Procedure Excavation QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Rev 2 February 2014 Uncontrolled when printed
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014
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Table of Contents FOREWARD
5
1.1
Scope of Document
5
1.2
Document Revisions and Approval
5
1.3
Distribution and Intended Audience
5
2.0
RESPONSIBILITIES
5
3.0
PLANNING
7
3.1
Risk Management
7
3.2
3.1.1 Hazard Identification 3.1.2 Risk Assessment (Safe Work Method Statement) 3.1.3 Risk Control 3.1.4 Design 3.1.5 Consultation Permit to Work (PTW) for Excavation
7 8 9 9 10 10
3.3
Identification of Services
10
3.4
3.3.1 Site Survey of Area to be Excavated 3.3.2 QGC Crossing Process 3.3.3 Limits of Approach Task Rescue Plans
10 11 11 11
3.5
Planning for Backfilling
12
4.0
WORK ENVIRONMENT
13
4.1
Adjacent Work Activities
13
4.2
Ventilation, Harmful Gases and Fumes
13
4.3
Barriers, Barricades and Signage
13
4.4
Public Access
14
4.5
4.4.1 Work Near Public Roads or Footpaths Movement of Vehicles and Plant Near or Over Excavations
14 14
4.6
Work at Night/Lighting
15
4.7
Adjacent Buildings or Structures
15
4.8
Site Contamination
16
4.8.1
16
Acid Sulphate Soils
5.0
PLANT & EQUIPMENT
16
5.1
Selection and Transport of Excavation Plant and Equipment
16
5.2
5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 PPE
16 16 17 17
6.0
TRAINING & COMPETENCE
17
6.1
Training Requirements
17
6.2
Engineering Resource
17
7.0
SAFE WORK PRACTICES
18
7.1
Supervision
18
Selection Transport Specifications
Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 7.2
JSEA/Step Back
18
7.3
Installed/Live Services
18
7.4
7.3.1 Gas Detection 7.3.2 In-Field Identification of Live Services 7.3.3 Exposure of Live Services 7.3.4 Water Excavation Equipment 7.3.5 Mechanical Excavation Near Live Services 7.3.6 Excavation Near Underground or Overhead Electrical Hazards 7.3.7 Service Identification Markers 7.3.7.1 Colour Codes for Service Identification 7.3.8 Temporary Services 7.3.9 Placing Electrical Cables Access and Egress
18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20
7.5
Ground Support
21
7.6
7.5.1 Depth Less Than 1.2 metres 7.5.2 Depth 1.2 Metres or Greater 7.5.3 Design 7.5.4 Shoring 7.5.5 Benching and Battering 7.5.6 Narrow Trenches, Ditches and Small Holes Fall Prevention and Falling Objects
21 21 21 22 22 22 22
7.7
7.6.1 Fall Prevention 7.6.2 Falling Objects 7.6.3 Barricades and Handrails 7.6.4 Walkways Excavated Material
22 23 23 23 23
7.8
Inspections
24
8.0
ENVIRONMENTAL AND COMMUNITY ISSUES
24
8.1
Water Management
24
8.2
Waterlogged Ground
24
8.3
Erosion from Adverse Weather
25
8.4
Cultural, Environmental and Archaeological Issues
25
9.0
COMPLETION OF EXCAVATION WORKS
25
9.1
Filling Around Services
25
9.2
Completion of Works
26
10.0 AUDIT AND MANAGEMENT REVIEW
26
Appendices Table of Contents APPENDIX A – Document Distribution Record (RACIE Sheet)
27
APPENDIX B – Definitions and References
29
APPENDIX C – Change History
35
APPENDIX D – Feedback Form
37
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014
FOREWARD 1.1 Scope of Document The purpose of this document is to:
provide the operational controls required for performing excavations in accordance with safe working practices;
define the responsibilities of nominated persons; and
define approvals required for excavation work.
It applies to all excavation work conducted under the QGC Operations PTW process (Refer to QCOPSBX00-HSS-PCE-000002), including:
ground penetrations
open excavations; and
trenching and shoring activities.
This procedure has been developed to comply with applicable BG and QGC Standards and is to be used in conjunction with all applicable legislation, Codes of Practice, and Australian Standards. Note: Local legislation may contain additional requirements that must also be applied in work activities and risk assessments.
1.2 Document Revisions and Approval This document bears a revision status identifier which will change with each revision. All revisions to this document (after approval and distribution) are subject to review and endorsement by the same functions as the original.
1.3 Distribution and Intended Audience This document is intended for Operations members as well as other QGC stakeholders. The document will be made available on the intranet. This document will be updated during subsequent lifecycle stages and changes communicated as applicable.
2.0 RESPONSIBILITIES The following responsibilities apply for all personnel undertaking activities covered by this document. Role General Manager Upstream Operations/ Upstream Projects General Managers
Field Operations Manager / Project Field Area Manager
Responsibility a) Ensure that all aspects of the QGC Operations Excavation Procedure are implemented, resourced and monitored. b) Ensure emergency response persons are trained and competent to perform emergency rescue from a work situation c) Ensure the PTW system, which includes Excavating as a high risk activity is effective in operation, documented, and adequately resourced in material, personnel, and skills. d) Ensure processes for monitoring, auditing and reviewing the Excavation procedure are established and maintained. a) Maintain a PTW system that covers Excavation, to ensure that work will be undertaken on QGC work sites with adequate control measures in place to reduce risk to ALARP. b) Ensure that identified non-compliances are reported, thoroughly investigated and remedial actions closed out.
