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УДК 811.111 (075.32) ББК 81.2АНГЛ я723 Х17 Рецен.зенты; заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков Историко-филологического факультета Российского государственного гуманитарного университета, профессор М. Р. Кауль’, проректор по международным связям МАРХИ, заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков, профессор В. Н. Бгашев

XI7 Халилова Л. А. English for students of economics : учебник английского языка для студентов экономических специальностей / Л. А. Халилова . — 2-е изд. — М. : ФОРУМ, 2009. — 384 с. — (Профессиональное образование). ISBN 978-5-91134-310-1 Учебник предназначен для общеобразовательной и профессионально-ориентированной подготовки по английскому языку студентов экономических специальностей. Тесная взаимосвязь между английским языком и профилирующими дисциплинами обеспечивает успещность освоения иноязычной терминологической лексики, выработку навыков чтения, реферирования, аннотирования текстов, формирование умений иноязычной речи на темы специальности, позволит использовать иностранный язык в производственной и научной деятельности. Учебник поможет расщирить кругозор студентов, повысить уровень их общей культуры и образования. УДК 811Л11(075.32) ББК 81.2АНГЛ я723

ISBN 978-5-91134-310-

Издательство «ФОРУМ», 2005, 2009 Халилова Л. А., 2005, 2009

PREFACE

Предисловие

Настоящий учебник предназначен для студентов, проходящих профессиональную подготовку по специальностям экономических направлений. Основная цель курса иностранного языка в неязыковом учебном заведении — подготовка всесторонне эрудированного специалиста средствами иност{)анного языка. Язык в процессе обучения выступает не столько как самостоятельная дисциплина, сколько как предмет, подчиненный профилирующим дисциплинам, являющийся медиумом специальных знаний в реализации образовательной профессиональной программы. В соответствии с изложенным могут быть выделены две важнейщие задачи ^небника: 1) развитие у студентов коммуникативных способностей, приобретение обучаемыми лингвистической и социокультурной компетенции, необходимой и достаточной для использования английского языка на всех стадиях специальной профессиональной подготовки; 2) овладение специальными знаниями, ознакомление с зарубежным опытом в области экономики. Учебник предназначен для аудиторной работы (не менее 120 часов) с выполнением ряда заданий студентами самостоятельно во внеаудиторное время. При соответствующей подготовке к занятиям по заверщении курса студенты должны научиться правильно соотносить языковые средства с нормами профессионального речевого поведения, которых придерживаются носители языка. Структура учебника способствует обучению студентов всем видам речевой деятельности, развитию навыков и умений чтения, аудирования, говорения и письма. Учебник состоит из двух частей. Часть / представлена 7 уроками (Units), факто.1югический материал каждого из которых — тексты общепрофессионального характера. Прохождение студентами данного этапа предполагает: • овладение базовой терминологической лексикой, базовыми лексико-грамматическими конструкциями и формами; • приобретение умений и навыков работы с/над текстом по специальности для адекватного понимания прочитанного материала. Представленный в Части II учебника языковой и методический инструментарий позволит обучающимся: • освоить методику поиска профессиональной информации (в том числе в компьютерных сетях); научиться приемам реферирования и аннотирования текстов профессиональной направленности;

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овладеть основными видами монологического/диалогического высказывания профессионального и научного характера; понимать высказывания профессионального и научного характера. Материал 7-ми уроков (Units VIII—XIV) этого раздела учебника подобран с учетом узкопрофессиональных интересов студентов-экономистов. Тексты одного и разных уроков взаимосвязаны и являются языковым и логическим расширением друг друга. Тем не менее, каждый текст — это завершенное целое, содержащее достаточно информации для понимания той или иной экономической реалии, ставшей предметом изучения студентами. Особенностью учебника, отличающей его от уже существующих изданий подобного рода, является особый подбор языкового инструментария, дающего возможность его интеграции в общий курс иностранного языка любого неязыкового учебного заведения или факультета экономического профиля. Автор стремился к тому, чтобы разделы учебника были представлены системно, а не фрагментарно и разрозненно, чтобы они максимально соотносились как с «Примерной программой дисциплины «Экономика», так и с «Примерной программой дисциплины «Иностранный язык» (Министерство образования Российской Федерации, Москва, 2000 г.). Это означает, что, с одной стороны, тексты внутри уроков охватывают область базовых понятий экономики. С другой стороны, тексты являются источником не только специального, но и лингвистического материала: сопровождающий их комплекс упражнений обучает студентов разным видам работы с/над текстом и направлен на становление и развитие навыков и умений, определяемых профессионально-ориентированным уровнем обучения. И, наконец, в целях развития социокультурной компетенции студентов культурологический материал подобран с учетом интереса обучаемых к определенным экономическим аспектам англо-говорящих стран. Тексты представлены, в основном, по степени нарастания трудностей; в случае необходимости они снабжены комментарием; для каждого текста выделен терминологический словарь. Отдельные упражнения учебника представлены в виде рабочей тетради студента. Значительное количество заданий коммуникативного характера объясняется гуманизацией, европеизацией процесса обучения и, как результат этого, необходимостью овладения выпускником неязыкового учебного заведения как письменной, так и устной иноязычной речью. Таким образом, превалирование упражнений на развитие навыков разговорной речи — это не просто дань времени, а насущная необходимость в условиях расширяющихся международных контактов и возможности дальнейшего обучения выпускников российских университетов в ведущих высших учебных заведениях за рубежом. Для того, чтобы расширить знания студентов и придать творческую направленность работе над текстами и упражнениями, широко используется комментирование и толкование словарных единиц и цонятий на английском языке. Лишь в отдельных случаях, если этого требует специфика

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одного из языков, дается перевод. Терминологическая лексика всегда представлена в переводе. Творческому осмыслению процесса обучения, а также развитию речемыслительных механизмов способствует и то, что некоторые задания представлены в виде таблиц, схем или диаграмм, которые обучаемым предлагается не только составить, начертить, нарисовать, но и описать, охарактеризовать, объяснить. Упражнения на повторение пройденного материала с параллельным анализом нового позволят студенту увидеть и проследить взаимосвязь и взаимозависимость между разными разделами курса, будут способствовать развитию навыков содержательного анализа значительного по объему языкового материала, выработке умений аннотирования и реферирования текстов профессиональной направленности. В свете контрастивной лингвометодики, являющейся — наряду с коммуникативной — одним из основополагающих дидактических принципов российского языкознания, ряд упражнений строится с учетом реалий российской действительности. Там, где это возможно, в свете «диалога культур» автором проводятся параллели, дается сравнение лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов русского и английского языков. Структура Части I учебника отличается от структуры Части II учебника. Обще профессиональная направленность первой Части соответствует требованиям Государственного образовательного стандарта к данному уровню владения иностранным языком и предполагает наличие языковой и коммуникативной компетенции, достаточной для дальнейщей учебной деятельности, а также для осуществления деловых контактов на элементарном уровне. В соответствии с этим каждый урок Части I состоит из 2-х блоков: Text analysis'. Grammar review and development. Узкопрофессиональная направленность Части II учебника определялась требованиями Государственного образовательного стандарта к следующему этапу и новому — более высокому — уровню владения иностранным языком. Эти требования формулируются как: наличие языковой и коммуникативной компетенции, необходимой для изучения и творческого осмысления в профилирующей области науки, а также для делового профессионального общения. В целях достижения тех задач обучения, которые ставятся во второй Части учебника, представилось логически целесообразным распределить упражнения данного раздела по 7-ми блокам: Prereading activity, Reading and comprehension'. Summarising', Discussion', Mastering the vocabulary. Essay writing and making a presentation'. Grammar review and development. Упражнения no этим направлениям работы с иноязычным материалом были созданы в строгом соответствии с теми лингводидактическими принципами, которые существуют в российской и зарубежной методике преподавания иностранных языков. Методический инструментарий первых трех блоков способствует развитию навыков разных типов чтения на материале текстов профессионального характера. Овладение лексическим материалом

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и контекстуальными структурами этих подразделов позволяет строить упражнения блока Discussion таким образом, чтобы дать возможность выходу в речь тем речевым конструкциям, которые до этого момента являлись пассивным языковым запасом обучаемых. Блок Mastering the vocabulary вводится после перечисленных видов работы ввиду необходимости охвата как можно большего объема общеобразовательного и терминологического вокабуляра данного урока. Разнообразные виды упражнений этого подраздела призваны научить студента владению заданной лексикой, правильному использованию фраз и идиоматических выражений. Это, в свою очередь, подводит обучаемого к самостоятельному написанию небольших эссе, сообщений и докладов на темы специальности. Поэтому блок Essay writing and making a presentation представлен после вокабулярного блока, как итог и повторение всего пройденного лексического материала. Предполагается, что к моменту работы с учебником студенты профессиональных учебных заведений (вузов, техникумов, училищ), обучаясь в средней школе, уже должны были, согласно программы обучения иностранному языку в среднем общеобразовательном заведении, овладеть базовой грамматикой. Тем не менее, в каждом уроке обеих частей учебника присутствует раздел Grammar review and development. Набор упражнений этого блока охватывает практически все разделы грамматики английского языка, восполняет недостаточные знания учащихся в области базовой грамматики, а также представляет и объясняет те грамматические конструкции, которые употребляются в текстах данного учебника. Блок грамматических упражнений выведен в конец каждой главы по ряду причин. Во-первых, упражнения из этого раздела рекомендуется выполнять параллельно с упражнениями других разделов данного урока. Во-вторых, в зависимости от языкового уровня студентов преподаватель вправе выбирать те или иные упражнения. Более того, такое построение дидактического материала учебника дает возможность преподавателю, при серьезных пробелах студентов в области грамматики, обращаться дополнительно к любому из существующих в настоящее время многочисленных грамматических учебников или справочников. Значительное количество текстов и их разнообразие в каждом из уроков {Unit) Части II учебника объясняется как структурой самой Части (т.е. целями и задачами, определяемыми каждым из видов работы с/над текстом), так и тем, что — при достаточном уровне владения обучаемыми иностранным языком — и преподавателями, и студентами обычно ощущается острая нехватка учебных материалов по специальности. А именно последние и являются источником и примерами языковых шаблонов и социокультурных ситуаций, без «погружения» в которые невозможно обучение иностранному языку: не узус, а актуализация языковых единиц и структур дает возможность научить студента пользоваться иностранным языком как средством межкультурной коммуникации в профессиональной сфере. Наличие нескольких близких по тематике текетов, раскрывающих

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разные аспекты одного и того же экономического феномена, представляется методически оправданным и в том плане, что такой принцип подачи материала предоставит преподавателю, остановившему свой выбор на данном учебнике в качестве базового, право отбора текстов, исходя из поставленных целей обучения, а также особенностей, интересов и языковых возможностей учащихся. Особое внимание преподавателей, которые будут работать с учебником, хотелось бы обратить на методические указания, которые предваряют тот или иной вид работы. Указания были тщательно подобраны к текстам, составлены таким образом, чтобы своей установкой на определенный вид работы усилить не только мотивацию студентов в выполнении конкретного задания, но и мотивацию вообще, в более широком смысле — в изучении иностранного языка. Более того, методические установки к упражнениям построены так, чтобы лексический репертуар и содержательное наполнение текстов не превратились в пассивный запас, а стали основой для одновременного обучения разным видам речевой деятельности. Методические установки выполняют и другую важную функцию: их вокабуляр, также тщательно подобранный, — это, своего рода, «введение» обучаемого в суть явления, представленного в текстовом материале. Являясь основой и примером того, как следует начинать (в соответствии с обозначенными в методической установке задачами) обсуждение того или иного материала, подобный «зачин» избавляет студентов от необходимости перевода начальных фраз своего ответа. Практика показывает, что при отсутствии такой базы, перевод в большинстве случаев оказывается неправильным. Используя готовый лексический репертуар, студент учится логически мыслить на иностранном языке, правильно и корректно строить в будущем беседу на профессиональную тему на английском языке в любой конкретной ситуации. Хочется надеяться, что работа над текстовым материалом, не только над фактуальной, но и подтекстовой информацией научит студентов критически относиться к письменному источнику, предоставит возможность понимания лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов, обогатит словарный запас и фоновые знания. Участие в дискуссиях, «круглых столах» и «конференциях», предусмотренных заданиями учебника, позволит снять языковые барьеры, приведет к выработке у студентов навыков устной речи. Овладение тем объемом знаний, который предусмотрен предлагаемым учебником, будет способствовать развитию у обучаемых языковой компетенции, творческому осмыслению опыта, накопленного в сфере избранной специальности. Те упражнения, выполнение которых, как представляется, может вызвать некоторые затруднения, снабжены ключами {Key section). Вся терминологическая лексика текстового материала учебника дублируется в Glossary. Здесь же представлен и другой пласт терминов, знание которых необходимо будет студентам при дальнейшей работе с иноязычным материалом по специальности.

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В названиях реалий (организаций, фирм, а также отдельных вариантов терминологической лексики), относящихся к США, сохранено правописание, являющееся нормой для американского варианта английского языка. Во всех остальных случаях автор придерживался британского варианта английского языка. Основу текстового материала, приведенного в учебнике, составили статьи и выдержки из работ ведущих зарубежных специалистов в области экономики. В работе приняты следующие сокращения: а. adv. Ат. Ъ. Brit. ed. e.g. esp. i.e. n. part. pi. prep. sing. smth usu. V.

vs. зд. ист. лат. напр. особ. т. е.

adjective adverb American; in American use born British; in British use edited Latin exempli gratia; for example especially Latin id est; that is; TO есть noun participle plural preposition singular something usually verb versus здесь историческое понятие латинский язык например особенно то есть

\ PART I. ENGLISH FOR GENERAL PURPOSES

Общеобразовательный курс

UNIT I. THE WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD Assignment 1 Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary.

TEXT THE WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD

Little more than a century ago, Britain was «the workshop of the world». It had as many merchant ships as the rest of the world put together and it led the world in most manufacturing industries. This did not last long. In 1885 one analysis reported, «We have come to occupy a position in which we are no longer progressing, but even falling back... We find other nations able to compete with us to such an extent as we have never before experienced.» Early in the twentieth century Britain was overtaken economically by the United States and Germany. After two world wars and the rapid loss of its empire, Britain found it increasingly difficult to maintain its position even in Europe. At present, the nation’s industries can be divided into three sectors of activity. The primary sector is concerned with raw materials such as cereals and minerals. Processing these materials is the field of the manufacturing sector. The service sector provides services of various kinds such as transport or distribution, but does not manufacture goods. The construction industry can be thought of either as part of the manufacturing sector, or as a separate fourth sector. Earlier in its history, Britain had a very large manufacturing sector. Food, fuel and raw materials such as cotton were imported in large quantities and paid for with finished goods manufactured in Britain; the country was known as «the workshop of the world». Today, the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector are employing fewer and fewer people. For example, during the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s the mining and energy industries lost 20 per cent of their jobs. This was mainly through increases in productivity, so that fewer workers were producing the same output more efficiently. Productivity rose by 14 per cent in the same period in British industry as a whole, although it had previously been low by comparison with other advanced industrial nations. Meanwhile service industries like banking and catering were expanding their workforce.

