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COPYRIGHT/SARS5681361E550346895D9D94EF/5681361E550346895D9D94EF) Please download to view (https://docslide.com.br/download/link/sars5681361e550346895d9d94ef) SARS By: Benjamin Weng, Darren Ramcharan, Gurjot Goraya, Jagpreet Kaler, Pannya Bansal, Winnie Ma Guiding Question To what extent did the SARS epidemic act as a learning experience for future responses to global epidemics?
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What is SARS? Stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome It is a viral infection similar to the flu virus and Pneumonia, but worsens within days It needs a living host Background information Very contagious 50% of people who come in contact with a patient gets infected with the virus Lethal for 15% of the patients What is SARS? continued What caused SARS? SARS is the result of being infected with the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) It is believed to have
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transferred to a human host from an animal host (the Paguma larvata) in Guangdong, China around November 2002
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What are Coronviruses? Subfamily of virus Crown/halo appearance (corona) when viewed under microscope
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What are Coronviruses? Common cause for mild to moderate upper respiratory illness for humans In animals it typically causes respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver or neurologic disease SARS-CoV Cannot be killed in heat Never seen before, Cannot be treated with normal medication that would be used to treat pneumonia type diseases âTraditional coronavirus causes sniffles. This has turned nastyâ Mike Leahy (virologist) Origin of SARS-CoV Unknown Not related to the previously known subfamilies of coronavirus Not a genetic recombination of 2 known coronviruses "Its unique sequence suggests that it has evolved independently from the other members of the family, in some animal host, for a long timeâ - Malik Peiris (a virologist at the University of Hong Kong) Symptoms Background Information High fever (greater than 38°C) Dry cough Shortness of breath or breathing difficulties There may also be changes in chest X-rays which indicate pneumonia Other symptoms include headache, muscular stiffness, confusion, rash and diarrhea, loss of appetite, malaise (feeling of discomfort) Treatments Background Information A cure for SARS is yet to be found Doctors may prescribe the following depending on the severity of the infection Antiviral agents such as oseltamivir or ribavirin Combination of steroids and antimicrobials may prescribe the following depending on severity of the infection Only the symptoms can be treated, the actual virus is not killed Scientist are researching effective treatment that would offer complete recovery
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Preventative Measures Flu Shots Protect from health effects caused by the flu Washing hands daily Avoid traveling to SARS infected countries Contact your health care provider for any concerns For now ⦠it is best to adopt essential preventive measures and report symptoms as early as possible -Anonymous (eArticles) Places that were affected the most severely Background Information Hong Kong, China Toronto, Canada Singapore Hanoi, Vietnam Source: World Health Organization Map Production: Public Health Mapping Team As of May 15, 2003 In China Source: Deadly Diseases and Epidemics by Joaquima Serradell SARS was first reported in China, however Public Health was slow to report to WHO; all governments were Electronic
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information as there were no translation system Trends During the Outbreak
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Healthcare systems in Asia were flawed, thus became decentralized and bureaucratic when responding to epidemics
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Warning System detected the flu, but the internet was in its beginning years, thus flawed They could only get limited
Trends During the Outbreak Canada did not have the necessary research facilities, as funding was private for the public health research The Spreading of SARS Factors: With the ease of air travel, the virus was able to spread around the world in a short period of time The virus has an incubation* period of 10 days The carrier could therefore travel to different place and infect others without knowing it The symptoms of SARS are similar to those of the common flu Doctors were unable to distinguish between the flu virus and the new SARS virus Patients were wrongly given antibiotics in the beginning, which were ineffective *âThe time that elapses between infection and the appearance of symptoms of a diseaseâ(Serradell 98)
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The Spreading of SARS The SARS virus spreads from person-to-person making extermination impossible. This means that a cure must be found to control the disease. The virus is extremely contagious A person can infect another person by touching a common object such as a door knob or through aerial transfer. The SARS virus is able to survive several hours outside of the human body, increasing the probability of someone becoming infected through a common object The Spreading of SARS When a person carrying the SARS virus coughs or sneezes, droplets containing the virus are released. These droplets can infect other people if they breath them in The Chinese authorities censored information about SARS Public statements were made saying that the spread of the virus had been brought under control The resulting lack
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of precaution by the public helped the virus spread further The Spread of SARS in China and Canada Population density was one of the major differences between the spread of SARS in China and Canada SARS was more severe in China because of the population density (population density of China was 134 while the population density of Canada was 3 people per square kilometer) The Spread of SARS in China and Canada The graphs shows the growth and affects of SARS in China and Canada in from April 2003 to June 2003. The numbers are based on total cases of SARS in each country indicated by the values on the Y-
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axis. The patterns in both graph are very similar. Major differences include a drop in SARS cases at the end of May in
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Canada and the magnitude of the epidemic is greater in China based on numbers.
