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Bristol, Tennessee [videos]

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Bristol is a city in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 26,702 at the 2010 census. It is the …

Ridges and valleys near Bristol, Tennessee The Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, also called the Ridge and Valley Province or the Valley and Ridge Appalachians, are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division and are also a belt within the Appalachian Mountains extending from southeastern New York through northwestern New Jersey, westward into Pennsylvania and southward into Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. They form a broad arc between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Appalachian Plateau physiographic province (the Allegheny and Cumberland Plateaus). They are characterized by long, even ridges, with long, continuous valleys in between. The ridge and valley system presents an important obstacle to east–west land travel even with today's technology, it was a nearly insurmountable barrier to railroads crossing the range as well as to walking or horse-riding migrants traveling west to settle the Ohio Country, Northwest Territory and Oregon Country, before the days of motorized transportation. In the era when animal power dominated transportation there was no safe way to cross east–west in the middle of the range; crossing was only possible nearer its extremes except for a few rough passages opened mid-range during the colonial era such as Braddock's Road and Forbes Road, later improved into America's first National Roads (respectively Cumberland Road, Lincoln Highway or designated U.S. 40 and U.S. 30 in later years).



KING S O F F RANCE

A sign welcomes visitors to the twin cities of Bristol, Virginia and Bristol, Tennessee.

The Grand Guitar on West State Street.

State Street separates Virginia (left) and Tennessee (right).

Bristol Motor Speedway

Appalachian Mountains [videos] The Appalachian Mountains ((listen); French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of …

Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Significant ridges (from north to south) 4 Photo gallery 5 See also 6 References

Geography The eastern head of the Ridge and Valley region is marked by the Great Appalachian Valley, which lies just west of the Blue Ridge, the western side of the Ridge and Valley region is marked by steep escarpments such as the Allegheny Front, the Cumberland Mountains, and Walden Ridge.

Geology

August 2007 view from the slopes of Back Allegheny Mountain, looking east; visible are Allegheny Mountain (in the Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia, middle distance) and Shenandoah Mountain (in the George Washington National Forest of Virginia, far distance)

Detail of Diego Gutiérrez's 1562 map of the Western Hemisphere, showing the first known use of a variation of the place name "Appalachia" ("Apalchen") – from the map Americae sive qvartae orbis partis nova et exactissima descriptio

Blue Ridge Mountains

Bald Mountains

New York (state) [videos] New York is a state in the northeastern United States. New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed …

Appalachian zones in the US – USGS These curious formations are the remnants of an ancient fold-and-thrust belt, west of the mountain core that formed in the Alleghenian orogeny (Stanley, 421-2). Here, strata have been folded westward, and forced over massive thrust faults; there is little metamorphism, and no igneous intrusion.(Stanley, 421-2) The ridges represent the edges of the erosionresistant strata, and the valleys portray the absence of the more erodible strata. Smaller streams have developed their valleys following the lines of the more easily eroded strata, but a few major rivers, such as the Delaware River, the Susquehanna River, the New River, and the Potomac River, are evidently older than the present mountains, having cut water gaps that are perpendicular to hard strata ridges. The evidence points to a wearing down of the entire region (the original mountains) to a low level with little relief, so that major rivers were flowing in unconsolidated sediments that were unaffected by the underlying rock structure. Then the region was uplifted slowly enough that the rivers were able to maintain their course, cutting through the ridges as they developed.

New Amsterdam, present-day Lower Manhattan, 1660

British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Valleys may be synclinal valleys or anticlinal valleys. These mountains are at their highest development in central Pennsylvania, a phenomenon termed the Pennsylvania climax.

Significant ridges (from north to south) Name

State

Shawangunk Ridge

New York

Kittatinny Mountain

New Jersey

Bald Eagle Mountain

Pennsylvania

Blue Mountain

Pennsylvania

Jacks Mountain

Pennsylvania

Nittany Mountain

Pennsylvania

Tuscarora Mountain

Pennsylvania

Tussey Mountain

Pennsylvania

Wills Mountain

Pennsylvania and Maryland

Sideling Hill

West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania

Cacapon Mountain

West Virginia

Knobly Mountain

West Virginia

Mill Creek Mountain

West Virginia

New Creek Mountain

West Virginia

North Fork Mountain

West Virginia

New Jersey [videos] New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States. It is a peninsula, bordered on the …

Washington Crossing the Delaware during the New York and New Jersey campaign, winter 1777

Patterson Creek Mountain West Virginia

George Washington rallying his troops at the Battle of Princeton

Sleepy Creek Mountain

West Virginia

South Branch Mountain

West Virginia

Spruce Knob

West Virginia

Allegheny Mountain

Virginia and West Virginia

Great North Mountain

Virginia and West Virginia

North Mountain

Virginia and West Virginia

Massanutten Mountain

Virginia

Pine Mountain

Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee

Clinch Mountain

Tennessee and Virginia

Powell Mountain

Tennessee and Virginia

Bays Mountain

Tennessee

House Mountain

Tennessee

Sharp's Ridge

Tennessee

White Oak Mountain

Tennessee and Georgia

Pennsylvania [videos]

Missionary Ridge

Tennessee and Georgia

Stringer's Ridge

Tennessee

Pennsylvania ((listen); Pennsylvania German: Pennsylvaani or Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of …

Lookout Mountain

Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama

Red Mountain

Alabama

A map of the 107-mile long Morris Canal across northern New Jersey

View of state's largest city, Newark, in 1874

Photo gallery

World's End State Park, Sullivan County

Autumn in North Branch Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania

Shaded relief map of Cumberland Plateau and Ridge and Valley Appalachians on the Virginia/West Virginia border



Pennsylvania's ridge country from Clarks Knob Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by Edward Hicks



John Dickinson

Maryland [videos] Maryland ((listen)) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, …

Oblique air photo of Massanutten Mountain, looking southwest, the south fork of the Shenandoah River is visible to the left, as well as a part of the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Western Maryland: known for its heavily forested mountains. A panoramic view of Deep Creek Lake and the surrounding Appalachian Mountains in Garrett County.

Great Falls on the Potomac River.

Oblique air photo facing north of central Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in December 2006, showing Wills, Evitts, and Tussey Mountains from center to right.

See also Geology of the Appalachians Allegheny Front Eastern Continental Divide Tennessee Valley Divide

References Stanley, Steven M. Earth System History. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. ISBN 0-7167-2882-6

Allegheny Mountains

Typical freshwater river above the tidal zone. The Patapsco River includes the famous Thomas Viaduct and is part of the Patapsco Valley State Park. Later, the river forms the Inner Harbor as it empties into the Chesapeake Bay.

