Primate tables chromosome [PDF]

Vol. 54, no. 4: 285-297, 2001

CARYOLOGIA

Primate tables chromosome DANIELA ROMAGNO Department of Animal Biology and Genetics, Lab. of Anthropology, University of Florence, Via del Proconsolo 12 - 50122 Florence, Italy. e-mail: [email protected]

Right in this magazine, upon suggestion of its founder Alberto Chiarugi, Brunetto CHIARELLI (1958) published a check list on the available at that time knowledge on primates. Since then, the researches carried out by Chiarelli and by many other scholars have enormously grown in number and depth as to the karyology of non human primates and man. Various attempts have been also made to draw up comparative chromosome atlases for the different species of primates (CHIARELLI et al. 1979) and comparative genetic maps (O’ BRIEN and MARSHALL GRAVES 1991; O’ BRIEN et al. 1999) that might supply useful elements for a phylogenetic reconstruction on a genetic basis. In addition, a large number of data has been accumulated thanks to the chromosomal painting technique (HAIG 1999). In this article, I will report the information on the number and the gross morphology available

to this day on Primate chromosomes, following closely what Chiarelli had done in ’58. In many cases I had to elaborate the data reported to let them be comparable. The increase in information is obviously remarkable even though there still remains relatively unknown data on the karyotypes of many primate species. In future years, thanks to the techniques of molecular cytogenetics and molecular biology, it is believed that a remarkable increase will take place in the knowledge about the genetic structure of the chromosomes of many reported species, whereas in the case of rare species, due to the growing difficulty in retrieving biological material, the increase in the information, compared to that presented in this work, will be relatively small. The reported taxonomy is basically that of Groves (1993); there are some reviews on the basis of new data published after 1993. In par-

Table 1 - PROSIMII: LORIFORMES LORIDAE Nycricebus coucang Nicticebus pygmaeus Arctocebus calabarensis Loris tardigradus Perodictus potto GALAGONIDAE Euoticus elegantulus Galago senegalensis

Galago moholi Galago alleni Galagoides zanzibaricus Galagoides demidoff

Otolemur crassicaudatus Otolemur garnettii

2n 50 50 52 62 62 62

M;S 48 48 50 34 38 36

42 36 37 38 38 40 36 44 58 58 62 62

38 26 26 30 24 24 30 24 20 6 12 26

A

26 22 24

X S S S S S S

Y S;A S;A S S A A

Ref. 1, 7, 9 1, 9 8 2

4 8 9 6 12 14 4 18 36 50 48 34

S A S S S S S S S S S S

S A S;A A S A S;A A

4 3, 4

3

3 4 3 3, 4, 8

5, 6 6

Ref.: 1. CHEN et al. 1993; 2. Chiarelli et al. 1979; 3. DE BOER 1974; 4. DUTRILLAUX et al, 1982a; 5. RUMPLER et al. 1983a; 6. MASTERS et al. 1987; 7. STANYON et al. 1987a; 8. STANYON et al. 1992a; 9. WARTER and RUMPLER 1998.

286

ROMAGNO

ticular for gibbons systematics we followed the indications of the workshop held in Orlando, Florida USA on 25-29 February 2000 on “Primate Taxonomy for the new millenium” (http://crosswind.net~gibbons/main/news/taxoworkshop.html).

Table legend: M = metacentric chromosomes; S = submetacentric chromosomes; A = acrocentric chromosomes; m = male; f = female; t (Y; aut) = translocation in which the Y chromosome and an autosome are involved.

Table 2 - PROSIMII: LEMURIFORMES CHEIROGALEIDAE Phaner furcifer Cheirogalaeus major Cheirogaleus medius Allocebus trichotis Microcebus coquereli Microcebus murinus Microcebus rufus Microcebus myoxinus LEMURIDAE Varecia variegata Eulemur macaco Eulemur coronatus Eulemur albocollaris Eulemur rubriventer Eulemur collaris Eulemur fulvus Eulemur mongoz Lemur catta

Hapalemur griseus Hapalemur g. occidentalis Hapalemur g. ssp Hapalemur simus Hapalemur aureus MEGALADAPIDAE Lepilemur ruficaudatus Lepilemur edwardsi Lepilemur leucopus Lepilemur dorsalis Lepilemur mustelinus Lepilemur septentrionalis septentrionalis Lepilemur s. andrafiamenensis Lepilemur s. ankaranensis Lepilemur s. sahafarensis INDRIDAE Indri indri Propithecus diadema Propithecus verreauxi Avahi laninger Avahi occidentalis DAUBENTONIDAE Daubentonia madagascariensis

