Public Administration Programmes in Spain - CiteSeerX - Penn State [PDF]

Thanks to Joan Subirats for his paper on public administration research and to Josep M. Vallès for his paper on Political Science in Spain.

1 3 Public Administration Programmes in Spain By Xavier Ballart Universitat Aut˜noma de Barcelona

13.1 HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK It was not until 1972 that a course in Administrative Science was added to the curriculum at the Universidad Complutense's Faculty of Political Science and Sociology (until the late 1980s Spain's only school of political science). The addition of this course was an acknowledgement not only that the field of public administration was deserving of study but that there were specialists willing to undertake the task. The new course was taught by Baena del Alcˆzar, a disciple of Garrido Falla, a prominent scholar in administrative law. Before that, Spanish academics and practitioners were introduced to Public Administration as a field through the Spanish journal Documentaci—n Administrativa and the seminars and activities organised by the Esscue1a Nacional de Administraci—n Pœblica, founded in 1958 and forerunner of today's Instituto Nacional de Administracion Pœblica (INAP). The management-oriented modernisation favoured by Franco's technocrats was politically Ôproblem-freeÕ and there was a considerable number of translations of works by authors of the American Scientific Public Administration stream. Spanish authors, however, focused on the study of legislation, on one hand, and the sociological study of the administrative elite and the structure of the civil service and the corps system, on the other hand. On the whole, the amount of work produced was quite modest before democracy and the main reforms in the university system. As it can be seen in the third section of this report, they were primarily sociological studies and examinations of civil servants' working conditions and social status. There were also some interesting analysis of the political and administrative elite. Little was written about Spanish public administraton in general (JimenŽz Nieto, 1975) and the publication of a work expressly intended to serve as a handbook on the subject did not take place until the mid-eighties (Baena del Alc‡zar, 1985). In 1986, a new field of knowledge Ð ÔPolitical and Administrative SciencesÕ Ð was officially recognised. New schools of Political Science and Sociology were created, more courses in public administration were taught and the approach to the subject became more pluralistic in terms of both content and methodology. At the same time, projects and studies aimed at modernising the administration proliferated and civil service training programmes started including courses in what was now called Gesti—n Pœblica, that is, public management. Indeed, as political scientists grew in number, their training and interests changed

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radically. New, younger political scientist were interested in Anglo-Saxon approaches to the study of public administration/public policy. Their basic training in law or economics combined with postgraduate studies and post doctoral work in political science resulted in a quite interesting mixture that borrows from law, economics, sociology and political science. Still, there was a big influence of bureaucracy studies and traditional administrative science, particularly in Madrid, but there were also other influences from private management (business schools) and policy analysis (trough training in American and British universities). The first studies on public policy by public administration/political science specialists were published in Spain in the late eighties and included not only wellknown works of US authors but also work by European specialists. Spanish authors soon began exploring the subject (Beltr‡n, 1987, PallarŽs, 1988; Subirats, 1988) and the production of both theoretical and applied studies gradually increased. In 1986 the new School of Political Science and Sociology at the Universidad Aut—noma in Barcelona began teaching courses in public policy, current problems in public management and local government in addition to the standard course in administrative science. New schools in Granada and Santiago de Compostela and the UNED distance-learning university all followed. The widespread curriculum reform that took place at the beginning of the 1990s introduced still more courses specifically focused on public administration and public policy: courses in public management, public policies by sector and management assessment and control. Shorter degrees called diplomaluras Ð three vs. four and five-year degrees Ð were offered for the first time by the Universitat de Barcelona Ð different from Universitat Aut—noma de Barcelona Ð the Universitat Pompeu Fabra and the Universidad Carlos III in public administration. As it can be seen in the annex 13.2, many other universities, many in smaller cities and provinces, have offered the diploma with the possibility to finish a four-year programme in another university where the licenciatura of four years in Political and Administrative Sciences is taught. Postgraduate degrees in Gesti—n Pœblica, under the rubric of Master in Gesti—n Pœblica Ð full-time in the case of the Universitat Aut—noma de Barcelona, later in conjunction with Universitat Pompeu Fabra and ESADE business school, and Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset in conjunction with the INAP in Madrid Ð were also started. Other universities, like Pais Vasco, Murcia, Granada, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and several regional institutes of public administration Ð schools for civil servants Ð, also established postgraduate programmes of specialisation in public management. As it can be seen the field has grown quantitatively both in terms of number of institutions providing degrees, and also in terms of variety of degrees. The main fourÐyear undergraduate Spanish degree in Political and Administrative Sciences, includes now a section, that is, a whole set of courses of public administration, while a diploma of three years expands the offer to less ambitious students, and masters programmes expand the offer to postgraduate students in public management.

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13.2 INSTITUTIONAL SETTING Before 1986, the only institution that was allowed to award a university degree in ÔCiencias PoliticasÕ with a curriculum that included some courses of public administration was the Universidad Complutense in Madrid. Other universities had degrees in economics, sociology and law that trained their students in related subjects such as sociology of organisations, public finance and public sector economics, administrative law and constitutional law, to name a few examples. After 1986, eight other universities have joined the Complutense of Madrid to offer a degree of Licenciatura in Political and Administrative Sciences (table 13.1). More than 12.000 students are enrolled in the licenciatura annually.

Table 13.1

University UNED UBA UPF UAB UPV

Location Institution Madrid Fac. de CC. Politicas y Sociolgía Barcelona Fac. de Derecho Barcelona Fac. de CCSS. y de la Communicación Bellaterra Fac. de CC. Políticas y Sociologia Lcioa Fac. de CC. Sociales y Communicación Bilbao UAM Madrid Fac. de Derecho UCM Madrid Fad. de CC. Políticas y Sociolgia UST S. Compostela 1° y 2° ciclos 1.038 UGR Granada Fac. de CC. Políticas y Sociologia

Since 87/88 94/95 95/96 86/87 89/90

Cycles 1° u 2° cyclos 2° ciclo 1° y 2° ciclos 1° y 2° cilcos 1° y 2° ciclos

Students 5.140 160 101 844 941

93/94 2° ciclo 141 72/73 1° y 2° ciclos 3.087 Fac. de CC. Políticas y Sociales 91/92 88/89

1° y 2° ciclos

1.002

Public Unversities: ‘Licenciatura en Cicacias Políticas y de la Administración’ In neither of them, the term Ôpublic administrationÕ appears in the official name of the school granting the degree. Public administration is seen as a part, sometimes a concentration, within political science, and political sciences is usually offered in schools that also teach sociology and journalism. In two cases out of nine, political science is placed within the school of law. All these 9 universities also offer a doctoral programme in political and administrative sciences / social sciences. Doctoral programmes enrol around 350 students annually. The new dipIomatura in ÔGesti—n y Administraci—n PœblicaÕ has a slightly different institutional setting as it can be seen in table 13.2. The diploma is offered in four different kinds of institutions: a Ôescuelas universitariasÕ Ð three years Ð first cycle Ð studies where entry requirements and staff qualifications are lower than in other higher education institutions); b schools of law;

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Table 13.2 c schools of political.science and sociology; and, University UCLM UCA UALM UBA UPF UBU UICS UCAR UOV UZA UJA ULE UCM UCM UPF UMU UOV USA UCLM