Typical brackish tidal river. Sunset over a marsh at Cardinal Cove on the Patuxent River

Mountains of Maryland

West Virginia [videos]

Backbone Mountain · Dans Mountain · Haystack Mountain · Negro Mountain · Roundtop Hill

West Virginia (listen) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by …

Catoctin Mountain · Elk Ridge · Lambs Knoll · Quirauk Mountain · South Mountain · Sugarloaf Mountain

Blue Ridge Mountains

Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

Big Savage Mountain · Breakneck Hill · Collier Mountain · Evitts Mountain · Savage Mountain · Tonoloway Ridge · Warrior Mountain

Others

Hoye-Crest · Martin Mountain Ridge · Nicholas Mountain · Polish Mountain · Town Hill

Mountains of New Jersey

New York–New Jersey Highlands

Baldpate Mountain · County House Mountain · Danville Mountain · Kitty Ann Mountain · High Rock Mountain · Jenny Jump Mountain · Lookout Mountain · Maple Hill · Marble Mountain · Mount Mohepinoke · Mount No More · Musconetcong Mountain · Oxford Mountain · Pimple Hills · Pochuck Mountain · Scotts Mountain · Sterling Hill · Watnong Mountain · Wawayanda Mountain

Ramapo Mountains

Bald Mountain · Bellot Mountain · Kitty Ann Mountain · Drag Hill · Green Hill · Herman Hill · Hickory Mountain · High Mountain · Houvenkopf Mountain · Matty Price Hill · Millstone Hill · Mount Defiance · Rocky Mountain

Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

Bird Mountain · Blue Mountain · Catfish Mountain · Culver Ridge · High Point · High Rocks · Kittatinny Mountain · Mount Mohican · Mount Tammany · Paradise Mountain · Rattlesnake Mountain · Sunrise Mountain

Others

Thomas Lee, the first manager of the Ohio Company of Virginia.

A celebration at a slave wedding in Virginia, 1838

Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight, a statue on the grounds of the West Virginia State Capitol

Harpers Ferry (as it appeared in 2005) changed hands a dozen times during the American Civil War and was annexed by West Virginia

Allamuchy Mountain · Apple Pie Hill · Cushetunk Mountain · Kikeout Mountain · Mount Mitchill · Navesink Highlands · Pohatcong Mountain · Silver Hill · Snake Hill · Upper Pohatcong Mountain · Watchung Outliers

Mountains of Pennsylvania

Allegheny Mountains

Allegheny Plateau

Blue Ridge Mountains

Reading Prong

Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

Others

Allegheny Front · Allegheny Mountain · Bald Eagle Mountain · Blue Knob · Brush Mountain · Herman Point · Kinton Knob · Laurel Hill · Mount Davis · Negro Mountain · North Mountain · Pine Knob · Ritchey Knob · Schaefer Head · Sugarloaf Knob · Wills Mountain Blue Ridge Mountain · Camelback Mountain · Elk Hill · Endless Mountains · Forkston Mountain · Miller Mountain · Mount Ararat · Mount Pisgah (Bradford County) · Penobscot Knob · Pocono Mountains · Red Rock Mountain

Virginia [videos] Virginia ((listen); officially the Commonwealth of Virginia) is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions …

South Mountain Applebutter Hill · Chestnut Hill · Christines Hill · Focht Hill · Hexenkopf Hill · Kirchberg · Kohlberg · Lehigh Mountain · Morgan Hill · Pektor Hill · Saucon Hill · South Mountain · Swoveberg Bald Mountain · Bear Mountain · Bear Pond Mountains · Big Mountain · Big Savage Mountain · Blue Mountain · Clarks Knob · Cross Mountain · Dunning Mountain · Hawk Mountain · Martin Hill · Mount Minsi · Nesquehoning Mountain · Parnell Knob · The Pinnacle · Savage Mountain · Sharp Mountain · Sideling Hill · Tuscarora Mountain · Tussey Mountain · Williamsburg Mountain Buck Mountain · Buckingham Mountain · Butler Knob · Catawissa Mountain · Central Mountain · Conewago Mountains · Conococheague Mountain · Haycock Mountain · Haystack Mountain · Jacks Mountain · McCauley Mountain · Moosic Mountains · Mount Nittany · Mount Pisgah (Carbon County) · Nescopeck Mountain · Osterhout Mountain · Peters Mountain · Pimple Hill · Pisgah Mountain · Sidneys Knob · Turkey Hill · Watchung Outliers

The main terminal of Washington Dulles International Airport is one of the few surviving examples of Space Age architecture.

Image: Golden Sunset Timber Hollow Overlook (22014263936)

Mountains of Tennessee Bald Mountains

Great Smoky Mountains Blue Ridge Mountains

Unicoi Mountains Unaka Range Iron Mountains Others Cumberland Mountains Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians Others

Max Patch Bote Mountain · Chilhowee Mountain · Chimney Tops · Clingmans Dome · Coon Butt · English Mountain · Gregory Bald · Mount Cammerer · Mount Chapman · Mount Collins · Mount Guyot · Mount Kephart · Mount Le Conte · Mount Sequoyah · Old Black · Silers Bald · Spence Field · Thunderhead Mountain · Tricorner Knob

Image: Deer Big Meadow (13082497565)

Oswald Dome Roan Mountain

Image: John Smith Saved by Pocahontas

Kentucky [videos]

Snake Mountain · Kentucky ((listen), kn-TUCK-ee), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located North Carolina-Tennessee-Virginia Cornersin the east … Holston Mountain

Crab Orchard Mountains · Frozen Head · Tri-State Peak Bays Mountain · House Mountain Big Frog Mountain · Brown Mountain · Gee Hill · Little Mountain · Lone Mountain · Mount Evil · Penile Hill

Mountains of Virginia Allegheny Mountains

Blue Ridge Mountains

Cumberland Mountains

Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

Others

Allegheny Mountain · Peters Mountain · Reddish Knob · Shenandoah Mountain Apple Orchard Mountain · Battle Mountain · Broken Hills · Bull Run Mountains · Catoctin Mountain · Elk Pond Mountain · Furnace Mountain · Hawksbill Mountain · High Knob · Hogback Mountain · Holston Mountain · Humpback Rock · Knob Mountain · Loudoun Heights · Maintop Mountain · Mary's Rock · Mount Jefferson · Mount Rogers · Neighbor Mountain · Old Rag Mountain · Paris Mountain · Peaks of Otter · Pignut Mountain · Poor Mountain · The Priest · Purcell Knob · Ragged Mountains · Rocky Mountain · Short Hill Mountain · Southwest Mountains · Stony Man Mountain · Turkeycock Mountain · Twelve O'clock Knob · Whitetop Mountain

Blue Ridge Mountains

Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

Others

Kentucky's regions (click on image for colorcoding information.)