Part I. English for general purposes

10

Generally speaking, among the main trends in industrial activity in Britain during the 1980s and 1990s have been the decline in heavy industry and the growth of the offshore oil and gas industries together with related products and services; the rapid development of electronic and microelectronic technologies and their application to a wide range of other sectors; and a continuous rise in the service industries’ share of total employment. Tourism, for example, is now one of Britain’s most important industries and a growing source of employment (supporting more than one million jobs). Britain has a mixed economy, based partly on state ownership but mainly on private enterprise. In the mid-eighties the private sector accounted for 72 per cent of total employment and 74 per cent of the goods and services produced in Britain. Government policy throughout the 1980s was to sell state-owned industries such as British Telecom and British Airways to private investors, thereby further increasing the size of the private sector. Notes and Commentary

Britain — Британия, краткое наименование страны (равно как и Great Britain, the UK, the United Kingdom, «Великобритания», «Соединенное Королевство»); официальное название государства — the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland «Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии» the United States — Соединенные Штаты, краткое наименование страны (равно как иthe US, the USA «США»); официальное название государства — the United States of America «Соединенные Штаты Америки». British Telecom — Британские телекоммуникации (в настоящее время частная компания, в ведении которой находится большая часть телефонной сети Великобритании) British Airways — в настоящее время частная авиакомпания, обслуживающая международные и внутренние пассажирские и др. авиалинии

Vocabulary

workshop (n) merchant (n) manufacturing industry compete (v) economically (adv) primary sector raw materials cereals (n, pi) minerals (n, pi) process (v) manufacturing sector service sector services (n, pi)

мастерская купец производящая промышленность соревноваться в сфере экономики добывающая промышленность сырье зерновые культуры полезные ископаемые перерабатывать сектор производства сфера (индустрия) услуг услуги

Unit I. The workshop of the world

distribution (n) goods (n, pi) construction industry mining industry energy industry job (n) productivity (n) output (n) banking (n) catering (n) workforce (n) decline (n) olTshore oil and gas share (n) employment (n) mixed economy slate ownership private enterprise investor (n)

11

распределение благ, товаров, услуг товары строительная индустрия угольная промышленность энергетическая промышленность рабочее место; работа производительность (труда) производство; объем производства банковское дело обслуживаюший сектор рабочая сила спад морские разработки нефти и газа доля; акция занятость экономика (как система государственного управления) государственная собственность частное предпринимательство инвестор TEXT ANALYSIS

Assignment 2 Find the Russian equivalents of the following.

A growing source of employment; to employ fewer and fewer people; industrial activity; the workshop of the world; state-owned industries; related products and services; to expand the workforce; merchant ships; to maintain one’s position. Assignment 3 Look through the above text again. Suggest the English for the phrases below.

Быстрое развитие; тяжелая промышленность; производить товары; увеличивать долю частного сектора; импортировать в большом количестве; страны с развитой промышленностью; обогнать в экономическом развитии. Assignment 4 On а separate sheet of paper, translate from English into Russian Paragraph 1 of the text beginning with the words «Little more than ...» and ending with the words «... even in Europe». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language. Assignment 5 Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once.

1)

Private investors; government; goods; oil and gas; range. _______________ and services

12

Part I. English for general purposes

2) a wide _________________ of sectors 3) to sell state-owned industries to ______ 4) ________________________ policy 5) offshore ________________________

industries

Assignment 6 Fill in the correct preposition.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

decline __________ heavy industry to divide __________ three sectors of activity to rise __________ 50 per cent increase _________ productivity to be concerned __________ to base the nation’s economy ________ State ownership

Assignment 7 Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Put T or F in the empty boxes. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

Early in the twentieth century Britain was «the workshop of the world». At the end of the 20th century there was a decline in the mining and energy industries. Britain’s economy is based entirely on private enterprise. Tourism is growing industry. Processing cereals and minerals is the field of the service sector. Assignment 8 Look through the text again. Write down ways (words, phrases) to describe Britain. Use the vocabulary of the text.

British economy more than a century ago British economy nowadays Assignment 9 Answer the questions about the text (in written form).

1. 2. 3. 4.

Why was Britain called «the workshop of the world» more than a century ago? What are the three main sectors of industry in British economy? Which sectors of British industry are increasing in size, and which are decreasing? What was Government policy in Britain throughout the 1980s?

Assignment 10 From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning British economy at the turn of the 20th century (in written form). Assignment 11 Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Assignment 12 Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences. Do it in written form.

Unit I. The workshop of the world

13

GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment 13 Review the Grammar material «The Indefinite (Simple) Tense Form». Study the charts. Pay special attention to the adverbs and the words denoting time. They are very often used with this Tense Form. You will find them in the first chart. The main patterns of the Indefinite (Simple) Tense Form are those presented in the charts that come next. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

I*resent : Past:

usually, generally, always, sometimes, every (day, week, month), often, etc. yesterday, the day before yesterday, a week ago, last (week, month), in 1985, the other day, just now, etc. tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next (week, month, year), in (a week, two months), in 2051, soon, etc. ___________________________

Future:

The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense Form. Since it is the first Tense Form introduced in the book, it has been done for you very carefully.

What

Do do Do

What

Does does Does

What

Is is

We we we Who we We We We He he he Who

study study study? studies study study do not study do not study studies study study? studies

he

study

He He He

studies does not study does not study

Economics economics economics? What

economics. economics? economics? economics or history? economics, economics. economics, accounting. accounting?

don’t we? do we?

accounting? accounting or philosophy? accounting. accounting. accounting.

is

a very interesting subject. a very interesting subject?

is

a very interesting subject?

doesn’t he? does he?

14

Part I. English for general purposes

Is

How many classes

economics Economics Economics Economics

an interesting or a boring subject? a very interesting subject. a very interesting subject. a very interesting subject.

is is not is not

Does

She she

has have

three English classes a week. three English classes a week?

does

she

have

a week?

Does

Who she

has have

three English classes a week? three or four English classes a week?

She

has

three English classes a week.

She

does have

not

She

does have

not

isn’t it? is it?

does n’t she?

three English classes a week. three English classes a week.

does she?

The Past Indefinite Tense Form Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and political economist. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh in 1790 after a painful illness. Was Britain «the workshop of the world» little more than a century ago? Did we do more or less business with the Canadian firms three years ago? John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century, wasn’t he? This company did not grow very rapidly last year, did it? When did the United Kingdom have a developed manufacturing sector? In 2003 the bank lent us £ 52,000 to fund our reconstruction.

The Future Indefinite Tense Form Knowledge of economics will help you run your business. We will become a public company soon. In a few years your firm will prosper. What questions will they ask her at the interview tomorrow! Will he do marketing or accounting at the University? They will not rise the prices, will they?

Notes and Commentary

Public company — a company that sells shares to all buyers on the open market (открытое акционерное общество)

Unit I. The workshop of the world

15

Beware! Yon do not use the Future Indefinite Tense Form in the subordinate clauses of time and condition. When the government sells this company, it will become part of the private sector. If the firm does not increase sales, it will get bankrupt.

Short answers Do we study economics? — Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. We study history. _____________ Does she have three English classes a week? — Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. She has five English classes a week. ______________________________________________________ Did we do more business with the Canadian firms three years ago? — Yes, we did. / No, we didn’t. We did less business. ________________________________________________ Was the manufacturing sector extremely important a century ago? — Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t. The service sector was. Will he do accounting at the University? — Yes, he will. / No, he won’t. He will do marketing. ______________________________________________________

The Sequence of Tenses; The Future in the Past Indefinite Tense Form He said, «/am an economist». He said (that) he was an economist. They said, «IVe study economics». They said (that) they studied economics. She said to her friends, «Л/у favourite subject at She told her friends (that) her favourite subject at the University is English». the University was English. The student said to his friend, « The job seems to The student told his friend (that) the job seemed be very good. / will apply for this job /will do it to be very good, he would apply for that ]ob and tomorrow». he would do it the next day. He asked, «Are you a student?». He asked if / was a student. Ann asked me. «When will vou 20 to the Ann asked me when / would 20 to the ininterview?». terview. Assignment 14 Review the Grammar material «The construction There is / there are ». Study the charts. This construction is used when we speak about the existence of something or somebody, and when the Russian sentence begins with the words that answer the question «где?». Pay special attention to the words some, any, no, a lot of, many, few, a few, much, little, a little. They are very often used with this construction. The main patterns of there is / there are are those presented in the charts below. Study the patterns. Make sure you know all of them.

There are

How many companies

Are

there

private are

there

many private companies in this town.

many private companies in this town? in this town?

Part I. English for general purposes

16

What

is Are

there

in this town? many private or state there companies in this town ? many private companies in this aren’t there? There are town, many private companies in this There are not town. many private companies in this are there? There are not town,

There is a job ad in the newspaper. Is there a job ad in the newspaper? — Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Is there апу]оЪ ad in the newspaper? — Yes, there is. Yes, there are some. / No, there isn’t {any). There are a lot of job ads in the newspaper. There are many job ads in the newspaper. Are there тапу']оЪ ads in the newspaper? — Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t. There are some ]ob ads in the newspaper. Are there апу]оЪ ads in the newspaper? — Yes, there are {some). / No, there aren’t {any). There is a lot of money in my bank account. There is much money in my bank account. Is there much money in my bank account? — Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. There is some money in my bank account. Is there any money in my bank account? — Yes, there is {some). / No, there isn’t {any). There are /ew job ads in the newspaper. (They are not enough to choose from.) There are a/ewjob ads in the newspaper. (They are enough to choose from.) There is little money in my bank account. (It is not enough to buy something.) There is a little money in my bank account. (It is enough to buy something.) There is no job ad in the newspaper. There is not any job ad in the newspaper. There are no job ads in the newspaper. There are not any job ads in the newspaper. There is no money in my bank account. There is not any money in my bank account.

In Britain, there are only a few successful large companies, but very many successful small companies. There are a lot o/banks in the City of London. There are no private companies in this town. Were there any customers here yesterday? There was not a single private company in the former Soviet Union, was there?

Unit I. The workshop of the world

17

Were there more than 1.5 million small or large businesses at the end of 1990 in Britain? How many texts are there on page nine? — There are two. / There are some.f There is only one. In a year, there will be a new business centre not far from this place. He said (that) in a year there would be a new business centre not far from that place. Assignment 15 Open the brackets; use the correct form of the verb. The italicized words denoting time will help you do it. Wherever necessary, change the word order. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one.

Earlier in its history, Britain (to import) a lot of raw materials. There (to be) thousands of people from all over the world who (to visit) the London School of Economics last year. The Economist (to be) a weekly magazine of news and opinion. When they (to found) The Economist? Economics (to be) mainly an academic subject. Before the Revolution, Russia (to have) a very large agricultural sector. At present, there (to be) two industries that suffer a decline in Britain. Our French or Spanish branch (to make) a small profit five years ago? Karl Marx (to publish) The Capital in 1867. He said that {tomorrow) he (to get) a job in the sphere of catering. The Wall Street Journal (to be) a daily newspaper. She (to study) economics last year. Your work experience and references (to help) you get a job in another company in the near future. Next year there (to be) more employees at this factory. She said that she (to be) sure he (to make) a good, specialist when he graduated from the University in three years.

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Part I. English for general purposes

Assignment 16 Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

Статьи в этом журнале очень интересные. Джон Милл был известным британским философом и экономистом. Она спросила, где я хочу учиться. Сектор обслуживания предоставляет разного вида услуги. Пять лет назад они стали частной компанией. Она изучала экономику или философию три года назад? Он сказал ей, что у нее еще будет время обсудить эту проблему. В этом здании находятся два офиса этой компании. Он спросил, знаю ли я владельца фирмы. США имеют развитый производственный сектор, не так ли? Через два года производительность труда возрастет на 10 процентов. В 1777 году Адам Смит уехал в Эдинбург. Он сказал, что там будет новый банк. Многие страны имеют смешанную экономику. В следующем месяце она поедет на торговую выставку в Лондон. Она спросила, пойду ли я на работу завтра. Assignment 17 Open the brackets, use the correct form of the verb. Write your variant in the empty space in the right-hand column. Turn to the Vocabulary if you don't know how to translate a word.

Because of its size, the United States of America in the second half of the 20th century (to serve) as a locomotive for the world economy. Whenever the world

Unit I. The workshop of the world

19

(to sink) into a recession, the United States (to stimulate) consumer demand which (to benefit) both American and foreign producers. Foreign exports to America (to rise), and with higher export earnings exporting countries (to buy) more unique American products. But with success, the American locomotive (to grow) too small to pull the rest of the world. Vocabulary

recession (n) consumer demand benefit (v) producer (n)

спад (производства) потребительский спрос приносить выгоду производитель

Assignment 18 Out of the verbs in the right-hand column, choose one to fill in the gap in each sentence. Don't forget to use the correct form of the verb. Turn to the Vocabulary if you don't know how to translate a word.

There now three relatively equal contenders Japan, the European Community with the most powerful country, Germany, and the United States. Though all of them _______________ at about the same economic level, each country to now _______________ to develop exactly the same industries. to They ________________that their citizens _________________ the highest standards of living in the 21st century. So these countries to _______________ to compete with each other. to to _____ around the following questions: to The competition the best products? - Who _______ to the standards of living most rapidly? the to - Who _______ best-educated and best-skilled -Who to workforce in the world? to — Who _______________ the world’s leader in investment — to plant and equipment, research and development, infrastructure? — Whose institutions — government, education, business — to world leaders in efficiency? to to Together, America, Japan, and Germany to enough to be the locomotive to pull the rest of the world into prosperity. If they____________ together, they ________________ that prosperity.

revolve reach make be hope have act be be try expand start want have be

Part I. English for general purposes

20

Vocabulary

contender (n) конкурент; соперник the European CommunityЕвропейское сообщество standard of living уровень жизни вращаться revolve (v) процветание; благосостояние prosperity (n)

UNIT II. HOW IT ALL STARTED Assignment 1 Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary.