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 Role
Area Superintendent
Area Owner
Permit Holder or Team Leader Work Party Member
Permit Issuer
Responsibility c) Facilitate Excavation consultation and communication processes across QGC operations for review of the PTW System across all levels. Ensure Management of Change Processes are in place where required. d) Ensure that information, instruction, training and supervision of all personnel are provided to enable them to perform their work such that their exposure to the hazards on QGC sites is as low as reasonably practical. e) Appoint Endorsing Authorities for high risk tasks involving Excavation. f) Implement a process to ensure the design, modification, purchase and/or hire of plant, equipment and PPE used for Excavation complies with all applicable statutory requirements and this procedure. a) Ensure Competent Personnel are appointed to manage the Excavation procedure for the site. b) Ensure that there is a system to regularly inspect and maintain in proper working condition all plant, equipment or PPE used for Excavation on QGC sites. c) Ensure the development, maintenance and regular review of hazard and equipment registers for the site that support the Excavation procedure. This equipment will be tested and certified for use by licensed and Competent Persons. d) Ensure emergency response people, systems and processes are in place for the site. This includes appointing appropriately trained and Competent Personnel and conducting a full scale emergency response drill at least annually. e) Auditing the site for compliance to the Excavation procedure on a regular basis. f) Ensure that all employees and contractors using the Excavation procedure are informed of its requirements; are trained and competent and understand the need for compliance. g) Ensure the Excavation procedure is understood and complied with by all employees and contractors, including monitoring the effectiveness of the Excavation procedure within their work area. In addition to Area Owner responsibilities detailed in the PTW procedure, ensure that all excavation tasks in their area are monitored during the course of the work as per the requirements of this procedure. In addition to the Permit Holder or Team Leader responsibilities detailed in the PTW procedure, ensure all excavations work undertaken complies with the conditions and controls set out in this procedure. In addition to the Work party Member responsibilities detailed in the PTW procedure, ensure individual familiarity with the approved PTW content, including Excavation procedure requirements and comply whilst completing the task. In addition to the Permit Issuer responsibilities set out in the PTW procedure a) Ensure that all identified excavation work is undertaken under the PTW system and that authorisations are obtained from Excavation Endorsing Authorities when required. b) Ensure all controls necessary for safe Excavation work are clearly documented in the SWMS and PTW and its supporting documentation (Certificates and plans).
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 Role
Responsibility
Endorsing Authority
In addition to the Endorsing Authority responsibilities set out in the PTW procedure: a) Certify on the Excavation Certificate that all controls are appropriate for the task and as per the requirements of this procedure. b) Provide advice to the workforce on undertaking safe excavations. a) Ensure the Excavation procedure complies with BG Group, QGC and Australian Regulatory requirements. b) Ensure the Excavation procedure is audited as per the audit schedule and monitor close out of non-conformances. c) Provide advice on Excavation best practice for continuous improvement. d) Ensure this procedure is reviewed and kept-up-to-date. e) Ensure incident investigations are conducted and corrective actions implemented for any incident involving Excavation. f) Facilitate Excavation consultation and communication processes across QGC operations for review of the PTW System across all levels. Ensure Management of Change Processes are in place where required. a) Provide guidance on PTW system, including any proposed temporary deviations to all parties as required. This includes oversight of the Excavation procedure in line with PTW procedural principles. b) Ensure that the Excavation procedure is reviewed regularly to ensure compliance with regulatory and QGC standards, policy and procedural requirements. c) Verify all identified excavation work is undertaken under the PTW system and is consistently applied across all parts of the operation. d) Ensure the Excavation procedure is audited as per the audit schedule and monitor close out of non-conformances.
HSSE Manager
Permit and Compliance Coordinator
3.0 PLANNING 3.1 Risk Management 3.1.1
Hazard Identification
As a minimum, the following hazards must be considered when planning excavation activities:
underground and overhead services, including gas, water, sewerage, telecommunications, electricity, chemicals, and fuel or refrigerant in pipes or lines;
the fall or dislodgement of earth or rock;
falls and falling objects;
inappropriate placement of excavated materials, plant or other loads;
the instability of any adjoining structure caused by the excavation;
the instability of the excavation due to persons or plant working adjacent to the excavation;
the presence of or possible inrush of water or other liquid;
road traffic obstruction caused by the excavation or trench;
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014
a hazardous atmosphere in the excavation or trench due to: o
gas or flammable liquids from above-ground leaks or spills;
o
vehicle/machinery exhaust fumes;
o
poor ventilation; or
o
oxygen depleting soils
vibration;
lifting and handling hazards (e.g. from scaffolding being lowered into the excavation);
buried munitions;
confined space hazards;
health and ergonomic risks associated with manual excavation techniques;
welfare and sanitation risks associated with remote/temporary worksites, and
contaminated soil.
Controls for all hazards identified must be recorded on the SWMS. Ground Conditions In conjunction with the planning process outlined in the Permit to Work Procedure (QCOPS-BX00-HSSPCE-000002), before any mechanical excavation works take place, the ground conditions must be assessed. This can be achieved through boreholes, trial pits or information from previous or current work in the area. If none of the above is possible, the ground conditions must be examined when excavation commences.
3.1.2
Risk Assessment (Safe Work Method Statement)
Before any excavation activity occurs, a Competent Person must perform a risk assessment (SWMS) as part of the work planning process. The SWMS must:
consider all reasonably foreseeable hazards; and
determine the required control measures for these hazards.
All SWMS must be developed in accordance with QGC Safe Work Method Statement Procedure (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000005). The SWMS must be retained with the PTW documentation for the excavation and may be used for subsequent excavations at the same site if the conditions remain constant and unchanged from the development of the original SWMS. The SWMS must consider the reason for the excavation and all applicable hazards associated with the work and the specific work site. In addition to the general excavation hazards identified in Section 3.1.1, the SWMS must consider the following job-specific factors:
local site conditions, including access, ground slope, adjacent buildings and structures, water courses (including underground) and trees;
depth of the excavation;
soil properties, including variable soil types, stability, shear strength, cohesion, presence of ground water and the effect of exposure to the elements;
proximity of live services to the excavation and minimum approach distances;
potential for sewerage seepage or methane gas/vapour migration;
the condition of the soil substrate;
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014
fractures or faults in rocks, including joints, bedding planes, dip and strike directions and angles, and clay seams;
any specialised plant or work methods required (for example ground support, removal of material below the live service);
the method(s) of transport, haul routes and disposal;
exposures that may occur, such as noise or UV rays;
the number of people involved;
the need to enter/work in the excavation;
the possibility of unauthorised access to the work area;
local weather conditions, and
the length of time the excavation or trench will be open.