Location Albacete Algeciras Almeria Barcelona Barcelona Burgos Castellón Getate Gijón Huesca Jaén Léon Madrid Madrid Manresa Murcia Oviedo Salamanca Toledo

TOTAL

19

Institution Fac. de Derecho EU de Est. Juridicos y Econ. de Gibraltar Fac. de CC. Econ. y Jurídicas Fac. de Derecho Fac. de Ciencias Sociales de la Communicación EU de Estudios Empresariales Fac. de Ciencias Jurídicas y Económicas Fac. de CC. Sociales Y Jurídicas EU de Estudios Empresariales EU de Estudios Empresariales Fac. de CC. Sociales y Jurídicos Fac. de Derecho Fac. de CC. Políticas y Sociológia CE Sociales Super. y Jurídicos Ramon Carande Esc. Gestión y Administración Pública Manresa Fac. de Derecho EU de Estudios Empresariales Fac. de Derecho Fac de CC. Jurídicas y Sociales

Since 94/95 95/96 95/96 91/92 91/92 92/93 95/96 91/92 94/95 91/92 95/96 92/93 92/93 92/93 94,95 92/93 94/95 95/96 94/95

Students 425 110 117 400 548 260 125 415 260 515 110 514 295 734 140 546 274 45 270 6.103

d schools of economics and business.

13.3

Around 6.000 students are enrolled in the diplomatura de gesti—n y administraci—n pœblica annually.

13.3.1 Public universities: DipIomatura en Gestión y Administración Pública

POSITIONING ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES IN PA IN RELATION TO DISCIPLINES TO WHICH THEY ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED

The influence of administrative law on administrative sciences Baena del Alc‡zar, the scholar who started the programme of Administrative Science at the Universidad Complutense was a disciple of Ganrido Falla, a professor of Administrative Law. The main studies on public administration and the teaching of administrative sciences were undertaken by professors of Administrative Law. The series of articles by Garc’a de Enterr’a, published in 1961 under the title La Administraci—n Espa–ola, are a good example of the interest in administrative science by Administrative Law specialists. The fact that these articles can be seen as a quite unusual departure from the work generally produced by administrative law

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13.3. specialists is interesting in itself but should not lead to see administrative sciences as 2 radically different from administrative law. Nieto's study on the working conditions of civil servants (Nieto, 1967) was a milestone in research on Spanish administration and bureaucracy, gaining the author numerous disciples and inspiring research on a variety of related subjects. After Garc’a de Enterr’a, Nieto and Baena del Alcazar, a number of authors dealt with the structure of the Spanish civil service, the corps system and more specific issues such as the selection and remuneration of civil servants. Well-documented and strategically placed within the administration itself, these authors mirror the administration's penchant for soul-searching (Oliva-Gut’errez Re–on, 1964; Gut’errez Re–on, 1966, 1987; Junquera, 1972, 1986; Alvarez, 1980; Gonz‡lez Haba, 1978).

The influence of public administration sociology and ‘political law’ These early years also saw the publication of work on public administration by scholars in fields other than law. During the 1970s Spanish sociologists such as Linz, De Miguel and Beltr‡n paid special attention to the subject of bureaucracy, analysing such issues as the links between administrative reform and economic development, high-ranking civil servants' opinions of political reform or attempting for the first time ever to analyse Spanish bureaucracy from a sociological point of view. Beltr‡n, whose work on Spain's bureaucratic elite was in part a continuation of work previously done by Linz and De Miguel. His analyses of civil servants' opinions about the political and administrative reforms that took place at the end of the seventies and the beginning of the eighties became obligatory references for Spanish scholars

13.3. (Beltr‡n, 1977; 1985; 1990a; 1990b). Other scholars such as Murillo and Cazorla, who specialised in what was then

3 known as Ôpolitical lawÕ (a confusing label, used in franchoist period, for a field that embraced both constitutional law and political science), also worked on preliminary analyses of political sociology. With the exception of Murillo and Cazorla, political scientists did little work on administrative problems. Linz, professor at Yale University, made occasional forays into the field and Garc’a Pelayo's broader studies of the relations between the contemporary State and the role played by bureaucracy and the administration (Garc’a Pelayo, 1974, 1977) are particularly deserving of mention. Political scientists also made a few significant contributions to the study of Spain's political and administrative elite (Alba, 1980, 1984).

The emergence of ‘Political and Administrative Sciences’ as a field of knowledge After the mid 80s, with the creation of new schools of Political Science/Public Administration and Sociology, the orientation of research and teaching changed. Linking Political and Administrative Sciences in one Ôarea of studiesÕ or Ôfield of

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knowledgeÕ has proven to be a key factor. On the one hand, it underscores the fact that administrative science is essentially political in nature. On the other hand, it provided the new branch of learning with its own institutional structure. Thus, ÔPolitical and Administrative SciencesÕ refers at present to a series of professors and researchers, courses and publications that are grouped for administrative purposes. In 1984, university faculty with the rank of flill professor or assistant professor were entitled to apply for recognition as specialists in the field . Most of the applicants came form the field of ÔPolitical lawÕ Ð after renamed ÔConstitutional LawÕ Ð with a smaller number coming from the field of administrative law. The area as a Ôfield of knowledgeÕ is relatively recent. The origins are still present and there is a clear influence of the Ôold political lawÕ and of the old administrative science that grew out of administrative law. However, the growth in the number of

13.4

professionals and the constitution of a Spanish Association of Political and Administrative Science specialists has contributed to its enlargement and strength. As it can be seen in section 6 of this report, teachers and researchers in a number of different universities and institutions are currently engaged in three major, though

13.4. not necessarily self-contained, lines of study: one line of study centers on public administrations, exploring their structure, make-up and social composition; their

1 links with the political elite; the way they are organised, and analysing their procedures and human resources. A second line of study concentrates more on public administration operations and decision-making processes, analysing the results of their actions in terms of public policy. And lastly, there is public management, which falls somewhere between the two but whose methodologies and focuses are different enough to make it a separate area of study. Logically enough, these three areas are not strictly isolated and should instead be seen as complementary and mutually necessary.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF PA PROGRAMMES

Admission to universities 13.4. Nearly all Spanish universities have a Ônumerous claususÕ system. A candidate has to present an application with a personal order of preferences concerning type of studies

2 and university. Preferences of the applicant are considered on the basis of the qualification obtained in the selectivity exam, that is equal for all students ad independent of the universities.