TEXT HOW IT ALL STARTED

The end of the 18th century witnessed some of the most profound political changes in British history. These changes included the loss of the American colonies in 1776 after a seven-year war and the revolutions in agriculture and industry. The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the period beginning in the second half of the 18th century in which industry was transformed from hand-work at home to machine-work in factories. The driving force behind this development was the increase in population and the consequent increase in demand for products. This was only made possible, however, by a series of inventions such as the steam-engine. The Industrial Revolution in Victorian Britain entered its second stage: new industries were developed, new factories were built, Britain’s products were exported all over the world. And it was during Queen Victoria’s reign that Britain became known as «the workshop of the world». Life in the new factories and towns was one terrible hardship. Men, women, and children worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day in dangerous, unhealthy conditions for poor wages and lived in dirty slums. At the same time, the working classes were becoming organized. In the last quarter of the century, there was a massive increase in trade unionism. Parliament was forced to eome to terms with the new social conditions. The Reform Act of 1832, which granted the franchise to tenants of land, was followed by other urgently needed social reforms: the creation of the police force; free compulsory education (1870); legal recognition of trade unions. World War I was followed by a period of severe hardship. It was a time of great social unrest and mistrust between the various classes. Unemployment was high, wages low and there were numerous strikes, including a General Strike in

Unit II. How it all started

21

1926 by all the unions in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the owners of the coalmines cutting miners’ wages. The Great Depression of the 1930s actually began with the collapse of the American financial markets (the Wall Street crash) in 1929. In Britain unemployment reached huge proportions: over three million people, out of a total workforce of 14 million, were out of work. World War II had cost Britain more than a quarter of its national wealth. After the war the Labour government, using the planning experience gained during the war, nationalized the railways and the coal, steel, shipbuilding, gas and electricity industries, and extended the social services provided by the state to include such things as insurance against unemployment, sickness and old age, and free medical care for everyone (NHS, National Health Service). This legislation came to be known as the Welfare State. There then followed a period of economic growth and prosperity. During the 1950s, there was a period of massive growth in the private sector, above all in the newer industries, particularly car and aircraft production, and wages increased by 40%. Most families could now afford a car, fridge, and a television set, and people began to talk of an affluent society. By the start of the 1960s, however, production was beginning to slow, while wages and prices continued to rise. The main problems faced by the Government were economic, and it adopted the severest measures, including wage freezes and a 14% devaluation of sterling, in an unsuccessful attempt to overcome the difficult economic situation. And it was not until the International Monetary Fund began a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway. This recovery was also due to the high levels of oil production reached in the North Sea. Margaret Thatcher — the Iron Lady, as she was called — was elected Prime Minister in 1979, and the Thatcher «revolution» started and dominated the decade. Budgets throughout the 1980s have reduced income tax, and state-owned facilities such as water and British Gas have been handed over to voters. Britain has enjoyed great possessions of knowledge, wealth, and communications. Mrs Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to Victorian values. In many respects, the country has. Most significant is Mrs Thatcher’s creation of a new breed of Briton. Using the driving forces of greed and selfishness, Mrs Thatcher appealed to many voters for the simple reason that they wanted more money in their pockets, more home ownership, more of everything. And after a decade of Thatcherism people have really become better off. Notes and Commentary

Victorian Britain — Великобритания времен королевы Виктории Queen Victoria — королева Виктория (1819—1901); правила Великобританией с 1837 г. по 1901 г. General Strike — Всеобщая забастовка 3—13 мая 1926 г.; была организована для поддержки шахтеров

Part I. English for general purposes

22

the Great Depression — «великая депрессия», наступившая после биржевого краха на Уолл Стрит в Нью-Йорке; кризис, охвативший США в тридцатые годы прошлого столетия the Wall Street crash — биржевый крах на Уолл Стрит в Нью-Йорке the Labour government — правительство, образованное после победы на выборах партии лейбористов — одной из двух крупнейших партий Великобритании the National Health Service (NHS) — Государственная служба здравоохранения Великобритании the Welfare State — ряд мер, принятых лейбористским правительством (1945—1951) и обеспечивших социальную защиту всех слоев населения (пенсии, пособия по безработице и болезни, бесплатное образование, бесплатную медицинскую помощь и т.д.) the International Monetary Fund — Международный валютный фонд Margaret Thatcher (the Iron Lady) — Маргарет Тэтчер (род. 1925), лидер консервативной (Conservative) партии Великобритании (1976—1990), первая женщина — премьер-министр (1979—1990)

Vocabulary agriculture (n) hand-work machine-work demand (n) steam-engine product (n) wage (n) trade unionism franchise (n) tenant(n) (of land) trade(s) union unemployment (n) strike (n) owner (n) coalmine (n) financial (a) market (n) social services insurance (n) legislation (n) economic (a) production (n) affluent society

сельское хозяйство физический труд механизированный труд (труд с применением техники) спрос паровой двигатель товар заработная плата (работников ручного труда) профсоюзное движение право голоса (на выборах) арендатор (земли, земельного участка) профсоюз безработица забастовка владелец угольная шахта финансовый рынок социальное обеспечение страховка; страхование законодательство; свод законов экономический производство богатое общество (общество всеобщего благоденствия)

Unit II. How it all started

price (n) wage freeze devaluation of sterling budget (n) income tax voter (n)

23

цена замораживание заработной платы девальвация фунта стерлинга бюджет подоходный налог избиратель TEXT ANALYSIS

Assignment 2 Find the Russian equivalents of the following.

To overcome a difficult economic situation; insurance against unemployment, sickness and old age; a terrible hardship; Victorian values; to cut wages; free medical care; to reduce income tax; a period of economic growth and prosperity; to dominate the decade; a new breed of Briton. Assignment 3 Look through the above text again. Suggest the English for the phrases below.

Обязательное бесплатное образование; расширить систему социального обеспечения; развивать промышленность; движущая сила; высокий уровень безработицы; низкий уровень заработной платы; значительный рост частного сектора; национальное богатство; добыча нефти. Assignment 4 On а separate sheet of paper, translate from English into Russian Paragraph 4 of the text beginning with the words «Life in the new factories...» and ending with the words «...legal recognition of trade unions». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language. Assignment 5 Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Legal; social reforms; rescue; to become; free; political changes. __________________ better off __________________ recognition to witness _____________________ a _______________ ________________

_ operation medical care 6) urgently needed _________________ Assignment 6 Fill in the correct preposition.

1) to complain _________ something 2) _________ an unsuccessful attempt 3) to begin 4) to hand

the collapse to voters

Part I. English for general purposes

24

5) to be ___ 6) to come 7) increase

of work __ terms demand

Assignment 7 Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Put T or F in the empty boxes. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

During Queen Victoria’s reign, Britain did not export its goods all over the world. At the end of 1976, the International Monetary Fund helped Britain overcome the difficult economic situation. In the 1950s, British people did not have enough money to buy a car, fridge, and a television set. In Victorian Britain, life in the new factories and towns was extremely interesting and joyful. After World War I the economic situation in Britain was very difficult. Assignment 8 Circle all the words that are appropriate in speaking about the following phenomena.

The Industrial Revolution

the second half of the 18th century the workshop of the world the Great Depression all over the world machine-work a series of inventions fifteen or sixteen hours a day free compulsory education prosperity the franchise to tenants of land dirty slums the National Health Service nationalization

The period after World War II

increase in demand for products the steam-engine the Industrial Revolution Queen Victoria dangerous, unhealthy conditions the Labour government the creation of the police force hand-work insurance against old age and sickness legal recognition of trade unions the Welfare State more than a quarter of Britain’s national wealth free medical care for everyone

Assignment 9 Look through the text again and write down ways to describe what Margaret Thatcher's policy was like. Use the vocabulary of the text.

Unit II. How it all started

25

Assignment 10 Ask six questions about the text (in written form). Let your fellow-student(s) answer your questions. Assignment 11 Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Assignment 12 Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences. Do it in written form.

GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment 13 Review the Grammar material «The Continuous Tense Form». Study the charts. Pay special attention to the adverbs and the words denoting time. They are very often used with this Tense Form. You will find them in the first chart. The main patterns of the Continuous Tense Form are those presented in the sentences that come next. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

Present: now, at the moment, at present, always, constantly, while..., etc. Past: at 5 0 ’clock yesterday (the day before yesterday, last Monday, etc.), from 2 till 3 o’clock yesterday (the day before yesterday, last Monday, etc.), at this time yesterday (the day before yesterday, last Monday, etc.), all day long, the whole day yesterday (the day before yesterday, last Monday, etc.), at that moment, always, constantly, when..., while..., within (weeks, months, etc.), etc. Future: at 5 o’clock tomorrow (the day after tomorrow, next Monday, etc.), from 2 till 3 o’clock tomorrow (the day after tomorrow, next Monday, etc.), at this time tomorrow (the day after tomorrow, next Monday, etc.), all day long, the whole day tomorrow (the day after tomorrow, next Monday, etc.), when..., within (weeks, months, etc.), soon, etc.

What are you doing now? — I am working on the government’s proposals to cut the prices. They are having a very important meeting at the moment, aren’t they? Advertise the fact that at present you are looking for a job. He never talks while he is working. At the time of Queen Victoria’s reign, the working classes were becoming organized. ]Vhen I returned, he was reading for his economics exam. The government was constantly complaining of having less money than it needed. Was she writing a letter or talking on the phone at 5 yesterday? At this time yesterday, we were giving a presentation of the new product.

26

Part 1. English for general purposes

At midnight 1 will still be working. If you do not take care, you will be getting into debt. She/e/t (that) they would be discussing the same problem when she returned. Assignment 14 Open the brackets; use the correct form of the verb. The italicized \words will help you do it. Wherever necessary, change the word order. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one.

At present, the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector (to employ) fewer and fewer people. The new model was an instant success and within months (to outsell) other American cars. At the moment Glaxo, Britain’s leading pharmaceutical company, (to invest) money in making cleaner petrol. We (not to progress), we even (to fall) back. Big farms, supervised by boards of directors and professional managers, (to increase) in number in the future. At the start of the 1960s, production (to begin) to slow. She said tourism (to create) more and more jobs in the country soon. He could not answer the phone. At that moment he (to unlock) the door. The hotel did co-operate and within weeks distinguished visitors (to enjoy) Joel’s coffee. At that time, however, other manufacturers’ inexpensive cars with more speed (to outperform) the Ford’s model on America’s improved roads. Assignment 15 Translate the sentences from Russian into English, space opposite the original sentence.

В настоящее время значимость промышленного производства в США уменьшается, а сферы услуг — увеличивается.

Write your translation in the

Unit III. Made in Britain

27

Времена менялись, почти каждый хотел купить машину. Производители поняли, что рынок растет. Я уверена, завтра в это время он будет работать. Я советую тебе быть очень осторожной, когда ищешь работу. Она знает три иностранных языка. Сейчас с теми двумя французами она говорит по-французски. Они сказали нам, что в этой стране безработица растет и будет расти. Когда ты позвонила мне вчера, я не писал курсовую работу, я готовился к семинару по экономике. Завтра в 4 часа они все еще будут обсуждать эту проблему, не так ли? Глава фирмы сказала, что сейчас они организовывают новый отдел. Что они будут делать в пятницу с трех до пяти часов? Они сказали нам, что их компания в данный момент рекламирует новые товары.

UNIT III. MADE IN BRITAIN Assignment 1 Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary.

TEXT MADE IN BRITAIN

You now know that Britain used to have many manufacturing industries, but since the Second World War its service industries, especially banking and retailing, have expanded. Heavy industries, including steel manufacture and shipbuilding, have been replaced by high-technology manufacturing industries, such as aeroplane engine manufacture and pharmaceuticals.

Part I. English for general purposes

28

In Britain, there are only a few successful large companies, but very many successful small companies. Many of them appeared in the 1980s. It was at that time that small businesses began to increase rapidly. At the end of 1990 officially there was a total of more than 1.5 million small businesses, though the real figure, including the «black economy», was probably nearer two million. However proportionately there were 50 per cent more in West Germany and the United States, and about twice as many in France and Japan. Unfortunately, many small businesses fail to survive, mainly as a result of poor management, but also because, compared with almost every other European Community member, Britain offers the least encouraging conditions. But such small businesses are important not only because large businesses grow from small ones, but also because over half the new jobs in Britain are created by firms employing fewer than 100 staff. The large companies invest a lot of money in research and development (R & D) to find new and better, usually high-technology, products. Glaxo is Britain’s leading pharmaceutical company and is one of the largest in the world. It tries to find and make new medicines that can cure or reduce the effects of disease. BP (British Petroleum) is at present the second-largest company in Europe. It is involved in oil and gas exploration, oil refining and the manufacture of petrochemical products. It is investing money in making cleaner petrol. Successful small manufacturing companies in the UK often make expensive products. These companies are successful because they use first-class materials, have excellent quality control and the workers are proud of what they make. Such companies include J.Barber & Sons, the Morgan Motor Company, Quad Electroacoustics, Wilkin & Sons. J. Barber & Sons makes waterproof jackets. Originally designed for fishermen and farmers, these waterproof jackets are now fashionable in cities throughout Europe and the US. The Morgan Motor Company produces elite cars. Quad Electroacousticsis is well-known for its expensive but high-quality loudspeakers and hi-fi equipment. Wilkin & Sons makes jams which British people cannot do without. Notes and Commentary European Community — Европейское сообщество («Общий рынок»); основано в 1957 году; Великобритания стала членом сообщества в году Vocabulary retail (n) retail (a) retail (v) small business black economy management (n) large business

розничная продажа розничный продавать в розницу малый бизнес теневая экономика управление; менеджмент крупная компания

1973

Unit III. Made in Britain

29

нанимать на работу работник работодатель высокие технологии контроль качества производить

employ (v) employee (n) employer (n) high technology quality control produce (v)

TEXT ANALYSIS Assignment 2 Find the Russian equivalents of the following.

First-class materials; hi-fi equipment; to cure or reduce the effects of disease; to increase rapidly; to do without something; research and development; to find new high-technology products; the least encouraging conditions. Assignment 3 Look through the above text again. Suggest the English for the phrases below.

Ведущая компания; больше половины новых рабочих мест; вкладывать много денег в проведение исследовательских работ и развитие; создавать рабочие места; плохое управление; приблизительно в два раза больше компаний; выпускать дорогие товары. Assignment 4 On а separate sheet of paper, translate from English into Russian Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the text beginning with the words «In Britain, there are only...» and ending with the words «...fewer than 100 staff». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language. Assignment 5 Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once.