For excavations and trenches across roads, the control of traffic and pedestrians must be considered in the SWMS and consideration must be given to preparing a traffic management plan, for approval by the Local Road Authority if required. Confined Spaces If the SWMS identifies the potential for the excavation to become a confined space (e.g. concentrations of airborne contaminants in the trench that could lead to impairment, loss of consciousness or asphyxiation), a Confined Space Identification Risk Assessment (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-FRM-000010) must be completed. If this assessment confirms the presence of a confined space, the requirements of the QGC Confined Space Entry Procedure (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000003) must be met in addition to the requirements of this procedure.
3.1.3
Risk Control
Controls for excavation activities must be selected according to the hierarchy of controls. Wherever possible, the requirement to excavate should be eliminated. If no single control is sufficient to reduce excavation risks to the lowest level reasonably practicable, a combination of controls must be used. Based on the outcome of the risk assessment, all necessary safety systems and equipment, including PPE, must be provided and an emergency plan must be prepared, commensurate with the risk. Most Effective
Elimination
Can the need for excavation be avoided by installing cables or pipes above ground in pipe racks, cable racks or existing culverts?
Substitution
Can an alternate method such as moling, directional drilling or other non-destructive pipe-laying technique be used instead of open excavation?
Engineering/ Isolation
Can barricades, barriers, fencing or handrails be put in place to prevent the risk of falls? Can benching, battering or shoring the sides of an excavation reduce the risk of ground collapse?
Least Effective
3.1.4
Administrative Controls
Can procedures, SWMS, PTW, emergency plans, toolbox talks, JSEAs and regular inspections minimise exposure?
Personal Protective Equipment
Can hard hats, hearing protection and high-visibility vests protect workers from excavation hazards?
Design
Designs must optimise the layout, constructability, operability, maintainability and accessibility of facilities, while at the same time minimising the requirement for excavation or trenching during construction and subsequent operation. Excavations and trenches must be sited to minimise excavation risks to people, plant and the environment, including the possibility of damaging other services in the vicinity.
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 Excavations and any supports must be designed in accordance with acceptable engineering principals and standards.
3.1.5
Consultation
Personnel involved in excavation activities must be consulted during development of the SWMS and JSEA, and selection of the required controls.
3.2 Permit to Work (PTW) for Excavation A PTW is required for all excavations deeper than 300mm in brownfield areas. A PTW is required for excavations less than 300mm in depth unless:
the excavation has been appropriately risk assessed and has been approved by the Area Owner as a one-off, low-risk activity; or
the task is listed on the site’s Approved Task List (ATL).
The PTW must:
identify the reason for the excavation;
list the controls required to safely manage both the excavation and movement around and into the excavation; and
identify the nominated competent safety observer/spotter.
If personnel will be entering an excavation that has been determined a confined space (refer to Section 3.1.2), a Confined Space Certificate (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-CER-000001) must be issued with the PTW. If excavation will occur within the 15 metre pipeline exclusion zone, the relevant QGC Area Superintendent or delegate must be consulted and Guidelines for work near QGC Pipelines (QCOPSOPS-HSS-GDL-000001) must accompany the PTW application. For all Brownfield excavations of 1.2m or greater, a QGC appointed Excavation Endorsing Authority must review and approve/endorse the PTW application and supporting documentation. An Endorsing Authority is not required for driving stakes, auguring, boring or piling if there is no risk of a person entering the excavation. Third-party service owners must be consulted to obtain approval and determine additional controls required when working in the vicinity of their services. The PTW can only be issued when the SWMS and the Excavation Certificate (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-CER 000003) are complete and the control measures are either in place or ready to be installed as the excavation proceeds. Note: Refer to Permit to Work Procedure (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000002)
3.3 Identification of Services 3.3.1
Site Survey of Area to be Excavated
Before physical excavation work begins, the Permit Holder (or person applying for the permit) must initiate a thorough site or route survey to identify:
any overhead or underground services that may be affected;
the location, depth, size and capacity/rating of any underground pipes, cable or plant associated with the services; and
any restriction on trenching or excavation activities imposed by the owner of an underground service.
As a minimum, the survey must include:
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014
a Dial Before You Dig (DBYD) search completed with sufficient time to allow for any changes in the work program caused by the identified services (Submit DBYD requests at http://1100.com.au or phone 1100); and
a review of existing and proposed infrastructure in the QGC Geographical Information System (GIS) using MapMagic (http://mapmagic).
Particular attention should be given to investigation of secondary infrastructure that may have been buried with large assets such as fibre optic cables, anode cables, etc. The results of this survey must be accurately recorded and documentation, including a map and coordinates of the area to be excavated, must be attached to the PTW. All survey information must be communicated to the work party before excavation work begins. Any services identified in the field that were not identified on DBYD and MapMagic searches must be reported to the QGC GIS team.
3.3.2
QGC Crossing Process
The QGC Crossings Process must be followed for:
all excavations crossing QGC linear infrastructure (including trunklines, gathering lines and fibreoptic cable); and
all construction work that approaches within 15m of the extremities of any QGC linear infrastructure.
QGC construction contractors must obtain a QGC Crossing reference number before they submit the PTW request. A crossings application is not required; contact the Crossings Team via email to request the crossings reference number. Third parties crossing QGC infrastructure must submit a crossings application and have approval to cross from the Crossings Team before they submit the PTW request. Contact the QGC Crossings team at
[email protected] and refer to Managing Crossings of QGC Infrastructure by Third Parties and QGC Contractors (QCLNG-BX00-CON-PCE-000012).
3.3.3
Limits of Approach
A limit of approach specifies the clearances required when working around underground services (and sometimes overhead services). The limits of approach for identified services must be confirmed by consulting the service owner, local legislation or guidance material, and must be reflected in the excavation PTW conditions. The limits of approach for QGC underground gas and water services are built into the Excavation Certificate (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-CER -000003). Additional limits of approach must be included in Step G of the certificate (e.g. limits of approach for overhead power lines).