Accreditation by the Spanish Ministry of Education Academic degrees are awarded by universities. But university degrees need the accreditation of the Ministry of Education. The ministry establishes a common core curriculum of approximately 40 to 50% of all subject matters. The other 60 to 50% can be established by the universities, including both mandatory and optional courses. 342

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The royal decree 1426/1990, October 26th, published in BOE November 20 of 1990 establishes: – Each university will establish a plan of studies at first cycle, with a duration of 3 yrs. – Minimum number of credits is 180 (one credit = 10 hours of class). – Hours of a class per week can range between 20 and 30 hours. – There are basic courses all the universities have to offer. – Subject matter is compulsory by law: Administrative science Constitututional law Statistics for public administration Political and administrative structures Administrative Management Accounting and financial management Administrative information and documentation Economic and financiel systems Social theory The royal degree 1426/1990, October 26th, published in BOE November 20 of 1990 establishes: – Each university will establish a plan of studies organised in two cycles, with a minimum duration of 2 years per cycle. – Minimum number of credits is 300 (one credit = 10 hours of class). – Hours of class per week can range between 20 and 30 hours. – There are basic core courses all the universities have to offer – Subject matter that is compulsory by law: First cycle – Political Science – Administrative science structures – Public law – Contemporary political and social history system – Introduction to Law – International relations

–

Second cycle Analysis of political and administrative procedures and

– –

Public finances Spanish and international economic

Universities organise studies according to a basic distinction of four degrees: Ð diplomatura, 3 years Ð licenciatura, 4-5 years Ð master, 1-2 years after licenciatura + defence of a masters dissertation Ð doctorate, 2 years after licenciatura + defence of a PhD dissertation 1

The diplomatura en Gesti—n y Administraci—n Pœblica

A first cycle, 3-years degree offered to students aiming at the position of middle level managers and employees in the public sector. 2

The licenciatura en Ciencias Politicas y de la Adminisstraci—n

A 4 to 5 years degree, divided in two cycles. In some universities, the second cycle is organised around three main subfields, one is public administration. The other two being political science and international relations. 3

The masters programmes in public management

Universities can offer masters programmes with no formal recognition or accreditation by central authorities. They can be part-time or full time and last between 1 and 2 years. Some of them require a master's dissertation before graduation. These is the level where there are more differences between universities. Only Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset at Complutense in Madrid and the Interuniversity Programme of Government and Public Management where three

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institutions participate Ð Universitat Aut—noma de Barcelona (Political Science) Ð Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Economics) and ESADE (Business School) from Barcelona Ð have a full time 2-years programme in public management. The programme of the Consortium UAB-UPF-ESADE in Barcelona is quite exceptional in the Spanish and European context for various reasons: Ð It was started by UAB (the group or Subirats and Vall•s with Ballart, Goma, BruguŽ and Rami— working on public administration/public policy) and then offered to a group of economics from UDF led by L—pez Casasnovas, and to ESADE, a prestigious business school of Barcelona that has a group working on public management, led by Echebarr’a, Losada and Mendoza. Ð It is now at its 10th edition (full time) and fifth edition (part time). It combines academic work with a period of 9 months working in the administration for lull time students. Ð The courses and professors are excellent. Since the programme has a high level of autonomy and professors are paid for their contribution, it has greater flexibility to select the best experts in each field. There is also a good mixture of academics and

Table 13.3

University Students(aprox.)

UNED SO

UBA 20

UPF 50

UAB 50

UPV 40

UAM 40

UCM 70

UST 15

UGR 15

professionals with relevant experience in public management. Some international professors such as Dente, Metcalfe, Ziller teach regularly in the programme. Other international professors such as Lindblom, Melisner, Bardach, Moore have also taught in the programme. Ð Students are usually highly competitive and show a very good placement record after completing the programme. The programme of Madrid has achieved continuity but experienced some difficulties lately. It is sponsored by the Ministry of Public Administrations and very much oriented towards Latin American students. 4

The doctorate in Political and Administrative Sciences

PhD programmes in political and administrative sciences are offered in 6 universities Two others include political science in their PhD programmes in social sciences (table 13.3)

PhD programmes and number of students, Political and Administrative Sciences PhD programs have three components: Ð courses and seminars that are offered in a 2-years cycle, Ð a research memoir at the end of the doctoral courses, Ð a doctoral dissertation that is defended in front of a committee of five members. All PhD programs include courses on methodological issues. There is a great variety in other kinds of courses and seminars. Sometimes they focus on the main compo344

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nents of the discipline. Other times, they are very specialised. Both, institutional reasons Ð given the lack of incentives for professors overloaded with courses Ð and conjectural reasons Ð due to the rapid expansion of the discipline in the last ten years Ð explain the general low quality of PhD programs. Only, in the last two years, some universities have started to take measures to improve the quality of doctoral programs, taking into account the hours professors teach in those seminars and dedicating more resources to their organisation.

THE EUROPEAN AND COMPARATIVE DIMENSION There is not a course on comparative public administration in Europe in the core curriculum of the licentiatura, nor in the diplomatura. Comparative administration might be taught in a regular course of ÔAdministrative scienceÕ where public administration structures and personnel are presented in a comparative perspective, and also

13.6

in a regular course of Ôcomparative politicsÕ. A first course of comparative politics is centred in western European countries, the United States and Canada, and will normally look into the administrative subsystem. European institutions are the object of a single course. This is almost universal for all Spanish universities. In most of the cases, those courses are taught by law professors and take a rather inistituional-legalistic approach. In some universities, like in the Aut—noma de Barcelona, there is a course on ÔEuropean policiesÕ and still a third

13.6. course on ÔEuropean International PolicyÕ. Those courses are far less common. Other 1 courses with titles such as ÔPresent Problems of Public AdministrationÕ, ÔConflict ResolutionÕ, ÔWorld EconomyÕ, ÔInternational TradeÕ or ÔInternational OrganisationsÕ, following with the example of that specific university, discuss issues related to the EU in the framework of a more general topic. Some of the courses are taught by economists, other by political scientist specialised in European Union or in international relations. The key point with regard to comparative perspective and the level of ÔEuropeanisationÕ is that central government legislation does not enter in this domain and therefore, there are important differences in the curriculum of Spanish universities with regard to those contests.

RESEARCH In section 3 of this report, there is a brief account of research before the big university reforms affecting political and administrative sciences. After 1986, it was made a basic distinction among three lines of research and study: traditional administrative science, public policy and public management.

Traditional Administrative Science

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Administrative science is the branch with the greatest tradition in Spain. It has a well known handbook (Baena del Alc‡zar, 1985) and boasts a good number of specialists and researchers. It is included in the curricula of all the previously mentioned university programmes and is in close connection with the administration through training courses, discussions and joint research carried out by academics and practioners. Though it was originally rooted in the study of law, it was considerably influenced by French studies and gradually involved into a study of the public administration's elite, processes, structures and personnel. There are currently several groups working in the field of administrative science.

13.6. Although they share a common origin, they are now completely independent and 2 operate according to different criteria. One group, headquartered at the Universidad Complutense, is led by Professor Baena del Alc‡zar and includes such scholars as Ol’as (1995), Arenilla (1992, 1995) and Canales (1987). One other group, headed by Professors Ba–on and Paniagua has recently created a Centro Superior de Estudios de Gesti—n, An‡lisses y Evaluaci—n at the Universidad Complutense in Madrid. A third group, with professors Carillo (1991) and Villoria (1996), also works out of the Universidad Complutense, at the Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset in Madrid. While the first group is largely French-influenced, the second and the third would be more influenced by American public administration theory. Other academics and researchers elsewhere in Spain are also involved in analysing administrative processes and organisational structures and studying public administration personnel. Among these authors, Ballart and Rami— (1993, 1996) lead a section of the Equip dÕAnˆlisi Pol’tica of the Universitat Aut—noma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra doing research on public administration structures and personnel. Matas (1996), from the Universitat de Barcelona has published a book on regional administrative elites. There is no publication specifically dedicated to administrative science, although several journals such as Pol’tica y Sociedad, Documentaci—n Administrativa, Revista de Estudios Politicos, Revista Vasca de Administraci—n Pœblica and Autonomias have special issues on the subject.