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How spread of SARS could have been controlled The public was vulnerable to becoming infected because of illpreparedness. Quarantining people infected with SARS would contain the virus in a small area where individuals could be treated for the virus. However, the virus had already been released into public areas and was able to spread before quarantining was in full effect. Reaction of the Public People were afraid to go out into public People would not go to cinemas, take transit or go to hotels in fear of contracting SARS Since the elderly were more prone to death from SARS there was more panic among the group
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Of a telephone survey of 396 elderly people, âabout 53% reported they were fearful of getting SARS, and 46% felt they had no control over the situation.â Economic Impacts for Ontario Premier Premier Ernie Eves promised those who lost money when under quarantine would be
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outbreak was over. A $10 million campaign promoting Toronto would be launched
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Further Economical/Financial Implications *Any index below 50 is seen as a shrinking economic condition Hong Kong Worst
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compensated. (including those who were self-employed) Torontoâs hospitals would be given $25 million after the SARS
crisis for China since the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis Severe downturn in Hong Kongâs economy for example; in May 2nd, 2003 the purchasing managersâ index fell from 48.4 to 38.1 from the previous month.* The effect on Tour and Travel Industries saw a dramatic decrease in their profits, as flights were cancelled, and lower levels in number of tourist levels
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Public places such as restaurants and cinemas experienced a severe downturn in their revenues (restaurants business was
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down 20 - 30 percent) Cancellation for hotels in Toronto led to a 39 million dollars deficit during the moth of April 2003
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Money was spent in creating flu shots however they did not cure the flu but only decreased the intensity of the symptoms
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Many people contained themselves within their house, drastically affecting the economy, Hong Kong had to campaign a â We love HKâ to get the economy going again Canada Countries put money into other countries to help them financially
Canadaâs Downturn in 2003 Major deficits could be seen in both the exporting and importing industries of Canada during the year of 2003. Source: Statistics Canada Hong Kongâs Downturn in 2003 Hong Kongâs Invisible Trade Hong Kong experienced a major drop in their trade during the
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Social Impacts Decreased interaction within the society Many were afraid to leave their house as they may catch SARS
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The subways were usually full in Beijing before the SARS epidemic During the SARS epidemic, the subways in Beijing were
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almost empty
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year of 2003 due to the SARS outbreak. Source: World Health Organization
Political Impacts Governments, especially Chinaâs, rapidly changed policies in health. They made it more centralized and simpler. Increased government spending on healthcare and research Increased use of monitoring systems in transportation and public facilities Ethical Implications Animal testing for SARS vaccine; we are regarding a human life as being worth more than that of an animal. Animals are being killed in an attempt to save our own. Quarantine; people who had the virus were isolated from society (without being asked) when the virus was identified.
