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The British Homaeopathic Journal October 1988. Vol. 77. pp. 231-232 Press reactions to Benveniste On 30 June 1988, the renowned scientific journal Nature published an article by Professor Jacques Benveniste which caused a stir in the scientific world and was widely reported by the lay and scientific press. The study, carried out by Pro- fessor Benveniste of the Unit6 200 (Unit for Immunopharmacology and Allergy) of INSERM at Clamart in the suburbs of Paris, demonstrated the existence of a specific molecu- lar-type effect in the absence of molecule. The summary of the paper published in Nature stated that 'when human polymorphonuclear basophils, a type of White blood cell with anti- bodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) type on its surface, are exposed to anti-IgE antibodies, they release histamine from their intracellular granules and change their staining properties. The latter can be demonstrated at dilutions of anti-IgE that range from 1 x 102 to 1 x 1012~ over that range, there are successive peaks of degranulation from 40 to 60% of the basophils, despite the calculated absence of any anti IgE molecules at the highest dilutions. Since dilu- tions need to be accompanied by vigorous shak- ing for the effects to be observed, transmission of the biological information could be related to the molecular organization of water.' The essence of the results, therefore, is that an aque- ous solution of an antibody retains its ability to evoke biological response even when diluted to such an extent that there is a negligible chance of there being a single molecule in any sample. This cannot be explained on an ordinary physical basis. As Professor Benveniste explained in Le Monde (30 June 1988), his findings are analo- gous to 'shaking a car key in the river Seine at the level of the Pont Neuf and then collecting a few drops of water at Le Havre that would start the very same car and not another. One can under- stand therefore the scepticism or even the hos- tility of adversaries of this type of experiments who oppose them in the name of Reason.' The 'heretic' thesis of a molecular action with- out molecules (except water molecules) still remains unexplained. 1 Download (/download/link/press-reactions-to-benveniste) Nature published this study, accompanied by both an editorial and an 'editorial reservation,' after Benveniste had his results confirmed by the repetition of his pro- tocol by five other institutions (another one in France, two All materials on our website are shared by users. If you have any questions about copyright issues, please report (/document/report/pressin Israel, one in Italy and one in Canada). 'Benveniste's observations are star- tling not merely because they reactions-to-benveniste) us to resolve them. We are always happy to assist you. point to a novel phenomenon, but because they strike at the roots of two centuries of observation and 212 PRESS REACTIONS TO BENVENISTE rationalization of physical phenomena. The principle of restraint which Nature applies in its editorial is simply views by nmg-debbas that, when an unexpected observation requires that a substantial part of our intellectual heritage should be on Oct 31, 2016 Category: Download: 0 thrown away, it is prudent to ask more carefully than usual whether the observation may be incorrect.' The Report (/document/report/press-reactionsComment: 0 DOCUMENTS editorial reservation stated that in order to satisfy the incredulity that many readers may share with some of the to-benveniste) referees who had com- mented on the paper, Nature, with the collabora- tion of Professor Benveniste, would (/category/documents.html) arrange for independent investigators to observe repetitions of the experiments. A report of this investigation 0 Share Tweet Share Share Like 0 would appear in Nature. The reactions of the press are unanimous in proclaiming an important event, and in recog- nizing the seriousness of the work, but also in calling for further scientific evaluation. Benveniste is a first Comments generation immigrant from Salonika. The son of a GP, he followed a very successful career in hospital medicine before going into research. In La Jolla, Califor- nia, he discovered PAF (Platelet Activator Factor) 0 Comments Sort by Newest which plays a large role in inflammation. He returned to France in 1973 to join Professor Hamburger's team and set up the Human Basophil Degranulation Test. Finally, since 1980, he has been in charge of 50 workers at the Unit6 INSERM 200. He was himself very anxious about disclosing his findings. By publishing his Add a comment... fundamental dis- covery in Nature, Benveniste has not hesitated to put on the line his estabhshed reputation. As he said to Le Monde, 'the prime obligation of a scientist is to scientifically observe the existence of a reproducible phenomenon and only then to question its significance and its mechanism.' Some newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal (Europe) (30 June 1988), the Inter- nationalHerald Tribune (1 July 1988), the Facebook Comments Plugin Quoti- 231 232 British Homceopathic Journal dien du Medecin (1 July 1988), Le Monde (30 June 1988), have reported on the effect this dis- covery would have on the present understanding of fundamental molecular chemistry. Other Description newspapers more specifically concentrated on the application of Benveniste's findings to hom~eopathy. The Download Press reactions to Benveniste results are interesting as they verify two of the three basic principles of homoeopathy (infinitesimal doses and dynamiza- tion). This is the case, for example, of the dis- patch of Agence France Presse (29 June 1988), Le Point (4 July 1988) and--may be more expectedly from a medical journal--of the Revue du Praticien (23 June Transcript 1988). These journals point out the oppositions and the con- vergences and suggest possible