3.4 Task Rescue Plans A specific Task Rescue Plan must be developed for any activity where a person is entering an excavation. This plan must be commensurate with the risks identified for the activity and must consider, as a minimum:
the nature of the hazard and possible emergencies;
the size and location of the place of work;
the number and mobility of persons at the workplace;
the safe and rapid evacuation of persons from an excavation;
emergency communications (including communication with service owners);
appropriate medical treatment of injured persons;
location of rescue equipment including shoring material;
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014
location of pumps;
gas monitoring equipment;
unplanned or unforeseen natural disasters such as electrical storms, floods, fire that may present a hazard to working operations;
the location of the nearest emergency services;
access for rescue vehicles and personnel;
map/aerial picture of area identifying valve locations; and
any other risks identified for the activity.
Control measures within the emergency plan must include:
development and communication of a warning system;
development and communication of safe and rapid evacuation procedures, including injured persons;
having trained personnel, commensurate with the level of risk, to oversee evacuation and rescue procedures until emergency authorities arrive;
appropriate medical treatment and evacuation of injured persons;
shutting down of work, including plant and electrical equipment;
provision of fire fighting and rescue equipment at appropriate locations; and
display of evacuation procedures in appropriate location(s) at the work area.
All excavation work party members must be made aware of the task rescue plan and how it relates to them.
3.5 Planning for Backfilling Backfilling operations must be considered during the planning process to ensure that the operation is planned and conducted safely and efficiently while achieving the planned standards of compaction. As a minimum, the following issues must be considered:
placement of material while personnel are in the excavation;
movement of machines above and around the excavation;
removal of shoring to ensure personnel not exposed to unsupported trench walls;
how the required compaction levels will be obtained;
vibration effects from compaction equipment;
exhaust gases from compaction equipment;
manual lifting of compaction equipment in and out of the trench; and
marking of services with underground marking tapes and surface markings as per local legislative requirements.
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014
4.0 WORK ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Adjacent Work Activities Zone of Influence A zone of influence must be determined and marked around each excavation. Heavy loads, including plant, vehicles, spoil piles and stored materials must not be operated or located in the Zone of Influence unless a Competent Person has designed the ground support system installed. Vibrating Machinery Vibrating or impact machinery must not be operated within the zone of influence when personnel are in the excavation. Work Separation Workers and work tasks in excavations must be sufficiently separated to avoid injury. Workers must also be separated from active digging faces and active dumps to avoid being struck by:
falling material;
an excavator bucket; or
any part of the excavator within the excavator swing radius.
Working alone in an excavation is not permitted. There must be a dedicated spotter at all times.
4.2 Ventilation, Harmful Gases and Fumes The task risk assessment (SWMS) must consider the potential for exhaust gases from equipment outside the excavation to enter the workings, and for exhaust gases from equipment inside the excavation to be not carried away from the work area by natural ventilation. Where mechanical ventilation equipment is required to establish and maintain a safe environment, the equipment must be monitored regularly and have the controls, including any remote power supply, identified and tagged to prevent any unauthorised or accidental interference.
4.3 Barriers, Barricades and Signage The perimeter of all excavations or trenches must be secured to prevent unauthorised access of personnel into the work area. Methods include:
barricades/barriers;
fencing; and
handrails.
Barriers or stop blocks must be installed where there is an identified risk of plant (e.g. cranes, dumpers, tip trucks, etc.) manoeuvring too close to the edge of the excavation and either affecting the stability of the edge or falling in. Barriers must be:
made of substantial material (excavated material can be used);
at least 900mm high;
installed at least 1.0m from the edge of the excavation unless approved by a Competent Person; and
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installed outside of the zone of influence i.e. horizontal clearance equal to trench depth.
Webbing fences and hard warning tape are not acceptable barriers for fall protection and must only be used for pedestrian traffic management. Trenches must be back filled as soon as practicable, or, as a minimum, covered with a substantial cover or barricaded. Trenches must not be left open overnight in vehicle or pedestrian traffic areas. When an excavation is opened exposing a buried asset, protection measures must be put in place to protect the asset from vehicle impact if identified as a risk during the Risk Assessment or deemed as required by the relevant Superintendent. When an excavation is to be left open and unattended:
clear and sufficient signs must be posted at the entrances to the excavation to highlight the excavation hazard and any particular hazards encountered within the excavation (e.g. confined spaces);
adequate barriers must be in place to avoid danger to pedestrians and vehicles;
suitable lighting and reflective signage must be installed, where appropriate; and
the area must be regularly inspected.
4.4 Public Access Particular care must be taken in and around areas where the general public may have access to an excavation:
In remote locations or where the general public may not have access, the Area Superintendent must review requirements for barricading and must ensure that adequate hazard demarcation and protection is provided.
For excavations in the public domain or within third-party property or land, the protective system must display the Principal Contractor’s contact details for reporting defective barriers or unsafe excavations.
4.4.1
Work Near Public Roads or Footpaths
Excavation and trenching works near public roads and footpaths must not put the public or workers at risk:
As a minimum, the barrier and signage requirements contained in the Queensland Manual of uniform traffic control devices Part 3: Works on roads must be complied with.
In addition, local legislation or guidance information may prescribe clearances and approvals required before working in the vicinity of roads or footpaths. Local council approvals or permits must be attached as supporting documentation to the QGC PTW.
4.5 Movement of Vehicles and Plant Near or Over Excavations Vehicles and plant must not be brought alongside excavations or trenches unless:
it is essential to do so; and
a Competent Person has approved the movement.
If it is required to cross buried infrastructure with vehicles, approvals must be obtained from the relevant area and asset department if required. Refer to Guidelines for work Near QGC Pipelines QCOPS-OPSHSS-GDL-000001. If the excavation needs to be temporarily bridged, a Competent Person must determine the use and design of temporary bridging. When road plates are used for temporary bridging:
the trench sides must be stable or adequately supported (considering the anticipated traffic loading);
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no person must work or pass under a road plate unless traffic is halted;
the plate must be of sufficient length to be firmly supported for at least 600mm on each side of the trench and of sufficient width to provide a distance of at least 250 mm from the wheels of vehicles to the edge of the plate (or as determined by a Competent Person);
the thickness of the plate must be sufficient to support the range of traffic encountered;
ramps must be formed of a suitable material where the road plate is proud of the road surface;
consideration should be given to securing the road plates by pinning or sinking into the roadway when the site is not attended or when subject to frequent use by heavy vehicles;
appropriate ramp warning signs must be displayed;
they must be regularly inspected if the site is unmanned;
appropriate lifting and handling precautions must be taken to ensure that the road plates are transported, installed and removed safely; and
fabricated bridges must have engineering certification for load bearing capacity.
