RELIGION AND SUICIDE- RESEARCH [PDF]

Defining Religion. Latin: Religio. Relegere: (Cicero, 106-43). To take care of, to observe carefully, to consider. Relig

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RELIGION AND SUICIDERESEARCH Dolma with a prayer wheel is preparing herself to die (Zanskar) Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Plan for the presentation 1. Definitions as the basis of research 2. Previous studies 3. Religion as protective or risk factor – Results 4. Research Considerations Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Definitions 1. WHO’s definition of suicide and attempted suicide 2. Definition of self-harm 3. Definition of religion

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

1. Durkheim (1897) Religion cannot be reduced to a question of social integration 2. Mc Cullugh, 1999 The relation between religion and depression examined in over 80 published articles.

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

3. Mueller 2001 1,200 studies have applied religion or spirituality as a variable.

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Conclusion Religion as a concept is not defined, yet implies religious practice e.g. church, mosque or temple attendance

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

1. Defining Religion Latin: Religio Relegere: (Cicero, 106-43) To take care of, to observe carefully, to consider Religare: (Augustin (354-430) To bind together Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

RELIGION

Rituals

Mythology

Preaching

Ethics

Socialization

Experiences (Erlebnis) Experience (Erfahrung)

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

CULTURE - RELIGION

Rituals

Mythology

Values Attitudes Preaching

Ethics

Standards

Custom

Socialization

Experiences (Erlebnis) Experience (Erfahrung)

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Symbols

The fundamental condition under which man lives is that he/she Cannot grant himself/herself life and Cannot abolish death

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Religion as a risk or protective factor for persons • who have experienced suicidal ideation or • attempted to commit suicide.

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

CULTURE - RELIGION

Rituals

Mythology

Values Attitudes Preaching

Ethics

Standards

Custom

Socialization

Experiences (Erlebnis) Experience (Erfahrung)

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Symbols

Christianity The Old Testament You shall not murder The New Testament No commandment 91 % are members of the Danish National Evangelical Lutheran Church 2% attend it regularly Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Protective factors against attempted suicide

• • • • • • • •

Moral/ethical considerations The sacredness of life Hope Self-confidence Social support Spirituality/religion Meaning of and purpose in life Fear of death Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Data • Questionnaire (age group: from 18 years) • Interview (age group: from 18 years)

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Studiepopulation 201 respondenter

Number

The age and gender distribution of the study population 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Male Female

18-29

30-59 Age

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

60+

Moral and ethical reflections as protective factor against attempted suicide Attempted suicide

Serious suicidal ideation

All

Odds ratio

Significanc e

Suicide is morally wrong

29 %

85 %

52 %

0,07

p < 0,0005

Suicide is selfish

40 %

89 %

60 %

0,08

p < 0,0005

Woman, 42 years old, serious suicidal ideation ”My mother committed suicide, I found her, that incident really burnt itself into my memory, I would never expose my surroundings for that”

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Self-confidence & hope as protective factor against attempted suicide Attempted suicide

Serious suicidal ideation

All

Odds ratio

Significanc e

I like myself so I want to continue living

15 %

40 %

25 %

0,27

p < 0,0005

I believe my life will improve in the future

29 %

59 %

41 %

0,28

p < 0,0005

Man, 46 years old, serious suicidal ideation ”I truly believe that self-confidence has contributed to get rid of my gloomy thoughts, otherwise I don’t know what might have happened.”

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Social support as protective factor against attempted suicide Attempted suicide

Serious suicidal ideation

All

Odds ratio

Significanc e

I can get support from my family and friends

29 %

68 %

45 %

0,13

p < 0,0005

My family and friends need me

41 %

78 %

54 %

0,17

p < 0,0005

Woman, 20 years old, serious suicidal ideation. My friends are very supportive and that means a lot. They need me and I need them. I reject suicide, my mother and my friends deserve better, they need me.

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Spiritual and religious reflections as protective factor against attempted suicide Attempte d suicide

Serious suicidal ideation

All

Odds ratio

Significanc e

There is a higher meaning with my life

22 %

45 %

31 %

0,34

p < 0,0005

Life has value no matter how it turns out

20 %

35 %

26 %

0,46

p < 0,05

My religion forbids or prevents me

9%

10 %

10 %

0,94

Man, 51 years old, serious suicide ideation I try to focus on the positive even in difficult situations, because I want life and also have many plans. I’m curious about life.

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Meaning and purpose in life as protective factor against attempted suicide

Attempted suicide

Serious suicidal ideation

All

Odds ratio

Significanc e

I control myself and my life

24 %

43 %

31 %

0,41

p < 0,01

My daily existence gives me joy

14 %

27 %

19 %

0,46

p < 0,05

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Fear of death as a protective factor against attempted suicide Attempted suicide I am afraid of dying

17 %

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Serious suicidal ideation

77 %

All

41 %

Odds ratio

0,04

Significan ce

p< 0,0005

Considerations

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

”Religion is solely the creation of the scholar’s study. It is created for the scholar’s analytic purposes by his imaginative acts of comparison and generalization. Religion has no existence apart from the academy.” Jonathan Z. Smith in Imagining Religion

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

Lilian Zøllner, Ph.D. Centre for Suicide Research, Denmark

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