Successful; poor; small; large businesses; to survive; economy. ____________________ business black ____________________ ________________ ________________ management grow from ________________ small ones small companies 6) to fail 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Assignment 6 Fill in the correct preposition.

1) _________ present 2) to invest money _______ 3) to be well-known 4) to design ______ 5) to be proud ____

R&D _ expensive hi-fi equipment someone _ something

Part I. English for general purposes

30

6) 7) 8) 9)

to do _______ about twice __ to be involved to replace ___

Wilkin & Sons jams ____ many ______ exploration something

Assignment 7 Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Put T or F in the empty boxes. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

There are less people who work in service industries than in manufacturing industries in Britain. Because of various economic problems, retailing and banking could not develop at the end of the last century. The goods, which British small manufacturing companies make, are very expensive. Large companies do not invest money in R&D. Assignment 8 Circle all the words that are appropriate in answering the questions.

What does Glaxo make? elite cars high-quality loudspeakers petrochemical products new medicines hi-fi equipment petrol jams waterproof jackets

What does BP manufacture? elite cars high-quality loudspeakers petrochemical products new medicines hi-fi equipment petrol jams waterproof jackets

What does the Morgan Motor Company produce? elite cars high-quality loudspeakers petrochemical products new medicines hi-fi equipment petrol jams waterproof jackets

Assignment 9 Look through the text again and write down ways to express what each of the following companies is involved in. Quad Electroacoustics Wilkin & Sons J. Barber & Sons Assignment 10 Use the information in the text to answer the questions (in written form).

1. Are there many successful large companies in Britain? 2. What began to increase rapidly in the 1980s?

Unit 111. Made in Britain

31

3. Why are those small manufacturing companies in the UK, that make expensive products, successful? 4. Unfortunately, many small businesses fail to survive, don’t they? Why do they fail to survive? Assignment 11 Turn to the above text again. There are some ideas that have remained uncovered by the questions in the previous Assignment. State these ideas. Ask questions concerning them. Assignment 12 From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning small businesses (in written form). Assignment 13 Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Assignment 14 Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences. Do it in written form.

GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment 15 Review the Grammar material «The Perfect Tense Form». Study the charts. Pay special attention to the adverbs and the words denoting time. They are very often used with this Tense Form. You will find them in the first chart. The main patterns of the Perfect Tense Form are those presented in the sentences that come next. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with ail of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

Present:

already, Just, not... yet, ever, never, recently, lately, of late, for, today, since, this (week, month), by now, etc. Past; by (yesterday, last Friday, etc.), hardly (scarcely, barely, nearly) ... when, no sooner ... than, sequence of tenses, etc. Future: by (tomorrow, next week, etc.), etc.

Since the Second World War Britain’s service industries, especially banking and retailing, have expanded. He has just given a considerable part of his income to numerous acts of charity. I have not seen him since he left our company. People have really become better off lately, haven’t they? Joel felt that he had found a new blend of coffee. By the 1990s, the investment had climbed to more than $400 billion, even though farms had dropped in number from 6 million to fewer that 3 million. How long had you stayed with the firm by the time you resigned? Hardly had they announced the dollar devaluation, when the prices started rising. (They had hardly announced the dollar devaluation, when the prices started rising.)

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Part I. English for general purposes

By next morning, the delegation will have left. He said (that) by the next month he would have written his final paper. Assignment 16 Open the brackets; use the correct form of the verb. The italicized words will help you do it. Wherever necessary, change the word order. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one.

World War II (to cost) Britain more than a quarter of its national wealth. Throughout the 1980s budgets (to reduce) income tax. By the time of the Great Depression, Wall Street (to symbolize) the route to quick riches. In an attempt to stabilize farm income, the US Government (to pay) farmers billions of dollars. The price of the membership (to vary) considerably over the years. They said that for many years Wall Street (to be) the location of some of the chief financial institutions of the United States. The amazing productivity of American farmers (to ensure) that much of the world will have enough to eat for the next 20 or 30 years. He thought that Wall Street as a worldwide symbol of high finance and investment (to enter) modern mythology. By next century, Britain (to enjoy) great possessions of knowledge, wealth, and communications. By the time she returns from London, he (to graduate) from the university. Assignment 17 Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

Долгое время Лондон является одним из важнейших финансовых центров мира.

Unit III. Made In Britain

К началу прошлого Великобритании уже профсоюзы.

33

века в появились

Согласно статистических данных производство возрастет к началу века. В течение многих десятилетий Великобритания была «мастерской мира». К середине 1950-х годов цены стабилизировались. Зарплата выросла на 20% или 25%? Правительство предприняло суровые меры с момента девальвации фунта. Гид сказала, что туризм стал важной отраслью экономики страны. Не успели владельцы закрыть шахты, как началась забастовка. Когда началась первая мировая война, США и Германия уже обогнали Великобританию в экономическом развитии. Assignment 18 Review the Grammar material of Units 1 and II. Choose the correct item.

1. We find other nations able to compete with us to such an extent as we a) were never before experiencing b) have never before experienced c) never before experienced d) had never before experienced 2. The Morgan Motor Company ______ a) produces b) was producing c) has produced d) had produced 3. By next year farm output __________ a) will double b) has doubled c) is doubling d) will have doubled 2 Учебник английского языка

elite cars.

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Part I. English for general purposes

4. The amount of cultivated land same next year. a) will have remained b) will remain c) would have remained d) will remain 5. At present large companies___ money in research and development. a) invest b) are investing c) have invested d) had invested They told us that two days before

about the

a lot of

the spokesmen for the consumers farmers and the food-processing in

dustry with sacrificing nutrition and taste. a) have charged b) was charging c) had charged d) charged lately. 7. Unfortunately, many small businesses ____ —a) fail b) are failing c) have failed d) will be failing 8. Agriculture feeds the nation and ________ raw materials to most industries. a) was supplying b) supplied c) has supplied d) supplies an important centre for finance 9. London ____________________________ for many years. a) has been b) had been c) was d) is where the 10. Joel knew that the Maxwell House Hotel president, senators, diplomats, and leading Europeans met and stayed. a) has been b) is c) had been d) was

\ Unit IV. The welfare state

35

UNIT IV. THE WELFARE STATE Assignment 1 Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary.

TEXT THE WELFARE STATE: FOOD FOR THOUGHT

The United State of America is the world’s greatest economic power in terms of both Gross National Product and per capita GNP, with its exports accounting for more than 10% of all world trade. Although the importance of industrial production is falling and that of services growing (as in most of Western Europe), the United States remains the world’s greatest maker of industrial goods and around 20 million Americans are still employed in manufacturing. The industrial heart of the nation is the Midwest around the Great Lakes, especially in the region stretching from southern Michigan through Northern Ohio and into the Pittsburgh area of Pennsylvania. Another important industrial region is the Northeast, which is the home of the major computer manufacturers. Service industries are also very important in this region and New York is the country’s banking and insurance capital. The nation’s fastest growing region, however, is the Southeast, where the chemical industry and high-technology industries are now catching up with the traditional textile industry as many firms exploit the warm climate and low labour costs. 47 per cent of the land area of the United States is farmland, of which 152 million hectares are harvested cropland and 560 million hectares are permanent pastureland. And yet, only 6.2 million people live on the nation’s farms and today farmers make up a little more than 2 per cent of the American population. The American farmer’s success is one of the less publicized wonders of the 20th century. By the mid-1970s a single farmer could grow enough food to feed himself, forty five other Americans, and eight foreigners. Agriculture is one of the biggest and most basic productive enterprises. It feeds the nation and supplies raw materials to most industries. In a single year farmers in the United States grow crops valued at some $25 billion. The ever intensifying production has exacted its price. In an attempt to stabilize farm income, the US Government has paid farmers billions of dollars in the past decade. Spokesmen for the consumers have charged farmers and the food-processing industry with sacrificing nutrition and taste in their efforts to mass-produce meat, poultry, fruit, vegetables, and grain products. Much of the machinery on US farms is automated, computers determine what animals eat. Such technology costs money. In 1940 American farmers invested about $52 billion in land, livestock, buildings, and equipment. By the

Part I. English for general purposes

36

1990s the amount had climbed to more than $400 billion, even though farms had dropped in number from 6 million to fewer that 3 million. Many people had to sell their small family farms because they could not find the necessary capital to run them. Nevertheless, about 95 per cent of US farms are still family owned, although nowadays they tend to be large and are often incorporated. Meanwhile, true corporation farms, supervised by boards of directors and professional managers, are increasing in number. The number of American farms is expected to be cut in half, to about 1.5 million, while the amount of cultivated land will remain about the same. Farm output, however, will probably double. Some agriculturists envision a future where weather will be made to order, robots will operate the farm machinery, millions of identical cattle will be produced as clones from a single superior «parent», and crops will grow lush and green under a pollution-free sky. It is a fairy tale, but the truth is that the amazing productivity of American farmers has ensured that much of the world will have enough to eat for the next 20 or 30 years. Notes and Commentary

the Midwest, the Great Lakes, Michigan, Northern Ohio, the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Northeast, the Southeast — названия регионов на территории Соединенных Штатов Америки (Средний Запад, район Великих Озер, Мичиган, Северный Огайо, Питтсбург, Пенсильвания, северо-восточный регион , юго-восточный регион) New York — Нью Йорк, крупнейший город США Vocabulary power (n)

Gross National Product (GNP) per capita exports (n, pi) trade (n) industrial (a) manufacture (v) manufacturing (n) manufacturer (n) low labour costs farmland (n) cropland (n) pastureland (n) productive (a) supply (v)

государство, держава; власть валовой национальный продукт (ВНП) на душу населения экспорт торговля промышленный производить (товары в промышленном масштабе) производство производитель, компания-производитель; фабрикант дешевая рабочая сила земля, используемая для сельскохозяйственных нужд земля под зерновые культуры земля под пастбище производственный; продуктивный, приносящий прибыль поставлять

Unit IV. The welfare state

income (n) consumer (n) food-processing industry capital (n) incorporated (corporation) farms board of directors professional manager pollution-free

37

прибыль, доход потребитедь пищевая промышленность капитал корпоративные фермерские хозяйства совет директоров менеджер-профессионал чистый, незагрязненный (об окружающей среде) TEXT ANALYSIS

Assignment 2 Find the Russian equivalents of the following.

Tfijiia^s-produ'c^ products; one of the less publicized wonders; to envision a future; the industrial-heart-of the nation; to exact production price; a single superior «parent»; spokesmen for the consumers; the home of the major computer manufacturers; to run small family farms; to make up half of the population. Assignment 3 Look through the above text again. Suggest the English for the phrases below.

Простираться от Мичигана до Пенсильвании; постоянно возрастающее производство; поставлять сырье; прокормить себя; увеличить в два раза объем производства; уменьшить в количественном отношении; доход фермеров; производитель промышленных товаров. Assignment 4 On а separate sheet of paper, translate from English into Russian Paragraph 7 of the text beginning with the words «Much of the machinery...» and ending with the words «...will probably double». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language. Assignment 5 Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Amazing; feed; farm income; fairy; banking; industrial; to sacrifice. ____________________and insurance, capital to stabilize ____________________ the _____________ ________________ productivity of American farmers a _______________ nutrition and taste growing _________ tale to ____________ _ region the nation

Part I. English for general purposes

38

Assignment 6 Fill in the correct preposition.

1) to drop number 2) ______ terms of something _____half 3) to cut ____ _________ something 4) to catch up 5) to account _________ten per cent 6) ________ _______ an attempt to do something 7) to supply raw materials ___________ most industries 8) to charge someone something Assignment 7 Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Put T or F in the empty boxes. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

Many people in the US run their small family farms because they have the necessary capital. The Midwest is the home of the major computer manufacturers. Services are becoming more important than industrial production. The productivity of American farmers is falling and soon the world will have nothing to eat. In the Southeast, the traditional textile industry gives way to the chemical industry and high-technology industries. Assignment 8 Look through the text again and write down ways to describe what different regions of the USA are famous for. The Northeast The Southeast New York

Assignment 9 In the text, find figures characterizing different aspects of US economy. In the space below, write down the amount, the number, the percentage and the related information.

How much? A single farmer grows enough food to... US exports account for... At present, the number of American farms is ...

Unit IV. The welfare state

39

Farmland makes up ... Thanks to the US farmers, the world...

Assignment 10 Answer the questions about the text (in written form).

1. In what terms is the United State of America the world’s greatest economic power? 2. Why is the Southeast the nation’s fastest growing region? 3. What measures does the US Government take in an attempt to stabilize farm income? 4. Will farm output fall if the number of American farms is cut in half? Assignment 11 From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning the American farmers' success (in written form). Assignment 12 Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Assignment 13 Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences. Do it in written form.

GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment 14 Review the Grammar material «The Perfect Continuous Tense Form». Study the charts. Pay special attention to the adverbs and the words denoting time. They are very often used with this Tense Form. You will find them in the first chart. The main patterns of the Perfect Continuous Tense Form are those presented in the sentences that come next. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

Present: since, ever since, for, these two days, how long, etc. Past: by (yesterday, last Friday, etc.), sequence of tenses, etc.

Future; by (tomorrow, next week, etc.), etc.

We have been studying economics for two years. How long has he been doing accounting? {Ever) since I saw you last, I have been working at the problem. By 5 0 ’clock yesterday, he had been preparing for the exam for about three hours. He thought the government had been spending too much money since the recession started. By the beginning of next month, she will have been looking for a job for two weeks. When {by the time) you come to see us next month, we will have been working at the problem for half a year.

40

Part I. English for general purposes

They told us (that) when {by the time) we came to see them the next month, they would have been working at the problem for half a year. Assignment 15 Open the brackets; use the correct form of the verb. The italicized words will help you do it. Wherever necessary, change the word order. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one.

Although the importance of industrial production (to fall) and that of services (to grow) for the last two decades, the United States remains the world’s greatest maker of industrial goods. How long the Northeast (to manufacture) computers? He remarked that, for several years, the chemical industry and high-technology industries (to exploit) the warm climate and low labour costs in the Southeast. By 1995 he (to grow crops) for 20 years. By the time he founded his first company, Henry Ford (to build) primitive wheeled devices for 5 years. Joel Cheek (to search) for the perfect blend of coffee for many years. By next Monday, she (to write) her final paper for two months. The representative of the corporation said that for the last two weeks they (to invest) a lot of money in the project. He remarked that by the beginning of the next year he (to carry out) the research work for about a year. I (to work) here since I left my previous job. Assignment 16 Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in space opposite the original sentence.