4.6 Work at Night/Lighting Excavations must be sufficiently lit to:
make hazards visible;
conduct work tasks safely; and
safely evacuate the area in the event of an emergency.
Excavations in public areas and near permanent public access ways must have their edges illuminated. Battery operated flashing lights placed at intervals are usually sufficient. In deeper excavations or during times of reduced visibility, lighting may be necessary to allow work to proceed safely. The lighting must be placed so that the level of illumination at the working area is not less than 200 LUX and access ways and working areas are free of glare and deep shadow. Lighting must be guarded and installed to prevent damage and power leads must be protected from water ingress and mechanical damage. All electrical items must comply with the QGC Electrical Safety Procedures. Further information can be found in:
AS/NZS 3012:2010 Electrical installations – Construction and demolition sites (Section 2.7 Lighting and luminaries)
AS 2293.1 – 2005 Emergency escape lighting and exit signs for buildings Part 1: System design, installation and operation (Section 5 Design of emergency escape luminaire installation)
4.7 Adjacent Buildings or Structures Excavation work which is likely to impact on the stability and security (including stress cracks) on any part of a structure must not commence until adequate protection measures are employed to monitor and maintain the existing structural integrity of the asset. Any excavation below the level of the footing of any structure or retaining wall that could affect the stability of the structure must be secured by a suitable ground support system unless the excavation is in stable rock, as determined by a Competent Person. Suitable supports for the structure may also be required. In all cases, the Permit Holder must ensure that adjacent buildings or structures are not adversely affected by vibration or concussion during the excavation work. Precautions must be taken to ensure that
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 buildings or structures containing equipment sensitive to shock and vibration are adequately protected if temporary relocation of the equipment is not possible. Excavation work must be carried out in a manner that does not cause flooding or water penetration to any adjacent building or structure.
4.8 Site Contamination Contaminated sites require special management during excavation. Personnel may be exposed to contamination in the soil through inhalation, ingestion (swallowing) and through skin absorption. These substances may include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, insecticides, asbestos, silica dust, combustible material, or biologically harmful material from buried wastes. If it is determined that these substances may be present or if they are encountered during the excavation process:
a system to eliminate or control these hazards must be investigated and implemented; and
a strategy must be developed for the storage and eventual treatment or disposal of these materials.
The Area Superintendent must ensure that any material imported as fill or exported as waste material has been evaluated for contamination. Note: In some circumstances, exporting contaminated material from a site requires Local/State Government approvals and these must be obtained before the material is allowed to leave the site.
4.8.1
Acid Sulphate Soils
Acid sulphate soils are common in low-lying coastal areas and represent a significant environmental threat when unearthed. The Area Superintendent must ensure geo-technical assessment of the site investigates the potential of encountering acid sulphate soils during excavation operations. Where acid sulphate soil is identified as a risk:
all personnel involved in excavations must receive training in how to recognise acid sulphate soils and how to manage the risks; and
the risk must be managed and treated through the application of lime or by ensuring that the affected area is submerged to control oxidation.
5.0 PLANT & EQUIPMENT 5.1 Selection and Transport of Excavation Plant and Equipment 5.1.1
Selection
Plant and equipment used for excavation must be:
suitable for the work to be done;
suitable for the location of the work site; and
inspected by a Competent Person prior to use.
5.1.2
Transport
All excavation plant and equipment must be:
transported to the work site on an appropriate trailer, truck or carrier; and
inspected before it enters the worksite to ensure it is free of soil and weeds.
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5.1.3
Specifications
As a minimum:
ride-on tracked, wheeled or rubber-tyre vehicles entering an excavation must be fitted with a certified FOPS cab or canopy and ROPS;
tracked, wheeled and rubber-tyre heavy equipment working around an excavation should be fitted with a ROPS cab or canopy;
all excavators working on the site must have ROPS/FOPS cabs or canopies; and
all electrical and fuel-powered equipment introduced into an excavation must be in good mechanical and electrical order.
5.2 PPE All personnel operating excavating equipment and working in the vicinity of excavation work must wear appropriate PPE. In addition to QGC minimum field PPE requirements, other PPE may be required if personnel are:
exposed to hazardous substances or contaminated soils;
entering confined or restricted areas; or
conducting activities within the excavation that require additional precautions (e.g. double eye/face protection for grinding works).
6.0 TRAINING & COMPETENCE 6.1 Training Requirements Personnel performing excavation work must be qualified, trained and competent for the task and the level of risk involved. Specific competencies required for the work (e.g. confined space training) must be identified during the work planning process. As a minimum, all personnel involved in excavation activities:
must have a current general construction induction card; and
must have been trained and assessed as competent at a level appropriate to their role and level of responsibility.
In addition, all operators of plant used for excavation must have been verified as competent.
6.2 Engineering Resource The business must provide an engineering resource who is available to provide guidance on identifying and mitigating excavation risks. As a minimum:
this person must have at least three years’ experience in stabilising trenches; and
this person must be a geo-technical engineer or hold a qualification that covers: o
relevant standards, legislation and codes of practice;
o
risk identification, assessment and controls specific to trenching collapse;
o
safe work practices for installing controls;
o
planning and preparing for trenching work;
o
identifying underground services; and
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identifying soil types and other factors that affect the stability of a trench.
7.0 SAFE WORK PRACTICES 7.1 Supervision A competent QGC representative must be present for the identification, exposure and excavation of:
any live gas or electricity services, regardless of voltage or pressure;
any other service within 3 metres of a live gas or electrical service;
any other services identified as high risk; and
The QGC representative must be present whenever excavation activities get within 3m of the above services. This person must have experience and skills commensurate with the level of risk involved in the task. A contractor supervisor must be present for:
the identification, exposure and excavation of all known services, regardless of identified risk; and
any mechanical excavation within 15m of a live service.