Public policy

A group of academics at the Universitat Aut˜noma de Barcelona has been working in the field of public policy ever since the faculty of Political Science and Sociology was founded in 1986. With their analyses of public policy in general (Subirats, 1989, 1991), evaluation of public organs and services (Ballart, 1992, 1995, 1998), intergovernmental

13.6. relations (Moreta, 1991; 1998) and studies of specific policies and cases (Gomˆ, 1991), this group has gradually carved out its own niche within the field of administrative

3 science, concentrating more on the actual products of administrative action than on its formal structures and sociological implications. Over time, the group has expanded its field of interest to embrace a more global view of policy making and the Spanish policy style (Subirats, 1992, Ballart 1997, BruguŽ-Gomˆ, 1998; Gomˆ-Subirats,

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1998). Academics and researchers in other universities are working along the same lines. At Barcelona's Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Jordana has produced valuable material on policy networks (Jordana, 1995) and a number of doctoral candidates at the Instituto Juan March's Centro de Estudios Avanzados in Madrid have produced high-quality dissertations on policy studies as well as a good collection of working papers (Mezo, GuillŽn, Aguilar, Valiente, Sampedro, Sanchez Ferrer), despite the fact that the Centro is oriented more in the research of social siences in general. Ba–on and Carrillo have also published work on public policy and intergovernmental relations, which proves that there is considerable overlapping among different groups and fields of interest. Fransisco Alvira, a sociologist at Madrid's Universidad Complutense, has departed from the more traditional lines of analysis in this field, to produce a useful short handbook on assessment of public programmes (Alvira, 1991). To conclude, mention should be made of the four-volume work on policy analysis by Mexican author Aguilar (1992), which has become a standard reference work in Spain.

Public Management

The field of public management now boasts a number of specialists and different schools of thought. Particularly worthy of mention is the group working out of ESADE (Escuela de Administraci—n y Direcci—n de Empresas), Barcelona. Since 1986, management scientists such as Echebarr’a (1993 a en b), Mendoza (1990, 1993), Losada (1993), Longo (1995), Prats (1984, 1992, 1993) and FŽrez (1993) have been exploring the feasibility of applying private management techniques to the public sector. They have developed a highly original, very specific approach which has had a notable impact on public management research, training and consulting. Other noteworthy work in the field of public management includes Alba's work about administrative changes in Spain, Beltr‡n's comparative analysis of productivity in the Spanish public administration (Beltr‡n, 1991) and the work of Eduardo Zapico on improving the budgetting and control of public spending (Zapico, 1989, 1991, 1993). Outstanding among case studies is Barzelay and O'Kean's IPIA case, a good example of strategic public management (Barzelay, O'Kean, 1989) that intelligently

13.7

combines political science, management techniques and the case study format. The work collected by Valero as coordinator of a special issue of Documentaci—n Administrativa (Valero, 1990) provides public managers with a section of tools designed to improve day-to-day management activities. Other work on the possible uses of management techniques in public administration has been done by Parames (1988) and L—pez Gonz‡lez (1988). There have also been a number of publications dealing with the management of taxes and public spending (IEF, 1991; IEF, 1992). Moreover, the above-mentioned public policy group working out of Barcelona's Universitat Aut˜noma (BruguŽ, 1996; Subirats, 1993; BruguŽ-Subirats, 1997) and the Ba–—n group have also contributed original and significant work on public management issues (Ba–on et al. 1993). The end of 1994 marked the appearance of Gesti—n y An‡lisis de Politicas Pœblicas

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Table 13.4 (GAPP), a specialised journal that testifies to the solid implementation of Spain's new Professional Associations Andalucia Aragón Asturias Baleares Canarias Cantabria Castilla-León Castilla-La Mancha Cataluñia Comunidad Valenciana Extremadura Galicia Madrid Murcia Navatta País Vasco Rioja

Membership 59 15 11 12 9 4 23 23 64 32 0 33 948 3 4 18 7

Total

1.273

approach to public administration. Like publications such as Public Administration Review in the USA, Public Money and Management in the UK and Politiques et Management Publique in France, GAPP aims to be a forum for thinking on public administration issues and a bridge between different theoretical approaches, academics and practitioners. The journal is sponsored by official agencies such as INAP, the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales and others and its editotorial board includes representatives of the different working groups described in this paper. The journal also aims to involve Spain in international discussions on public policy issues, reporting on significant changes taking place both at home and abroad and dedicating special attention to the work on public administration being done in Latin America.

RELATIONS WITH THE PROFESSION The late development of political and administrative sciences in Spain explains the difficulties the profession still has to be acknowledged. Public administrations have traditionally been managed by lawyers and economists, with a significant participation of engineers, doctors and other well established professions. With the exception of the Complutense of Madrid, graduates from other universities appeared in the market late, after the Ôgolden yearsÕ of public sector expansion. The development of new administrations at the regional and local level has provided a good employment opportunity for some years, but new forms of public management are redirecting graduates towards other potential employers.

Membership in professional organisations by region

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Source: Colegio Nacional de Doctores y Lecenciados en Ciencias Politicas Sociologia

13.8 There has not been a systematic approach to examine the employment record of graduates. The general impression is that for some years, the low number of graduates, their high motivation and the institutional connections with politics, public administrations and private institutes and consultants worked well for their placement. But, as it was mentioned before, this does not seem to be the case any more. On the other hand, professional associations for graduates of political and administrative sciences are very weak. Colegios Profesionales exist in each region (Table 13.4) but with a very low levels of participation with the exception of Madrid. The Ôselective incentivesÕ from participating in those organisations are not clear and membership becomes more an obligation towards the profession than a source of individual benefits. The recruitment of employees in the public sector is done through open and competitive exams where political and administrative science graduates can perform rather well given their training in the basic subjects those exams test: administrative law, public administration, public economy, budgeting and finances. Lately, some administrations have included new topics related to reforms in the public sector, public policy processes and public management that are usually discussed in some of

13.9

the courses of Public policy and public management developed for schools of political science. However, public administrations have not changed their recruitment systems. The only innovation that is worth to mention comes from the fact that many students have now the possibility to have an internship for some months and this may lead, in some cases, to a temporary job in the public administration receiving the student.

IN SERVICE TRAINING AND STAFF DEVELOPMENT INAP, the central institute for civil service recruitment and training depending on the Ministry of Public Administrations, and the equivalent for each of the Communidades Aut—nomas or regions, develop their programmes and courses, both for per-service and on the job training. The pre-service training at INAP or any other regional institute was never a key component of the selection process of civil servants and often done as a socialisation pre-entry requirement for new civil servants. On the job training did not follow a plan either and it was seen as an offer of courses were civil servants had a considerable degree of freedom to choose in the case they were granted permission by their administration. In the last ten years, there were serious attempts to improve the offer of public sector training institutes. Some professors of public administration/public policy and public management have had a significant input in the reforms and in the design of new courses. This wave of reforms and change has been slowed down and there seems to be a return to traditional training in public law.