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SARS Epidemic and Today One of the most recent and major outbreak was the H1N1 Pandemic during the year of 2009. Epidemics after the outbreak of SARS Avian Influenza - 2004 Dengue Fever - 2004 Yellow Fever - 2004 Cholera - 2005 Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever - 2005 Rift Valley Fever - 2006 Pandemic H1N1 - 2009 Polio - 2010 Malaria
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âIndeed, most doctors believe H1N1 is a significantly lesser threat to the general public than SARS, and that H1N1 is more
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closely aligned to avian/bird flu in terms of its severity.â - CNW âThe latest A(H1N1) flu was a 'very manageable flu strain'
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SARS vs. H1N1 Pandemic In relation to SARS, the H1N1 Pandemic, or the Swine Flu was considered much less severe
compared to SARS." - Dr. Severin Schwan, CEO of Roche Group Despite the high number of reported cases for the H1N1, it was not considered severe, this is due to the fact that more precautions were taken. From the experience during SARS, it allowed the world to be more prepared and careful. Many doctors had stated that H1N1 Flu was not as severe, but it may have become quite severe if the SARS Epidemic had not been a learning experience for the world. SARS allowed the world to see and understand the importance of communication with others and to react quickly before the situation gets out of hand. A True Learning Experience The world became united to find a cure for SARS and the World Health Organization helped to contain the SARS virus through open sharing of ideas. Governments learned to
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World Health Organization helped to contain the SARS virus through open sharing of ideas. Governments learned to cooperate and act more swiftly when encountered with similar situations.
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Bibliography Affected Areas - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) [home page on the Internet]. World Health
http://www.who.int/csr/sars/areas/2003_03_31/en/. Department of Health and Human Services (United States of America)
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Infection Control in Healthcare, Home, and Community Settings. Department of
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Organization; 2003 Mar. 31. [Global Alert and Response (GAR); cited 2010 Dec. 21]. [about 9 lines]. Available from:
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Health and Human Services; 2004 Jan 8. 28 p. GMA News. A(H1N1) flu âvery manageableâ compared to SARS - Swiss pharmaceutical exec. 2009 May 22; Accessed  2011 Jan. 4. Health Canada (Canada) [HC]. SARS. Health Canada; 2008
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July 8; Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/dc-ma/sars-sras-eng.php. Accessed 2010 Dec. 2.
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Bibliography Health Canada (Canada) [HC]. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS). Itâs Your Health. 2004 Apr. 2 p. International trade in culture services [home page on the Internet]. Statistics Canada; 2006 Mar. 28. [The Daily; cited 2010 Dec. 21]. 1 p. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/060328/dq060328b-eng.htm.
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Joaquima J. SARS. Philadelphia (PA): Chelsea House Publishers; 2005. 111 p. Leung P C, Ooi E E. SARS war: Combating
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the Disease. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.; 2003. 150 p. Lim L. SARS: Reports from University of Hong Kong (https://docslide.com.br/documents/sars-danmers-cov-5665f54525286.html)
describe recent advances in SARS. Virus Weekly 2008 Sept. 30. Lovgren S. National Geographic News. 2003 Apr. 9; Available from: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0409_030409_sars.html. Accessed  2010 Dec. 23.
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Bibliography Mack T. M. SARS; Research results from Singapore, Canada and the United States update understanding of SARS. Virus Weekly 2007 Jan. 9; McLean A R. SARS: a case study in emerging infections. New York City (NY): Oxford
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University Press; 2005. 133 p. Murphy F. National Center for Biotechnology Information [homepage on the Internet]. 2009 Sept. 26. [cited 2010 Dec. 19]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/SARS/SARS.html. Pacheco P. H1N1 flu virus not an extremely serious condition, most doctors say. 2009 May 29; Available from:
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http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/May2009/29/c8854.html. Accessed 2011 Jan. 5. Bibliography Painful side-effects. The Economist 2003 May 5; Available from: http://www.economist.com/node/1747241. Accessed  2010 Nov. 20. Public Health Agency of Canada (Canada) Ethical Issues and Lessons from the SARS Outbreak. Learning from SARS. 2004 Nov 8. 1 p. Available from: Canada. The Economic Impact of SARS [homepage on the Internet]. Toronto (On): CBC News; 2003 July 8. [cited 2010 Dec. 6]. Available from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sars/economicimpact.html The Economy in 2003 [home page on the Internet]. Hongkong: Hongkong Yearbook; 2003. [The Economy; cited 2010 Dec. 27]. [about 41 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2003/english/chapter03/03_02.html. Timeline 2010. World Health Organization; 2010. [cited 2011 Jan. 6]. [about 184 lines]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/year/2010/en/index.html. WHO guidelines for the global surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [home page on the Internet]. World Health Organization; 2004 Oct. [cited 2010 Dec. 12]. 38 p. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_CSR_ARO_2004_1.pdf Bibliography * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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