The permit holder for the excavation activity must be on site at all times during excavation activities.
7.2 JSEA/Step Back Immediately before an excavation task begins, the work group must use the JSEA and/or Step Back process to:
identify any new/ unique hazards specific to the work area; and
ensure all persons involved with the activity are aware of the work hazards and the controls required.
7.3 Installed/Live Services 7.3.1
Gas Detection
Where relevant, appropriate controls must be implemented to prevent accidental ignition of flammable vapour or gas. If the risk is identified, the work area must be monitored using approved and correctly calibrated gas detectors before and during the work activity. Refer to AS 2885.3:2001 Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - Operation and maintenance.
7.3.2
In-Field Identification of Live Services
All installed underground services must be located and identified in-field before excavation begins. Once the position of the service has been confirmed using instrument cable/pipe locators and mechanical probes, the service must be visually identified through potholing. When potholing:
hand digging or vacuum excavation must be used;
picks and crowbars must not be used;
a contractor supervisor must be present; and
a QGC representative must confirm the identification and location of the service before any further excavation activity begins.
If the identified service is not going to be fully exposed at the time of identification, it must be identified with colour-coded conduit (see Section 7.4.1).
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 Note: Positive identification of services must occur within a minimum of 3 metres (dependant on workplace risk assessment) of the planned excavation; this includes the area used to bench or batter.
7.3.3
Exposure of Live Services
In all cases, known services must be vacuum or hand excavated (without picks or crowbars) until fully exposed. The excavation must be witnessed by the contractor supervisor. (Also refer to Section 7.1 for QGC supervision requirements). When pipes are to be laid across existing services by horizontal directional drilling, the safe passage must be verified by opening an excavation above the crossing point. Separation distances between existing and new assets must be agreed by the asset owner prior to installation. If any damage is caused to an underground service, no matter how minor, it must be reported as soon as possible. Work must only continue once the damage has been repaired, or it has been assessed and confirmed by a Competent Person that it is safe to do so.
7.3.4
Water Excavation Equipment
Water excavation equipment capable of more than 3200psi requires a level 2 risk assessment and relevant Site Safety Manager approval before a PTW can be issued.
7.3.5
Mechanical Excavation Near Live Services
Mechanical excavation (including auguring and boring) is not permitted:
directly above live services, irrespective of the depth; and
within 1m diagonally and 1m below any known live service.
All mechanical excavation in close proximity (defined as one bucket width) to the 1m exclusion zone must be undertaken with a blunt scraper. Tiger teeth are not permitted. If it is not possible to comply with the criteria above due to the presence of rock:
the current permit to work must be immediately cancelled
a formal risk assessment must be performed; and
a new permit to work must be approved by the relevant Site Safety Manager and issued.
A spotter must always be present during the excavation.
7.3.6
Excavation Near Underground or Overhead Electrical Hazards
Specific work controls must be developed for work near under underground or overhead power lines. These must include:
the option of isolating the electrical service;
the use of a competent spotter;
the use of warning signs and notices; and
the application of exclusion zones.
Written safety advice must be obtained from the Asset Owner. Refer to QGC Safe Access to Low Voltage Electrical Apparatus Procedure (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000011) and QGC Safe Access to High Voltage Apparatus Procedure (QCLNG-BX00-HSS-PCE-000105) and Electrical Safety Act 2002.
7.3.7
Service Identification Markers
Underground services and identification markers, such as flags or survey pegs, must be consistently colour coded. Details of the colour coding must be included as part of the Excavation Certificate. Identification survey pegs must be uniquely labelled or numbered and must include information referencing service type, pipe/conduit configuration and known service depth.
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 Note: Older services may not be colour coded in accordance with modern systems or may be housed in a duct or other covering that is incorrectly coloured for that particular service (e.g. an electrical cable that is wrongly sheathed within a white telecommunication duct). Dirty service equipment and/or poor light conditions (e.g. during emergency work at night) may make services appear a different colour to what they actually are).
7.3.7.1
Colour Codes for Service Identification
As a guide, the following marking colours are often used for marking services (as per AS/NZS 4130 – APIA Code of Practice Upstream Gathering Networks – CSG Industry). These colours are to be used within QGC. Application
Colour (AS/NZS 4130 – APIA Code of Practice Upstream Gathering Networks – CSG Industry)
Drinking Water (Potable Water)
Blue White
Recycled Water
Purple
Pressure Sewer
Cream
Gravity Sewer (utility) & Sanitary Drainage (private) Storm Water Electrical Gas Communications
7.3.8
Grey N/A Orange Yellow White
Temporary Services
Where electrical cables or other services are laid in trenches for temporary service supply, they must be protected (with conduits, slabs, etc.) and marked in accordance with the relevant legislative and Australian Standards requirements.
7.3.9
Placing Electrical Cables
Electrical cables must be covered by at least 600mm of fill. If the cover is less than 900mm a strip of bright orange polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene must be placed above the cable. The strip must have continuous markings on the upper surface indicating that an electrical cable is below. Refer to Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010
7.4 Access and Egress Safe and sufficient means of access and egress must be provided at all times whenever and wherever personnel are working in an excavation:
a minimum of two access/egress points must be in place for every 9m of excavation;
ladders may be used but they must extend at least 1m above the top of the excavation; and
where possible, ladders must be placed at or near junctions or corners of an excavation.
If an excavation is more than 1.2m deep, the following control measures must be applied:
The Permit Holder must ensure there is ladder access installed at least every 9 metres of length;
For excavations shorter than 9 metres, an emergency means of access must be provided. This can take the form of:
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a second ladder placed near the excavation that can be installed quickly ;or
o
ingress /egress ramps at either end of the excavation;
Personnel must not work alone. The Permit Holder must enforce this; and
Entry points must be secured when work is suspended and the excavation is left unmanned. This protection must include, where appropriate, the use of lighting and reflective signage (see Section 4.6).