The Eastern Kentucky Coalfield is known for its rugged terrain.

Kentucky's Inner Bluegrass region features hundreds of horse farms.

High Knob · Pine Mountain · Tri-State Peak Beartown Mountain · Big Schloss · Clinch Mountain · Elliott Knob · Fort Lewis Mountain · Great North Mountain · Massanutten Mountain · Powell Mountain · Salt Pond Mountain · Timber Ridge Camp Rock · Carpenter Mountain · Cedar Mountain · House Mountain · Kate's Mountain · McAfee Knob · Nakedtop · Pantops Mountain · Roanoke Mountain · Short Mountain · Signal Knob · Willis Mountain

Mountains of West Virginia

Allegheny Mountains

Narrow country roads bounded by stone and wood plank fences are a feature in the Kentucky Bluegrass region.

Georgia (U.S. state) [videos]

Allegheny Mountain · Back Allegheny Mountain · Bald Knob · Barton Knob · Cheat Mountain · Droop Mountain · Elleber Ridge · Gaudineer Knob · Knobly Mountain · Laurel Mountain · Mount Porte Crayon · North Fork Mountain · North Mountain · Peters Mountain · River Knobs · Reddish Knob · Shavers Fork Mountain Complex · Shavers Mountain · Shenandoah Mountain · Sleepy Creek Mountain · Snowshoe Mountain · Spring Gap Mountain · Spruce Knob · Spruce Mountain · Thorny Flat · White Top

Georgia ((listen) JOR-juh) is a state in the southeastern United States. It began as a British colony in 1733, the …

Blue Ridge Mountain · Raven Rocks Baker Mountain · Bear Garden Mountain · Big Schloss · Cacapon Mountain · Castle Mountain (Hampshire County) · Castle Mountain (Pendleton County) · Cooper Mountain · Great North Mountain · High Knob · Horsepen Mountain · Keeney Knob · Little Cacapon Mountain · Mill Creek Mountain · Nathaniel Mountain · New Creek Mountain · North River Mountain · Patterson Creek Mountain · Saddle Mountain · Schaffenaker Mountain · Short Mountain · South Branch Mountain · Third Hill Mountain

A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill, 1909.

Road to Brasstown Bald

Jekyll Island

Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia

Bickett Knob · Bickle Knob · Black Mountain · Black Rock · Buffalo Bull Knob · Burner Mountain · Caesar Mountain · Calders Peak · Camp Hill · Close Mountain · Cottle Knob · Day Mountain · Dorsey Knob · Evick Knob · Greenwood Mountain · Gregg Knob · Gunstock Knob · Gwinn Mountain · Honsocker Knob · Hump Mountain · Ice Mountain · Limestone Mountain · Michael Mountain · Paddy Knob · Pifer Mountain · Pinnickinnick Mountain · See All · Sewell Mountain · Socrates Mountain · Tallery Mountain · Twin Sugars · Ugly Mountain · Viney Mountain · Weaver Knob

U.S. state-related articles State of New York Albany (capital) Topics

Politics

Bibliography · Demographics · Economy · Education · Geography · History · Healthcare · Museums · Music · Nickname · Parks · People · Politics · Sports · Symbols · Transportation · Tourist attractions

Alabama [videos]

Administrative divisions · Congressional districts · Constitution · Elections · Government · Law

Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia …

Regions

Adirondack Mountains · Allegheny Plateau · Capital District · Catskill Mountains · Central Region (formerly CentralLeatherstocking) · Central New York · Champlain Valley · New York City · Finger Lakes · Holland Purchase · Hudson Highlands · Hudson Valley · Long Island · Mohawk Valley · Niagara Frontier · North Country · Ridge and Valley · Saint Lawrence Seaway · Shawangunks · Ski country · Southern Tier · Southtowns · Tech Valley · Thousand Islands · Tug Hill · Upstate · Western

Metro areas

Albany / Schenectady / Troy · Binghamton · Buffalo / Niagara Falls · Elmira / Corning · Glens Falls · Ithaca · Kingston · New York City · Rochester · Syracuse · Utica / Rome · Watertown Albany · Allegany · Bronx · Broome · Cattaraugus · Cayuga · Chautauqua · Chemung · Chenango · Clinton · Columbia · Cortland · Delaware · Dutchess · Erie · Essex · Franklin · Fulton · Genesee · Greene · Hamilton · Herkimer · Jefferson · Kings · Lewis · Livingston · Madison · Monroe · Montgomery · Nassau · New York · Niagara · Oneida · Onondaga · Ontario · Orange · Orleans · Oswego · Otsego · Putnam · Queens · Rensselaer · Richmond · Rockland · Saint Lawrence · Saratoga · Schenectady · Schoharie · Schuyler · Seneca · Steuben · Suffolk · Sullivan · Tioga · Tompkins · Ulster · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Westchester · Wyoming · Yates

Counties

One of the entrances to Russell Cave in Jackson County. Charcoal from indigenous camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6550 to 6145 BC.

The Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 AD.

The main house, built in 1833, at Thornhill in Greene County. It is a former Black Belt plantation.

Union Army troops occupying Courthouse Square in Huntsville, following its capture and occupation by federal forces in 1864.