CONCLUSIONS 349

H IGHER EDUCATION P R O G R A M M E S

IN

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Ð Political Science and Public Administration/Public Policy can not be easily separated in Spain. Since 1986, Political and Administrative Sciences form an officially recognised field of knowledge. Studies of political science and public administration went through a very rapid expansion in Spain after 1986. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of universities, professors and students. Although political science and public administration are still small when compared with law or economics, the rate of growth during the last decade was double that of other social sciences. Ð The main universities for public administration/public policy are the nine universities where the licenciatura and the PhD in Political and Administrative Sciences are offered. Among the nine, three institutions are more focussed on public administration/public policy. They are Universitat Aut—noma de Barcelona, Complutense de Madrid and Universitat Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona. Three other higher education institutions are also important in the field; a business school in Barcelona, ESADE, the Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset and the Centro Superior de Gesti—n, An‡lisis y Evaluaci—n, those two depending on the Complutense. Ð A new degree, the Diplomatura en Gesti—n y Administraci—n Publica has contributed to the quantitative growth of the field. This degree is offered by some of the main universities and by many other smaller or provincial universities. It is a first-cycle degree for students aiming at mid-lower level positions in the public sector. On the other hand, new programmes under the rubric of Master in Gesti—n Pœblica Ð particularly the one offered by the Consortium Universitat Aut—noma de Barcelona-ESADE-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, have contributed to the qualitative growth of the field in their effort to achieve academic excellence as well as a true professional orientation. Ð Public administration/public policy started as 'administrative science' in Madrid under the guidance and protection of administrative law. The field can be associated to the names of Carc’a de Enterria, Nieto and Baena. There was also a big influence of significant sociologists like Beltran and Linz, and to a lesser extent of political scientists like Murillo and Cazoria. Ð The influence of those scholars is at present less decisive given the work developed in the last ten years by a new generation of professors with basic training in law or economics combined with postgraduate studies and doctoral work in political science/public administration. At present, specialists in public administration/ public policy may be engaged in three major lines of study: a public administration structures, personnel, social composition, links with political

350

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13.10

IN

S PAIN

elites; b public policy processes formulation of policies, decision making processes, welfare state, sectorial policies, public policy evaluation Ð and, c public management structures, personnel, operations, strategic management, case studies. Ð The Spanish Ministry of Education establishes a minimum number of credit hours, of hours of class per week end of core courses of the diplomatura, the licenciatura and the PhD programmes. Universities may develop more than a sixty per cent of the curriculum of those degrees. Therefore, there are important variations in the content of public administration studies from one university to another. There is not a course on comparative public administration in the core curriculum of any degree but the subject is taught as part of other courses. European institutions are usually the object of a basic course, while the development of other courses such as European policies depends on each university. Ð Graduates in political science and public administration may face difficulties of employment in their field n the near future. Given the lack of data, it is difficult to make an assessment. It is clear however, that the profession is still experiencing the difficulties associated to its late development. It is not socially well established, public sector downsizing policies reduce the possibilities to find employment in the natural domain for graduates to look for jobs, and professional associations are rather weak to represent the interests of the profession. Ð Public sector training institutes, both at the central and regional levels, had a positive role in promoting research, publications and new training courses. Some university professors from the field have inspired the new programmes that seem to have been slowed down since 1993 and after the change in the central government after the last elections.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AAVV, 1968, Sociolog’a de la Administraci—n Pœblica espa–ola, Centro de Estudios Sociales, Madrid. Aguilar, L., 1992, El estudio de las pol’ticas pœblicas, Miguel Porrœa, MŽxico (4 vols.). Alba, C., 1980, 'The organization of authoritarian leadership: Franco Spain' in Rose-Suleiman (eds.), Presidents and Prime Ministers, American Enterprise Institute, Washington. Alba, C., 1984, ÔBŸrokratie und Politik. Hohe Beamte in Franco-Regime (1939-1975)Õ, in Waldmann-Bernecker-Lopez Calero (eds.), Sozialer Wandel and Herrschaft in Spanien Franco, Schšningh, Paderborn. Alba, C., 1995, ÔL'administration publique espagnoleÕ, in Revue Fran•aise d'Administration Publique, n. 75, pp. 387-400. Ahmunia, J., 1990, ÔQue ascienda el m‡s capazÕ, in Revista Muface, febrero, pp.10-13. Alvarez, J., 1980, El origen geogr‡fico de los funcionarios pœblicos, INAP, Madrid. Alvira, F., 1991, Metedolog’a de la evaluaci—n de programmeas, CIS, Madrid. Arenilla, M., 1995, ÔLa estructura de la Administraci—n Pœblica. An‡lis, evaluaci—n y propuestasÕ in Rodr’guez Fern‡ndez (ed.), Los recursos humanos en las administraciones pœblicas, Tecnos, Madrid. Arenilla, M., 1992, La modernizaci—n de la administraci—n perifŽrica, INAP, Madrid. Autonomies, Revista catalana de dret pœblic, n 18, july 1994, Special issue, Joan Subirats (editor), ÔLa modernizaci—n administrativa en las Comunidades Aut—nomasÕ, Escola d'Adminstraci— Pœblica de Catalunya, Barcelona. Baena del Alcazar, M., 1968, Los estudios sobre administraci—n en la Espa–a del siglo XVIII, Instituto de Estudios Politicos, Madrid.

