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rgm_aisyah's blog Life, Home, Study, Work & Family Januari 11, 2009
SHAMPOO i Rate This Cosmetics Processes & Formulations hand Book With Herbal Cosmetics Technology & Formulae Eiri Board Of Consultants & Engineers Engineers India Research Institute Evaluasi detergen sebagai basis shampoo Tes awal untuk evaluasi detergen dan sebagai basis shampoo diukur dari tegangan permukaan dan tegangan antar muka. Raw material untuk shampoo Bahan utama yang terdapat pada shampoo dapat di klasifikasikan sbb : Surfaktan, booster foam, dan stabilizer, conditioning agent, bahan tambahan khusus, pengawet, sequestering agent, bahan modifikasi viskositas, bahan pengopak atau clarifying agent, pewangi dan pewarna. Bahan Tambahan Bahan pelembab Bahan pelembab ini ditambahkan untuk meningkatkan pengaturan, rasa dan kilauan dari rambut. Bahan yang diketahui memiliki efek pelembab pada rambut termasuk bahan-bahan berlemak seperti lanolin, minyak mineral; bahan-bahan alam seperti polipeptida, derivate-derivat telur, ekstrak-ekstrak tumbuhan; dan produk sintetik yang didesain seperti surfaktan dan resin (damar). Modifikasi viskositas Kekentalan shampoo dapat diperoleh dengan sejumlah senyawa-senyawa. Senyawa ini dapat digunakan untuk memodifikasi viskositas dari shampoo termasuk elektrolit, gom alat, derivate selulosa, dan polimer karboksivinil dan lainnya. Dalam daftar termasuk ammonium klorida, natrium klorida, gom karaya, tragakan, alginate, hidroksiselulosa, hidroksipropilselulosa, cmc, karbopol 934, ester fosfat, sabun TEA, alcohol polivinil, dan alkanolamida. Bahan Pengopak dan Penjernih Sejumlah bahan pengopak atau yang memberi efek kilauan mutiara. Pelarut non ionic, alcohol, fosfat meningkatkan transparansi. Bahan-bahan pengopak adalah alkalonamida atau asamasam lemak tinggi, glikol mono dan di stearat, propilenglikol dan glikol monostearat dan palmitat, lemak alcohol (setil,stearil), emulsi susu dari polimer vinil dan lateks, magnesium kalsium atau garam zink dari asam stearat, oksida serbuk disperse halus atau titanium oksida, dan magnesium aluminium silikat. Bahan penjernih seperti : etanol, isopropanol; propilenglikol, heksilen; glikol.dimetil-oktin diol fosfat; polietoksi alcohol dan esternya. Sequestering agent Bahan ini digunakaan untuk mencegah penimbunan dari garam kalsium dan magnesium dari sabun ke rambut. Garam-garam EDTA dan polifosfat adalah yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai sequestering agent dalam shampoo. Pengawet Pertumbuhan bakteri dalam shampoo dapat menghancurkan detergen sehingga menghasilkan perubahan warna dalam produk. Surfaktan dalam shampoo dipengaruhi oleh sifat bakterisid dari bahan anti bakteri. Hal ini harus dipertimbangkan dalam pemilihan pengawet. Meskipun, konsentrasi yang tinggi dari pengawet diperlukan dalam shampoo. Bahan anti mikroba yang paling efektif adalah formaldehid. Formaldehid menjadi tidak efektif dengan adanya surfaktan dan digunakan dengan konsentrasi 0,1-0,15%. Tetapi ini tidak sesuai dengan bahan shampoo seperti protein hidrolisat. Ester dari para hidroksi benzoate efektif melawan fungi, tetapi diinaktivasi oleh surfaktan non-ionik. Dan juga tidak efektif terhadap pseudomonas. Pewangi Pengaroma yang dipilih harus larut dan sesuai dengan shampoo. Viskositas dan stabilitas shampoo tidak dipengaruhi. Pengaroma herbal, buah atau bunga dapat digunakan dalam shampoo. Formulasi Shampoo dapat diklasifikasikan dalam kelompok utama sbb : Shampoo cair jernih Shampoo krim/losion cair Shampoo krim Shampoo gel Shampoo bubuk Shampoo foam aerosol
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Report this ad Posted by rgmaisyah on Januari 11, 2009 in phArmaceutical TecHnologY and tagged Emulsi, kosmetik, phArmaceutical TecHnologY. 7 Komentar Januari 11, 2009
Toxicology Problem Set i Rate This Problem 1: Natural and human-made chemicals Which statement is the most correct? A. Chemicals manufactured by humans are more dangerous to human health than naturally occurring chemicals. B. Both natural and human-made chemicals are potentially toxic to humans. All chemicals, whether natural or synthetic, have the potential to be hazardous to humans. The likelihood of harm to humans depends upon the dose. C. Naturally occurring chemicals are more poisonous to humans than synthetic chemicals. Problem 2: Hazards and sources One of the items below is a hazardous substance and the other four are sources of a hazardous substances. Which one is a hazardous substance? A. clogged furnace B. cigarette C. a dog D. paint applied before 1978 E. dust mite parts A hazardous substance is a chemical that causes harm to our health. Dust mite parts cause an allergic reaction in many people. The source of dust mite parts is dust mites. Dust mites live in carpets, bedding and curtains. Problem 3: Routes of entry Which of the following is NOT a possible route of entry for a hazard? A. ingestion B. absorption C. exposure To cause harm to a person a hazard must enter the body. Merely being exposed will not cause harm if the hazard does not actually enter the body. There are three primary ways that a hazard can get into humans: through the gut, called ingestion; through the skin, called absorption; and through the lungs, called inhalation. For example, a pack of cigarettes in a man’s shirt pocket does not cause harm to him because nothing from the cigarettes has entered his body. If, however, he smokes one of the cigarettes, the smoke has entered his body through his lungs and can