Cities · Towns · Indian reservations · Villages · Census-designated places

Places

State of New Jersey Trenton (capital) Topics

Delegations (Seantors · Representatives) · Elections · Geography · Government (Governor · Lieutenant Governor) · History · Law · Media · Municipalities · Music · Parks · People · Sports · Transportation

Society

Cuisine · Crime · Gambling · Politics

Regions

Atlantic Coastal Plain · Central Jersey · Delaware River Region · Delaware Valley · Gateway Region · Hudson Waterfront · Highlands · Jersey Shore · Meadowlands · New York metro area · North Hudson · North Jersey · Pascack Valley · Piedmont · Pine Barrens · Raritan Bayshore · Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians · Southern Shore Region · Skylands Region · South Jersey · TriState Region · West Hudson

Counties

Atlantic · Bergen · Burlington · Camden · Cape May · Cumberland · Essex · Gloucester · Hudson · Hunterdon · Mercer · Middlesex · Monmouth · Morris · Ocean · Passaic · Salem · Somerset · Sussex · Union · Warren

Major cities and towns

Atlantic City · Bayonne · Camden · Clifton · Edison · Elizabeth · Hackensack · Hoboken · Jersey City · Newark · New Brunswick · Ocean City · Paterson · Perth Amboy · Trenton · Vineland · Woodbridge

Blue Ridge Mountains [videos] The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range. This province consists …

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg (capital) Index · Delegations · Government · History · Geography · Geology · Law · Pennsylvanians · State parks · Symbols · Tourist attractions

Topics

Image: Rainy Blue Ridge 27527

Agriculture · Culture · Crime · Demographics · Economy · Education · Gambling · Politics · Sports

Society

Metro areas

Altoona · Baltimore-Washington · Erie · Harrisburg–Carlisle · Johnstown · Lancaster · Lebanon · Lehigh Valley · New York · Philadelphia · Pittsburgh · Reading · ScrantonWilkes-Barre · State College · Williamsport · York-Hanover

Largest cities

Allentown · Altoona · Bethlehem · Butler · Chester · DuBois · Easton · Erie · Greensburg · Harrisburg · Hazleton · Johnstown · Lancaster · Lebanon · McKeesport · New Castle · Philadelphia · Pittsburgh · Pottsville · Reading · Scranton · Sunbury · Wilkes-Barre · Williamsport · York

Largest municipalities

Abington · Bensalem · Bethel Park · Bristol · Cheltenham · Cranberry · Darby · Falls · Hampden · Haverford · Hempfield · Lower Macungie · Lower Makefield · Lower Merion · Lower Paxton · Manheim · McCandless · Middletown · Millcreek Township · Monroeville · Mount Lebanon · Norristown · Northampton · North Huntingdon · Penn Hills · Radnor · Ridley · Ross · Shaler · Spring · State College · Tredyffrin · Upper Darby · Upper Merion · Warminster · West Chester · Whitehall · York Township

Regions

Allegheny Mountains · Allegheny National Forest · Allegheny Plateau · Atlantic Coastal Plain · Bald Eagle Valley · Blue Ridge · Coal Region · Cumberland Valley · Delaware Valley · Dutch Country · Eastern · Endless Mountains · Great Valley · Mahoning Valley · Happy Valley · Laurel Highlands · Lehigh Valley · Main Line · Moshannon Valley · Nittany Valley · Northeastern · Northern Tier · Northwestern · North Central · North Penn Valley · Ohio Valley · Oil Region · Oley Valley · Pennsylvania Highlands · Penns Valley · Philicon Valley · Piedmont · Pocono Mountains · Ridge and Valley · Saucon Valley · South Central · Southeastern · Southern · Southwestern · Susquehanna Valley · Western · Wyoming Valley

Counties

Adams · Allegheny · Armstrong · Beaver · Bedford · Berks · Blair · Bradford · Bucks · Butler · Cambria · Cameron · Carbon · Centre · Chester · Clarion · Clearfield · Clinton · Columbia · Crawford · Cumberland · Dauphin · Delaware · Elk · Erie · Fayette · Forest · Franklin · Fulton · Greene · Huntingdon · Indiana · Jefferson · Juniata · Lackawanna · Lancaster · Lawrence · Lebanon · Lehigh · Luzerne · Lycoming · McKean · Mercer · Mifflin · Monroe · Montgomery · Montour · Northampton · Northumberland · Perry · Philadelphia · Pike · Potter · Schuylkill · Snyder · Somerset · Sullivan · Susquehanna · Tioga · Union · Venango · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Westmoreland · Wyoming · York

Blue Ridge Mountains, viewed from Chimney Rock Mountain Overlook in North Carolina

The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from Blowing Rock, North Carolina.

The northernmost extension of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northern Maryland

Valley [videos] A valley is a low area between hills or mountains often with a river running through it. In geology, a valley or dale …

Calchaquí Valleys in Argentina

U-shaped valley in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States

State of Maryland Annapolis (capital) Topics Society

Regions

Cities Towns

CDPs

Counties

Index · Cities · Government · History · Media (Newspapers · Radio · TV) · People · Congressional delegations · Congressional maps · Tourist attractions Culture · Crime · Demographics · Economy · Education · Politics · Sports Allegheny Mountains · Atlantic coastal plain · Baltimore–Washington metro area · Blue Ridge · Chesapeake · Cumberland Valley · Delaware Valley · Delmarva Peninsula · Eastern Shore · Piedmont · Ridge and Valley · Southern Maryland · Western Maryland · Western Shore Aberdeen · Annapolis · Baltimore · Bowie · Brunswick · Cambridge · College Park · Cumberland · Frederick · Gaithersburg · Greenbelt · Hagerstown · Havre de Grace · Laurel · Rockville · Salisbury · Takoma Park · Westminster Bel Air · Denton · Easton · Elkton · Ocean City · Port Deposit Arbutus · Arnold · Aspen Hill · Baltimore Highlands · Bethesda · Camp Springs · Carney · Catonsville · Chillum · Clinton · Cockeysville-Hunt Valley · Colesville · Columbia · Crofton · Dundalk · Edgewood · Eldersburg · Elkridge · Ellicott City · Essex · Fairland · Ferndale · Fort Washington · Germantown · Glen Burnie · Green Haven · Hillcrest Heights · Landover · Langley Park · Lanham · Lansdowne · Lochearn · Lutherville · Middle River · Milford Mill · Montgomery Village · Odenton · Olney · Owings Mills · Oxon Hill · Parkville · Perry Hall · Pikesville · Potomac · Randallstown · Redland · Reisterstown · Rosedale · St. Charles · Severn · Severna Park · Silver Spring · South Gate · Suitland · Timonium · Towson · Urbana · Waldorf · Wheaton-Glenmont · White Oak · Woodlawn

Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley

The Frades Valley in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Transport [videos] Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of …

Allegany · Anne Arundel · Baltimore · Calvert · Caroline · Carroll · Cecil · Charles · Dorchester · Frederick · Garrett · Harford · Howard · Kent · Montgomery · Prince George's · Queen Anne's · St. Mary's · Somerset · Talbot · Washington · Wicomico · Worcester

French National Police use several modes of transport, each with their distinct advantages and disadvantages.