2n 46 48 66 66 66 66 66 66 66

M;S 16 16

A 28 30 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

X M S M S M M M M M

Y A A A A A A A A A

46 44 46 48 50 52 60 60 56 56 56 54 58 58 60 62

Ref. 1, 7

18 20 18 16 14 12 4 4 10 8 4 10 6 8 4

26 22 26 30 34 38 54 54 44 46 50 42 50 48 54 60

S A A A A A A A S M A A A A M A

A A A A A A A A A A A A A

6, 17 6, 17 6, 17 6 13

20 22 26 26 34 34 38 36 36

18 18 20 20 6 6 2 4 4

2 4 4 26 26 34 30 30

M A M M S M M M M

A A S A A A A

9 10 9 10 10 4, 9 4, 9 4, 9 4, 9

40 44 48 70 70

30 32 30 6 4

8 10 16 62 64

S S S S S

A A A

11 11 8 8 12

30

24

4

M

M

16

7 8 14 7 1, 4, 5 15 15 7 3, 5 7 3, 5 1 3, 5 2, 5 5 1, 6

Ref.: 1. CHIARELLI et al. 1979; 2. DRESSER and HAMILTON 1979; 3. DUTRILLAUX and RUMPLER 1977; 4. RUMPLER and ALBIGNAC 1975; 5. RUMPLER and DUTRILLAUX 1976; 6. RUMPLER and DUTRILLAUX 1978; 7. RUMPLER and DUTRILLAUX 1979; 8. RUMPLER et al. 1983b; 9. RUMPLER et al. 1985; 10. RUMPLER et al. 1986; 11. RUMPLER et al. 1988; 12. RUMPLER et al. 1990; 13. RUMPLER et al. 1991; 14. RUMPLER et al. 1995; 15 RUMPLER et al. 1998; 16. TAGLE et al. 1990; 17. WARTER et al. 1987.

287

PRIMATE CHROMOSOME TABLES

Table 3 - PROSIMII: TARSIIFORMES TARSIDAE Tarsius dianae Tarsius syrichta Tarsius bacanus

2n 46 80 80

M;S 34 14 14

A 10 66 66

X M -

Y -

Ref. 2 1 1, 3

A 2 2 2 2 2 36 30

X M;S S M M;S S S S

Y A S;A S;A M;S;A S A

Ref. 5 5 5 1, 3, 4, 6 1 7 1, 2, 4, 7

Ref.: 1. MAI 1985; 2. NIEMITZ et al. 1991; 3. POORMAN et al. 1985.

Table 4 - ANTHROPOIDEA: PLATYRRHINI CEBIDAE: Atelinae Ateles paniscus Ateles chamek Ateles belzebuth Ateles geoffroyi Ateles fusciceps Brachyteles aracnoides Lagothrix lagothricha

2n 32 34 34 34 34 62 62

M;S 28 30 30 30 30 24 30

Ref.: 1. CHIARELLI et al. 1975; 2. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1980a; 3. GARCIA et al. 1975; 4. KOIFFMANN and SALDANHA 1973; 5. MEDEIROS et al. 1997; 6. MORESCALCHI et al. 1997; 7. PEQUIGNOT et al. 1985.

Table 5 - ANTHROPOIDEA: PLATYRRHINI CEBIDAE: Alouattinae Alouatta palliata Alouatta fusca

Alouatta belzebul belzebul Alouatta b. nigerrima Alouatta seniculus seniculus Alouatta s. arctoidea

Alouatta s. straminea

Alouatta s. macconelli

Alouatta s. sara

Alouatta caraya

2n m 53 f 54 m 48 f 49 50 m 49 f 50 50 40 +3-5 microchromosomes m 40 f 40 +4-5 microchromosomes m 46 f 46 +1-3 microchromosomes m 46 f 46 +1-3 microchromosomes m 46 +4 microchromosomes m 46 f 46 +5-8 microchromosomes 52 m 52 f 52

M;S 22 22 19 20 20 22 22 18 12

A 30 30 27 27 28 26 26 30 26

X S S S S S S S S A

Y t(Y;aut)

Ref. 1

t(Y;aut)

1, 2, 4

t(Y;aut)

A 1, 4

S

1, 4 4

12 12

27 26

S S

t(Y;aut)

5

21 22

24 22

S S

t(Y;aut)

4

21 22

24 22

S S

t(Y;aut)

4

16

29

S

t(Y;aut)

4, 5

15 16

30 28

S S

t(Y;aut)

20 19 20

30 32 30

S S S

A t(Y;aut)

1, 3

Ref.: 1. ARMADA et al. 1987; 2. KOIFFMANN and SALDHANA 1973; 3. MUDRY et al. 1998; 4 SAMPAIO et al. 1996; 5. STANYON et al. 1995.