cause harm. D. inhalation Problem 4: How chemicals are processed in the body When DDT, a pesticide, enters the human body, it is ______________________. A. water soluble and is easily excreted in urine. B. stored in the bones. C. not toxic, but is processed by enzymes and becomes a different compound which is toxic. D. fat soluble and can be stored in fat tissue. After a chemical enters the body, it is carried by the blood to different locations. What happens next depends on the size, shape and solubility of the chemical. Solubility means whether it can dissolve in water or lipids. Lipids are a type of fat. For example, butter is not water soluble – if you mix butter and water, the butter floats on top of the water because it cannot mix in. DDT is not very soluble in water, so it gets stored in fats and can remain in the body for a very long time. Problem 5: Dose Who has the largest dosage of aspirin? A. an adult woman who weighs 125 lb and took 300 mg of aspirin B. a teenage boy who weighs 135 lb and took 600 mg of aspirin C. a baby who weighs 20 lb and took 100 mg of aspirin D. a chihuahua who weighs 5 lb and took 50 mg of aspirin
The dose is the specific amount of a chemical that enters the body. Dosage is the amount of chemical per unit of body weight. Often the two words are used interchangeably. For example the adult woman weighs 125 lb and took 300 mg of aspirin. Her dose is 300mg/125 lb or 2.4 mg/lb. It is important to express dose in terms of body weight because a small person who ingests the same amount of a chemical as a large person receives a much higher dose. Problem 6: Measuring dose Which will NOT help you determine the dose of a hazardous gas received by a person? A. their respiration rate B. their length of exposure to the gas C. the source of the gas Knowing the source of a hazard will help the scientists to reduce exposure in the future, but will not help to determine how much a person has in their body. When scientists cannot directly measure the amount of a toxic chemical in the blood, they estimate exposure by looking at other factors. They determine things such as how fast a person was breathing, how long they were exposed, how often they were exposed, how easily the gas is absorbed and the concentration of the hazard. D. their frequency of exposure to the gas E. the concentration of the gas F. the gas’s chemical and biological properties Problem 7: Dose and response Most hazardous substances exhibit a “dose-response relationship” What does this mean? A. The harm caused by the hazard increases as the amount of hazard entering the body (dose) increases. The dose response curve is the relationship between the amount of the hazard entering the body and the amount of harm it causes. A typical dose response curve looks like this one for the chemical alcohol. B. It does not matter how big a dose you receive, you will always have same amount of harm/sickness. C. Exposure to the hazard always results in harm. D. Fifty percent of the people will die when exposed to 0.1 mg/kg. Problem 8: Factors affecting dose A family home has a clogged furnace that is producing carbon monoxide, a hazardous gas. Which family member is likely to be harmed the most? A. Billy, the son who is in 1st grade B. Baby Shea, who is going to be in preschool next year The three important factors here are length of exposure, age and size. Baby Shea is most likely to be harmed because 1) he is the youngest and therefore smallest person in the house, and 2) along with his mother, Mrs. Nguyen, he spends the most time in the home. C. Karla, the nanny who cares for the toddler every weekday morning D. Ms. Nguyen, the mother who works at home E. Mr. Nguyen, the father who works at the University Problem 9: Factors affecting individual susceptibility All of the people listed below live in the same house. Who is most likely to experience toxic effects from the second-hand smoke? A. the grandmother, who is very fit B. the mother, who smokes C. the father, who smokes D. the teenage daughter, who has asthma A person’s health status can affect their response to a hazard. In this case, the daughter who has asthma is most likely to suffer harmful effects because her lungs are already experiencing an illness and are less healthy than the other people who live there. E. the son, who is in 5th grade Problem 10: Hazard control There are several ways to control or reduce your exposure to a hazard. Opening a window in a room full of people who are smoking is an example of controlling your exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by __________________. A. treating the symptoms of the hazard B. diluting the hazard By opening the window, fresh air will enter the room and the concentration of cigarette smoke will be reduced. This decreases your exposure to cigarette smoke, but does not completely eliminate exposure.. Other ways to control a hazard are removing the source of the hazard,wearing protective gear, distancing yourself from the hazard, and treating the symptoms caused by the hazard. C. distancing yourself from the hazard D. removing the hazard Problem 11: Environmental health sciences professions Which environmental health scientist would determine ways to prevent and reduce exposure to second hand smoke? A. a toxicologist B. an epidemiologist C. an industrial hygienist Toxicologists study the way in which hazards harm the body. Pharmacologists study the beneficial effects of chemicals. Industrial hygienists study how to stop or prevent exposure to