7.5 Ground Support 7.5.1
Depth Less Than 1.2 metres
Excavations of less than 1.2m depth do not need to be shored, benched or battered unless they pose an unacceptable risk to workers or the public. When determining this risk, the following factors must be considered:
soil type and condition (e.g. acid sulphate soils);
accessibility to the public;
protection and barricading required;
expected duration of exposure;
the proximity of heavy equipment to persons in or around the trench;
the position of the water table in relation to the bottom of the excavation; and
the requirement for de-watering, and whether it will affect the stability of the trench.
Where the site assessment indicates an unacceptable risk of injury through excavation collapse, or where there is a possibility of the sides of an excavation becoming unstable (e.g. because of ground conditions and/or superimposed loading), the excavation must be supported irrespective of depth.
7.5.2
Depth 1.2 Metres or Greater
Excavations deeper than 1.2m must be controlled to prevent the risk of collapse. This may include being supported on all sides by shoring, benching, battering, or any combination of these. Workers in excavations deeper than 1.2m must never work outside the protection of ground support systems, no matter the circumstances. As part of the planning process for an excavation deeper than 1.2m, a Competent Person must examine the ground conditions and submit a statement in writing detailing the findings of the examination. This statement must include:
the type(s) of ground encountered;
the calculations used in deciding the method of protection required, if relevant; and
any other specific issues that need to be addressed.
This statement must be signed by the Competent Person and kept on with the PTW.
7.5.3
Design
All ground supports must be designed by a Competent Person for the specific work activity and installed by a competent, trained person. The design must consider:
soil classification;
depth of excavation;
water content of the soil;
weather impacts on site conditions; and
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adjacent operations.
The Area Superintendent must ensure all methods of ground support are designed in accordance with acceptable engineering principles, published technical standards and legislative requirements.
7.5.4
Shoring
Shoring or ground support (in the form of rock bolts, shotcrete etc.) must:
be installed as per the engineered design requirements;
be installed without delay as the excavation progresses;
extend at least 300mm above the edge of the excavation, or a fender board of the same height must be provided.
Workers installing the system must be given clear installation instructions, including drawings. If the installation differs from the design, all changes must be referred back to a Competent Person for approval. Shoring must be inspected:
daily, before any work commences;
after any fall of the sides or working face; or
after blasting.
Shoring must be dismantled in the reverse order to its installation.
7.5.5
Benching and Battering
Benching and battering may be used to support excavations:
where space and conditions permit; and
where the decision has been approved by a Competent Person. A Competent Person or a geo-technical engineer must give written approval if the overall slope of the benched or battered wall exceeds 45 degrees to the horizontal (i.e. the benches are higher than their width).
7.5.6
Narrow Trenches, Ditches and Small Holes
Shoring, benching and battering is generally not required if it is impossible for a person to fully enter the trench, ditch or round penetration, irrespective of the depth of the excavation. However, these narrow excavations still constitute a hazard for other reasons, and therefore due consideration must be given to implementing effective controls for those hazards (e.g. covering, barricading etc.).
7.6 Fall Prevention and Falling Objects The task risk assessment (SWMS) must determine the controls required to protect personnel in excavations from falls and falling objects.
7.6.1
Fall Prevention
As a minimum, the following fall-prevention controls must be considered:
clearly defined and protected pedestrian detours;
intermediate platforms for deep excavations;
safe means of movement between different levels of the excavation;
an adequate fall arrest system; and
backfilling as work progresses.
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 All controls must be properly installed and maintained until the work is completed or until there is no longer any risk of personnel falling into the excavation. Where the risk of falling/work at heights has been identified by risk assessment, all required fall prevention/work at height controls must be in place.
7.6.2
Falling Objects
Where falling object hazards have been identified:
overhead protective structures must be provided; and
toe boards must be installed in deep excavations.
Loads must not be lifted, suspended or moved over a person under any circumstances. Note: The risk of material falling into an excavation increases during high winds.
7.6.3
Barricades and Handrails
Where a person could fall 1.0m or more into an excavation, barricades or handrails must be installed as soon as practicable after excavation. If barricades or handrails are removed to allow access for plant or materials, they must be re-installed as soon as the access is no longer required.
7.6.4
Walkways
Walkways across trenches must meet the requirements of AS1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders — Design, construction and installation: guard rails must be at a height above the walkway of not less than 900mm or more than 1100mm;
another rail is required with a gap of no more than 450mm between it and the top of the toe board or the top rail unless the there is a sheet of sturdy mesh, sheeting or other material between the top rail and the toe board;
toe boards must extend at least 100mm above the surface of the walkway and the gap between the toe board and the walkway must not exceed 10mm; and
the minimum width for walkways with guard rails on both sides is 550mm; otherwise the minimum width is 600 mm. The recommended width for two way traffic is 900mm.
Note: refer also to QGC Fall Prevention Procedure (QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000004).
7.7 Excavated Material Care must be taken to prevent the weight of excavated material (spoil) contributing to excess loading and collapse of the excavation edge. To prevent debris falling into the excavation:
at least 600mm of space must be left between the excavation and spoil in unoccupied excavations; and
at least 1.0m of space must be left between the excavation and spoil in excavations occupied by personnel.
In all cases, excavated materials must be placed to present no risk to personnel, pedestrians, road traffic or other work activities. Where the spoil is to be re-used:
the surface materials must be kept separate from the subsoil to allow soil layers to be replaced in the correct order; and
the spoil should be protected against adverse wet weather conditions; and
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the spoil should be covered to maintain moisture content.
For excavations in trafficked roads, excavated soil should be placed to form an additional barrier against traffic, if possible.
7.8 Inspections The Area Superintendent must ensure that a documented system of regular inspections is in place for trenches and excavations. A Competent Person must conduct an inspection:
before the start of each shift;
after any ground slip or collapse of a section of wall;
after any substantial rain event which may have led to water ingress;
after any change in ground conditions (e.g. dry weather);
after every blast;
after any hazardous substances or material is encountered; and
after any change in site conditions (e.g. other construction activities taking place in the vicinity).
As a minimum, the inspection must cover:
potential instability in the work area, including excessive edge loading;
the adequacy of the working space, and access and egress for personnel in the excavation;
the adequacy of supports and barriers; and
risks posed to adjacent work workers.