explanations. The British Homaeopathic Journal October 1988. Vol. 77. pp. 231-232 Press reactions to Benveniste On 30 June First, Benveniste's explanation--molecular organization of water bipoles around a molecule in solution. This 1988, the renowned scientific journal Nature published an article by Professor Jacques Benveniste which caused a would create a persistent elec- tromagnetic field whose characteristics would be specific of that molecule, and stir in the scientific world and was widely reported by the lay and scientific press. The study, carried out by Prowhich could be transmitted in chain to other aqueous solutions. The Impatient notes that Claudine and Vinh fessor Benveniste of the Unit6 200 (Unit for Immunopharmacology and Allergy) of INSERM at Clamart in the Luu (pharmacist and physicist) showed in 1975 in water or alcohol, the 'persistence of an imprint'. More recent suburbs of Paris, demonstrated the existence of a specific molecu- lar-type effect in the absence of molecule. The work following Chernobyl has allowed Vinh Luu to check whether water retains traces of radioactivity. A solution summary of the paper published in Nature stated that 'when human polymorphonuclear basophils, a type of White con- taminated five years earlier by a radioactive element with a half life of 24 hours still bore the trace. Study blood cell with anti- bodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) type on its surface, are exposed to anti-IgE antibodies, of the phenomenon showed that the internal structure of water was rapidly modified. According to Vinh Luu, they release histamine from their intracellular granules and change their staining properties. The latter can be any substance is inscribed in water memory after its molecular disappearance, leaving a trace of energetic demonstrated at dilutions of anti-IgE that range from 1 x 102 to 1 x 1012~ over that range, there are successive nature, an energy freed by the degradation of the last molecule, as an isolated molecule does not exist. peaks of degranulation from 40 to 60% of the basophils, despite the calculated absence of any anti IgE molecules However, scepticism remains, concerning not the seriousness of the work, but the results them- selves, and at the highest dilutions. Since dilu- tions need to be accompanied by vigorous shak- ing for the effects to be many point out the necessity to con- firm them. Like Mr Pierre Douzou (Quotidien du Medecin, 4 July 1988), Mr observed, transmission of the biological information could be related to the molecular organization of water.' The Jean-Pierre Lehn, the Chemistry Nobel prizewinner who showed reserve and respectful disbelief and called for essence of the results, therefore, is that an aque- ous solution of an antibody retains its ability to evoke biological scientific checking of the results which, if they were to be confirmed, would put in question the essential basis response even when diluted to such an extent that there is a negligible chance of there being a single molecule in on which molecular science is based. Nature's own verdict was delivered on 28 July 1988. John Maddox, the any sample. This cannot be explained on an ordinary physical basis. As Professor Benveniste explained in Le Chief editor of Nature, James Randi, a professional magician, and Wal- ter W. Stewart, a specialist in errors Monde (30 June 1988), his findings are analo- gous to 'shaking a car key in the river Seine at the level of the Pont and incon- sistencies in the scientific literature and misconduct in sciences, reported on a five-day visit to Unit Neuf and then collecting a few drops of water at Le Havre that would start the very same car and not another. One 200 of INSERM. Over this period of five days they checked the work conducted by Benveniste and his team. can under- stand therefore the scepticism or even the hos- tility of adversaries of this type of experiments who Their report, entitled '"High dilution" experiments a delusion' con- cludes that 'the care with which the oppose them in the name of Reason.' The 'heretic' thesis of a molecular action with- out molecules (except water experiments reported have been carried out did not match the extraordinary character of the claims made in molecules) still remains unexplained. Nature published this study, accompanied by both an editorial and an the interpretation; the phenomena described are not reproducible, but there has been no serious investigation 'editorial reservation,' after Benveniste had his results confirmed by the repetition of his pro- tocol by five other of the reason; the data lack errors of the magnitude that would be expected and which are unavoidable; no institutions (another one in France, two in Israel, one in Italy and one in Canada). 'Benveniste's observations are serious attempt has been made to eliminate systematic errors, including observer bias; the climate of the star- tling not merely because they point to a novel phenomenon, but because they strike at the roots of two laboratory is inimical to an objective evaluation of the exceptional data.' Professor Benveniste's reply (Nature, centuries of observation and rationalization of physical phenomena. The principle of restraint which Nature applies 28 July 1988) shows great anger not at the enquiry itself--he had himself always been very open to the visit by in its editorial is simply that, when an unexpected observation requires that a substantial part of our intellectual an independent team from Nature to verify his claims, but at the way the enquiry was conducted and impinged heritage should be thrown away, it is prudent to ask more carefully than usual whether the observation may be on the honesty and the scientific ability not only of this group but also of the other participating laboratories. It is incorrect.' The editorial reservation stated that in order to satisfy the incredulity that many readers may share with indeed strange that Nature