State of West Virginia Charleston (capital)

A bulk carrier BW Fjord

Cities · Towns · Villages · Census-designated places · History · Environment · People · Government (Governors) · Delegations ·

Topics

Colleges and universities · Tourist attractions Society

Culture · Crime · Demographics · Economy · Education · Elections · Media (Newspapers · Radio · TV)

Insignia

Coat of arms · Flag · Motto · Seal

Regions

Allegheny Mountains · Allegheny Plateau · Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area · Blue Ridge · Charleston Metropolitan Area · Cumberland Plateau · Cumberland Mountains · Eastern Panhandle · Huntington Metropolitan Area · North-Central West Virginia · Northern Panhandle · Potomac Highlands · Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians · Shenandoah Valley · Southern West Virginia · Western West Virginia Charleston · Huntington · Morgantown · Martinsburg · Parkersburg-Vienna · Wheeling · Winchester · Weirton

Metro areas

Beckley · Charleston · Fairmont · Huntington · Martinsburg · Morgantown · Parkersburg · Wheeling · Weirton

Largest cities

An Air France A380 on approach to Washington Dulles International Airport

A bullock team hauling wool in Australia

Manifest destiny [videos] Seal of West Virginia

In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to …

Barbour · Berkeley · Boone · Braxton · Brooke · Cabell · Calhoun · Clay · Doddridge · Fayette · Gilmer · Grant · Greenbrier · Hampshire · Hancock · Hardy · Harrison · Jackson · Jefferson · Kanawha · Lewis · Lincoln · Logan · Marion · Marshall · Mason · McDowell · Mercer · Mineral · Mingo · Monongalia · Monroe · Morgan · Nicholas · Ohio · Pendleton · Pleasants · Pocahontas · Preston · Putnam · Raleigh · Randolph · Ritchie · Roane · Summers · Taylor · Tucker · Tyler · Upshur · Wayne · Webster · Wetzel · Wirt · Wood · Wyoming

Counties

Commonwealth of Virginia Richmond (capital)

Topics

Administrative divisions · Climate · Colleges and universities · Colony · Congressional districts · Delegations (Senators · Representatives) · Environment · Furniture · Government · History ·

Image: American progress

John L. O'Sullivan, sketched in 1874, was an influential columnist as a young man, but he is now generally remembered only for his use of the phrase "manifest destiny" to advocate the annexation of Texas and Oregon.

John Quincy Adams, painted above in 1816 by Charles Robert Leslie, was an early proponent of continentalism. Late in life he came to regret his role in helping U.S. slavery to expand, and became a leading opponent of the annexation of Texas.

The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840. Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller

Historic Landmarks · Law · Homes · Music · People · Rights · Rivers · Scouting · Slogan · Sports teams · State Fair · State parks · Symbols · Tourist attractions · Transportation · Tribes

Culture

Crime · Demographics · Economy · Education (Newspapers · Radio · TV) · Politics

Regions

Allegheny Mountains · Atlantic Coastal Plain · Blue Ridge · Chesapeake Bay · Cumberland Mountains · Delmarva Peninsula · Eastern Shore · Hampton Roads · Middle Peninsula · Northern Neck · Northern Virginia · Piedmont · Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians · Shenandoah Valley · South Hampton Roads · Southside · Southwest Virginia · Tennessee Valley · Tidewater · Tri-Cities · Virginia Peninsula · Western Virginia

Metro areas

Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford · Bluefield · Bristol · Charlottesville · Danville · Harrisonburg · Lynchburg · Martinsville · Richmond · Roanoke · Staunton-Waynesboro · Norfolk-Virginia Beach · Washington-Arlington-Alexandria · Winchester

Counties

Accomack · Albemarle · Alleghany · Amelia · Amherst · Appomattox · Arlington · Augusta · Bath · Bedford · Bland · Botetourt · Brunswick · Buchanan · Buckingham · Campbell · Caroline · Carroll · Charles City · Charlotte · Chesterfield · Clarke · Craig · Culpeper · Cumberland · Dickenson · Dinwiddie · Essex · Fairfax · Fauquier · Floyd · Fluvanna · Franklin · Frederick · Giles · Gloucester · Goochland · Grayson · Greene · Greensville · Halifax · Hanover · Henrico · Henry · Highland · Isle of Wight · James City · King and Queen · King George · King William · Lancaster · Lee · Loudoun · Louisa · Lunenburg · Madison · Mathews · Mecklenburg · Middlesex · Montgomery · Nelson · New Kent · Northampton · Northumberland · Nottoway · Orange · Page · Patrick · Pittsylvania · Powhatan · Prince Edward · Prince George · Prince William · Pulaski · Rappahannock · Richmond · Roanoke · Rockbridge · Rockingham · Russell · Scott · Shenandoah · Smyth · Southampton · Spotsylvania · Stafford · Surry · Sussex · Tazewell · Warren · Washington · Westmoreland · Wise · Wythe · York

Independent cities

Alexandria · Bristol · Buena Vista · Charlottesville · Chesapeake · Colonial Heights · Covington · Danville · Emporia · Fairfax · Falls Church · Franklin · Fredericksburg · Galax · Hampton · Harrisonburg · Hopewell · Lexington · Lynchburg · Manassas · Manassas Park · Martinsville · Newport News · Norfolk · Norton · Petersburg · Poquoson · Portsmouth · Radford · Richmond · Roanoke · Salem · Staunton · Suffolk · Virginia Beach · Waynesboro · Williamsburg · Winchester

Seal of Virginia

National Road [videos] The National Road (also known as the Cumberland Road) was the first major improved highway in the United States built …

Image: National Road Sign cropped

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Start of the Cumberland National Road marker

Frankfort (capital)

Topics

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Society

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The Wheeling Suspension Bridge across the Ohio River was completed in 1849 and is still in use by local traffic. Lincoln Highway [videos]

The Lincoln Highway was one of the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of …