Any issues identified during the inspection must be corrected as soon as practicable, and before any other work takes place in the excavation. Copies of the inspection results must be held with the PTW documentation at a prominent location in the work area. Note:
Any person in the work area may stop the excavation works if the works appear to be unsafe.
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND COMMUNITY ISSUES 8.1 Water Management Controls must be in place to manage water entering the excavation and draining from the works. Sources of water ingress include seepage, flooding from other existing watercourses, flooding from storm events and flooding from burst water mains and sewers in the excavation. Tidal or stream effects may also impact excavations in coastal or fluvial environments. Disposal of water must be given careful consideration. Water that has occupied a trench or excavation for even a short period may not be suitable for direct discharge to local waters or the storm water system. The Area Superintendent must ensure the quality of water requiring disposal has been assessed and that disposal meets local/State government regulations.
8.2 Waterlogged Ground Where waterlogged ground conditions are expected and water-removing equipment is required, it is usually satisfactory to pump from sumps within the excavation. Where in-trench pumps are used for prolonged periods, particularly in ground of a sandy or silty nature, it may be necessary to install suitable filters behind sump linings to prevent loss of ground which could affect stability. Similar filters may be
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Upstream Operations Excavation Procedure QCOPS-BX00-HSS-PCE-000007 Revision 2 February 2014 necessary along the trench sides in extreme conditions. Trench sumps must not be excavated to such a depth that they present a hazard. Alternative water removing methods must be considered in any of the following circumstances:
where it is proposed to excavate through running sand or water bearing peat;
where pumping from trench sumps is inadequate to keep trenches free from water;
where deep excavations have to be made in waterlogged ground; and
where excavations are to be present for a considerable period of time in waterlogged ground.
Alternative measures include sumps external to the excavation, well points, electro-osmosis and consolidation by freezing or by chemical process. Where it is anticipated that such measures will be needed, the advice of a suitability qualified engineer experienced in such works must be sought.
8.3 Erosion from Adverse Weather To prevent erosion from adverse weather, excavations must be planned to:
minimise the erosive effects of concentrated flow;
reduce total soil disturbance;
reduce total slope length and gradient;
provide stabilising ground cover protection from the effects of raindrop impact.
8.4 Cultural, Environmental and Archaeological Issues Trenching and excavation operations may unearth or damage the cultural or ecological value of a site (e.g. remnant vegetation or aboriginal artefacts). Before beginning work in an area where this may be an issue, the Area Superintendent must ensure that the cultural, ecological and archaeological value of the site has been assessed and appropriate measures are in place to maintain the values identified.
9.0 COMPLETION OF EXCAVATION WORKS 9.1 Filling Around Services Where services are installed in trenches, care must be taken not to damage the service or any coating or wrapping during backfilling works. To protect pipe coatings and polyethylene pipe, subsoil fill must be clean, moist and free from sharp stones greater than 18 mm in size. Backfill soil may be sieved to meet this requirement or soil may be imported as required. Fine fill material should be packed firmly around pipes or fittings to give a minimum compacted thickness of 75mm. Cementitious materials must not be used as fine fill material around pipes. When placing fine fill around large diameter pipes, or where the side gap between the wall of the excavation and the pipe is greater than 75mm, special care must be taken to ensure firm compaction of the fine fill especially around the lower half of the pipe. The required thickness of other levels of reinstatement will depend on the location of the excavation (e.g. private land, carriageway, footway, etc.) and the requirements of the landowner or management authority. All unbound materials used in these levels must be placed in layers no deeper than 300mm within the trench and firmly compacted using approved mechanical compaction equipment. Excavated material may be suitable for re-use as backfill material provided that the material is moist, does not contain any particles larger than 75 mm and is uniformly graded, but not single sized. Use of cement or stabilised sand over buried assets must be approved by the asset owner.
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9.2 Completion of Works At the completion of the work, the work site must be cleared of all rocks, soil and other debris and returned, as far as is practicable, to its original condition or finished to an agreed plan. Any re-vegetation of the work area must be conducted with suitable species and in consultation with relevant local government personnel. Drawings and other documentation must be updated to reflect any changes due to the work just completed.
10.0 AUDIT AND MANAGEMENT REVIEW QGC HSSE must conduct periodic audits and reviews of:
operational procedures, work control arrangements and other requirements applicable to excavation activities; and
workplace application of this procedure.
All audits must comply with Governance & Assurance Standard (QCGGC-BX00-HSS-STD-000005).
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APPENDIX A – DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION RECORD (RACIE SHEET) DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION SHEET Consulted: Enter name/position of those required to review the document (excl. Key Consulted persons – see forward)
Informed: Enter name/position of those to receive the completed document Responsible Person: Lynn O’Malley Principal Technical Advisor HSSE Upstream Operations Accountable Person: Richard Schokman General Manager Upstream Operations Endorser: Peter Thompson Vice President Production Operations QGC Operations and Projects Personnel QGC HSSE
[email protected]
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RACIE Terms R
Responsible:
the person who actually produces the document
A
Accountable:
the person who has to answer for the success or failure of the quality and timeliness of the document
C
Consulted:
those who must be consulted before the document is published
I
Informed:
those who must be informed after the document is published
E
Endorsed:
the person who must approve the document before publication
Revision Record Issue
Date
Reason for Issue
Responsible
Accountable
A
4.04.12
Issued for comment
L O’Malley
Rod McPherson
0
29.05.12
Issued as Final
L O’Malley
Rod McPherson
1
11.12.13
L O’Malley
Richard Schokman
2
5.02.14
Revised to align with QGC Excavation and Trenching Standard – Issued for review Issued for use
L O’Malley
Richard Schokman
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APPENDIX B – DEFINITIONS AND REFERENCES Definitions In this document, the following definitions apply: Term
Meaning
Angle of repose
The slope at which dumped or excavated material is naturally stable and does not fall away
Backfill
Material used for refilling excavations
Barricade
An object such as jersey kerb or plant capable of providing effective protection against traffic entering the work site. IMPORTANT: Barricade/Barriers