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Baena del Alcazar, 1984, Estructura de la funci—n pœblica y Burocracia en Espa–a, IVAP, O–ati. Baena del Alcazar, M., 1985, Curso de Ciencia de la Administraci—n, Tecnos, Madrid. Baena del Alacazar, M., 1990, ÔEducation and research in administrative science in SpainÕ, in International Review of Administrative Science, vol.56, pp.521-535. Baena del Alcazar, M., Carcia Madaria, J.M., 1979, ÔBurocracia y Žlite franquista en las Cortes actualesÕ, in Sistema, n.28, p.23. Baena del Alcazar, M., Pizarro, N., 1993, The Spanish National Elite, 1939-1975, Instituto Universitario Europeo, Florencia. Baena del Alcazar,-Garrido-Pizarro, 1984, ÔLa Žlite espa–ola y al presencia en alla de los bur—cratasÕ in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.200, pp.73. Ballart, X., 1991, ÔLa evaluaci—n de la actividad y el rendimiento de la polic’aÕ in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.224-225, pp.361-406. Ballart, X., 1992, Como evaluar programas y servicios pœblicos? Aproximaci—n sistem‡tica y estudios de caso, INAP, Madrid. Ballart, X., Rami—, C., (eds), 1993, Lecturas de Teor’a de la Organizaci—n, INAP, Madrid, 2 vols. Ballart, X., 1995, ÔImpact of legislation requiring moped and motorbike riders to wear helmersÕ, Evaluation and Program Planning, vol. 18, n.4. Ballart, X., 1996, ÔIndicadores para el control de gesti—n de personalÕ, Gesti—n y An‡lisis de Politicas Pœblicas, n.5-6. Ballart, X., ÔScience and Technology Policy for a Mid-sized Industrial Country, the Case of SpainÕ, Science and Public Policy, June 1997. Ballart, X., 1998 ÔSpanish Evaluation Practice vs. Program Evaluation Theory. Cases from Five Policy AreasÕ in M.C. Kessler, Evaluation des Politiques Publiques, l'Harmattan, Paris. Ba–on, R., 1978, Poder de la burocracia y Cortes franquistas, INAP, Madrid. Ba–on, R., Olmeda, J.A., 1985, La instituci—n militar en el Estado contempor‡neo, Alianza Editoria, Madrid. Ba–on, R., 1994, ÔLa modernizzazione dell'amministrazione publica spagnola. Bilanci e prospectiveÕ in La Riforma Amministrativa in Europa, Vincent Wright and Sabino Cassese (eds), Il Mulino, Bolonia, pp.223-250. Ba–on, R., Carrillo, E., 1992, Tipologia de municipios de la Communidad Valenciana, Publicaciones de la Federaci—n de Municipios y Provincias, Valencia. Ba–on, R., Halachmi, A. Bouckaert, G., (eds), 1995, La productividad y la calidad en la gesti—n pœblica, EGAP, Santiago de Compostela. Barzelay, M., O'kean, J.M., 1989, Gesti—n Pœblica EstratŽgica; Conceptos, An‡lisis y Experiencias, El caso IPIA, Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Madrid. Beltr‡n, M., 1964, ÔDatos para el estudio de los funcionarios pœblicos en Espa–aÕ in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.83, pp.12. Beltr‡n, M., 1977, La Žlite burocr‡tica espa–ola, Ariel, Barcelona. Beltr‡n, M., 1984, Los funcionarios ante la reforma de la administraci—n, CIS, Madrid. Beltr‡n, M., 1987, ÔEl ÔPolicy AnalysisÕ como instrumento de valoraci—n de la acci—n pœblicaÕ in Revista de Estudios Pol’ticos, n.56, pp.66-75. Beltr‡n, M., 1990a, ÔLa Administraci—n Pœblica y los funcionariosÕ in Giner, S. (ed), Espa–a, Sociedad y Polit’ca, Espasa Calpe, Madrid, pp.315-352. Beltr‡n, M., 1990b, ÔSociolog’a de la Administraci—n PœblicaÕ, in Giner-Moreno (comps.), Sociolog’a en Espa–a, CSIC, Madrid, 107-115. Beltr‡n, M., 1990c, Nuevos enfoques sobre la reforma de las administraciones pœblicas, Working Paper n.7, Instituto Universitario de Sociolog’a de Nuevas Technologis, UAM, Madrid. Beltr‡n, M., 1991, La productividad de la Administrac’on Espa–ola: Un an‡lisis comparativo, Instituto de Estudios de Prosprectiva, Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda, Madrid. Beltr‡n, M., 1994, Polit’ca y administraci—n bajo el franquismo: la reforma administrativa y los planes de desarrollo, Working Papers 1994/53, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales, Instituto Juan March, Madrid. Boix, C., 1991, ÔPromesas y l’mites del Ôpolicy analysisÕ en los Estados UnidosÕ, in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.224-225, pp.167-194. BruguŽ, J., 1996, ÔLa dimensi˜n democr‡tica de la nueva gesti—n pœblicaÕ, in Gesti—n y An‡lisis de Pol’ticas Pœblicas, n.5, Madrid. BruguŽ, J., Subirats, J. (eds), 1997, Lecturas de Gesti—n Pœblica, INAP, Madrid. Canales, J.M., 1987, Panorama actual de la ciencia de la Administraci—n, INAP, Madrid. Carrillo, E., (1991), Gesti—n de los recursos humanos, presupuestaci—n y Hacienda Local en Espa–a, IEF,

352

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Madrid. Echebarria, K., Losada, C., 1993, Institucions i m•todes per millorar el funcionament de l'Administraci— Pœblica, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona. Echebarr’a, K., 1993, ÔLa gesti—n pœblica a travŽs de agencias. Experiencias europeasÕ in Ekonomiaz, n.26, pp.170-197. De Miguel, A., Linz. J., 1996, ÔLa Žlite funcionarial espa–ola ante la reforma administrativaÕ in AAVV, Sociolog’a de la Administraci—n Pœblica Espa–ola, Centro de Estudios Sociales, Madrid, pp.199 y ss. FŽrez, M., 1993, La igualdad, el mŽrito y la capacidad en el acceso al empleo pœblico profesional, Ph. Thesis, UAB, Barcelona (mimeo). Garc’a de Enterr’a, E., 1961, La Administraci—n Espa–ola, Instituto de Estudios Politicos (ed. 1972 in Alianza Editorial), Madrid. Garc’a Madaria, J.M., 1983, ÔCrisi della Scienza dell'Amministrazione NordamericanaÕ in Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto Pubblico, pp. 871-894. Garc’a Pelayo, M., 1974, Burocracia y Tecnocracia, Alianza Editorial, Madrid. Garc’a Pelayo, M., 1977, Las transformaciones del Estado Contempor‡neo, Alianza Editorial, Madrid. Gomˆ, R., 1991, ÔPluralismo, conflicto y acuerdo en la producci—n de pol’ticas pœblicas. El caso del PIR, en Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.224-225, pp.407-440. Gomˆ, R., Subirats, J. (eds), 1998, Pol’ticas Pœblicas en Espa–a: contenidos, redes de actores y niveles de gobierno, Editorial Ariel, Barcelona (forthcoming - february 1988). Gonzalez Haba, V., 1978, Las retribuciones de los funcionarios pœblicos, Asociaci—n Espa–ola de Administraci—n Pœblica, Madrid. Gonzalez Haba, V., 1983, ÔLos partidos pol’ticos ante los funcionariosÕ, in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.198, pp.209 y ss. Gunther, R., 1996, Spanish Public Policy: From Dictatorship to Democracy, Working Paper 1996/84, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales, Instituto Juan March, Madrid. Gutierrez Re–on, A., 1996, ÔEstructura de la burocracia espa–ola. Notas para su estudioÕ in Revista Espa–ola de la Opini—n Pœblica, n.3. Informaci˜n Comercial Espa–ola, 1977, La burocracia en Espa–a. Informaci˜n Comercial Espa–ola, n.522. Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1991, La gesti—n tributaria y el servicio al contribuyente, IEF, Madrid. Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1992, Informe sobre la planificaci—n, presupuestaci—n, control y contabilidad des gasto pœblico en Espa–a, IEF, draft, mimeo. JimŽnez Asensio, R., 1989, Politicas de Selecci—n en la Funci—n Pœblica Espa–ola, INAP, Madrid. JimŽnez Nieto, 1975, Teor’a General de la Administraci—n, Tecnos, Madrid. Junquera, J. 1986, La funci—n pœblica en la Europa de los doce, INAP, Madrid. Lancaster, Th. 1989, Policy Stability and Democratic Change: Energy in Spain's Transition, Penn State University Press, College Park. L—pez Gonz‡lez, E., 1988, TŽcnicas de control de ejecuci—n en la direcci—n estratŽgia de la Administraci—n Pœblica, INAP, Madrid. Lopez Rodo, L., 1990, Memorias, Plaza y JanŽs, Barcelona. Longo, F., 1995, ÔLa reforma del empleo pœblico: t—tem o tabœÕ in Gesti—n y An‡lisis de Pol’ticas Pœblicas, n.2. MAP, 1989, Reflexiones para la Modernizaci—n de la Administraci—n, MAP, Madrid. MAP, 1991, Jornadas par la Modernizaci—n de las Administraciones Pœblicas, MAP, Madrid. MAP, 1992, La formaci—n de directivos par la Modernizaci—n de la Administraci—n Pœblica, MAP, Madrid. Maravall, J.M., 1995, Los resultados de la democracia, Alianza Editorial, Madrid. Matas, J., 1995, Els alts cˆrrecs: Pol’tica i Administraci— a la Generalitat de Catalunya, EAPC, Barcelona. Mendoza, X., 1990 ÔTŽcnicas gerenciales y Modernizaci—n de la administraci—n pœblica en Espa–aÕ in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.223, pp.261-290. Mendoza, A., 1993, ÔManagement pœblico e indicadores de gŽstion: una perspectiva estratŽgiaÕ, in Ekonomiaz, n.26, pp.44-65. Mesa, A., 1991, ÔDatos de estructura y movilidad de los cargos de designaci—n pol’tica en la administraci—n aut—noma vascaÕ, en Estudios sobre el Estatuto de Autonomia del Pa’s Vasco, IVAP, O–ati, pp.1573-1605. Morata, F., 1991, ÔPol’ticas pœblicas y relaciones intergubernamentalesÕ in Documentaci—n Admistrativa, n.224-225, pp.153-166. Morey, A., 1977, La determinaci—n de efectivos en la burocracia espa–ola y el comportamiento