Ashland · Bowling Green · Clarksville, TN · Elizabethtown · Evansville · Lexington–Fayette · Louisville/Jefferson County · Northern Kentucky · Owensboro Adair · Allen · Anderson · Ballard · Barren · Bath · Bell · Boone · Bourbon · Boyd · Boyle · Bracken · Breathitt · Breckinridge · Bullitt · Butler · Caldwell · Calloway · Campbell · Carlisle · Carroll · Carter · Casey · Christian · Clark · Clay · Clinton · Crittenden · Cumberland · Daviess · Edmonson · Elliott · Estill · Fayette · Fleming · Floyd · Franklin · Fulton · Gallatin · Garrard · Grant · Graves · Grayson · Green · Greenup · Hancock · Hardin · Harlan · Harrison · Hart · Henderson · Henry · Hickman · Hopkins · Jackson · Jefferson · Jessamine · Johnson · Kenton · Knott · Knox · LaRue · Laurel · Lawrence · Lee · Leslie · Letcher · Lewis · Lincoln · Livingston · Logan · Lyon · Madison · Magoffin · Marion · Marshall · Martin · Mason · McCracken · McCreary · McLean · Meade · Menifee · Mercer · Metcalfe · Monroe · Montgomery · Morgan · Muhlenberg · Nelson · Nicholas · Ohio · Oldham · Owen · Owsley · Pendleton · Perry · Pike · Powell · Pulaski · Robertson · Rockcastle · Rowan · Russell · Scott · Shelby · Simpson · Spencer · Taylor · Todd · Trigg · Trimble · Union · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Webster · Whitley · Wolfe · Woodford

The Cumberland Narrows west of Cumberland, part of the realigned routing

Seal of Kentucky

Lincoln Theater in Cheyenne, Wyoming

Sign marking the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway at the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway in Times Square, New York.

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The Western Terminus Marker of the Lincoln Highway in Lincoln Park in San Francisco.

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U.S. Route 40 [videos] U.S. Route 40 (US 40), also known as the Main Street of America, is an east–west United States Highway. As with most …

Seal of Tennessee

The western terminus of U.S. Route 40 at Interstate 80 in Silver Creek Junction

State of Georgia Atlanta (capital)

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Carl Graham Fisher, 1909

Colfax Avenue carries US 40 through Denver

Index · Geology · History · Congressional delegations · Government · Law · People · Media (Newspapers · Radio · TV) · Music · Elections · Geography · State Parks · Symbols · Transportation · Tourist Attractions Culture · Crime · Demographics · Economy · Education · Politics · Sports Atlantic coastal plain · Blue Ridge · Central Georgia · Cumberland Plateau · Golden Isles · Historic South · Lower Coastal Plain · Metro Atlanta · North Georgia · North Georgia Mountains · Northeast Georgia · Piedmont · Ridge and Valley · Sea Islands · Southern Rivers · Southeast Georgia · Southwest Georgia · Tennessee Valley · Wiregrass Region

US 40 crossing the Great Plains in Kansas

Albany · Atlanta · Athens · Augusta · Columbus · Johns Creek · Macon · Marietta · Roswell · Sandy Springs · Savannah · Valdosta · Warner Robins

Allegheny Front [videos]

Appling · Atkinson · Bacon · Baker · Baldwin · Banks · Barrow · Bartow · Ben Hill · Berrien · Bibb · Bleckley · Brantley · Brooks · Bryan · Bulloch · Burke · Butts · Calhoun · Camden · Candler · Carroll · Catoosa · Charlton · Chatham · Chattahoochee · Chattooga · Cherokee · Clarke · Clay · Clayton · Clinch · Cobb · Coffee · Colquitt · Columbia · Cook · Coweta · Crawford · Crisp · Dade · Dawson · Decatur · DeKalb · Dodge · Dooly · Dougherty · Douglas · Early · Echols · Effingham · Elbert · Emanuel · Evans · Fannin · Fayette · Floyd · Forsyth · Franklin · Fulton · Gilmer · Glascock · Glynn · Gordon · Grady · Greene · Gwinnett · Habersham · Hall · Hancock · Haralson · Harris · Hart · Heard · Henry · Houston · Irwin · Jackson · Jasper · Jeff Davis · Jefferson · Jenkins · Johnson · Jones · Lamar · Lanier · Laurens · Lee · Liberty · Lincoln · Long · Lowndes · Lumpkin · Macon · Madison · Marion · McDuffie · McIntosh · Meriwether · Miller · Mitchell · Monroe · Montgomery · Morgan · Murray · Muscogee · Newton · Oconee · Oglethorpe · Paulding · Peach · Pickens · Pierce · Pike · Polk · Pulaski · Putnam · Quitman · Rabun · Randolph · Richmond · Rockdale · Schley · Screven · Seminole · Spalding · Stephens · Stewart · Sumter · Talbot · Taliaferro · Tattnall · Taylor · Telfair · Terrell · Thomas · Tift · Toombs · Towns · Treutlen · Troup · Turner · Twiggs · Union · Upson · Walker · Walton · Ware · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Webster · Wheeler · White · Whitfield · Wilcox · Wilkes · Wilkinson · Worth · (Campbell) · (Milton)

The Daniel Boone Bridge carries US 40 across the Missouri River.

The Allegheny Front is the major southeast- or east-facing escarpment in the Allegheny Mountains in southern …

Seal of Georgia

Dans Mountain, part of the Allegheny Front in Maryland

This profile of the Allegheny Portage Railroad crossing the Allegheny Front gives valuable perspective at how the escarpment of the front and steepness of the gaps of the Allegheny created the final barrier range preventing easy settlement of the colonial and post-revolutionary-war west (today's Midwest). It also illustrates the upland nature of the western side of the Front, the Allegheny Plateau but less clearly demonstrates the general barrier range nature of the other ridgelines of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians.

Red Creek west of the crest of the Allegheny Front in the Dolly Sods area of West Virginia; the creek originates along the Eastern Continental Divide, with its waters flowing to the Gulf of Mexico as part of the Ohio River watershed.

Seneca Creek, incised into the Allegheny Front west of Seneca Rocks, West Virginia. This short but steep creek originates along the Eastern Continental Divide; its waters flow into the Atlantic Ocean via the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay.

