Large probe size compared to AFM or SEM. â Measured area 1mm^2 to 1cm^2. µ-XRD also possible not very common. â Quantitative results. â Peak position, peak broadening. â Can be converted to physical properties e.g. lattice constant. Page 5.
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Idea Transcript
Seven quality tools
Kalevi Aaltonen, Aalto University
SEVEN QUALITY TOOLS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Cause and effect diagram Check sheet Control charts Histogram Pareto chart Scatter diagram Stratification
Cause and effect diagram • • • • •
Ishikawa diagram Fishbone diagram Cause and Effect Analysis Grouping ideas Root cause analysis
Cause and effect diagram Manpower
Measurement
Mother Nature
Effect
Methods
Materials
Machines
Check sheet • • • •
Well designed form Collecting data Analysing data Flexible
Check sheet ERROR
mon
tue
wed
thu
Pore
IIII
II
I
I
Color
III
IIII
III
I
Scratch
IIII I
I
II
I
6
Control charts • • • • • • •
Time scheme of the process Process changes Control limits Tolerance limits Performance indicators Administrative part Data collecting part
Cotrol chart YVR
AVR 8
Mean – range control chart
9
Mean – range control chart
10
Interpretation of the control chart
11
Histogram • • • • • • • •
Illustrating the statistical distribution How often a measuring value appears in the measuring data Normal distribution Slanted distribution Distribution with two peak values Flat distribution Cut distribution ”dog food”
Normal
Slanted
Two peak
Flat
Cut
Dog food
Pareto chart • • • •
Grouping by importance 20/80 – rule Search for the most important variables Eliminate the most powerful – quick results • Reply the analysis – new elimination
Pareto chart
Pareto chart
Scatter diagram • • • •
Graphical presentation of correlation Functions Fitting of curves Finding and presenting relations
Drowning accidents
Scatter diagram
Consumption of ice cream
Stratification • • • •
Grouping data from different sources Correlations with certain criteria Organize the chaotic data Day of the week, time, suplier, driver…
Stratification
LESSONS TO LEARN: quality tools are simple and effective try alvays formulate the quality problem in the rational way statistical method is worth its weight in gold
quality tools are easy to implement and use measuring is always better thar guesswork
Vita, si scias uti, longa est , Seneca (Life, if well lived, is long enough)
Acta est fabula. Plaudite! (Play is over. Applaud!)