Idea Transcript
Revised: Spring 2016
RAD 112 Radiographic Science II COURSE OUTLINE Prerequisites: RAD 111
Course Description: Teaches concepts of radiation, radiography physics, and fundamentals of electromagnetic radiation, electricity and magnetism, and application of these principles to radiography. Focuses on x-ray production, emission, and x-ray interaction with matter. Develops skills in analysis, quantification and synthesis, and applies problem solving skills. Semester Credits: 4 Lecture Hours: 3 Lab/Recitation Hours: 3
RAD 112 Course Outcomes The Student will be able to: 1. Understand the major concepts of radiation and radiography physics. 2. Understand the fundamentals of electromagnetic radiation, electricity and magnetism. 3. Apply fundamental principles of electromagnetic radiation, electricity and magnetism production to clinical situations. 4. Understand x-ray production, emission and interactions with matter.
RAD 112 Radiographic Science II Class Objectives
Chapter 8
Intensifying Screens
At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Describe the purpose and construction of intensifying screens. Describe the characteristics of intensifying earth screens. Identify the factors that affect screen speed and spatial resolution. Explain the construction of cassettes and how to care for cassettes. Describe luminescence, fluorescence, and phosphorescence.
Chapter 9 Film and Processing At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. Discuss the components of radiographic film. 2. Identify the stages of image formation. 3. List and describe the important portions of the characteristic curve. 4. Identify the optical density, speed, contrast, and latitude of radiographic film. 5. Identify the stages of film processing. 6. List the components of automatic film processing.
Chapter 13 Digital Fluoroscopy At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. Identify the components of a fluoroscopy system. 2. Identify the components of an image intensifier. 3. Describe the purpose of an automatic brightness control circuit. 4. Identify the factors that influence patient dose during fluoroscopy. 5. Explain the effects of flux and minification gain on total brightness gain. 6. Discuss the factors that affect fluoroscopic image contrast, resolution, distortion, and quantum mottle.
Chapter 14
Digital Imaging
At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. Describe how a matrix of pixels is used to form a digital image.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Identify the relation between matrix size, pixel size, and field of view. Identify the components of a digital imaging system. Describe the operation of a computed radiography system. Explain the elements used in a digital radiography system.
Chapter 19 Radiation Biology At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. Describe the reproductive cycle of the human cell. 2. Identify the relative radiation sensitivity of human cells, tissues, and organs. 3. Describe the dose-response models. 4. Identify the stages of acute radiation effects. 5. Discuss target theory of radiobiology. 6. Relate the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau. 7. List and discuss the biologic factors that affect the degree of tissue damage in relation to radiation exposure.
Chapter 20 Radiation Protection and Regulations At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. State the requirements for personnel monitoring. 2. Describe the construction of protective barriers and identify factors that determine the thickness of lead in the barriers. 3. Identify devices used to detect and measure radiation. 4. State the requirements for construction of radiographic equipment. 5. Describe safety requirements of mobile and fluoroscopic equipment.
Chapter 21 Minimizing Patient Exposure and Personnel Exposure At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. Describe the methods of reducing radiation exposure. 2. Describe ALARA. 3. State the three methods of radiation reduction to staff. 4. Name the dose limits for occupational and nonoccupational workers. 5. Discuss the radiosensitivity of pregnancy.
Chapter 15 Quality Control At the completion of this chapter, the student should be able to do the following: 1. State the factors included in radiographic quality control (QC). 2. State the factors included in processor QC. 3. State the types and sources of film artifacts. 4. State the factors included in fluoroscopic QC.
VWCC RAD 112 Topical Description Chapter 8 Intensifying Screens I. II.
Intensifying Screens Intensifying Screen Construction a. Base b. Reflective Layer c. Phosphor Layer d. Protective Coat
III.
Phosphor Materials a. Atomic Number b. Conversion Efficiency c. Luminescence
IV.
Spectral Matching
V.
Rare Earth Screens
VI.
VII. VIII. IX.
Screen Speed a. Types of Screens b. K-shell Absorption Edge Radiographic Noise and Quantum Mottle Spatial Resolution Film/Screen Cassettes a. Film/Screen Contact b. Cassette Care
Chapter 9 Film and Processing I.
Film Construction
a. Polyester Base b. Emulsion Layer c. Latent Image Formation II.
Sensitometry and Densitometry a. Penetrometer b. Sensitometer c. Densitometer d. Optical Density
III.
Characteristic Curve a. Film Speed b. Film Contrast c. Latitude
IV.
Specialty Types of Film a. Mammographic Film b. Duplication Film c. Hard Copy, Laser Printer, or Multiformat Film
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Film Storage and Handling a. Light b. Temperature, Humidity, and Storage c. Radiation d. Improper Handling of Film Automatic Film Processing a. Developing b. Fixing c. Washing d. Drying e. Contamination f. Recirculation and Replenishment Film Transport System a. Transport Racks b. Crossover Networks c. Drive System d. Effect of Concentration, Time, & Temperature e. Rapid Processing f. Extended Processing g. Processor Quality Assurance The Darkroom a. Darkroom Safelights
IX. X. XI.
Silver Recovery Daylight Processing Systems Dry Processing Film
Chapter 13 Fluoroscopy, conventional and Digital I. II.
Historical Perspective Eye Physiology
III.
Fluoroscopy a. X-ray tube b. Table c. Image intensifier tower
IV.