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burocr‡tico, INAP, Madrid. Moya, C., 1972, Burocracia y Sociedad Industrail, Edicusa, Madrid. Nieto, A., La retribuci—n de los funcionarios en Espa–a, Ed. Revista de Occidente, Madrid. Nieto, A., 1976, La burocracia, Instituto de Estudios Administrativos, Madrid. Nieto A., 1984a, ÔLos estudios sobre la administraci—n pœblica: la necesidad de construir una disciplina que sea la base formativa de una clase directiva profesionalizadaÕ, in Documentaci—n Adminstrativa, n.200, pp.7-42. Nieto, A., 1984b, La organizaci—n del desgobierno, Ariel, Barcelona. Nieto, A., 1984c, ÔFunctionariosÕ in Espa–a. Un presente para el futuro, Instituto de Estudios Econ—micos, Madrid, p.251-266. Nieto, A., 1988, ÔReforma administrativa y modernizaci—n de la administraci—n: Un problema pendiente?Õ, in Modernizaci—n Administrativa, IVAP, O–ati, pp.101-115. Nieto, A., - GutiŽrrez Re–on, A., 1991, ÔLa Administraci—n PœblicaÕ, in Vidal Beneyto (ed), Espa–a a Debate. La Pol’tica, Tecnos, Madrid, pp.133-148. Ol’as, B., 1977, ÔLa Ciencia de la Administraci—n en Espa–aÕ, in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.176, pp.91-110. Ol’as, B. (ed), 1995, La gesti—n de recursos humanos en las administrationes pœblicas, Universidad complutense, Madrid. Oliva, A., Gutierrez Re–on, A., 1968, ÔLos Cuerpos de funcionariosÕ in AAVV, op.cit (see also Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.124). Olmeda, J.A., 1988, Las Fuerzas Armadas en el Estado Franquista, Ediciones el Arquero, Madrid. PallarŽs, F., 1988, ÔLas Pol’ticas Pœblicas: el sistema politico en acci—nÕ, in Revista de Estudios Pol’ticos, n.62, pp.141-162. ParamŽs, C., 1988, Introducci—n al management. Un nuevo enfoque de la administraci—n pœblica, INAP, Madrid. Pernante, M.A., 1978, El papel de los cuerpos de bur—cratas en la organizaci—n administrativa espa–ola, INAP, Madrid. Prats, J., 1984, ÔAdministraci—n Pœblica y transici—n demor‡ticaÕ in Pensamiento Iberoamericano, n.5, pp.450 y ss. Prats, J., 1992, ÔLa modernizaci—n administrativa en las democracias avanzadasÕ, Papers Esade, n.82, Barcelona. Prats, J. 1993, ÔDerecho y management en las administraciones pœblicasÕ en Ekonomiaz, n.26, pp.130-143. Rami—, C., 1991, ÔEstudio de una pol’tica de reorganizaci—n administrativa: el proceso de planificaci—n de la reorganizaci—n de la Direcci—n General de Carreteras de la Generalitat de Catalu–aÕ, in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.224-225, pp.441-472.

354

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ANNEX 13.1

Main universities

Diplomatura en gestión pública, only:

IN

S PAIN

Santamaria Pastor, J.A., 1973, Sobre la gŽnesis del Dereccho Administrativo espa–ol en el siglo XIX, Instituto Carcia Oviedo, Sevilla. Subirats, J., 1988, ÔNotas acerca del Estado, la Administraci—n y las politicas pœblicasÕ in Revista de Estudios Pol’ticos, n.59, pp.173-198. Subirats, J., 1989, An‡lisis de Politicas Publicas y Eficacia de la Administrac’on, INAP, Madrid. Subirats, J., 1990, Modernizing the Spanish Public Administration or reform in disguise, Instituto de Ciencais Pol’ticas y Sociales, Barcelona (italian translation in Rivista Trimestrale di Scienza dell'Amminnistrazione, 1991, n.4, pp 105-122). Subirats, J., 1991, (ed.) ÔPol’citas pœblicas y Organizaci—n AdministrativaÕ, special issue Documentaci—n Administativa, n.224-225. Subirats, J., 1991, ÔLa Administraci—n Publica como problema. El An‡lisis de Pol’ticas Pœblicas como propuestaÕ, in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.224-225, pp.15-58. Subirats, J., 1992, Un problema de estilo: La formaci—n de pol’ticas pœblicas en Espa–a (Una aportaci—n al an‡lisis del sisterna pol’tico espa–ol). Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, Madrid. Subirats, J., 1993, ÔAn‡lisis de Politicas Pœblicas y Gesti—n Pœblica : promesas y riesgos de una vida en comœnÕ, in Ekonomiaz, n.26, pp.144-149. Subirats, J., 1994, ÔLa modernizzazione amministrativa in Spagna. Flessibilitˆ, organizzativa e cambiamentie nelle procedure di attuazzionedella pubblica amministrazione: azioni intrapreseÔ, La riforma amministrativa in Europa, Vincent Wright and Sabino Cassesse (eds), Il Mulino, Bolonia, pp.713-736. Subirats, J., 1995 ÔLa modernizzazione dell'amministrazione pubblica spagnolaÕ in Dente, B., (ed), Rifformare la Pubblica Amministrazione, Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, Torino, pp.353-382. Tortella, G, 1994, El desarrollo de la Espa–a contempor‡nea, Alianza Editorial, Madrid. Valero, J., 1990, (Coord.), ÔTŽcnicas Gerenciales en Administraci—n PœblicaÕ, Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.223. Valero, J., 1991, ÔLa efficacia en la Administraci—n: estrategia y factores de cambioÕ in Jornadas para la Modernizaci—n de las Administraciones Pœblicas, INAP, Madrid , pp.96-124. Villoria, M, 1996, La modernizaci—n de la administraci—n como instrumento al servicio de la democracia, Ph Thesis, UCM. Zapico, E., 1989, La modernizaci—n simb—lica del presupuesto pœblico, IVAP, O–ati. Zapico, E., 1991, ÔComportamiento de gasto y reforma presupuestaria: evaluaci—n de los supuestos de reforma en Espa–aÔ in Documentaci—n Administrativa, n.224-225, pp.337-359. Zapico, E., 1993, ÔDel presupuesto por programas al management estratŽgico del gasto pœblico : nuevo papel del ministerio de HaciendaÕ in Ekonomiaz, n26, pp.66-93.