hazards. Epidemiologists study what health problems occur in groups of people and investigate the causes. Occupational and Environmental Medicine physicians diagnose and treat patients exposed to health hazards and in their work or other environments. D. an occupational and environmental medicine physician E. a pharmacologist Kidneys and Metals Problem Set Problem 1: Kidney anatomy and function What is one primary function of the tubules in the kidney? A. filtering water and solutes out of the blood B. reabsorption of water and solutes The kidneys’ job is to filter and remove wastes from the blood. The glomerulus filters out wastes. The tubule reabsorbs water and non-wastes so that they can be reused by the body. C. producing bile D. transporting filtered blood to the lungs Problem 2: Metals in the body Which of the following is NOT a normal function/role of metal in the body? A. iron in the heme of hemoglobin B. calcium in the bones C. cobalt in vitamin B12 D. phosphorus in ATP E. arsenic in ATP When arsenic is incorporated into ATP, it interferes with the normal function of ATP, which is to provide energy to cells. Problem 3: Properties of metals and health implications Which of the following is NOT characteristic of metals? A. Metals are often charged ions. B. Metals can be destroyed or degraded in the body. Metals are elements, so they cannot be destroyed or broken down. With other types of toxic substances, one way the body detoxifies them is to break them down into different substances, but that is not possible with metals. Metals can sometimes be made less toxic by the addition of chemical groups to the metal. C. Metals easily bond to other molecules. D. Metals can have various oxidation states. Problem 4: Sources of metals in the environment Who is LEAST likely to be exposed to toxic metals? A. a technician working on a computer component board assembly line B. a person who drinks water from a ground water well C. a person smoking a cigarette D. a person working on a new home computer Cigarettes, old paints, ground water, and computers can all contain toxic metals. People are least likely to be exposed from a personal computer because the metals in it are completely contained and in a state where the human is very unlikely to be exposed. E. a painter renovating an 100 year old home Problem 5: Types of metal toxicity One of the ways that lead makes people sick is by interfering with the protein that helps make hemoglobin. The result is an anemic like condition where your blood can’t carry enough oxygen to keep you healthy. This is an example of what mechanism of metal toxicity? A. enzyme inhibition Many metals exert their toxic effects by interfering with enzymatic reactions in the body cells. Enzymatic reactions in the body are chemical reactions that are made possible by special proteins called enzymes. For example, hemoglobin is manufactured by a complex series of enzymatic reactions. Five of the enzymes involved in hemoglobin synthesis do not work very well at all in the presence of lead; that is, they are “inhibited” by lead. This can lead to anemia, which is a reduction in the number of red blood cells. B. carcinogenicity C. disruption of subcellular organelles D. corrosion Problem 6: Target organs for metals Why is the kidney often a target for toxic chemicals such as metals? A. because toxicants enter the body through the stomach and intestines and are then transported to the kidney B. because the kidney has a very large surface area in direct contact with the blood C. because there is very high blood flow to the kidney and it can concentrate substances The kidneys are a target for metals, meaning they are usually affected by metals. Even though they comprise only 0.5% of the total human body weight, they receive about 25% of the body’s blood flow. The kidney’s primary function in the body is to concentrate waste substances, but in the process they concentrate many other substances as well, including toxic metals. D. because the kidney cannot regenerate damaged cells Problem 7: Membranes and metals Amino acids are filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus of the kidney, but amino acids are not a waste product. The body needs the amino acids, so they are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the tubule cells of the kidney. After the an imo acids are concentrated in the tubule cells they must be transported back into blood. What type of transport is used to move the amino acids from the filtrate to the inside of the kidney cells? A. passive diffusion B. protein channels C. active transport Amino acids are moved into the kidney cells using secondary active transport. They are being moved against a concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Problem 8: Examples of metals that harm the kidneys Itai-itai byo is a disease found among Japanese women. Scientists believe that it is caused by eating rice grown in soil containing _____________. A. lead B. mercury C. cadmium Cadmium is found in some soils in very high concentration. In Japan, women who eat rice grown on cadmium rich soils have anemia, damaged kidney tubules, and bone and mineral loss. Scientists believe they understand some of the mechanisms by which cadmium causes damage. Normally cadmium is excreted from cells when it binds to a protein called metallothionein (CdMT). This serves to protect most cells from damage, but in the kidneys the cadmium metal-protein complex is easily absorbed in the tubules. Once inside the kidney cells, the