Американцы боролись за свою независимость пять лет. Она заметила, что к тому времени, когда я вернусь, они будут обсуждать данную проблему уже четыре часа.

the

41

Unit IV. The welfare state

3a последние два месяца цены возрастали. Когда мы приехали на фабрику на прошлой неделе, они уже два месяца выпускали новую продукцию. Он работает в этом учреждении с сентября 2002 года. С середины восемнадцатого века Вел икобритания развивала свой сектор производства. К середине двадцать первого века будет возрастать проблема загрязнения окружающей среды. В течение нескольких последних лет один американский фермер производил достаточно еды, чтобы прокормить себя, 45 других американцев и 8 иностранцев. Он ответил, что сфера социальных услуг расширяется с того времени, когда к власти пришли лейбористы. К началу следующего года эта компания будет производить машины уже шестьдесят лет. Units l-IV

Dear friend! You have done all the Tenses. Here is a table, which will give you a clear picture of English Tenses and help you review all of them. TENSE FORM INDEFINITE (SIMPLE)

PRESENT

PAST

1 write He writes

FUTURE

r wrote

11

' '

J J

I

I am 1 He is ^writing We are |

1

[written

I

been have writing

1

I

1 had written Hej He 1

He He has

1

I was

He has

PERFECT CONTI NUOUS

He

J

^ would write

' I1 He was writing He >will be writing He r would be writing We were Wej WeJ

I have Л PERFECT

1

rwill write

He He CONTI NUOUS

FUTURE IN THE PAST

. had been writing

I He

will have written

1

would have >

written He

. will have been writing

I He.

would have been writing

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Part I. English for general purposes

Assignment 17 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb.

1. Many of successful small companies_______________ in Britain in the 1980s. (to appear) 2. The United States ___________ the world’s greatest maker of industrial goods, (to remain) 3. He said he on the farm for two years, (to live) _____________ the 4. Some people envision a future where robots green under a pollufarm machinery, and crops ______________ tion-free sky. (to operate) (to grow) 5. The Normans __________________ from France in 1066. (to come) 6. For many years Italian bankers ________________ the English Crown, (to finance) in the By he time he started his own car business, he __________________ car industry for ten years, (to work) 8. At the moment our firm __________________ more than 50 staff, (to employ) 9. She said she ________________________ a very interesting job. (to offer) 10 By next Wednesday, they production, (to increase) 11. At that time he was a traveling salesman; he ______________ from village to village, (to go) 12. She _________________ economics from 2 till 5 o’clock yesterday, (to do) Assignment 18 Present the following in the Past Tense Forms. Make all necessary changes. If needed, add the words denoting time. Write your variant of the verb in the empty space in the right-hand column.

Communications today between companies are becoming faster and faster. But there is still one problem that companies have not completely resolved: the problem of language. In the United States or Britain, for example, most companies deal in English. This is fine if you are buying from a German or Indian company. However, when it comes to selling abroad, American and British companies are finding that things are not so simple. Imagine a London-based supplier of plastics. Managers are happy when they land a multi-million pound contract to supply casings for computers and other electronic equipment to a factory in Iran. Everything goes well at first. However, problems begin to develop after a few months. The British company has received a large quantity of correspondence in Farsi. But there is no one in the London office who reads the letters and faxes in Farsi. So the managers send the correspondence to a firm of translators and there is a long delay in replying to it. The Iranian company grows increasingly frustrated at the delays and

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finally cancels the contract. Instead, it places its orders with a French firm which is employing a number of Farsi speakers. The London-based company has never faced problems like this. The managers’ language policy has always been to rely on their employees’ individual language skills. As for the secretaries, the managers hope that they pick up enough foreign language at school to deal with correspondence. This time, the company decides to set up a language training programme. Notes and Commentary

Farsi — язык фарси; персидский язык (население Ирана говорит на этом языке)

UNIT V. MADE IN THE USA Assignment 1 Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary.

TEXT FROM COFFEE TO WHEELS FOR ALL MANKIND

In 1873, when Joel Owsley Cheek reached the age of twenty-one, his father gave him the traditional silver dollar. This represented his freedom to go out into the world to seek his fame and fortune. Joel left the family farm in Kentucky and joined a firm of wholesale grocers as a travelling salesman, going from village to village. However, it was the coffee that held a special fascination for him and in his spare hours he experimented, selecting different beans, varying their proportions and roasting times — creating new blends. He spent most of his time searching for the elusive «perfect blend» of coffee. In 1882, he felt that he had found it. Now he wanted to let the world know, but how could he do this? Joel knew that the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville was where the president, senators, diplomats, and leading Europeans met and stayed. Could he persuade the management to let him demonstrate «his» blend there? He was sure this would be the best way of testing his judgement. The hotel did co-operate and within weeks distinguished visitors were enjoying his coffee and singing its praises. Many years later, when President Theodore Roosevelt visited the hotel, he was heard to say of the coffee, «It is good to the last drop».

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Unfortunately, in 1961, the Maxwell House Hotel caught fire and was destroyed. Few people may know of Joel Cheek, but around the world people drink his blend of coffee. Maxwell House, thus commemorating the inventor and the hotel where the coffee first found fame. In many ways the tale of Henry Ford and the product associated with his name is a microcosm of American economic history — a story of trial and error, of innovation and ultimate success. A farmer with a penchant for things mechanical, the young Ford quit school at 17, began building small steam engines, and drove his first bicycle-wheeled, engine-driven device in 1896. It was a primitive affair, much simpler than cars already on the roads in Europe, and it was not until 1901 that the stubborn tinker, after several false starts, got enough financial support to start the Henry Ford Automobile Company. Financial disputes arose and Ford left. Two years later, with new backers, he established the Ford Motor Company. (When in 1919 Ford bought all outstanding shares original investors reaped heavy rewards; a share that cost $100 was then worth $260,000.) Ford was convinced that he could produce a good car at a reasonable price, and on October 1, 1908, he realized his dream with the unveiling of the Ford Model T. This was a straightforward, sturdy machine made of the best metals young Henry could obtain and propelled by a single 4-cylinder, 22-horsepower, 167-cubic-inch engine. As early as 1913, his company was able to produce an astonishing 1,000 7s per day. The T was an instant success and within months was outselling other American cars combined. What is more. Ford promised to reduce the 7”s price. From $850 in 1909, the price dropped steadily to $260 for some models by 1924. By then, however, other manufacturers’ inexpensive cars with better methods of changing gears and more speed were outperforming the T on America’s improved roads. Recognizing this. Ford and his engineers went to work, and in late 1927 they were ready with the company’s second breakthrough — the Model A. The car caught America’s imagination, and like its predecessor, the Model T, was an instant success. There was nothing revolutionary about the engine, but the car’s classic good looks and sturdiness endeared it to millions. Some 4.5 million Model A’s were built in five years, and even the most expensive version sold for under $600. Today the Model A Restorers Club has thousands of members, who proudly drive their prizes. But times were changing. The Detroit manufacturers realized that the mass market was not only growing but would buy a wide variety of cars. This trend was encouraged by General Motors, which began to make annual model changes, supported by intensive advertising campaigns. The Detroit design syndrome was soon established. Each year the new models had to be sufficiently different from the ones before, to set them clearly apart (so that one’s neighbours would be sure to know that a car was new); yet it could not be so drastically changed as to put it out of character with previous models.

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Today the Big Three — General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler — manufacture many different products. But the automotive industry owes an enduring debt to a mechanical genius named Henry Ford, the man who first put Americans on wheels. Notes and Commentary

Kentucky — Кентуки, название одного из штатов США Nashville — Нэшвил, небольшой город в США Detroit — Детройт, один из центров автомобилестроения в США General Motors, Chrysler — Дженерал Моторе, Крайслер, две крупнейшие автомобилестроительные компании, которые совместно с компанией Форд образуют так называемую «Большую Тройку»

Vocabulary

silver (n) wholesale (n) wholesale (a) wholesale (v) outstanding shares breakthrough (n) advertising campaign

серебро оптовая продажа, продажа оптом оптовый продавать оптом привилегированные акции прорыв (зд. новая исключительная модель машины) рекламная кампания TEXT ANALYSIS

Assignment 2 Find the Russian equivalents of the following.

A microcosm of American economic history; to reap heavy rewards; to put the new model out of character with previous models; to test one’s judgement; to join a firm of wholesale grocers; to put Americans on wheels; to search for the elusive «perfect blend» of coffee; annual model changes; a primitive affair; to commemorate the inventor; to set the models clearly apart; to be an instant success. Assignment 3 Look through the above text again. Suggest the English for the phrases below.

Классический внешний вид; финансовая поддержка; искать славу и богатство; радикально измениться; переключать скорости; основать компанию; коммивояжер; создавать новые сорта кофе; знаменитые посетители; продаваться лучше других машин вместе взятых. Assignment 4 On а separate sheet of paper, translate from English into Russian Paragraphs 6 and 7 of the text beginning with the words «In many ways...» and ending with the words «...was then worth $260,000». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language.

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Assignment 5 Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

To seek; dream; debt; fire; travelling; success; to catch; to persuade. ____________________ someone’s imagination to owe an enduring _____________________ ______________________

a ___________ to catch ______ to realize one’s

his fame and fortune salesman

the management ________________ 8) a story of innovation and ultimate 7)

Assignment 6 Fill in the correct preposition.

1) _________ a reasonable price 2) to be good ___________ the last drop 3) a penchant___________ mechanical things 4) to search __________ the perfect blend of coffee 5) to hold a special fascination ___________ someone 6) the price _______ some models ____ under $600 7) to sell a model 8) nothing revolutionary ____ _________ the engine 9) to drop __________ $260 something 10) to be ready _______ Assignment 7 Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Put 7 or F in the empty boxes. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

Ford was not sure if he would produce a good car at a reasonable price. Americans liked the Model A at once. No one knows the blend of coffee called Maxwell House. The car manufacturers were in the habit of producing new models every year. Original investors did not get extra money when in 1919 Ford bought all outstanding shares. Assignment 8 Look through the text again and write down words and word combinations appropriate to describe: a) how Joel Owsley Cheek let the world know that he had found a new blend of coffee; b) the «Detroit design syndrome».

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How did Joel Owsley Cheek let the world know that he had found a new blend of coffee? The Detroit design syndrome

Assignment 9 Use the information in the text to answer the questions (in written form).

1. When Joel Owsley Cheek’s father gave him the traditional silver dollar, what did it represent? 2. Why did Joel want to demonstrate his blend of coffee in the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville? 3. Why is Henry Ford’s life considered to be a microcosm of American economic history? 4. What was so special about Ford’s cars? 5. Why does the automotive industry owe an enduring debt to a mechanical genius named Henry Ford? Assignment 10 From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning Joel Owsley Cheek's fascination for coffee (in written form). Assignment 11 Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Assignment 12 Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences. Do it in written form.

GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment 13 Review the Grammar material «The Passive Voice». The main patterns of the Passive Voice are those presented in below. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

The world is ruled by the ideas of economists and political philosophers. The new model of the car is not so drastically changed as to put it out of character with the previous model. The production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services are discussed from the viewpoint of society’s best interest. In 1873, Joel Owsley Cheek was given the traditional silver dollar by his father. At that time, the mass market was not only growing but would buy a wide variety of cars. This trend was encouraged by General Motors. Some 4,5 million Model A’s were built in 5 years, and even the most expensive version was sold for under $600.

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Annual model changes were supported by intensive advertising campaigns. The Detroit design syndrome was soon established. She said, «Adam Smith will be appointed professor of economics at Glasgow University next year». She said (that) Smith would be appointed professor of economics at Glasgow University the next year. Please don’t enter. The economics exam is being taken by the students at the moment. He was being shown a new office when she came. Millions of cars have been produced by General Motors this year. His new business has much been spoken about lately. The specialists have just been sent for. By the 1960s, heavy industries, including steel manufacture and shipbuilding, had been replaced by high-technology manufacturing industries. By next year, over half the new jobs in Britain will have been created by firms employing fewer than 100 staff. She added (that) by the next year, over half the new jobs in Britain would have been created by firms employing fewer than 100 staff. Assignment 14 Open the brackets; use the correct form of the verb. The italicized words denoting time will help you do it. Wherever necessary, change the word order. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one.

The Economist (to publish) in London. Britain is not as developed as some of the industrial countries. It (to overtake) economically by the United States and Germany. The latest issue of the newspaper (to edit) at the moment. By the end of Queen Victoria’s reign, new industries (to develop), new factories (to build). The Wall Street Journal generally (to regard) as one of the world’s outstanding business journals. Wars usually (to follow) by a period of severe hardship. She remarked that some state-owned facilities such as Water and Gas (to hand over) to voters by the end of the following month.

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In the middle of the 19th century, food, fuel and raw materials such as cotton (to import) in large quantities and (to pay for) with finished goods manufactured in Britain. The magazine’s articles primarily (to direct) toward business executives and investors, but it (to read) widely by others, including Cabinet members of most governments. Some agriculturists envision a future where weather (to make) to order and millions of identical cattle (to produce) as clones from a single superior «parent». In the second half of the 18th century, industry (to transform) from hand-work at home to machine-work in factories. Look\ Mary (to introduce) to the new boss. By the time he arrived, the new project (to discuss) for about two hours. ghtWhy didn’t you come to the party yesterday! — I couldn’t. At that very time my car (to repair). He said that he (to offer) a new job by one of the managers of the firm three days before. BP (to involve) in oil and gas exploration, oil refining and the manufacture of petrochemical products. At that time, increase in demand for products (to make) possible by a series of inventions such as the steam-engine. Assignment 15 Choose the correct item. 1. The

broad range of economic issues facing US political leaders ______ every year by the contents of the Economic Report of the President. c) suggested a) has been suggested d) is being suggested b) is suggested

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2. «The Wall Street Journal» in 1889. a) is founded c) was founded d) was founding b) had been founded 3. Last year, the newspaper _ Monday through Friday. a) had been published c) is being published b) published d) was published by families. 4. Nowadays, about 95 percent of US farms _____________ a) are owned c) owned b) were owned d) have been owned 5. What language by them at the moment? a) is speaking c) is spoken b) is being spoken d) has been spoken 6. My sister was very excited yesterday: she __________ a very interesting job the day before. a) has been offered c) was being offered b) was offered d) had been offered ______________ by next June. 7. Her new book a) will have been published c) would be published b) will be published d) will publish __ by anyone lately. He has disappeared. He a) wasn’t seen c) hasn’t been seen b) didn’t see d) hadn’t been seen 9. Be careful about what you are telling us: this conversation _________ a) is being recorded c) is recording b) records d) has been recorded 10. She asked us not to enter the classroom: the last student __________ a) examines c) was examining b) examined d) was being examined 11. By the time the parents returned from their business trip, the children _________________ by their grandmother for more than two weeks. a) have been looked after c) were looked after b) had been looked after d) were being looked after Assignment 16 Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

Первый номер (issue) «Уолл Стрит Джорнал» был опубликован 8 июля 1889 года. К сожалению, в 1961 году отель «Максвел Хаус» загорелся и был разрушен.