State of Alabama Montgomery (capital)

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Index · Aviation · Climate · Delegations · Geography · Geology · Government (Governors) · History (National Register of Historic Places) · Media (Newspapers · Radio · TV) · People · Sports · Symbols · Transportation Crime · Culture · Demographics · Economy · Education · Elections · Politics North Alabama · Central Alabama · South Alabama · Birmingham District · Black Belt · Canebrake · Cumberland Plateau · Eastern Shore · Gulf Coastal Plain · Piedmont · Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians · Tennessee Valley · Wiregrass Amphibians · Gardens · Mammals · Reptiles · Trees Birmingham · Montgomery · Mobile · Huntsville · Tuscaloosa · Hoover · Dothan · Auburn · Decatur · Madison Birmingham–Hoover · Huntsville · Mobile · Montgomery · Tuscaloosa · Daphne-Fairhope-Foley · Decatur · Auburn-Opelika · Dothan · Florence-Muscle Shoals · Anniston-Oxford-Jacksonville · Gadsden

Seal of Alabama

Autauga · Baldwin · Barbour · Bibb · Blount · Bullock · Butler · Calhoun · Chambers · Cherokee · Chilton · Choctaw · Clarke · Clay · Cleburne · Coffee · Colbert · Conecuh · Coosa · Covington · Crenshaw · Cullman · Dale · Dallas · DeKalb · Elmore · Escambia · Etowah · Fayette · Franklin · Geneva · Greene · Hale · Henry · Houston · Jackson · Jefferson · Lamar · Lauderdale · Lawrence · Lee · Limestone · Lowndes · Macon · Madison · Marengo · Marion · Marshall · Mobile · Monroe · Montgomery · Morgan · Perry · Pickens · Pike · Randolph · Russell · Shelby · St. Clair · Sumter · Talladega · Tallapoosa · Tuscaloosa · Walker · Washington · Wilcox · Winston

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridge-andValley_Appalachians&oldid=831210909" Categories: Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains Ridges of the United States Valleys of the United States Eastern United States Geography of Appalachia Ridges of Alabama Ridges of Georgia (U.S. state) Ridges of Kentucky Ridges of Maryland Ridges of New Jersey Ridges of New York (state) Ridges of Pennsylvania Ridges of Tennessee Ridges of Virginia Ridges of West Virginia Regions of Alabama Regions of Georgia (U.S. state) Regions of Kentucky Regions of New York (state) Regions of Ohio Regions of Maryland Regions of New Jersey Regions of Pennsylvania Regions of Tennessee Regions of Virginia Regions of West Virginia Physiographic provinces Physiographic regions of the United States Hidden categories: Articles to be expanded from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references West Virginia articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates

Thrust fault [videos] A thrust fault is a break in the Earth's crust, across which younger rocks are pushed above older rocks. — Thrust geometry... …

Thrust fault in the Qilian Shan, China. The older (left, blue and red) thrust over the younger (right, brown).

The Glencoul Thrust at Aird da Loch, Assynt in Scotland, the irregular grey mass of rock is formed of Archaean or Paleoproterozoic Lewisian gneisses thrust over well-bedded Cambrian quartzite, along the top of the younger unit

Small thrust fault in the cliffs at Lilstock Bay, Somerset, displacement of about 2 m

Antiformal stack of thrust imbricates proved by drilling, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska

Metamorphic rock [videos] Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means …

Quartzite, a type of metamorphic rock

Folded foliation in a metamorphic rock from near Geirangerfjord, Norway

RELATED RESEARCH TOPICS 1. Bristol, Tennessee – Bristol is a city in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 26,702 at the 2010 census and it is the twin city of Bristol, Virginia, which lies directly across the state line between Tennessee and Virginia. The boundary between the two cities is also the line, which runs along State Street in their common downtown district. The U. S. Congress recognized Bristol as the Birthplace of Country Music in 1998, Bristol is the birthplace of Tennessee Ernie Ford. Bristol is also the site of Bristol Motor Speedway, a NASCAR short track that is one of the most well-known motorsports facilities in the country. In 1927 record producer Ralph Peer of Victor Records began recording local musicians in Bristol and they received $50 for each song they recorded. That same visit by Peer to Bristol also resulted in the first recordings by Jimmie Rodgers, since 1994, the Birthplace of Country Music Alliance has promoted the city as a destination to learn about country music and the citys role in the creation of an entire music genre. Currently, the Alliance is organizing the building of a new Cultural Heritage Center to help educate the public about the history of music in the region. Every year, during the weekend in September, a music festival called the Bristol Rhythm & Roots Reunion takes place. The festival is held downtown, where Tennessee and Virginia meet, Bristol is located in the northeast corner of Tennessee, at 36°34¢9²N 82°11¢51²W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 29.5 square miles. Bristol features a subtropical climate with warm to hot summers and short. Due to the elevation of the city, Bristol does not quite experience the hot summers seen in parts of the South. Bristol on average sees roughly 40 inches of precipitation per year, snow does occasionally fall in the city, as the city averages roughly 15 inches of snow annually. As of the census of 2000, there were 24,821 people,10,648 households, the population density in 2000 was 846 people per square mile. There were 11,511 housing units at a density of 392.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 15% White,2. 97% African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 64% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 23% from other races, and 0. 70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 68% of the population, nearly 32% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older 2. Physiographic regions of the world – This foundational model, which Fenneman used to classify the United States, was the basis for similar classifications of other continents later, and is still considered basically valid. During the early 1900s, the study of geomorphology was termed physiography. In current usage, physiography still lends itself to confusion as to which meaning is meant, for the remainder of this article, emphasis will remain on the more geomorphological usage, which is based upon geological landforms, not on climate, vegetation, or other non-geological criteria. For the purposes of mapping, landforms are classified according to both their geologic structures and histories. A maturely dissected plateau may grade without a break from rugged mountains on the one hand to mildly rolling farm lands on the other, so also, forms which are not classified together may be superficially similar, for example, a young coastal plain and a peneplain. In a large number of cases, the lines are also geologic lines. The history of itself is at best a complicated effort. Much of the complications arise from how the term has evolved over time, in 1848, Mary Somerville published her book Physical Geography which gave detailed descriptions of the topography of each continent, along with the distribution of plant, animals and humans. This work gave impetus to further works along the field, in Germany, Oscar Peschel in 1870, proposed that geographers should study the morphology of the Earths surface, having an interest in the study of landforms for the development of human beings. As the chair of geography in Bonn, Germany, Ferdinand von Richthofen made the study of landforms the main field for himself. Elsewhere, Thomas Henry Huxleys Physiography was published in 1877 in Britain, shortly after, the field of physical geography itself was renamed as physiography. In conjunction with these advances in physiography, physically and visually mapping these descriptive areas was underway as well, the early photographers and balloonists, Nadar and Triboulet, experimented with aerial photography and the view it provided of the landscape. The block diagrams of Fenneman, Raisz, Lobeck and many others were based in part upon both aerial photography and topographic maps, giving an oblique birds-eye view, by 1901, there were clear differences in the definition of the term physiography. In England, physiography is regarded as the introduction to science in general. It is made to include the elements of physics, chemistry, astronomy, physical geography, and geology, in America, the term has a somewhat different meaning. It is sometimes used as a synonym for physical geography, and is defined as the science which describes. Although the term has since been limited by some writers to one part of the subject. In the stricter sense, physical geography is part of geography which involves the processes of contemporary change in the crust 3. Appalachian Mountains – The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and it once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines, definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians. The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft. The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet, the term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the mountain range with its surrounding hills. The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, the name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváezs expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15,1528, now spelled Appalachian, it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrezs map of 1562, the name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the Allegheny Mountains, Alleghenies, in the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. In U. S. dialects in the regions of the Appalachians. In northern parts of the range, it is pronounced /æp letnz/ or /æplenz/, the third syllable is like lay. There is often debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /æplætin/, the whole system may be divided into three great sections, Northern, The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians, Central, The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River running through Virginia and West Virginia. Southern, The southern section runs from the New River onwards and it consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau 4. New York (state) – New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, twothirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17thcentury Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year 5. New Jersey – New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants 6. Pennsylvania – Pennsylvania /pnslvenj/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America 7. Maryland – The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state 8. West Virginia – West Virginia /wst vrdnj/ is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north, West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston, West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20,1863, and was a key Civil War border state. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States, the unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries and it is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research. The karst lands contribute to much of the states cool trout waters and it is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, and hunting. Many ancient man-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies and they had a tribal trade system culture that crafted cold-worked copper pieces. The Iroquois drove out other American Indian tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a ground in the 1670s. Siouan language tribes such as the Moneton had also recorded in the area previously. West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776, residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the restored government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863, in 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy, West Virginias history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, a 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BC. Some regional late-prehistoric Eastern Woodland tribes were involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the slash. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening, also continuing from ancient indigenous people of the state, field space and time was given to tobacco growing through to early historic. Maize did not make a contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP 9. Virginia – Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30¢ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin 10. Kentucky – Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811– 12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall 11. Tennessee – Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River 12. Georgia (U.S. state) – Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee 13. Alabama – Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture 14. Blue Ridge Mountains – The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range. This province consists of northern and southern regions, which divide near the Roanoke River gap. The mountain range is located in the eastern United States, starting at its southernmost portion in Georgia,