Image Intensifier Components a. Input phosphor b. Photcathode c. Lenses d. Anode and output phosphor
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Brightness Gain a. Flux Gain b. Minification Gain c. Total Brightness Gain d. Automatic Brightness Control e. Magnification Tubes Image Quality a. Contrast b. Resolution c. Distortion d. Quantum Mottle Fluoroscopic Displays a. Video Camera Tubes b. Charge-Coupled Device c. Cathode Ray Tube Archiving the Fluoroscopic Image a. Spot Filming
b. Video Recording c. Cine Recording d. Digital Recording IX.
Mobile C-Arm Fluoroscopy a. Last Image Hold
X.
Patient Dose a. Fluoroscopic Timer
Chapter 14 Digital Imaging I.
II.
III.
Digital Image Acquisition a. Picture Elements or Pixels b. Field of View c. Relation Between Field of View, Matrix Size, & Pixel Size d. Spatial Resolution & Pixel Size Data Characteristics a. Frequency b. Contrast c. Noise d. Window Level & Window Width Controls Digital Imaging Systems a. Image Acquisition b. Analog-Digital Converter c. Computed Radiography d. Direct Radiography e. Film Digitization f. Picture Archiving and Communications Systems i. DICOM g. Hard Copy Production h. Dry Film Processors i. Data Compression
Chapter 19 Radiation Biology I.
Human Biology a. DNA b. RNA
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Cell Proliferation a. Mitosis b. Meiosis Tissues and Organs a. The Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau b. Factors Affecting Radiosensitivity c. Types of Cell Damage d. Radiosensitivity Factors e. Direct and Indirect Effects f. Radiolysis of Water g. Target Theory Cell Survival Curve a. Stochastic Effects b. Nonstachastic Effects c. Dose-Response Models d. Linear Dose-Response Model e. Nonlinear Dose-Response Model f. Linear, Quadratic Dose Response Model g. LD 50/30 h. Gonadal Effects High-Dose Radiation Effects a. Prodromal Stage b. Latent Period c. Manifest Stage d. Final Stage
VI.
Whole Body Radiation Exposures a. Hematologic Syndrome b. Gastrointestinal Syndrome c. Central Nervous Syndrome
VII.
Effects of Partial Body Irradiations
VIII.
IX. X.
Late Somatic Effects a. Cancer and Leukemia Induction Radiation and Pregnancy Genetic Effects a. Genetically Significant Dose b. Doubling Dose
Chapter 20 Radiation Protection and Regulations I.
Equipment Regulations a. Protective X-ray Tube Housing b. Source-to-Image Receptor Distance Indicator c. Collimator d. Positive Beam Limitation e. Beam Alignment f. Total Filtration g. Exposure Reproducibility h. mA Station Linearity i. Exposure Switch j. Mobile Radiography Unit k. Fluoroscopic Equipment
II.
Room Shielding a. Primary Barriers b. Secondary Barriers c. Protective Barrier Thickness Considerations d. Half-Value Layer
III.
Radiation Detectors a. Gas-Filled Detectors b. Scintillation Detectors c. Personnel Monitors
IV.
Monitoring Period
Chapter 21 Minimizing Patient Exposure and Personnel Exposure I.
Reducing Exposure to Ionizing Radiation a. Effective Dose b. Dose Limit Regulations c. ALARA
II.
Reduction of Radiation Exposure to Staff a. Basic Principles b. Protective Apparel c. Proximity to Radiation d. Holding the Patient
III.
Reduction of Radiation Dose to the Patient
a. b. c. d. e. IV.
Radiographic Techniques Repeat Radiographs Shielding Devices Radiation Dose Pediatric Considerations
Reducing Exposure During Pregnancy a. Pregnant Radiographer b. Fetal Dose c. Pregnant Patient
Chapter 15 Quality Control
I.
II.
Radiographic Quality control a. Measurement of the Focal Spot or Spatial Resolution b. Collimation c. kVp Accuracy d. Filtration e. Exposure Time f. Exposure Reproducibility g. Exposure Linearity h. Intensifying Screens i. Viewbox j. SID and Centering Accuracy k. Angle Accuracy l. Cassette Cleaning Automatic Exposure Control a. Exposure Reproducibility b. Ion Chamber Sensitivity c. Density Variation Control d. Response Capability e. Backup Timer Verification
III.
Tomography Quality Control a. Uniformity and Completeness of Tube Motion b. Section Depth Indicator c. Section Thickness d. Resolution
IV.
Processor Quality Control a. Processor Monitoring b. Image Artifacts
i. Exposure Artifacts ii. Handling and Storage Artifacts iii. Processor Artifacts c. Processor Cleaning and Maintenance V.
VI.
Computed Radiography Quality Control a. Phantom Images b. Permanent Artifacts c. Light Spots d. Fogging e. Quantum Mottle f. Heat Blur Fluoroscopy Quality Control a. Radiation Output or Exposure Rate b. Resolution c. Automatic Brightness Control d. Spot Film Exposures e. Exposure Reproducibility f. Field Size and Beam Alignment g. Intensifier Viewing System Resolution h. Monitors and Recorders
Protective Apparel Quality Control
RAD 112 Radiographic Science II Required Materials Textbooks:
Essentials of Radiologic Science, Robert Fosbinder & Diane Orth, 2012, ISBN: 078177554X Essentials of Radiologic Science Manual/Workbook Robert Fosbinder & Diane Orth 2012 ISBN: 0781775566 The following supplementary materials are available: Several resource textbooks are located in the Radiography Lab
RAD 112 Radiographic Science II Notes to Instructors
1.
Students will continue to identify and set proper radiographic technique in the clinical setting.
2.
Students will discuss technical factors and image quality into their procedure competency critiques.
3.
Students will apply radiation protection practices while in the clinical setting.