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ANNEX 13.2 LIST OF INSTITUTIONS Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð

Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð

Aut—noma de Barcelona, Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociologa. Aut—noma de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho. Barcelona, Facultad de ciencias Econ—micas y Empresaralias y Facultad de Derecho Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociologia y Centro de Estudios Superiores Sociales y Jur’dicos Ramon Carande Pa’s Vasco, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicaci—n Pompeu Fabra, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicaci—n y Escuela Universitaria de Gesti—n y Administraci—n Pœblica de Manresa. Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociales Nacional de Educaci—n a Distancia, Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociologia Granada, Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociologia.

Almer’a, Facultad de Derecho Burgos, Facultad de Ciencias Econ—micas y Empresariales Cadiz Ð Algeciras, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Jur’dicos y Econ—micos Fransisco Tom‡s y Valiente Cadiz Ð Jerez de la Frontera, Escuela Universitaria de estudios Empresariales Carlos III de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jur’dicas Castilla la Mancha Ð Albacete, Facultad de Derecho Castilla la Mancha Ð Toledo, Facultad de Ciencias Jur’dicas y Sociales JaŽn, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jur’dicas Jaume I de Castell—n, Facultad de Ciencias Jur’dicas y Ecom—micas Le—n Facultad de Derecho M‡laga, Facultad de Ciencias Ecom—micas y Empresariales Murcia, Facultad de Derecho Oviedo Ð Gij—n, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales Oviedo Ð Oviedo, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales Salamanca, Facultad de Derecho Zaragoza, Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Empresariales

COURSES TAUGHT Only the courses specified in section 4 are obligatory for all universities. The rest of the courses vary from university to university. In order to give an idea of the full offer of one university, the annex reproduces the courses taught at Universitat Aut—noma de Barcelona for licenciatura and at the Interuniversity Program of Government and Public Management UAB-UPF-ESADE for the master of Public Management.

Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð

Licenciatura en ciencias pol’ticas First Year First semester Political institutions Political Economy I Contemporary History General Sociologie Introduction to research

Ð Ð Ð

Second Year First semester Political theorie I Social Structure II Introduction to Law

Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð

Second semester Political Science Political Economy II Contemporary History II Social Structure I Statistics Spanish Politics I

Ð Ð Ð

Second semester Research Techniques Administrative Science Comparative Politics I

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Ð Ð Ð

International relations Demography English

Ð Ð

Economic Policy I English

Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð –

Third Year First semester Spanish Politics II Public Policy Analylis I Political behaviour Constitutional Law Spanish Economy European International Policy

Ð Ð Ð

Second semester Administrative Law Public Finance World Economy

– –

Fourth Year 24 credit hours electives within one itinary 36 credits hours electives free option

Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð

Itinerary: Public Administration & Public Policy Public Policy Analysis II Present Problems Public Administration Organisation Theory Intergovernmental Relations Local Government Evaluation Public Law of Catalunya Economic Policy II Public Finance Public Management

Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð

International Relations Theory of International Relations International Organisations Exterior Policies Spanish Exterior Policy European Union Institutions European Union Policies Public International Law International Trade Conflict Analysis Present Problems of International Relations

*There is a third itinary in politics. European and comparative dimension

357

IN

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P UBLIC A DMINISTRATION P R O G R A M M E S

IN

S PAIN

Master Gestión Pública. UAB-UPF-ESADE from Barcelona Firstsemester

Second semester

Third semester

Core courses x 40h.

Core courses x 40 h.

Core courses x 40 h.

Total hours – PublicPolicyI

120 Total hours Ð PublicPolicyII

120 Total hours

Totals

40

280

– Public Management III:

Ð Public Management II: Governance & Public Decision Ð Management Control & Evaluation Making Ð Public Economy II

– Public Management I: – QuantitativeAnalysis – Public Economy I

Specailised courses in PM x 20hSpecialised courses in PM x 20h Total hours

Fourth semester

– Administrative activity Law – Law:Publicorganisation & – Acounting for PM

Specialised courses in PM x 20h

40 Total hours Ð Contracts and previsions

40 Total hours personnel

– FiscaldecentralisationinSpain

Specialised courses in PM x 20h

100 Total hours Ð Ethics & PM

100

Ð Administrative procedure&conflictsÐ European Union: Ð Operations Management administrations&policies Ð Marketing of public services Ð Stragetic Mgmt. & change Ð Cost/benefitanalysis

Ð Cost/benefitanalysis Ð Quality & reengineering

Skills,abilities&othersx10h Skills,abilities&othersx10h

Skills,abilities&othersx10h

Total hours 30 Total hours 20 Ð Maths/ introduction to Law Ð management skills&abilitiesI

Total hours

Ð Negotlation Ð Negotlation Total

280

20

70

120

630

– Simulation

Ð management skills& abilities II 180

180

140

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P UBLIC A DMINISTRATION P R O G R A M M E S

IN

ANNEX 13.3 ADDRESSES OF MAIN UNIVERSITIES, CENTRES AND CONTACT PERSONS

The contact person is just one professor of each institution chosen for this report by the author. Universidad Aut—noma de Barcelona (UAB) Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociologia 08193-Bellaterra (Barcelona)

Xavier Ballart

Universidad Aut—noma de Madrid (UAM) Facultad de Derecho / Dep. Ciencia Pol’tica y de la Administraci—n Crta. de Colmenar Viejo, km. 15 (Campus de Cantoblanco) 08049-Madrid Universidad de Barcelona (UBA) Facultat de Dret / Dep. Ci•ncia Pol’tica i Dret Constitutional Avda. de la Diagonal, 68408034-Barcelona Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociologia Campus de Somosaguas 28023 Madrid

F. Vallespin

Jordi Capo

Rafael Ba–on

Universidad de Granada (UGR) Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociologia Rector L—pez ArgŸeta, s/n 18071-Granada

Juan Montaves

Universidad Nacional de Educaci—n a Distancia (UNED) Facultad de Ciencias de Pol’ticas y Sociolog’a Senda del Rey, s/n 28040-Madrid

Lurdes L. Nieto

Universidad del Pa’s Vasco (UPV) Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Informaci—n Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales y Ciencia Pol’tica Ciudad Universitaria de Leioa 48940-Leioa

Francisco Liera

Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Facultat de Ci•ncies Socials i Communicaci— Ramon Trias Fargas 25 08005-Barcelona

Carles Rami—

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (UST) Facultad de Ciencias Pol’ticas y Sociales Campus Universitario s/n 15706-Santiago de Compostela

Ramon Maiz

ESADE Escuela Superior de Administraci—n y Direcci—n de Empresas Avda. Pedralbes 60 08034 Barcelona

359

Alfred Vernis

S PAIN

H IGHER EDUCATION P R O G R A M M E S

Centro Superior Esdudios Gesti—n An‡lisis y Evaluaci—n Edificio Mas FerrŽ Capus de Somosaguas 28223 Madrid Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset Fortuny 53 28010 Madrid

IN

P UBLIC A DMINISTRATION

Juan L. Paniagua

Mariano Baena

360