Idea Transcript
SlideShare Explore Search You
Upload Login Signup
Search
Submit Search
Home Explore Presentation Courses PowerPoint Courses by LinkedIn Learning Search Successfully reported this slideshow. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. You can change your ad preferences anytime.
1 of 8
Semantic 387 views Share Like Download ... 1. Happening by Chance. The meaning of a word happens by chance and there is almost no meaning relation found between the ...
Febriani VN Follow Published on Aug 18, 2015
Definitions ... Published in: Education 0 Comments 1 Like Statistics Notes
when someone says, perhaps in a public house, that she is off to the ladies’ or he is going to the gents’. The Kinds of Me... Full Name Comment goes here. 12 hours ago Delete Reply Spam Block Are you sure you want to Yes No Your message goes here
Share your thoughts… Post Be the first to comment
ARANYAPRATHET SCHOOL at ARANYAPRATHET SCHOOL 1 week ago No Downloads Views Examples:Red: brave / corrupt White: sacred/ clean Crocodile: wicked/ crime d. Denotative and Connotative Meaning - Denota... Total views 387 On SlideShare 0 From Embeds 0 Number of Embeds 3 Actions Shares 0 Downloads 11 Comments 0 Likes 1 Embeds 0 No embeds No notes for slide
Semantic
horse. But they differ in style and so have various social meaning: steed = used in poetry horse = used in general nag = s... 1. 1. SEMANTICS Introduction A. Definition of Semantics Semantics is the study of meaning. The branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the principles that govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings. The name comes from the Greek 'semasia' meaning “signification” (‘sema’ meaning "sign", ‘semantikos’ meaning “significant”). Linguists provide semantic meaning as a branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between linguistic signs or lingual signs with things that are meaningful. Another term that once used the same thing is semiotics, semiology, semasiology, and Semitic. Talk about the meaning of a word into semantic objects. Semantics assumes that language consists of structures that reveal meaning when connected with the objects in the world of human experience. Semantic scope is very broad covering all levels of language, whether words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, and discourses.The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased. Assessing the meaning of language (as a means of verbal communication) certainly can’t be separated from its users. User language is the community. Therefore, study of semantics is closely associated with other social sciences, like sociology, psychology, anthropology, and philosophy. The semantic analysis, generally, must explain how the sentences of a particular language are understood, interpreted, and related to states, processes and objects in the world.Meaning is the thing or idea that a word, sentence represents (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary:273). Meaning is an important aspect in a language because the meaning of the communication can occur with a smooth and mutually understood. B. Change of meaning and Etymology According to Tobing (2010) change in meaning are as common as change in form. Semantic change deals with the change in meaning or the change in the concepts associated with a word. Sometimes a word has a new definition different from the former definition known in the past as Langacker (1970) stated that every language is the product of change and continues to change as long as it is spoken. According to Palmer (1981) the meaning of word can be changed because of the following factors: 2. 2. 1. Happening by Chance. The meaning of a word happens by chance and there is almost no meaning relation found between the new and old words. For example, the word “money” in English refers to what you earn by working or selling things and use to buy things (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary:284), while the word “money” in Latin refers to a warning. 2. Needs of New Meaning The meaning of a word changes as it needs new meaning. The names are usually taken from available words, whether from a language inside or outside community. For example, the word “close” means shut, come to an end(Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary:77), while the compound word “close up” in film making terms refers to a photograph or a picture in a film or taking a very close of something to show the detail. 3. Scientific Words The meaning of a word is changing when it is used as a scientific words that are taken from everyday vocabularies. For example, the word “mass” refers to a large number of people or things grouped together, while the word “mass” in physics refers to large amount of a substance that does not have a definite shape(Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary:271) 4. Taboo The meaning of a word is changing when it is used as a taboo word. For example, the word “Rest Room” is not a place to take a rest, but it is an euphemism of Water Closet or Toilet, a place to defecate or wash and arrange your Semantic Relation Semantic relation is a relation between meanings. The words usually contain components of a complex mean... hair. Etymology is the systematic study and classification of word origins, especially as regards forms and meanings, it is therefore an important concept both for semantics and the study of language change. The etymology of a given lexeme denotes an account of its historical-linguistic origin. Etymology is study of the history of words (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary:151) We can illustrate semantic change through the etymology of gentle. In the 14th century gentle had the meaning of “noble”, referring both to social class and to character. Because a noble person was supposed to be kind and considerate, the adjective today has the sense of “tender”, “careful” or “delicate”. The older meaning is preserved in gentleman, genteel and gentility. Until recently public toilets in the UK were designated Gentlemen or Ladies - where now we usually see a male or female picture representation. But these meanings live on in spoken English, as 3. 