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Какие вопросы обсуждали, когда мы вошли в зал? Джоэл Чик понял, что им создан HOBbiit сорт кофе. Избран новый президент компании. Посмотри на того покупатедя! Сейчас ему продают самую дорогую модель «Бентли». Он сказал, что раскупили все привилегированные акции. В то время компанией Форда выпускались 1,000 машин марки «Модель Т». К 1924 году цены на машины были снижены. Международный валютный фонд (the International Monetary Fund) был основан в 1944 году. Она заметила, что использовали (to make use of) разные подходы. О нем никогда не заботились. В данный момент этот товар очень рекламируют. За служащим послали несколько минут тому назад. Когда-либо обсуждали эту проблему?

UNIT VI. THE CITY OF LONDON Assignment 1 Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary.

TEXT THE CITY OF LONDON: ITS PAST AND PRESENT

London has been an important centre for finance for many years and the City is the financial centre of London. It contains the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange

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and hundreds of insurance, banking and finance companies. This goes back to the 12th century when Lombards — moneylenders from Lombardy — settled in London. A Lombard meant a native of Lombardy in Italy, whose ancestors were the Germanic people who conquered Italy in the 6th century. This term was applied in the Middle Ages to bankers, moneylenders, and pawnbrokers, many of whom were from Lombardy or elsewhere in north Italy. Italian bankers played an important part in financing the English Crown in the 13th and 14th centuries. In return for their loans, such firms as the Riccardi of Lucca and the Frescobaldi of Florence received substantial gifts and a variety of business privileges. Italian bankers received gifts because the charging of interest on a loan of money was forbidden by medieval cannon law and punishable in the ecclesiastical courts. Interest on loans, such as those made by Italian bankers to the Crown in the late-13th and 14th centuries, was thus paid in other forms until legally permitted in the 16th century. Dislike for these advantages, their power, and their association with unpopular government policies at the beginning of the 14th century culminated in the expulsion of the Frescobaldi by the Lords Ordainers — the committee of 21 lords that Edward II was forced to appoint in 1311. The strain of heavy royal borrowing brought the collapse of the Riccardi in 1294 and of the Bardi and Peruzzi of Florence in the mid-14th century. Many Italian bankers occupied premises in what became Lombard Street, in London. The City covers one square mile in the centre of modem London. This is the area of the original city of Londinium founded by the Romans around AD 50. It remained the same for a thousand years until the Normans came from France in 1066. William the Conqueror gave the Saxons in the City a special Charter, and the City is still independent from the rest of London. It has its own council called the Corporation of the City of London, its own Lord Mayor and its own police force. Until very recently, the area was the home of the «City gent» with a black bowler hat and a tightly rolled umbrella; the bowler is rarely seen today. In contrast to the entertainment district in the West End of London, the City is almost deserted at night. Although hundreds of thousands of people work in its offices by day, only about eight thousand actually live within the square mile. The City is very rich and has a lot of influence. The term «the City» is often used to refer to the financial world in Britain in general. But to many observers the City seems increasingly independent of the British domestic economy, in fact, the City is central to international finance. When London was an imperial capital, the City was its financial heart, but in the age of telecommunications, the City could be situated anywhere. Notes and Commentary

the Bank of England — Банк Англии; государственный центральный эмиссионный банк; основан в 1694 году; национализирован в 1946 году

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the Stock Exchange — Лондонская фондовая биржа a lombard — домбардиец; уроженец или житель области Ломбардия в Италии the Germanic people — зд. германские племена the Middle Ages — средние века the (English) Crown — зд. королевская власть the Lords Ordainers — Лорды-«реформаторы»; составители свода законов, ограничивающих власть короля (в целях установления баронами контроля над правительством) Edward II — Эдвард II (1284—1327), король Англии (1307—1327) the Romans — римляне (римское завоевание Британии: середина I в. — начало V в. н.э.) around AD (Anno Domini) 50 — лат. приблизительно в 50-м году нашей эры the Normans — норманны (норманнское завоевание Британии под предводительством Вильгельма Завоевателя, William the Conqueror, началось после разгрома англо-саксов под Гастингсом в 1066 году) а Charter — королевский указ the Corporation of the City of London — Совет («парламент») Сити Лондона Lord Mayor of the City of London — лорд-мэр Сити Лондона the West End of London — Веет-Энд Лондона; район театров, музеев, аттракционов, увеселительных заведений

Vocabulary

finance (n) stock exchange moneylender (n) banker (n) pawnbroker (n) loan (n) interest (n) cannon law legally (adv) borrowing (n) domestic economy

финансы фондовая биржа кредитор; ростовщик банкир ростовщик заем зд. процент канон (закон) церкви юридически; легально заем экономика страны TEXT ANALYSIS

Assignment 2 Find the Russian equivalents of the following.

The strain of heavy royal borrowing; to charge interest on a loan of money; to be central to international finance; medieval cannon law; to refer to the financial world; to conquer a country; the home of the «City gent»; to receive a variety of business privileges.

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Assignment 3 Look through the above text again. Suggest the English for the phrases below.

Столица империи; поселиться (обосноваться) в Лондоне; быть пустынными ночью; получать богатые подарки; играть важную роль; финансовый центр; процент с займа; быть наказуемым в церковных судах. Assignment 4 On а separate sheet of paper, translate from English into Russian Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the text beginning with the words « A Lombard meant...» and ending with the words «...in the 16th century». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language. Assignment 5 Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Police; moneylenders; insurance; the City; bowler; Bank; premises. the _____________________of England force ___________________ a black __________ ________________ hat ________________ from Lombardy of London to occupy an______ company

Assignment 6 Fill in the correct preposition.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

to be deserted __________ night dislike ____________________something to be independent the British domestic economy __ the 12th century to go back ______ to live _________ the square mile _ something in return _______ the financial world to refer ________

Assignment 7 Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Put T or F in the empty boxes. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

The charging of interest on a loan of money was allowed in the 12th century. The City is only dependent on the British domestic economy. The importance of the City as a financial centre goes back to the time when Lombards settled in London. The territory of the City occupies half of modern London. There are few residential houses in the City.

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Assignment 8 Circle all the words that are appropriate in answering the questions.

Is the City the financial centre of London? pawnbrokers the Bank of England north Italy the Middle Ages Lombards moneylenders finance business privileges banks insurance and finance companies the Stock Exchange the English Crown substantial gifts a native of Lombardy

Who and what were Lombards? pawnbrokers the Bank of England north Italy the Middle Ages Lombards moneylenders finance business privileges banks insurance and finance companies the Stock Exchange the English Crown substantial gifts a native of Lombardy

Assignment 9 Look through the text again and write down ways to describe the situation concerning the expulsion of some of the Lombards from Britain.

The expulsion Lombards

of

Assignment 10 Use the information in the text to answer the questions (in written form).

1. 2. 3. 4.

When did the City become the financial centre of London? When was it legally permitted to charge interest on a loan of money? Why did the Lords Ordainers expel some of the well-known Lombards? In the 11th century, William the Conqueror granted a special Charter to the City of London, didn’t he? What are the consequences of that grant? 5. What was the image of the City until very recently? Assignment 11 From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning the role of the City of London in Britain and all over the world (in written form). Assignment 12 Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Assignment 13 Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences in written form.

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GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment 14 Review the Grammar material «The Modal Verbs and their equivalents».

The Modal Verbs and their equivalents are used to express: order, necessity, obligation, an urgent command, prohibition, advisability; mental or physical ability; permission; necessity; an arrangement, agreement, part of a plan (see the first chart). When the Modal Verbs and their equivalents express these notions, the main patterns of them are those presented in the sentences below. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian. must to have to to be to can / could to be able to may / might to be allowed to should ought to needn’t

order, necessity, obligation, an urgent command, prohibition necessity / obligation (arising out of circumstances) an arrangement, agreement, part of a plan, something thought of as unavoidable ability (mental / physical), capability, possibility permission order, necessity, obligation, an urgent command, prohibition. advisability absence of necessity

To succeed in life, even in purely material terms, people must work together. Each year the new car models have to be sufficiently different from the ones before. You haven’t finished the report yet. So you will have to do it tomorrow. After that, Adam Smith took up another subject which he was later to proclaim to the world. The City can be called the financial heart of the world. In those old times, moneylenders could not charge interest. As early as 1913, Ford’s company was able to produce an astonishing 1,000 Model Ts per day. May I join your company? He said she might use his dictionary. The firm vdll be allowed to take part in the competition. You should (ought to) be more careful at work. He needn’t be in such a hurry. It is 5 o’clock and the meeting will only start at 6. Assignment 15 Think of the appropriate Modal verb (or its equivalent) and use it with the Infinitive in brackets. The hint (in square brackets after each sentence) and the italicized words will help you do it. Don't forget that the Infinitive can be either in its Active or Passive form. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one. If necessary, change the word order. The first sentence has been done for you.

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The bowler rarely (to see) today. The bowler can rarelv be seen todav. [possibility] She said she (to speak) English when she was five, [ability] Tomorrow we (to use) the new computer. [permission] The train (to arrive) at 6 p.m. but it was delayed, [an arrangement] Saturday morning is the only time when people who are at work (to shop), [possibility] Though I was very busy yesterday, I (to go) to my friend’s place because the day before I had left my notebook there, [necessity arising out of circumstances] In the 1960s, many American farmers (not, to find) the necessary capital to run their family farms, [capability] He (not, to be) at the second interview next Monday. They think they will offer him the job without seeing him again, [absence of necessity] She (to accept) the rules of the game if she wants to take part in it. [necessity, advisability] Britain’s leading pharmaceutical companies try to find and make new medicines that (to cure) or (to reduce) the effects of disease, [ability] Interest on loans (to charge) in the 16th century, [permission] You better (to start) your work immediately. [advisability] Assignment 16 The Modal Verbs are also used to express: probability, supposition; doubt, astonishment; uncertainty; reproach; criticism of a past action; absence of necessity in the past (see the first chart). When the Modal Verbs express these notions, the main patterns of them are those presented in the sentences below. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

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probability, supposition (должно быть) doubt, strong doubt, astonishment (неужели, не может быть) uncertainty (вероятно, возможно, может быть) reproach (легкий упрек; могли бы и ) criticism of а past action (вам следовало / не следовало) absence of necessity in the past (зря, не к чему, необязательно) Somebody must know the goods produced by this company. You must be reading a very interesting article now. You do not pay attention to anything else. Italian bankers must have played an important part in financing the English Crown in the 13th and 14th centuries. He must have been working for this company for ten years. He can’t have persuaded the management to let him demonstrate his blend of coffee there. He couldn’t have persuaded the management to let him demonstrate his blend of coffee there. Can he have persuaded the management to let him demonstrate his blend of coffee there? Could he have persuaded the management to let him demonstrate his blend of coffee there? A limited amount of money income will not permit the purchase of all the goods and services the consumer may / might like to buy. Where is he? — He may / might be going to the university at the moment. The bank may / might have accumulated a lot of money. He may / might have been doing economics for three years. Two days ago, he went to the bookshop but he didn’t buy me the book which I needed badly. He might have bought me the book. You should have paid all the taxes. She shouldn’t have behaved like that. If there were a significantly better way of arranging the learning and working periods of life, some society ought to have long since discovered it. He ought not to have violated the rules. You needn’t have gone to the university yesterday. They have cancelled all the lectures. must can / could may / might might should / ought to needn’t

Assignment 17 Think of the appropriate Modal verb and use it with the Infinitive in brackets. The hint (in square brackets) after each sentence will help you do it. Don't forget that the Infinitive can be either in its Active or Passive form. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one. If necessary, change the word order. The first sentence has been done for you.

You (to think) at that time that my You might have thought at that time firm’s profits were excessive, that my firm’s profits were excessive, [uncertainty] [uncertainty]

Unit VI. The City of London

The Italian bankers (not, to expel) by the English in the 14th century, [criticism of a past action] She seems to be very nervous. Her boss (to speak) to her. [probability] Where are the children? — They (to play) in the garden, [supposition] You (to tell) me everything, [reproach] You (to buy) this book. We have it in our library, [absence of necessity] The company (to go bankrupt), [uncertainty] Mary (to go) to the shops. The money on the table has gone. Mary (to take) it. [probability] You walked all the way here carrying this heavy luggage. You (to take) a taxi, [criticism of a past action] Is he still waiting? He (to wait) for us for so long, [astonishment] Long time ago, the Great Depression (to cause) by the Stock Exchange crash, [supposition] We have come here to help you and we see that you have done all the work. You (not, to do) all the work, [absence of necessity] She was standing behind the door and listening what we were talking about. She (to hear) our secret, [probability] Where is Peter? — I don’t know it exactly. But he has lost a very important document and now he (to look) for it in his study, [uncertainty] She is very bright. She (to fail) the examination. [strong doubt] Before going to the party yesterday, he (to call) us. [criticism of a past action] Her mark for the test is «a five». She (to learn) all Grammar rales, [probability]

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Assignment 18 Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

Многие американцы вынуждены были продавать свои маленькие семейные фермы. Он должен сделать упражнение 8. Им, должно быть, понравился этот сорт кофе. Можете не (нет необходимости) ходить туда сегодня. Вероятно, какие-то факторы замедлили рост населения в Англии. В середине 1970х годов один американский фермер мог производить (to grow) достаточно еды, чтобы прокормить (to feed) себя, 45 других американцев и 8 иностранцев. Неужели эта вещь могла быть роскошью (а luxury) несколько лет тому назад? Тебе придется взять зонт и плащ. Похоже на то, что пойдет дождь. Студентам разрешили пользоваться справочным (reference) материалом. Ее нет на работе. Должно быть, она ушла. Ей не следовало вести себя подобным образом. У нее была такая хорошая работа. Для того чтобы зарегистрироваться (to be listed), в компании должно быть (компания должна иметь) 2,000 акционеров. Вам необязательно было (можно было и не) делать упражнение 5. Это не было нашим домашним заданием. Он сказал, что она может использовать его данные в своем докладе. Неужели так поздно? Собрание должно было состояться в 5, но его отложили.