cadmium is released from the MT protein and can accumulate to toxic levels. D. chromium Lung Toxicology Problem Set Problem 1: Lung anatomy Which of the following is NOT found in the human lung? A. bronchiole B. trachea When you inhale, air moves from the nose and mouth, down to the larynx, down through the trachea. It does not reach the lungs until the trachea branches. The branched air passages are called the bronchi. The bronchi carry the air into the lungs. Each bronchus divides 20-30 times, becoming the bronchiole which take the air to the different parts of the lungs. Eventually the air reaches a cluster of “blind sacs” called alveoli, which is where the actual gas exchange occurs. An adult human can have up to 300 million alveoli in his or her lungs. C. bronchi D. alveoli Problem 2: Alveolar structure Which of the following alveolar cell types clean particles deposited in the lungs? A. macrophages Lung tissue consists of several types of cells. Macrophages in the alveoli are scavenger cells that work to keep the lung free of “foreign” materials. B. epithelium type I C. epithelium type II D. fibroblasts E. capillaries Problem 3: Lung function One of the primary functions of the alveoli is to create a large surface area in the lungs. Why is a large surface are so important? A. for energy storage B. to remove toxins from the blood C. to store oxygen for future use D. for gas exchange Gas exchange is the primary function of the lung. Gas exchange occurs by diffusion, thus the rate of gas exchange is dependent on surface area. The alveoli serve to provide a large surface area in the lungs. E. for the Krebs cycle Problem 4: Lung development When do the alveoli develop in lungs in humans? A. during the first 1-2 years of life Human lungs are not completely developed at birth. The development of the alveoli continues after birth. New alveoli form by a process called septation. The existing alveoli grow new septa, or walls, leading to increased surface area. B. in the 1-5th week of pregnancy C. between 3 and 5 years of age D. between 3 and 5 years of age E. between 3 and 5 years of age Problem 5: Causes of death in the US Which of the following causes the most deaths in the US? A. AIDS B. motor vehicles C. homicide D. smoking Of the factors listed, smoking causes the most deaths in the US. Smoking can cause death in several ways including stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema and other diseases and cancers. E. alcohol Problem 6: Toxicity of environmental tobacco smoke Which statement do you agree with? A. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also known as secondhand smoke, has LESS toxic compounds than directly inhaled tobacco smoke. B. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also known as secondhand smoke, has MORE toxic compounds than directly inhaled tobacco smoke. ETS has more toxic compounds because the smoke sucked through the cigarette and inhaled by the smoker has been burned at a higher temperature then the smoke that is coming off the end of the cigarette. This higher temperature burning destroys or inactivates certain of the toxic compounds. Problem 7: PM10 What is PM10? A. the number of packs per day that cause lung cancer in 10% of the population B. particles which are small enough to be deposited in the lungs The air we breath contains lots of little particles of matter such as pollen, and dust. Particles that are smaller than 10 microns in diameter can get all the way down into the alveoli in the lungs. They can cause tissue damage as they hit the lung tissue. These tiny particles can also damage the lung by causing irritation which can lead to scarring of the lung tissue. C. a measure of the amount of pollen in a certain volume of air D. a measure of the severity of an asthma attack Problem 8: Oxidants Oxidants are one toxic component of cigarette smoke. Why are they dangerous? A. They block surfactant secretion so that alveoli collapse. B. They block the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin. C. They cause cilia to quit beating so lungs get clogged with particles. D. They can damage the DNA of lung cells much like the sun damages skin cells. Oxidants cause cell damage by creating free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules which can bind to DNA and cause mutations. Such mutations could eventually lead to cancer. Problem 9: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Asthma is caused by decreased airflow in and out of the lungs due to: A. small abnormalities in airways B. reversible bronchial spasms Asthma is due to a decrease in airflow in the major airways of the lungs. It can be caused by muscle spasms in the airways, swelling of cells lining the airways and excess mucus in the airways. Asthma is one of three respiratory diseases called “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” that are often caused by smoking. The other two chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is caused by small abnormalities in the airways. Emphysema is caused by destruction of the alveolar walls. C. destruction of alveolar walls D. allergic reaction in lung tissues The Biology Project Home > Chemicals & Human Health Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Development Analyze scientific data to learn how second-hand smoke affects lung development and human health. Kidneys and Metals Explore the world of renal toxicology, and learn the effect of metals on the kidneys and on kidney cells. Toxicology Discover ways chemicals can affect human health and develop an understanding of fundamental principles of toxicology. Lung Toxicology Review the basics of lung anatomy and function and learn about toxicology in the lungs, diseases of the lungs, and environmental tobacco smoke. The Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center has supporting materials for the Chemicals and Human Health site and lots of other environmental health activities and curricula. Hydroville The good citizens of Hydroville need you to help them solve their environmental health problems. A website developed by the Hydroville Curriculum Project at Oregon State University. Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center is a resource for information on natural and human-made poisonous chemicals. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences : Kids’ Page has lots of fun activities for kids including games, brainteasers, and current hot topics in environmental health sciences. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: Teacher Support has information and curricula for teachers. The Biology Project Home > Chemicals & Human Health oxicology Problem Set This problem set is designed to help you understand basic principles of toxicology. You will learn what a hazard is, where hazards can come from, how they affect humans, and methods to control hazards. You will also learn about careers in the environmental health sciences. Natural and human-made chemicals Hazards and sources Routes of entry How chemicals are processed in the body Dose Measuring dose Dose and response Factors affecting dose Factors affecting individual susceptibility Hazard control Fields in the environmental health sciences Instructions: Each topic page has a multiple choice question designed to help you learn the concepts. If you click on the correct answer, you will see the word “correct” along with reinforcing information. If you click on an incorrect answer, you will be given a tutorial page. You can also go directly to the tutorial page by clicking on the tutorial button. Enjoy yourself – it doesn’t matter if you select the right or wrong answer – the point is to learn! The Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center The Biology Project The University of Arizona Wednesday, October 8, 1997 Contact the Development Team http://www.biology.arizona.edu (http://www.biology.arizona.edu) All contents copyright © 1997. All rights reserved. Posted by rgmaisyah on Januari 11, 2009 in Toxicology and tagged Chemistry, drugs, toksikologi. 1 Komentar Januari 8, 2009
SINERGISME, INTERAKSI MENGUNTUNGKAN DAN KOMBINASI PRODUK NUTRACEUTIKAL (soal-jawab) i 4 Votes Tuliskan contoh kombinasi nutraseutikal! Obat analgesic dengan glukosamin untuk efek analgesic Glukosamin dengan ekstrak mussel hijau untuk efek antiinflamasi Tuliskan kombinasi produk nutraseutikal yang digunakan untuk kesehatan kardiovaskular dan untuk membantu penurunan berat badan! Kardiovaskular : Co Q 10 dan policosanol Penurunan berat badan : Chitosan dan carnitin Jelaskan secara singkat apa itu sinergisme dalam kombinasi produk! Sinergisme adalah interaksi antara 2 atau lebih bahan yang mengghasilkan efek terapi yang potensial dan suatu peningkatan kuantitatif dari efeknya dibandingkan bila diberikan bahan secara sendiri. Sebutkan 2 interaksi sinergis dari asam lipoic! 1. Asam lipoic dan asam aimana linoleat, pada diabetes 2. Asam lipoic dan doxorubicin sinergis pada sitotoksin dan efek anti tumor pada sel leukemia tikus L 1210. Bagaimana mekanisme aksi anti tumor sinergisme asam lipoic dan doxorubicin! Mekanisme kerjanya berdasarkan aksi pengikatan radikal bebas dan ion-ion logam. Apa efek samping dari serius dari doxo dan keuntungan penggabungannya dengan asam lipoic! Efek samping yang paling banyak terjadi adalah kardiotoksisitas tetapi asam lipoic menunjukkan efek kardioprotektif. Apa guna kombinasi antioksidan dalam peningkatan efek sinergismenya! Masing-masing antioksidan memiliki mekanisme kerja sendiri-sendiri. Terdapat 4 mekanisme kerja antioksidan yang jika dikombinasikan dapat menutupi kekurangan satu sama lain sehingga menghasilkan efek potensiasi. Bagaimana GAGs dapat digunakan pada joint disorder! Penggunaan GAGs khususnya glukosamin dapat meningkatkan sintesa asam hyaluronic senovial. Asam hyaluronic senovial adalah cairan yang mengisi ruang antar sendi berfungsi memberikan efek pelumasan pada saat sendi-sendi bergerak. Apa guna MSM pada kombinasi dengan GAGs! MSM merupakan turunan DMSO saat ini belum diketahui secara pasti mekanisme kerjanya namun pada percobaan pada hewan menunjukkan efek antiinflamasi. Berikan contoh kombinasi glukosamin dengan NSAID! Kombinasi glukosamin dengan ibuprofen dengan rasio 2:1 sampai 19:1. Dapat juga kombinasi glukosamin dengan ketoprofen. Berikan mekanisme kerja dari kombinasi antara asam alfa lipoic dan asetil L karnitin dalam pencegahan penuaan! Mencegah kerusakan nucleus pada sel dengan cara mencegah terjadinya oksidasi nucleus di mana oksidasi nucleus merupakan factor utama penuaan. Bahan-bahan apa saja yang bekerja sinergis untuk menghambat oksidasi LDL? Likopen bekerja menghambat oksidasi LDL jika dikombinasikan dengan asam rosmarinik atau karnosin. Mekanisme kerja antioksidan dari ekstrak green tea? Ekstrak green tea mengandung epigalokatekingallat, BHT dan polifenol di mana mekanismenya mengacu pada penghambatan peroksidasi sisa radikal bebas dan aksi penghambtan ion besi utamanya oleh bahan polifenols Kombinasi umum nutraceutical yang digunakan untuk nyeri sendi!