has toyed with the idea of publishing Benveniste's data for several years. Why was some of the referees who had com- mented on the paper, Nature, with the collabora- tion of Professor it that such a visit/confirmation of results had not taken place prior to publication? Let us conclude with Jacques Benveniste, would arrange for independent investigators to observe repetitions of the experiments. A report of this Benveniste: 'The only way definitively to establish conflicting results is to reproduce them. It may be that we are investigation would appear in Nature. The reactions of the press are unanimous in proclaiming an important event, all wrong in good faith. This is no crime but science.' N. M. G. DEBBAS P. J. T. WISEMAN and in recog- nizing the seriousness of the work, but also in calling for further scientific evaluation. Benveniste is a first generation immigrant from Salonika. The son of a GP, he followed a very successful career in hospital Please download to view medicine before going into research. In La Jolla, Califor- nia, he discovered PAF (Platelet Activator Factor) which plays a large role in inflammation. He returned to France in 1973 to join Professor Hamburger's team and set up the Human Basophil Degranulation Test. Finally, since 1980, he has been in charge of 50 workers at the Unit6 INSERM 200. He was himself very anxious about disclosing his findings. By publishing his fundamental dis- covery in Nature, Benveniste has not hesitated to put on the line his estabhshed reputation. As he said to Le Monde, 'the prime obligation of a scientist is to scientifically observe the existence of a reproducible phenomenon and only then to question its significance and its mechanism.' Some newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal (Europe) (30 June 1988), the Inter- nationalHerald Tribune (1 July 1988), the Quoti- 231 232 British Homceopathic Journal dien du Medecin (1 July 1988), Le Monde (30 June 1988), have reported on the effect this dis- covery would have on the present understanding of fundamental molecular chemistry. Other newspapers more specifically concentrated on the application of Benveniste's findings to hom~eopathy. The results are interesting as they verify two of the three basic principles of homoeopathy (infinitesimal doses and dynamiza- tion). This is the case, for example, of the dis- patch of Agence France Presse (29 June 1988), Le Point (4 July 1988) and--may be more expectedly from a medical journal--of the Revue du Praticien (23 June 1988). These journals point out the oppositions and the con- vergences and suggest possible explanations. First, Benveniste's explanation--molecular organization of water bipoles around a molecule in solution. This would create a persistent elec- tromagnetic field whose characteristics would be specific of that molecule, and which could be transmitted in chain to other aqueous solutions. The Impatient notes that Claudine and Vinh Luu (pharmacist and physicist) showed in 1975 in water or alcohol, the 'persistence of an imprint'. More recent work following Chernobyl has allowed Vinh Luu to check whether water retains traces of radioactivity. A solution contaminated five years earlier by a radioactive element with a half life of 24 hours still bore the trace. Study of the phenomenon showed that the internal structure of water was rapidly modified. According to Vinh Luu, any substance is inscribed in water memory after its molecular disappearance, leaving a trace of energetic nature, an energy freed by the degradation of the last molecule, as an isolated molecule does not exist. However, scepticism remains, concerning not the seriousness of the work, but the results them- selves, and many point out the necessity to con- firm them. Like Mr Pierre Douzou (Quotidien du Medecin, 4 July 1988), Mr Jean-Pierre Lehn, the Chemistry Nobel prizewinner who showed reserve and respectful disbelief and called for scientific checking of the results which, if they were to be confirmed, would put in question the essential basis on which molecular science is based. Nature's own verdict was delivered on 28 July 1988. John Maddox, the Chief editor of Nature, James Randi, a professional magician, and Wal- ter W. Stewart, a specialist in errors and incon- sistencies in the scientific literature and misconduct in sciences, reported on a five-day visit to Unit 200 of INSERM. Over this period of five days they checked the work conducted by Benveniste and his team. Their report, entitled '"High dilution" experiments a delusion' con- cludes that 'the care with which the experiments reported have been carried out did not match the extraordinary character of the claims made in the interpretation; the phenomena described are not reproducible, but there has been no serious investigation of the reason; the data lack errors of the magnitude that would be expected and which are unavoidable; no serious attempt has been made to eliminate systematic errors, including observer bias; the climate of the laboratory is inimical to an objective evaluation of the exceptional data.' Professor Benveniste's reply (Nature, 28 July 1988) shows great anger not at the enquiry itself--he had himself always been very open to the visit by an independent team from Nature to verify his claims, but at the way the enquiry was conducted and impinged on the honesty and the scientific ability not only of this group but also of the other participating laboratories. It is indeed strange that Nature has toyed with the idea of publishing Benveniste's data for several years. Why was it that such a visit/confirmation of results had not taken place prior to publication? Let us conclude with Jacques Benveniste: 'The only way definitively to establish conflicting results is to reproduce them. It may be that we are all wrong in good faith. This is no crime but science.' N. M. G. DEBBAS P. J. T. WISEMAN
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