A contact metamorphic rock made of interlayered calcite and serpentine from the Precambrian of Canada. Once thought to be a pseudofossil called Eozoön canadense. Scale in mm.

Mississippian marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Utah.

Erosion [videos] In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or …

An actively eroding rill on an intensivelyfarmed field in eastern Germany

A natural arch produced by the wind erosion of differentially weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz, Jordan.

A wave-like sea cliff produced by coastal erosion, in Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.

Soil and water being splashed by the impact of a single raindrop.

Delaware River [videos] The Delaware River is a major river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It drains an area of 14,119 square …

The river looking north above Walpack Bend, where it leaves the historic Minisink region, a buried valley eroded from Marcellus Shale bedrock

The East Branch of the Delaware River near Margaretville, New York

Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr

Canoeing on the river at Hawk's Nest, New York

Susquehanna River [videos] The Susquehanna River (Lenape: Siskëwahane) is a major river located in the northeastern United States. At 464 miles …

Image: Asylum Township

Susquehanna River at source, looking at Otsego Lake.

Looking upstream in Danville, Pennsylvania

Looking downriver at Sunbury, Pennsylvania

New River (Kanawha River) [videos] The New River, part of the Ohio River watershed, is about 360 miles (580 km) long. The river flows through the U.S. …

The New River within the New River Gorge as viewed from Hawks Nest State Park in West Virginia

The New River Gorge and Bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia

The New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19 in West Virginia.

New River in Montgomery Co., Virginia

Syncline [videos] In structural geology, a syncline is a fold with younger layers closer to the center of the structure. A synclinorium …

Image: Sideling Hill cut MD1

Image: Provo Canyon syncline

Image: Syncline

Image: Rainbow Basin

Anticline [videos] In structural geology, an anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape and has its oldest beds at its core. A …

Anticline exposed in road cut (small syncline visible at far right). Note the man standing in front of the formation, for scale. New Jersey, U.S.A.

Image: Agiospavlos DM 2004 IMG003 Felsenformation nahe

Anticline near Ehden, Lebanon

Image: Wills Creek Fm fold

Shawangunk Ridge [videos] The Shawangunk Ridge , also known as the Shawangunk Mountains or The Gunks, is a ridge of bedrock in Ulster County, …

Image: Shawangunk Ridge, NY

The ridge within the Bear Hill Preserve in Cragsmoor

Shawangunk Ridge from south of New Paltz

The Trapps and Route 44/55, as seen from the Millbrook Ridge Trail

Appalachian Plateau [videos] The Appalachian Plateau is a series of rugged, high plains located on the western side of the Appalachian Highlands. …

Appalachian zones in the US - USGS

Coal Miners in West Virginia

Rhododenron

Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee

Oregon Country [videos] The Oregon Country was a predominantly American term referring to a disputed region of the Pacific Northwest of North …

Map of Oregon Country.

The Oregon trail started in St. Louis, Missouri.

Fort Vancouver in 1845.

Mural on walls of Oregon Capitol Building depicting the provisional government seal.

Tennessee [videos] Tennessee ((listen); Cherokee: , translit. Tanasi) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United …

Monument near the old site of Tanasi in Monroe County

View from atop Mount Le Conte in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, April 2007

Autumn in Tennessee. Roadway to Lindsey Lake in David Crockett State Park, located a half mile west of Lawrenceburg. Potomac River [videos] The Potomac River ((listen)) is located along the mid-Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States and flows into the …

Great Falls of the Potomac River

View of the Potomac from Mount Vernon

The Potomac River flowing through water gaps in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Virginia is on the left, Maryland on the right, West Virginia in the upper right. Ridge [videos] A ridge or mountain ridge is a geological feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous …

A mountain ridge in Japan

A stratigraphic ridge within the Appalachian Mountains.

The edges of tuyas can form ridges. Water gap [videos] A water gap is a gap that flowing water has carved through a mountain range or mountain ridge. Water gaps often offer a …

Wallula Gap, seen from Main Street in Wallula, Washington

View of water gaps cut by the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River through Evitts Mountain and Tussey Mountain, facing west from the summit of Kinton Knob, Wills Mountain, in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, with the town of Bedford in the foreground

Two water gaps opened by the same river in central Pennsylvania, foreground and background, separated by settlements in flat lands