kosamin dan MSM masing-masing 500 mg dapat mengurangi nyeri sendi pada osteoarthritis Kombinasi glukosamin dan kondoitin Kombinasi produk yang mengandung bahan herbal Apa contoh kombinasi nutraceutical untuk menurunkan berat badan? Chitosan dengan kromium picolinate Chitosan dengan carnitin Kombinasi nutraceutical yang digunakan untuk pengobatan Sindrom Ehlers Danlos? Glukosamin, MSM, Carnitin, CoQ10, dan picnogenol ditambah vitamin C dan K serta silica. Posted by rgmaisyah on Januari 8, 2009 in nutrisi and tagged health, nutrisi. Tinggalkan komentar Januari 8, 2009
nutrisi muskuloskeletal (soal-jawab nutrisi) i 1 Vote 1. Sebutkan dan jelaskan secara singkat beberapa gangguan atau penyakit yang berhubungan dengan musculoskeletal Jawab. Penyakit musculoskeletal Otot keseleo atau terkilir Keseleo merupakan kerusakan yang terjadi pada ligamen dan terkilir merupakan kerusakan yang berhubungan dengan otot Bursitis dan tendonisitis Merupakan pembengkakan pada tendon atau lebih spesifik pada kantung fibrosa yang menyerang otot pada tulang Osteoarthritis Ditamdai dengan keruasakan degeneratif dan hilangnya sambungan-sambungan tulang rawan pada sendi dan hipertropi tulang Rhemathoid Arthritis Merupakan pembengkakan kronik sistemik yang merusak sendi sinovial dan menampilkan cirri-ciri yang bukan merupakan bagian dari sendi 2. Mengapa glucosamine dan chondroitin selalu digunakan bersama-sama sebagai nutrisi untuk kesehatan musculoskeletal
Jawab. Glucosamine hidroklorida menstimulasi sintesis GAG untuk petumbuhan sel tulang rawan (chondrocytes) tapi punya sedikit aktivitas penghambat enzim kolagenase mengakibatkan kerusakan kartilago sedangkan kondroitin sulfat menunjukkan kedua efek. Kombinasi kedua bahan menunjukkan stimulatory efek yang lebih baik pada sintesis GAG daripada kerja masingmasing komponen sehingga kombinasi ini merupakan efek sinergis dalam menstimulasi sintesis kartilago. 3. Bagaimana metabolisme dan bioavabilitas dari glucosamine dan chondroitin Jawab. Metabolisme dan bioavabilitas: Glucosamine sulfat yang digunakan secara oral dilaporkan 90% dosis yang ditetapkan diabsorpsi melalui saluran pencernaan, dimana setengah dari prosesnya hilang pada first pass effect. Oleh karena itu bioavabilitas oral yang tepat pasti adalah 44%. Chondroitin (pada hewan coba) >70% radioaktivitasnya pada pemberian oral ditemukan pada urin dan jaringan. Setelah 24 jam radioaktivitas lebih tinggi terdapat pada usus, hati, ginjal, cairan sinovial dan sambungan atau cartilago jaringan lain. 4. Sebutkan nutrisi-nutrisi yang bisa digunakan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan muskuloskeletal Jawab. Nutrisi musculoskeletal Glucosamine dan Chondroitin Metilsulfonymethane (MSM) Minyak ikan Asam -Linolenat Melatonin L-carnitine Isoflavon Kelompok Vitamin D 5. Apakah penggunaan nutrisi untuk muskuloskeletal memiliki batasan dosis Jawab. – Metilsulfonymethane (MSM) dosis 3 x 500 mg sehari Melatonin dosis standar 0,3–15 mg sehari L-carnitine dosis 100–200 mol sehari 6. Jelaskan keuntungan dari antara MSM (metylsulfonymethane) dengan glucosamine
Jawab. Glucosamine dan chondroitin sulfate dapat menyebabkan defisiensi asam amino sulfur karena itu MSM dapat menyediakan sumber sulfur untuk susunan matriks kartilago atau pada sistem antioksidan n-acetyl sistein dan glutation. 7. Sebutkan dan jelaskan secara singkat mengenai kandungan dari minyak ikan yang memiliki khasiat untuk kesehatan muskuloskeletal dan jenis ikan apa saja yang banyak mengandung komponen berkhasiat tersebut
Jawab. Minyak ikan mengandung konsentrasi n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) yang tinggi seperti eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) dan decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) yang terdapat dalam ikan yang berminyak seperti mackarel, sarden dan salmon. 8. Salah satu gangguan pada tulang yaitu osteoporosis, jelaskan etiologi terjadinya osteoporosis dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang bisa meningkatkan resiko terjadinya osteoporosis tersebut