3. when someone says, perhaps in a public house, that she is off to the ladies’ or he is going to the gents’. The Kinds of Meaning Semantic The meaning of a word depends on the way we use it in the sentences. According to Chaer (1994), the meaning can be distinguished based on several criteria and points of view. Based on the type of semantics, can distinguish between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning, based on whether or not a referendum on a word can be distinguished presence referential meaning and nonreferential meaning, based on the presence or absence of the sense of a word can distinguish the denotative meaning and connotative meaning , based on the known accuracy of the meanings of words and meaning of the term meaning or significance of general and specific meanings. a. Lexical and Grammatical Meaning - Lexical meaning is the meaning of the base in a paradigmor the meaning of a word in relation to the physical world or to abstract concepts, without reference to any sentence in which the word may occur. Examples: the word play in a paradigm plays, played, playing the word read in a paradigm reads, reading - Grammatical meaning is the meaning of a word by reference to its function within a sentence rather than to a world outside the sentence. Examples: use – using a cloth read –riding a horse b. Referential and Non referential Meaning - The words have meaning is called referential Examples: horse, red, and picture - The words haven’t meaning is called non referential Examples: and, or, but and because Deictic word is the words included pronoun like she/he, you, and I. The words explain to room like here, there, those, adverb of time like now, tomorrow,yesterday. The words called indicator like this and those. c. Conceptual and Association Meaning - Conceptual is the meaning of meaning by words have been free from the context or association. Examples: Horse is kind of animal and has four legs Horse is the habitually of human. - Association is the meaning of meaning by word agree to there is relation of word with there is something outside. 4. 4. Examples:Red: brave / corrupt White: sacred/ clean Crocodile: wicked/ crime d. Denotative and Connotative Meaning - Denotative meaning refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition." Denotative same with lexical meaning. Example: Snake: reptile with a very long thin body and no legs (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary: 419) Connotative meaning is the other of meaning “additional” to denotative meaning. Example: The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger. e. Word and Term Meaning - Word is lexical meaning, denotative meaning, and conceptual meaning. - Term is the truth of meaning, have the meanings are clear, definite, unambiguous, though without f. Hypernym Hypernym is the semantic relation of being superordinate or belonging to a higher rank or class. Example: - an... the context of the sentence. Just keep in mind that a term is only used in the field of science or activity. Example: Her hands were injured by flying glass. His arm was injured by flying glass. Word the hand and arm in the second phrase is a synonym or a similar meaning. But in medicine the two words have different meanings. Hand meaningful part of the wrist to the fingers, while the arm is part of the wrist to the base of the shoulder. Geoffrey Leech in his ‘Semantic- A Study of meaning’ (1974) breaks down meaning into seven types or ingredients giving primacy to conceptual meaning. 1. Conceptual Meaning: logical, cognitive or connotative content.The application of these features uses a binary notation where the value of a feature is specified as either positive [+], negative [-], or neutral [±]. Example: woman can be described as +human -male +adult 2. Connotative Meaning: what is communicated by virtue of what language refers.Examples:woman = soft, caring, gregarious, skirt or dress wearing, etc. man= powerful, egoism, strong, brief, etc. 3. Social Meaning: Social meaning is related to the situation in which an utterance is used. Example:Steed, horse and nag are synonymous. They all mean a kind of animal, that is 5. 5. horse. But they differ in style and so have various social meaning: steed = used in poetry horse = used in general nag = slang 4. Affective Meaning /Emotive Meaning: what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the Speaker through language. Examples: “I hate you, you idiot” “I am terribly sorry but if you would be so kind as to lower your voice a little” 5. Reflected Meaning: what is communicated through associations with another Sense of the same world. Example: The wordcock and rooster, which means 'cock' instead of a taboo is the word cock is now defined as 'male genitals'. 