Unit VI. The City of London

Они все еще на работе. Должно быть, они ждут нового служащего. Здесь нельзя курить. (Вы не должны здесь курить). Если вы написали контрольную раб01у, то можете идти домой. Ему следует больше заботиться о своем здоровье. Если я выучу этот материал, я смогу рассказать его завтра на семинаре. Вы можете сделать это упражнение дома. Хотя я был очень занят в прошлый понедельник, я должен был (мне пришлось) написать финансовый отчет. Этой компании позволят принять участие в тендере в следующем месяце. Согласно расписания лекция должна была начаться вчера в 11 часов утра. Вам следует много заниматься, если вы хотите овладеть английским языком. Не может быть, чтобы она вам об этом рассказала. Вероятно, она ушла в театр. Можно было и не повторять (review) грамматику. Вы и так ее хорошо знаете. В окнах нет света. Должно быть, они легли спать. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал на поезд! Вам следовало остаться дома, а не ходить на вечеринки. У вас завтра очень трудный экзамен. Неужели он верит этому? Что она делает сейчас? — Вероятно, звонит по телефону своей подруге. Можно было и не оставлять машину во дворе, у нас есть гараж.

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Assignment 19 Open the brackets, translate the Russian verbs and/or Modal verbs into English. The Notes and Commentary will help you do it. Use the correct Tense Form. Write your English variant of the verb in the empty space in the right-hand column.

Looking backward, future historians (увидят) the twentieth century as a century of niche competition and the twenty-first century as a century of head-to-head competition. The late 1920s and early 1930s (начались) with a series of worldwide financial crashes that finally (привели) to the Great Depression. In order (сохранить) jobs, the dominant countries (вынуждены были сократить) their imports. They (не следовало было делать) so because when everyone (ограничили) trade, the pressures (возросли). Fewer imports eventually (привели) to fewer exports. Ultimately, those economic blocks (превратились) into military blocks, and World War II (началась). After World War II, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT, (было заключено) in order (предотвратить) a repetition of these events. Trade restrictions and tariff barriers (были gradually сокращены). Under the rules, each country (должна относиться) all other countries in exactly the same way — the «most-favoured-nation principle». The best deal (должна быть предоставлена) to every country. At that time America (могла выращивать) farm products that the rest of the world (не мог выращивать), (могла поставлять) raw materials such as oil that the rest of the world (не имел), and (могла производить) unique high-tech products such as the Boeing 707 that the rest of the world (не мог строить). America’s exports

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(не конкурировали) with products from the rest of the world: they simply (заполняли) gaps that the rest of the world (не мог заполнить). In the jargon of today’s economists, each country (имела) a non-competitive niche where it (могла быть) a winner. America (развивалась) rapidly; the rest (^f the world (развивался) even more rapidly. Notes and Commentary niche (n) — ниша сохранять — to preserve сокращать — to reduce ограничивать — to restrict возрастать — to magnify превращаться (постепенно развиваться) — to evolve the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT — Генеральное соглашение о тарифах и торговле, ГАТТ, заключенное в 1947 г. между 23 странами; каждое из этих государств в соответствии с соглашением предоставило другим равный и недискриминационный режим торговли, сократило тарифы и со временем устранило импортные квоты заключать — зд. to establish относиться — to treat the most-favoured-nation principle режим наибольшего благоприятствования предоставлять — зд. to give конкурировать — to compete in the jargon of — выражаясь языком ; на жаргоне

UNIT VII. WALL STREET Assignment 1 Read the text. Translate it (orally). Make use of the Notes and the Vocabulary. TEXT WALL STREET

Wall Street itself is the street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, which has been the location of some of the chief financial institutions of the United States.

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The street is narrow and short and extends only about seven blocks from Broadway to the East River. It takes its name from the town wall built in 1653 across Manhattan Island to protect the Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam from both the Native American Indians and the English. Even before the American Civil War the street was recognized as the financial capital of the nation. That is why symbolically «Wall Street» means the financial centre of the United States (just as the «City» of London is the financial centre of the United Kingdom) because of the concentration of business institutions in the area. The Wall Street, or financial, district contains the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, investment banks, government and municipal securities dealers, trust companies, the Federal Reserve Bank, insurance corporations, and the International Cotton, Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa, and Commodity Exchanges. The district is the headquarters of many of the country’s stock-brokerage firms. Wall Street is a worldwide symbol of high finance and investment and, as such, has entered modern mythology. To 19th-century populists. Wall Street was a symbol of the rapacious robber barons who exploited farmers and labourers. In prosperous times Wall Street has symbolized the route to quick riches. After the devastating stock market crash of 1929, Wall Street seemed the bastion of financial manipulators able to destabilize national economies. The New York Stock Exchange, NYSE, is a voluntary association of about 1300 members who trade in securities (stocks and bonds) either on their own account or as brokers for others. The Exchange, sometimes called «the nation’s market place», was founded on May 17, 1792, when Alexander Hamilton, the first US Secretary of the Treasury, decided to issue government bonds to consolidate and refund the debts incurred during the War of American Independence; a «market place» for the selling and buying of these bonds became necessary. Membership of the NYSE was made saleable in 1868. The price of membership has varied considerably over the years: in 1929, just before the Wall Street Crash put an end to the stock-market speculation which had characterized the 1920s, the price reached the enormous sum of $625,000. In 1942, during a recession, it fell to $17,000. Originally a «call market», in which the President of the Exchange «called off» the name of each stock and brokers made their bids to buy or their offers to sell, in 1871 the NYSE became an «auction market» in which stocks are sold to the highest bidder continuously throughout the day. The Exchange deals only in «listed» stocks, i.e. stocks which are on the official trading list of the Exchange. In order to be listed, a company must have at least 2,000 stockholders, with at least 1 million shares distributed among them, and an annual turnover of at least $2.5 million. In 1998, there were more than 2,500 listed stocks.

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A feature of the New York Stock Exchange is the Dow Jones Average, statistics which shows the average price of stocks and bonds traded on the Exchange. (The UK equivalent is the «Financial Times Stock Exchange 100-Share Index».) Computed every trading hour of every business day by Doe Jones & Co., a financial publishing company, the Average shows the average price of the stocks of 30 industrial firms, 20 transportation firms, and 15 utility (service) companies. Movement of the .Average is expressed in points and is widely regarded — by investors, financiers, and governments — as an indicator of the health of the US economy. Notes and Commentary Lower Manhattan — часть острова Манхэттен и района Нью-Йорка с тем же названием; район всемирно знаменит благодаря таким известным улицам и достопримечательностям как Бродвей, Таймс Сквер, Эмпайр Стейт Билдинг, музей Метрополитен, Колумбийский университет, и др. New Amsterdam — к 1626 году голландские купцы, приехавшие в Америку, расселились на берегах реки Еудзон и назвали свою колонию Новыми Нидерландами, а главный город — Новым Амстердамом; спустя девять лет англичане захватили эту территорию и переименовали город в Нью-Йорк the American Civil War — Еражданская война между Севером и Югом США (1861-1865) the New York Stock Exchange — Нью-Йоркская фондовая биржа the American Stock Exchange — Американская фондовая биржа the Federal Reserve Bank — Федеральный (государственный) Резервный Банк the New York Commodity Exchange — Нью-Йоркская товарная биржа US Secretary of the Treasury — министр финансов США the War of American Independence — Война за независимость США (1776—1781) под руководством Джорджа Вашингтона the Dow Jones Average — индекс Доу Джонса the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100-Share Index — индекс ста акций Лондонской фондовой биржи, публикуемый газетой Файнэншл Таймс

Vocabulary financial institution

финансовое учреждение; финансовая организация investment hank инвестиционный банк securities (n) (often in pi) ценные бумаги dealer (n) trust company дилер insurance corporation трастовая компания commodity exchange страховая корпорация stock-hrokerage firm товарная биржа investment (n) riches (n, брокерская фирма pi) инвестиции богатства; ценности Учебник английского языка

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stock market crash national economy stock (n) bond (n) broker (n) to refund debts to incur debts recession (n) bid (n) «listed» stock stockholder (n) turnover (n) statistics (n, pi treated as sing) point (n)

крах фондового рынка экономика страны акции (как часть капитала компании); доля во владении компанией облигация брокер возмещать (погашать) долги влезть в долги спад (производства) предложение; ставка «зарегистрированные» акции (аклии компаний, внесенных в реестр фондовой биржи) акционер оборот статистика; статистические данные пункт TEXT ANALYSIS

Assignment 2 Find the Russian equivalents of the following.

The headquarters of the country’s stock-brokerage firms; to make saleable; the devastating stock market crash of 1929; the financial capital of the nation; to make one’s bid to buy; a worldwide symbol of high finance; government and municipal securities dealers; a «market place» for selling and buying bonds. Assignment 3 Look through the above text again. Suggest the English for the phrases below.

Рассматривать как показатель здоровой экономики; спекуляции на фондовом рынке; выпускать государственные облигации; значительно изменяться с годами; ежегодный оборот; дестабилизировать экономику страны; важнейшие финансовые учреждения (институты); средняя цена акций и облигаций. Assignment 4 On а separate sheet of paper, translate from English into Russian Paragraphs 8, 9, and 10 of the text beginning with the words «Originally a 'call market'...» and ending with the words «...the health of the US economy». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language. Assignment 5 Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once.

Average; War; bank; trading; stocks; commodity; trust; financial; robber. 1) a ___________________ exchange 2) ____________________ manipulators

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3) the Dow Jones 4) the _________ of American Independence 5) a ___________ baron 6) an investment company 7) a __________ hour 8) every ______ 9) the average price of the ____________ Assignment 6 Fill in the correct preposition.

1) ___________one’ own account ______ something 2) to put an end the Exchange 3) to trade _____ _ «listed» stocks 4) to deal _____ _ quick riches 5) the route ____ the official trading list 6) to be _______ 7) to trade _________ securities stockholders 8) to distribute shares 9) to express the movement of the index

points

Assignment 7 Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Put T or F in the empty boxes. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

Since many financial institutions are situated in Wall Street, the street itself is very broad. The Dow Jones Average is only of great importance to the New York Stock Exchange: it has nothing to do with world economies. If a company is not on the official trading list of the Exchange, its stocks are not bought or sold by the brokers. The foundation of the New York Stock Exchange goes back to the 18th century when the US government needed a special place to seU and buy bonds. Wall Street is a financial district. Assignment 8 Look through the text again. Find the words and word combinations to describe the Dow Jones Average and its importance. Write these phrases in the space below.

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Assignment 9 Supply answers to the following questions about the text (in written form).

1. 2. 3. 4.

Where does the name of the street come from? What is situated in Wall Street? When did Wall Street begin gaining popularity? How did it happen that at the end of the 1930s Wall Street played a leading part in destabilizing national economies?

Assignment 10 From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning the history and organization of the New York Stock Exchange (in written form).

Assignment 11 Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally). Assignment 12 Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences. Do it in written form.

GRAMMAR REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment 13 Review the Grammar material «The Infinitive. The Complex Object». The main patterns of the Complex Object are those presented in the sentences below. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

I want my broker to buy 2,000 shares of that oil company. Mrs Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to Victorian values. He wished those books to be returned tonight. I would like your company to be listed at the stock exchange. She expects them to sign the agreement. 1 suppose {think, consider) Peter to be a good economist. The boss ordered the required documents to be ready in the morning. She saw him enter the door of the rival financial institution. He hasn’t heard anyone call his name. Ann watchedbna loose his temper. Joel was eager to let the world know that he had created a new blend of coffee. My mother made me fill in the application form. Assignment 14 Open the brackets; make all necessary changes. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one. Please keep in mind that the Infinitive in the brackets can be either in the Active or in the Passive form.

Could Joel persuade the management to let (he; to demonstrate) «his» blend there?

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He expected (his firm’s shares; to sell) at the stock market the next day. Even before the Civil War, Americans wished (Wall Street; to recognize) as the financial capital of the nation. Let (the President of the Exchange; to call ofi) the name of that stock and we will make our bid. Americans didn’t want (Wall Street; to he) a symbol of the rapacious robber barons. The Exchange makes (different companies; to list their stock). We are in Broadway. I expect (Wall Street; to he) a few blocks from here. We consider (the chief financial institutions of the United States; to locate) here. Assignment 15 Review the Grammar material «The Infinitive. The Complex Subject». The main patterns of the Complex Subject are those presented in the chart. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.

The investors

Such a person The prices Productivity In his last Adam Smith

seem (appear; happen; turn out; are sure; are certain; are [un]likely; are said; are reported; are thought; are to want their money back as soon as considered; are known; are expected; possible. are believed; are supposed; are assumed; are seen; are heard; seemed; appeared; happened; turned out; were sure; were certain; etc.) to fit the so-called self-interest is expected model of a stereotypical decision maker. are said to be rising. was known to have been slowed down. to have been planning two major books, one on the theory and history years, is believed of law and one on the sciences and arts.

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Assignment 16 Open the brackets; make all necessary changes. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one. Please keep in mind that the Infinitive in the brackets can be either in the Active or in the Passive form.

Some increase in each input {to seem; to produce) the same proportional increase in output. When prominent economists disagree in the press or on television, the subject {to be likely; to be) one from money and banking. The economic wants of a millionaire {to be certain; to differ) from those of a person living in poverty. This University {to be known; to establish) long time ago. Most individuals who pay the increased tax {to be unlikely; to agree) that it helps them personally. These factors are called determinants of demand, and they {to assume; to be constant). The public distrusts those «leaders» who {to seem; to receive already) a share of the economic pie much larger than their own. He {to see; to go) along Wall Street. Corporations are better risks, so they {to be sure; to become) profitable clients of banks. The «invisible hand» of Adam Smith {to say; to be) the beacon that guides the market economy to the most efficient heights. As a society becomes more sophisticated technologically, it {to suppose; to produce) more products and services with fewer and fewer working hours. Assignment 17 Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.

Unit VII. Wall street

Для многих Сити Лондона кажется независимым от внутренней экономики Великобритании. Я увидел, что он вышел из офиса. Если нет мотивации выгоды (the profit motive) вряд ли появится новая продукция. Банк заставил фирму вернуть все долги. Говорят, что спрос на такие товары эластичен. Пусть секретарь направит им еще один факс. Считают, что Уолл Стрит является финансовым центром всего мира. Я ожидаю, что вы завтра придете на работу вовремя (on time). Известно, что индейцы продали Манхэттен голландцам. Кажется, эта фирма имеет высокие прибыли (to earn high profits) в течение пяти лет. Вряд ли эта компания будет зарегистрирована. Не похоже на то, что у нее более двух тысяч акционеров. Я считаю, что он хороший экономист. intblOKaaanocb, что он купил членство Нью-Йоркской фондовой биржи. Когда президент Теодор Рузвельт посетил отель, слышали, как он хвалил новый сорт кофе. Она видела, что он передал документы секретарю. Слышно, как они обсуждают финансовые проблемы корпорации. Ожидали, что количество ферм в США сократится на половину.