Jawab. Selain karena bertambahnya usia, dengan menurunnya kerja osteoblas dan berkurangnya absorpsi dan retensi kalsium. Beberapa faktor yang menambah resiko osteoporosis, antara lain: 1. Diet rendah kalsium 2. Merokok 3. Alkohol 9. Mengapa obat-obatan seperti kortikosteroid bisa meningkatkan resiko terjadinya osteoporosis Jawab. Efektivitas obat-obat kortikosteroid disalurkan melalui reseptor osteoblas dan dapat mengurangi aktivitas serta kandungan mineral tulang selama beberapa bulan pada permulaan pemakaiannya. Dapat juga menyebabkan supresi adrenal sehingga mengurangi sintesis oestrogen dan androgen sehingga dapat menyebabkan osteoporosis lebih buruk. 10. Nutrisi apa saja yang biasa digunakan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan tulang Jawab. Nutrisi yang digunakan Melatonin berfungsi menghentikan penyerapan kembali matriks tulang L-Carnitine berfungsi dalam menstimulasi proliferasi osteoblas Soy isoflavon digunakan dalam pencegahan dan pengobatan osteoporosis saat past-menopause 11. Jelaskan mekanisme kerja dari -linolenic acid (GLA) sehingga bisa digunakan sebagai anti peradangan Jawab. Asam -Linolenat. GLA merupakan n-6 PUFA yang ditemukan pada minyak mawar sore dan minyak borage. Dimetabolisme menjadi dihomo -linolenic Acid (DGLA). DGLA adalah prekursor prostaglandin yang dapat menginduksi sinyal atau tanda dari radang, tetapi juga mengurangi aktivitas sel-sel yang meradang. 12. Mengapa soy isoflavon mempunyai efek menguntungkan dalam pencegahan osteoporosis post-menopause
Jawab. Soy isoflavon dinilai merupakan suplemen yang paling menjanjikan sebagai pencegahan dan pengobatan osteoporosis pada saat post-menopause, karena strukturnya yang sama dengan ekstradiol dan oleh karena itu sebagai pengganti defisiensi estrogen. Senyawa-senyawa ini dapat bekerja sebagai agonis lemak pada reseptor estrogen, khususnya tipe yang letaknya di membran osteoblast. 13. Bagaimana sintesis vitamin D dalam tubuh Jawab. Vitamin D terbagi menjadi ergokalsiferol (D 2), kolekalsiferol (D 3) dan beberapa turunannya yang memiliki rumus steroid. Vitamin D 2 dibentuk oleh tubuh dari provit ergosterol yang terdapat dalam ragi. Vitamin D 3 banyak terdapat dalam ikan lemak dan minyak ikan cod, sedangkan dalam kulit terdapat provit 7-dehidrokolesterol yang dibawa pengaruh sinar UV diubah menjadi vitamin D 3 14. Bagaimana khasiat vitamin D terhadap pencegahan osteoporosis
Jawab. Vitamin D berdaya menstimulasi resorpsi aktif kalsium dan fosfat dari usus halus dan resorpsinya oleh ginjal. Apabila kekurangan vitamin D dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya resorpsi Ca dan Fosfat yang penting sekali bagi kerangka, akibatnya jaringan tulang diganti oleh tulang rawan yang lebih lunak, mudah membengkak dan menyebabkan deformasi setempat. 15. Kurangnya kalsium dan fosfat ini dapat menyebabkan rakhitis osteomalacia dan osteoporosis.Jelaskan proses sintesis melatonin dan efeknya terhadap tulang
Jawab. Melatonin disintesis di kelenjar pineal berupa bentuk siklik selama 24 jam. Melatonin sebagai antioksidan dan Menghentikan penyerapan kembali matriks tulang atau mengikat bermacam-macam reseptor intrasel yang cocok untuk fisiologi dan regulasi sel tulang
16. Sebutkan organ tempat sintesis L-Carnitine serta mengapa L-Carnitine berpengaruh pada pembentukan tulang Jawab. L-Carnitine disintesis di hati dan ginjal dan banyak ditemukan pada rangka dan otot jantung. L-Carnitine menstimulasi proliferasi osteoblas (dipertimbangkan sebagai peningkatan pada penanda dari pembentukan tulang termasuk kolagen). Posted by rgmaisyah on Januari 8, 2009 in nutrisi and tagged nutrisi. Tinggalkan komentar
Januari 8, 2009
Nutraseutikal (nutraceutical) i 3 Votes Negara kita merupakan sumber tanaman obat terbesar kedua di dunia setelah Brasil. Untuk mendapatkan nutrasetikal dalam bentuk tanaman obat, Indonesia tak akan mengalami kesulitan. Kecenderungan masyarakat lebih memilih nutrisi untuk mencegah dan mengobati penyakit daripada memilih obat-obat modern. Dunia kedokteran terus berkembang. Setelah era suplemen, kini muncul nutraseutikal yang berasal dari kata nutra = nutrisi, dan seutikal = fungsi obat. Maksudnya adalah pemberian nutrisi tertentu untuk mengantisipasi masalah yang sekiranya muncul. Secara spesifik nutraseutical adalah pemberian nutrisi untuk mengatur fungsi biologis tubuh. Dengan baiknya fungsi biologi, diharapkan tubuh akan “mengobati” sendiri segala bentuk penyimpangan. Konsep ini lebih bersifat prospektif ke depan, tidak hanya sekadar mengobati atau mengatasi masalah.