288

ROMAGNO

Table 6 - ANTHROPOIDEA: PLATYRRHINI CEBIDAE: Pitheciinae Pithecia phithecia Chiropotes satanas utahicki Chiropotes s. chiropotes Cacajao melanocephalus Cacajao rubicundus Cacajao calvus

2n 48 54 54 m 45 m 45 f 46 46

M;S 18 20 22 19 20 18 18

A 28 32 30 25 24 26 26

X M S S S S S S

Y M A A t(Y;aut) t(Y;aut)

Ref. 1 4 4 3 2

A

3

Ref.: 1. DE BOER 1975; 2. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1981a; 3. KOIFFMANN and SALDANHA 1981; 4. SEUANEZ et al. 1985.

Table 7 - ANTHROPOIDEA: PLATYRRHINI CEBIDAE: Callicebinae Callicebus torquatus Callicebus cupreus Callicebus moloch Callicebus brunneus Callicebus donacophilus

2n 20 22 46 46 48 48 50

M;S 8 8 20 20 20 20 22

A 10 12 24 24 26 26 26

X S S S S S S S

Y M;S S;A S M M;S

Ref. 1, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4, 5 2, 4 2, 3, 4

Ref.: 1. BARROS et al. 2000; 2. MINEZAWA et al. 1989; 3. PIECZARKA and NAGAMACHI 1988a; 4. SCHNEIDER et al. 1993; 5. STANYON et al. 2000.

Table 8 - ANTHROPOIDEA: PLATYRRHINI CEBIDAE: Cebinae Cebus nigrivittatus Cebus capucinus Cebus apella Cebus albifrons

Saimiri sciureus sciureus Saimiri sciureus macrodon Saimiri sciureus Saimiri oerstedii Saimiri boliviensis Saimiri ustus Saimiri vanzolinii

2n 52 54 54 54 54 54

M;S 18 18 16 20 20 18

A 32 34 36 32 32 34

X S S S S S S

Y A S;A S;A S;A S

Ref. 7 2, 4, 5

44 44 44 44 44 44 44

28 30 32 32 32 32 -

14 12 10 10 10 10 -

S S S S S S -

A A A A A A -

6 6 8 6 6 1 9

3, 7 3, 4, 7

Ref.: 1. ASSIS and BARROS 1987; 2. CHIARELLI et al. 1979; 3. CLEMENTE et al. 1987; 4. DE BOER 1974; 5. GARCIA et al. 1983; 6. HERSHKOVITZ 1984; 7. MARTINEZ et al. 1996; 8. STANYON et al. 2000; 9. YONENAGA-YASSUDA and CHU 1985.

289

PRIMATE CHROMOSOME TABLES

Table 9 - ANTHROPOIDEA: PLATYRRHINI CEBIDAE: Aotinae Aotus vociferans

Aotus brumbacki Aotus lemurinus griseimembra Aotus l. lemurinus Aotus azarae azarae Aotus a. boliviensis Aotus infulatus Aotus nigriceps Aotus nancymai Aotus hershkovitz Aotus sp

2n 46 46 47 48 50 52 53 54 55 56 m 49 f 50 m 49 f 50 m 49 f 50 m 51 f 52 54 54 58 50

M;S 26 24 25 24 20 22 21 20 19 18 23 22 19 18 19 18 21 20 28 22 16 24

A 18 20 20 22 28 28 30 32 34 36 25 26 29 30 29 30 29 30 24 30 40 24

X S M S S M M M M M M M M S S M M M M S M M M

Y M;A M;A M M M M M M t(Y;aut)

Ref. 3, 7, 10, 12

t(Y;aut)

4

t(Y;aut.)

9, 11

t(Y;aut.)

3, 6

A M M -

10, 12

3 2, 3, 12 3, 5 8

12 12

Ref.: 1. BRUMBACK 1974; 2. DE BOER 1974; 3. GALBREATH 1983; 4. MA et al. 1976; 5. MA et al. 1978; 6. MA 1981; 7. MA et al. 1985; 8. MUDRY DE PARGAMENT et al. 1984; 9. PIECZARKA and NAGAMACHI, 1988b; 10. PIECZARKA et al. 1992; 11. PIECZARKA et al. 1993; 12. TORRES et al. 1998.