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PART li. ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫЙ КУРС

UNIT VIII. CHOOSING A CAREER PREREADING ACTIVITY Assignment 1 Discuss the following questions.

1. When you see the term economist, what do you think of? Write down the words and phrases you associate with this term as they come into your mind. Compare your notes with those of your classmates. 2. Write down your own definition of the word economist. Begin with: «An economist is ...». Compare your definition with the descriptions of the same term given by other students. Add to your definition if you find any new information in their explanation of the term. 3. What do you think are some of the duties and responsibilities of an economist? Write them on a separate sheet of paper. Assignment 2 Below is a list of some of the terms and terminological expressions you will come across in Text 1. See if you understand each term. Try to figure out the meaning of the term. Discuss the terms with your fellow-students. In the space opposite the term, write its Russian equivalent. Consult the Glossary. One of the terms has already been done for you.

English term accounting (n) business (n) consumption (n) economic growth economics (n) exchange (n) finance (n) goods (n, pi) inflation (n) marketing (n)

Russian equivalent

экономический рост

Unit VIII. Choosing a career

English term production (n) taxation (n) trade (n) unemployment (n)

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Russian equivalent

Assignment 3 Guess the meaning of the italicized words. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite free from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist. 2. Current world leaders routinely solicit the advice and policy suggestions of today’s economists. 3. The broad range of economic issues facing United States political leaders is suggested by the contents of the annual Economic Report of the President. READING AND COMPREHENSION Assignment 4 Read the text. Translate it (orally)

Text 1. THE POWER OF ECONOMICS AND ECONOMISTS

More than half a century ago John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century, said: «The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by nothing else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite free from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist». Most of the ideologies of the modern world have been shaped by prominent economists of the past — Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and many others. And current world leaders routinely solicit the advice and policy suggestions of today’s economists. For example, the President of the United States benefits from the recommendations of his Council of Economic Advisers. The broad range of economic issues facing US political leaders is suggested by the contents of the annual Economic Report of the President. Areas covered typically include unemployment, inflation, economic growth, taxation, poverty, international trade, health care, pollution, discrimination, immigration, and education, among others. In spite of many practical benefits, economics is mainly an academic, not a vocational, subject. Unlike accounting, advertising, and marketing, economics is not primarily a how-to-make-money area of study. Knowledge of economics will help you run a business or manage your personal finances. But that is not its primary objective. Instead, economics ultimately examines problems and decisions

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from the social, rather than the personal, point of view. The production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services are discussed from the viewpoint of society’s best interest, not strictly from the standpoint of one’s own pocketbook. Notes and Commentary

the Council of Economic Advisers — a select group of individuals who advise the President of the United States on policy-making issues regarding the US economy Assignment 5 Find the parts (sentences) of the text related to: a) the areas discussed in the annual Economic Report of the US President; b) what economics examines. Assignment 6 Circle the letter of the answer that completes each of the sentences below and best corresponds to what is written in the text.

1. An economist is a specialist within the field of: a) medicine; b) data processing; c) social studies. 2. Economics discusses problems which are predominantly: a) physical; b) academic; c) vocational. Assignment 7 Complete the following sentences. If necessary, turn to the parts of the text where you think you can find the information you need.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

John Maynard Keynes is ... Though we think we are not influenced by anyone, we are usually ... Economics basically analyses problems ... The annual Economic Report of the US President covers a wide range of economic problems which, among others, include ... ... are discussed not exactly from the position of one’s own pocketbook but mainly from the perspective of society’s best interest. The world is ruled by the ideas of ... ... is not a vocational subject. Current world leaders do not need the advice of today’s ...

Assignment 8 Answer the following questions about economists. Then think of other questions about the text, add them to the questions below, and write your answers.

1. What has been shaped by prominent economists of the past? 2. What is the world ruled by? 3. Who benefits from the recommendations of the Council of Economic Advisers?

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Assignment 9 Turn to the above text again. If there are any ideas that have remained uncovered by the questions in the previous Assignment, state them (in written form).

SUMMARIZING To make a summary, you should learn how to find the parts of a text that carry the main load of logic because they are related to the main idea of the text. Assignment 10 Read the text. Are there any words and phrases that are especially important for the comprehension of this text? If there are, make up a list of those words and phrases. Write them in the space below. A friend of yours has compiled an identical list. Go down his register. Complete your list by writing in the words from his register.

Text 2. REPORTING NEWS FROM THE WORLD OF BUSINESS

At present, there exist two very influential editions in the sphere of economics, finance and business. These are The Economist and The Wall Street Journal. The Economist is a weekly magazine of news and opinion published in London and generally regarded as one of the world’s outstanding journals of its kind. Despite its name, it gives excellent and wide-ranging coverage of general news and particularly of international political developments and prospects bearing on the world’s economy. The Economist founded in 1843. The magazine’s articles are directed primarily toward business executives and investors, but it is widely read by others, including Cabinet members of most governments. The magazine’s writing is consistently bright, and its editorial position is moderately to the left. It features articles on political and economic developments in other countries and in the world at large nearly as frequently as it does those in the United Kingdom. The Wall Street Journal is a daily newspaper published in New York City and in four regional editions printed in 10 plants across the United States to which its content and makeup are transmitted via satellite. The Wall Street Journal is the most influential business-oriented newspaper in the country and one of the most respected daily papers in the world. The Wall Street Journal was founded in 1889 by Charles H. Dow, of Dow Jones & Company, primarily to cover business and financial news. The first issue was published on the 8th of July of that year. The newspaper’s accuracy and the breadth and detail of its coverage won it respect and success from the start. From its founding until early in the Great Depression, The Wall Street Journal rarely ventured outside of business and economic news. Then, however, it began to carry occasional feature articles on other subjects. After World War II this

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trend increased, and by the 1960s the newspaper regularly carried two feature articles on page one that only occasionally addressed business subjects, and then in a whimsical or amusing way. The JournaTs editorial page and a facing opinion page offer a wide range of highly informed business, political, and economic opinion; readers’ letters; and reviews and comments on the arts. The long-established structure of the newspaper includes complete tables reporting all financial and stock-market activity for the preceding day as well as thorough reports and analyses of business topics of the day. Published Monday through Friday, The Wall Street Journal has the highest daily circulation of any national newspaper in the United States. Notes and Commentary

breadth (n) — capacity to respect other opinions; freedom from prejudice or intolerance List

Assignment 11 Define the ideas highlighted in the reading. Make up a plan of the text. Present it in written form. Assignment 12 In the text, find: a) the paragraphs that carry the main load of logic and seem closely related to the general idea of the text; b) the paragraphs that do not seem related to the general idea of the text. Give reasons for your choice. Assignment 13 Say which paragraphs (sentences) are a logical continuation of the title of the text. Prove your choice. Assignment 14 Compress the text into five sentences.

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DISCUSSION Assignment 15 Read the text. In it, there may be some terms you have not come across yet. Try to figure out the meaning of each term from the context. Discuss these terms with your fellow-students. Ask them to enlarge upon the notions: economic system, competition, the «invisible hand», self-interest, income. Add to your definition if you find any new information in your partners' answers. Text 3. ADAM SMITH

Adam Smith was baptized June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy, Scotland; he died July 17, 1790, Edinburgh. Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and political economist, best known for his major work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, the first major work of laissez-faire economics. After receiving his elementary education in Kirkcaldy, Smith went to the University of Glasgow in 1737 to study moral philosophy and subsequently studied at Oxford University. In 1748 he began delivering public lectures in Edinburgh. Some of these dealt with rhetoric and belles-lettres, but later he took up the subject of «the progress of opulence», and it was then, in his middle or late twenties, that he first expounded the economic philosophy of «the obvious and simple system of natural liberty» which he was later to proclaim to the world. In about 1750 he met David Hume, who became one of the closest of his many friends. Smith was appointed professor of logic (1751) and later of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1759 he published The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which was on human nature. Returning to Kirkcaldy in 1767 he spent much of the next nine years there and in London working on The Wealth of Nations. Published in 1776, this work contained, among other things. Smith’s famous exposition of the «invisible hand» of competition as guiding an economic system based on individual self-interest. In the book, he continued supporting a system of «natural liberty» based on the free division of labour and largely unimpeded by government interference. Smith’s principles underlay 19th-century laissez-faire and remain profoundly influential in modern theories of free enterprise. After being appointed commissioner of customs and of salt duties for Scotland in 1777, he went to live in Edinburgh with his mother. He died there in 1790 after a painful illness. He had apparently devoted a considerable part of his income to numerous secret acts of charity. Shortly before his death Smith had nearly all his manuscripts destroyed. In his last years he seems to have been planning two major treatises, one on the theory and history of law and one on the sciences and arts. The posthumously published Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795) probably contains parts of what would have been the latter treatise.

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Notes and Commentary laissez-faire (n) — French «let them act/ let them do/ leave them alone» — a policy of noninterference by the government in economic affairs belles-lettres (n) — writings or studies of a literary nature, esp. essays and criticisms opulence (n) — wealth, luxury Hume, David (1711—1776) — one of the most influential philosophers of his age; his greatest work was, perhaps, his first, the Treatise of Human Nature (1738—1740); in his life, however, his fame rested on his History of England (1754-1762) Smith had nearly all his manuscripts destroyed — рукописи Смита были уничтожены treatise (n) — a written work dealing with a special subject posthumously (adv) — after the author’s death Assignment 16 Look through the above text again. Give a brief account of the life and works of Adam Smith. If you feel that something is missing in your description, use any other source of information. Assignment 17 Here are some encyclopaedia extracts. Restore chronological order. Compare your notes with those of a fellow-student. If you disagree, consult another fellow-student. Say a few words about each economist, his life and activity. Use different sources of information and your background knowledge.

Keynes, John Maynard, T' Baron (1883-1946). British economist, whose ideas on financial matters influenced much of the thought on economics during the 20th century. His (Keynesian) ideas advised government action to increase demand and therefore employment. His book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) suggested that crisis could be prevented by control of credit and currency. He led the British delegation to the Bretton Woods Conference (New Hampshire, USA, 1944) at which the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were founded. Marx, Karl Heinrich (1818The Capital in 1867. 1883). German social economist. He published Mill, John Stuart (1806—1873). British philosopher and economist. His works on political economy, notably Principles of Political Economy (1848), exerted considerable influence. Ricardo, David (1772—1823). British economist. He gave systematized and classical form to the rising science of economics in the 19th century. In the influential Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817) he argued the labour theory of value, that the amount of labour used in the production of goods determines their exchange ratio. His laissez-faire doctrines were typified in his Iron Law of Wages, which stated that all attempts to improve the real income of workers were futile and that wages unavoidably remained near the subsistence level.

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Notes and Commentary the International Monetary Fund — Международный валютный фонд; международная ассоциация государств, образовавшаяся после Второй мировой войны для предоставления займов в иностранной валюте странам с временным дефицитом платежного баланса и для осуществления мер по поддержанию валютных курсов the World Bank / the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) — Всемирный банк / Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР); банк, в который входят 151 государство и который предоставляет и гарантирует займы развивающимся странам для обеспечения их развития Assignment 18 The Oxford Dictionary of Current English gives the following definition of the term economist: «Economist is an expert in or student of economics; a person who manages financial or economic matters». Compare this description with the definitions of the same term given by you and other students in Assignment 1 (point 2). What information in the dictionary definition differs from your and your fellow-students' explanation of the term? What information is the same? Assignment 19 Here is another definition of the term economist. Consider each point of the description. Say if there is anything new in the way the term is characterized. Underline the statement you liked most. Give your reasons.

Economist is an individual, usually one of the Homo sapiens, who has received extensive training in economic theories, applications, and analysis and whose primary employment involves the research, teaching, consulting, and other applications of this economic training. Many economists are employed by institutions of higher education for the expressed purpose of enlightening impressionable college students in the wily ways of economic analysis. Other economists are employed by government agencies — federal, state, and local - for the expressed purpose of applying economic analysis to important policy decisions. Notes and Commentary Homo sapiens (n, pi) — Latin wise men; modern humans regarded as a species wily (a)

— tricky, cunning

Assignment 20 Read the paragraph and with your fellow-students think over the following.

1) A similar organization of economists in Russia. If there is any, say a few words about it. 2) Economic periodicals in Russia. If you know any, tell your partners about those publications.

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American Economic Association (AEA) is an organization of over 25,000 professional economists. Founded in 1885, this premier top-of-the-economic-association-list publishes the prestigious American Economic Review, arguably the number one scholarly US economic journal and the Journal of Economic Literature, arguably the number one index of economic journal publications. The AEA, as acronymically inclined economists call it, also sponsors an annual conference \vhere professional economists present scholarly papers on their latest scholarly research. Assignment 21 Before reading the text below, have a discussion with your fellow-students about the difference between the meaning of the words economic and economical. Listen to their arguments attentively. Ask them to give examples to support their answers. Then skim the text and: a) say if an economist is the same as Homo economicus — an economical person; b) from the list below, choose the adjectives that can characterize Homo economicus; cross out those adjectives which contradict the nature of an economical man; explain your choice.

Text 4. HOMO ECONOMICUS

You now know that according to the definition in the Oxford English Dictionary, «an economist is an expert in or student of economics, or a person who manages financial or economic matters». There exists one label which seems to be close to the term economist. This label is Homo economicus, or an economical person. Homo economicus does not experience the sorts of sentiments that motivate people to vote, or to return lost wallets to their owners with the cash intact. On the contrary, personal material costs and benefits are the only things he cares about. He does not contribute voluntarily to private charities. He keeps his promises only when it pays to do so. If the pollution laws are not carefully enforced, he disconnects the catalytic converter on his car to save on fuel. And so on. Such a person can be said to fit the so-called self-interest model of a stereotypical decision maker. Obviously, many people do not fit the «те-first» image of the self-interest model. They endure great trouble and expense to see justice done, even when it does not undo the original injury. At great risk to themselves, they pull people from burning buildings, and jump into icy rivers to rescue people who are about to drown. This is not to say that selfish motives are unimportant. They obviously account for a great deal. When a detective investigates a murder, for example, his first question is: ^