6. Collocative Meaning: what is communicated through associations with words which co-occur with another word.Examples: The words ‘pretty’ and ‘handsome’ indicate ‘good looking’. However, they slightly differ from each other because of collocation or co-occurrence. The word ‘pretty’ collocates with girls, woman, village, gardens, flowers, etc. On the other hand, the word ‘handsome’ collocates with boys, men, etc. 7. Thematic Meaning: what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Examples: 1) Mrs. Smith donated the first prize 2) The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith. In the first sentence “who gave away the prize” is more important, but in the second sentence “what did Mrs. Smith gave is important”. Thus the change of focus changes the meaning also. 6. 6. Semantic Relation Semantic relation is a relation between meanings. The words usually contain components of a complex meaning. This result shows the relationship of equality, conflict, duality of meaning and others. To assess semantic experts classify the various relations of meaning in various categories such as synonym, antonym, polysemy, homonym,
hyponym and so on. The following will explain the various relationships of meaning. a. Antonym Antonym is the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express opposite meanings. Example: - dead, alive - brave, cowardly - beautiful, ugly b. Synonym Synonym is the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express the same meaning. Example: - bucket, pail - sick, ill - beautiful, pretty c. Polysemy Polysemy is a word that has several sub-senses which are related with one another. Example: - paper comes from Greek papyrus. Originally it referred to writing material made from the papyrus reeds of the Nile, later to other writing materials, and now to things such as government documents, scientific reports, family archives or newspapers. d. Homonym Homonym refers totwo concepts, A and B, are expressed by the same symbol. Example: - both a financial institution and a edge of a river are expressed by the word bank (the word has two senses). e. Hyponym Hyponym is the semantic relation of being subordinate or belonging to a lower rank or class. Example: - dog is a hyponym of mammal which is a hyponym of animal - tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant - cod, guppy, salmon and trout are hyponyms for fish 7. 7. f. Hypernym Hypernym is the semantic relation of being superordinate or belonging to a higher rank or class. Example: - animal is a hypernym of mammal which is a hypernym of dog - plant is a hypernym of flower which is a hypernym of tulip - fish is a hypernym of cod, guppy, and trout g. Holonym Holonym is the semantic relation that holds between a whole and its parts. Example: - forest is a holonym of tree which is a holonym of bark - body is a holonym of arm which is a holonym of elbow h. Meronym Meronym is the Semantic semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole. Example: - bark is a meronym of tree which is a meronym of forest - elbow is a meronym of arm which is a meronym of body i. Troponym Troponym is the semantic relation of being a manner of does something. Example: - to trim and to slice are troponyms of to cut - to drown and to poison are troponyms of to kill - to crucify and to hang are troponyms of to execute References http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm http://angelinagurning.blogspot.com/2010/11/makalah- semantic.html http://kabunvillage.blogspot.com/2011/10/hubungan- semantik-dengan-disiplin-ilmu_14.html http://blahblahdoobeedoo.blogspot.com/2010/04/types-of- meaning.html http://www.uni-due.de/SHE/HE_Change_Semantic.htm http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Semantic_relation s Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary Tobing, Septika.S .2010. Semantic Change and Meaning Shift Analysis on Film Making Terms.[ On Line] Tersedia: http://eprints.undip.ac.id/22938/2/SEMANTIC_CHANGE_ AND_MEANING_SHIFT_ANALYSIS_ON_FILM_MAKI NG_TERMS.pdf
Recommended Upcoming SlideShare
Insights from a Content Marketer Online Course - LinkedIn Learning
Loading in …5
Teaching Techniques: Classroom Management Online Course - LinkedIn Learning ×
PowerPoint Tips and Tricks for Business Presentations Online Course - LinkedIn Learning
Executive function presentation_03-04-13_315 2 (1) Leslie Hafner Stevenson
Faith Based Leadership in the Executive Branch mackmann
Semantic change 'silly' Michael Dunn
Changing of meaning Gustina Savhira
The Executive Branch venerallonza
Article vii executive department Sarah Pineda
Word Meaning (Semantics) iluthfata English Español Português Français Deutsch About Dev & API Blog Terms Privacy Copyright Support
LinkedIn Corporation © 2018 × Share Clipboard × Email
Enter email addresses Add a message From
Send Email sent successfully.. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Link Public clipboards featuring this slide
×
No public clipboards found for this slide ×
Save the most important slides with Clipping Clipping is a handy way to collect and organize the most important slides from a presentation. You can keep your great finds in clipboards organized around topics. Start clipping No thanks. Continue to download. Select another clipboard ×
Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Search for a clipboard Create a clipboard
You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Name* Best of Slides
Description Add a brief description so others know what your Clipboard is about. Visibility Others can see my Clipboard Cancel Save Save this presentationTap To Close