Table 10 - ANTHROPOIDEA: PLATYRRHINI CALLITHRICHIDAE: Callithrichinae Cebuella (Callithrix) pygmaea Callitrix group argentata Callithrix argentata Callithrix emiliae Callithrix chrysoleuca Callithrix humeralifer Callithrix mauesi Callithrix group jacchus Callithrix aurita Callithrix geoffroy Callithrix jacchus Callithrix kuhlii Callithrix penicillata Callithrix flaviceps Leontopithecus chrysomela Leontopithecus rosalia Leontopithecus chrysopygus Leontopithecus caissara Saguinus nigricollis Saguinus fuscicollis Saguinus mystax Saguinus labiatus Saguinus imperator Saguinus midas Saguinus bicolor Saguinus oedipus Saguinus leucopus Callimico goeldii

2n 44

M;S 32

A 10

X S

Y A

Ref. 6, 7

44 44 44 44 44

32 32 32 32 32

10 10 10 10 10

S S S S S

M M M M;A A

2, 3, 6 2, 3, 6 2, 3, 6 2, 3, 6 2, 3, 6

46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 m 47 f 48

30 30 30 30 30 30 32 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 24

14 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 21 22

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

A M M;S;A M M;S;A A A A A M M;S;A M A A A M;A M S t (Y;aut.)

5, 6 2, 5, 6 2, 3, 5 ,6, 7 5, 6 2, 5, 6, 7 2 4, 6, 7 4, 6, 7 4, 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4, 6 4 4 4 1, 8

Ref.: 1. MARGULIS et al. 1995; 2. NAGAMACHI et al. 1994; 3. NAGAMACHI et al. 1996; 4. NAGAMACHI et al. 1997a; 5. NAGAMACHI et al. 1997b; 6. NAGAMACHI et al. 1999; 7. SEUANEZ et al. 1988; 8. SEUANEZ et al. 1989.

290

ROMAGNO

Table 11 - ANTHROPOIDEA: CATARRHINI CERCOPITHECIDAE: Cercopithecinae

2n

M;S

Tribe Papionini Macaca arctoides Macaca assamensis Macaca cyclopis Macaca fascicularis Macaca fuscata Macaca hecki Macaca maura Macaca mulatta Macaca nemestrina Macaca nigra Macaca nigrescens Macaca orcheata Macaca maura Macaca radiata Macaca silenus Macaca sinica Macaca sylvanus Macaca tonkeana

42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42

Mandrillus leucophaeus Mandrillus sphinx

A

X

Y

Ref.

40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A S;A

1, 3, 8 3 3 1, 3, 6, 8 3, 8 2, 8 2, 3, 8 1, 3, 6, 8 1, 3, 8 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 2 8 6 1, 3, 8 3, 8 3 3, 5, 6, 7 2, 8

42 42

40 40

S S

S S

3, 5, 6, 8 3, 5, 6, 8

Lophocebus albigena Lophocebus aterrimus Cercocebus atys Cercocebus galeritus Cercocebus torquatus

42 42 42 42 42

40 40 40 40 40

S S S S S

S S S S S

3, 4, 6 3, 4, 8 1 3, 4, 6 3, 4, 6

Papio anubis Papio cynocephalus Papio hamadryas Papio papio Papio ursinus

42 42 42 42 42

40 40 40 40 40

S S S S S

S S S S S

3, 6, 8 3, 5, 6, 8 3, 6, 8 3, 6 3, 8

Theropithecus gelada

42

40

S

S

3, 6, 8

Ref.: 1. BROWN et al. 1986; 2. CAMPERIO CIANI et al. 1989; 3. CHIARELLI et al. 1979; 4. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1979; 5. DUTRILLAUX 1986; 6. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1980; 7. MORESCALCHI et al. 1998; 8. STANYON et al. 1988.

