachsen. Probenanalyse mittels Mikro-FTIR Spektroskopie. Abschlussbericht für den OldenburgischOstfriesischen Wasserverband (OOWV) und den Niedersächsischen Landesbetrieb für Wasserwirtschaft, Küsten- und Naturschutz (NLWKN). Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Accumulation of Microplastics in the Ocean

found no significant change in microplastic abundance  in the Northwest Atlantic over the past twenty years. OCTOBER 20, 2015

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Accumulation of Plastics in the Ocean trawls conducted throughout the Northwest Atlantic Ocean found no  significant difference in microplastic abundance over a 22 year period (Law  et al., 2010). The average number of plastics debris items consumed by Fulmars, beached on the shores of the Netherlands, decreased slightly from the mid‐1990s, but has remained relatively stable Microplastic concentrations in the 1980s and 1990s were significantly greater than those in the 1960s and 1970s in an analysis of CPR samples from the North Sea and Northwest Atlantic.

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Publications on Plastic and Microplastics in  the Marine Environment. 70

With Thanks to, Iain A. Davies Don J. Versteeg,  Todd Gouin

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Number of publications

Plastic debris ‐ includes both  macro‐ and micro‐plastic

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With reference specifically to  micron sized plastic particles

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There is a need for  proper classification of  the terms plastic and  microplastic!

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20

10

0

Year

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Despite a variety of forms from irregular fragments to spherules, it seems likely that fibrous microplastics are most abundant in the marine environment. 4.6. Transfer to the food chain At present, there are few studies on the bioaccumulation of plastics and their associated POPs across marine trophic levels. Given that lower trophic organisms, specifically invertebrates, can ingest and accumulate microplastic thatmicroplastics will be introduced to particles,ititisis likely likely that the food web.

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Annual variation in neustonic micro‐ and meso‐plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay  of Calvi (Mediterranean–Corsica) Amandine Collignona, b, *, Jean‐Henri Hecqa, b , François Galganic , France Collarda , Anne Goffart Marine Pollution Bulletin February 2014, Volume 79 (1–2), Pages 293–298 

In the present case, the average number ratio between the  abundance of small microplastics and zooplankton (e.g.,  copepods, cladocerans) (0.2–2 mm) remained below the value  of 0.002 for the whole study.  On the other hand, for the large microplastics and zooplankton  (decapod larvae, fish larvae) from the size class between 2 and  5 mm, the ratio reached 2.63 Despite a variety of forms from irregular fragments to spherules, it seems likely that fibrous microplastics are most abundant in the marine environment.

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INGESTION OF MICROPLASTICS

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TROPHIC TRANSER • In their investigations into the presence of micro-plastic in seven common North Sea fish, Foekema et al. (2013), did not observe the presence of any particles

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