Nutraseutikal adalah beberapa bahan yang dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai makanan atau bagian dari makanan dan memiliki manfaat bagi kesehatan dan pengobatan, dan biasanya dikemas dalam bentuk suatu sediaan. Penggolongan nutraseutikal meliputi : 1. Makanan utuh (whole food) Madu Rumput laut Kacang kedelai Biji rami Teh hijau Bawang putih 2.Produk makanan (food products) Minyak ikan 3. Kandungan dalam makanan (food constituents) Vitamin Mineral Asam lemak esensial- EPA, DHA Kandungan fitokimia dalam makanan yang spesifik : lycopene
Nutrisi adalah substansi yang diperlukan sebagai asupan dan harus tersedia dalam tubuh untuk kelangsungan hidup (karbohidrat, protein, lemak, vitamin, mineral dan air), sedangkan nutraseutikal adalah bahan alami yang murni atau kompleks, bahan kimia bioaktif yang mempunyai efek seperti memelihara kesehatan tubuh, mencegah atau mengobati penyakit. Secara umum, perbedaan nutraseutikal dan obat tradisional adalah sebagai berikut : Obat tradisional digunakan secara turun temurun, sedangkan nutraseutikal merupakan paradigma baru dalam kesehatan. Obat tradisional tidak hanya digunakan secara oral tetapi juga pemakaian topikal, sedangkan nutraseutikal digunakan secara oral (berupa makan dan atau bagian makanan). Obat tradisional berasal dari bahan-bahan alamiah yang tidak selalu dapat dimakan, hanya kandungannya saja yang diisolasi, sedangkan nutraseutikal hanya berasal dari bahan-bahan alam yang dapat dimakan.
Konsep nutraseutikal merupakan gabungan dari nutrisi yang ada pada “fuctional food” dengan efek fisiologis yang ada pada “complementary medicine” (suatu substansi yang berada di antara nutrisi dan farmasetikal). Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh aplikasi nutraseutikal dalam pengobatan :
Betakaroten, lycopene (karoten) : wortel, tomat, dan produk-produk olahan tomat. Berfungsi menetralisir radikal bebas yang dapat merusak sel dan sebagai antioksidan. Dapat memelihara kesehatan prostat. Asam caffeic, asam ferulic : apel, persik, jeruk dan beberapa sayuran. Berfungsi sebagai antioksidan dan memelihara kesehatan mata dan jantung. Flavonol (flavonoid) : bawang merah, apel, teh dan brokolli. Berfungsi sebagai antioksidan dan menangkal radikal bebas. “Food” adalah bahan yang dimana telah mengalami proses, semiproses, ataupun belum mengalami proses, yang digunakan untuk konsumsi manusia dan termasuk minuman, makanan yang dikunyah dan bahan-bahan lain yang biasanya digunakan sebagai zat pembangun dan perawatan, tetapi tidak termasuk kosmetik, rokok, dan bahan yang hanya digunakan sebagai obat. “Fuctional food” adalah makanan-makanan yang dapat memeberikan manfaat kesehatan dan pengobatan selain nutrisi dasar yang dikarenakan adanya bahan aktif fisiologik seperti fitokimia. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi bioavailabilitas nutraseutikal : Sifat fisiko kimia (stabilitas dan kelarutan) Kelarutan dan ukuran molekul menentukan kecepatan absobsi. Faktor penderita Waktu transit dalam saluran cerna (motilitas saluran cerna dan gangguan-gangguannya dapat mempengaruhi jumlah zat yang diserap. Interaksi dalam absorbsi di saluran cerna (interaksi dengan makanan lain): Fe pada sereal lebih tinggi penyerapannya bila dikonsumsi dengan sumber makan yang mengandung vitamin C. Hal-hal yang dapat menyebabkan hilangnya zat aktif (nutraseutikal) selama proses absorbsi yaitu : Tidak dibebaskannya dari sediaan (suplemen, herbal, minuman nutraseutikal) Penguraian dalam usus (bakteri) FPE (first pass effect) di hati Posted by rgmaisyah on Januari 8, 2009 in nutrisi and tagged dermatologi, nutrisi. 5 Komentar
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