291

PRIMATE CHROMOSOME TABLES

Table 12 - ANTHROPOIDEA: CATARRHINI CERCOPITHECIDAE: Cercopithecinae Tribe Cercopithecini Allenopithecus nigroviridis

Erytrocebus patas Miopithecus talapoin Cercopithecus diana Cercopithecus (chlorocebus) aethiops Cercopithecus lhoesti Cercopithecus preussi Cercopithecus solatus Cercopithecus neglectus Cercopithecus hamlyni

Cercopithecus cephus Cercopithecus erythrotis Cercopithecus erythrogaster Cercopithecus petaurista Cercopithecus ascanius Cercopithecus campbelli Cercopithecus mona Cercopithecus nictitans Cercopithecus mitis Cercopithecus pogonias Cercopithecus wolfi

2n

M;S

A

X

Y

Ref.

48 48 48 54 54 54 58 58 60 60 60 60 62 64 64 64 66 66 66 66 66 66 68 68 70 72 70 72 72 72

46 44 42 36 38 38 42 44 36 42 42 44 46 44 50 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 48 46 46 50 48 48 46 48

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

A A A S;A A A S A S;A A S S A S A A A S;A S;A A S;A S;A A -

1, 3, 9

2 4 16 14 14 14 12 22 16 16 14 14 18 12 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 22 20 20 22 24 22

1, 8 1, 6, 9 1, 3, 9, 11 9, 11 3, 9, 11 5, 6 5, 6 1, 3 2, 3, 9, 11

1, 3 6, 7 6 2, 9, 11 2, 3 1, 11 1, 2, 3 4, 6, 9, 10 1, 3, 9, 10 2, 3 6, 7

Ref.: 1. CHIARELLI et al. 1979; 2. DUGOUJON et al. 1981; 3. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1980b; 4. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1982b; 5. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1988a; 6. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1988b; 7. MULIERIS et al. 1985; 8. PONSÀ et al. 1981; 9. SINEO 1986; 10. SINEO 1990; 11. STANYON and SINEO 1983.

Table 13 - ANTHROPOIDEA: CATARRHINI CERCOPITHECIDAE: Colobinae Colobus vellerosus Colobus polykomos Colobus guereza Procolobus badius Presbytis rubicunda Trachypithecus cristatus Trachypithecus obscurus Trachypithecus (Semnopithecus) entellus Trachypithecus (Semnopithecus) francoisi Trachypithecus (Semnopithecus) pharey Nasalis larvatus Pygatrix nemaeus Pygatrix roxellana

2n 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 48 44 44

M, S 42 42 42 42 38 40 40 40 40 40 46 42 40

A

4 2 2 2 2 2

2

X S S S S S S S S S S S S S

Y S t(Y;aut) A A A A A

Ref. 4 3 2 3 7 1, 6 6 3 5 5 8 3 3

Ref.: 1. BIGONI et al. 1997a; 2. BIGONI et al. 1997b; 3. CHIARELLI et al. 1979; 4. DUTRILLAUX et al. 1981b; 5. NIE et al. 1998; 6. PONSÀ et al. 1983; 7. SINEO 1986; 8. STANYON et al. 1992b.

292

ROMAGNO

Table 14 - ANTHROPOIDEA: CATARRHINI HYLOBATIDAE

2n

M;S

Brunopithecus hoolock

38

Hylobates agilis Hylobates klossi Hylobates lar Hylobates molock Hylobates muelleri Hylobates pileatus

X

Y

Ref.

36

S

-

5

44 44 44 44 44 44

42 42 42 42 42 42

S S S S S S

S S S S S S

1, 7 7 1, 7 1, 7 7 7

Symphalangus syndactilus

50

46

2

S

S

1, 3

Nomascus concolor Nomascus gabriellae

52 52 52 52 52

44 44 46 44 46

6 6 4 6 4

S S S S S

S;A S S S

1, 2 2, 4

Nomascus leucogenys

A

2, 6

Ref.: 1. CHIARELLI et al. 1979; 2. COUTURIER and LERNOULD, 1991; 3. KOEHLER et al. 1995a; 4. KOEHLER et al. 1995b; 5. PROUTY et al. 1983; 6. RENS et al. 2001; 7. STANYON et al. 1987b.

Table 15 - ANTHROPOIDEA: CATARRHINI HOMINIDAE

2n

M;S

A

X

Y

Ref.

Pongo pygmaeus

48

26

20

S

S

1, 2, 4

Gorilla gorilla

48

32

14

S

S

1, 4

Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus

48 48

36 36

10 10

S S

S S

1, 4 3

Homo sapiens

46

34

10

S

A

1, 4

Ref.: 1. ROMAGNO 1989; 2. SEUANEZ et al. 1979; 3. STANYON et al. 1986; 4. YUNIS and PRAKASH 1982.

PRIMATE CHROMOSOME TABLES

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