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Sofia Nurinawati SENIN, 01 NOVEMBER 2010
PENGIKUT
Gas Mulia 1. GOLONGAN GAS MULIA = VIII A ( He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe dan Rn )
2 He = 1s
2
2 6 10 Ne = ( He ) 2s 2p 2 6 18 Ar = ( Ne ) 3s 3p 2 10 6 36 Kr = ( Ar ) 4s 3d 4p 2 10 6 54 Xe = ( Kr ) 5s 4d 5p 2 10 14 6 86 Rn = ( Xe ) 6s 5d 4f 6p
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t 2010 (5) t November (2) Gas Mulia Sulfur in pure oxygen Oktober (3)
Semua unsur golongan gas mulia mempunyai elektron valensi 8 kecuali He elektron valensinya 2. Konfigurasi elektron gas mulia merupakan konfigurasi stabil ( kaidah duplet dan oktet ), sehingga sulit / sukar menerima / melepas elektron maka akibatnya unsur golongan gas mulia bersifat inert ( sukar bereaksi dengan unsur lain. a. Sifat Fisis - Berbentuk molekul monoatomik - Semua golongan gas mulia berbentuk gas - Semua golongan gas mulia bersifat stabil - Jari jari atom gas mulia semakin ke bawah semakin besar ( He terkecil, Xe terbesar ) - Tidak berbau, tidak berasa dan tidak berwarna - Ar, Kr dan Xe sedikit larut dalam air, sedang He dan Ne tidak larut dalam air sebab jari-jari atomnya kecil sehingga tidak dapat terperangkat dalam rongga-rongga kisi air - Titik didih dan titik cair kecil bahkan titik cair He ( -272oC ) mendekati suhu mutlak. Titik didih gas mulia dari He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe dan Rn berturut turut ( -269, - 246, - 186, -153, -108 , – 62 ), sedangkan titik cair gas mulia dari He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe dan Rn berturut turut (-272,- 249, - 189, -157, -112 , –71 ) b. Sifat Kimia - Semua gas mulia tidak reaktif - Energi ionisasi gas mulia besar berturut turut dari He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe dan Rn ( 2640, 2080, 1520, 1350, 1170 dan 1040 kJ/mol ) c. Senyawa-senyawa gas mulia Neil Bartlet ( Universitas British Columbia,1962 ) mula-mula mereaksikan O2 + PtF6 à O2PtF6 karena energi ionisasi O2 dan Xe hampir sama ( 1210 dan 1170 kJ/mol ) maka dicoba mereaksikan antara Xe + PtF6 à XePtF6 sehingga sejak saat itu para ahli membuat senyawa dari gas mulia. - Kr : KrF2, KrF4 - Xe : XeF2, XeF4, XeF6, XeO3, XeOF4, H2XeO4, NaHXeO4, Na4XeO6 - Rn : RnF2, RnF4 d. Pembuatan senyawa gas mulia Xe + F2 ( berlebihan, t 400oC, P 6 atm, tabung Ni ) à XeF2 Xe + 2 F2 ( berlebihan, t 400oC, P 6 atm, tabung Ni ) à XeF4 Xe + 3 F2 ( berlebihan, t 400oC, P 6 atm, tabung Ni ) à XeF6 2 XeF2 + 2 H2O à 2 Xe + O2 + 4 HF 6 XeF4 + 12 H2O à 2 XeO3 + 4 Xe + 3 O2 + 24 HF XeF6 + H2O à XeOF4 + 2 HF XeO3 + H2O à H2XeO4 ( asam xenat ) XeO3 + NaOH à NaHXeO4 ( natrium xenat ) 4 NaHXeO4 + 8 NaOH à 3Na4XeO6 + Xe + 6 H2O Na-perxenat
Ra à
Rn + He
e. Kegunaan unsur gas mulia - Untuk lampu penerangan ( Ne nyalanya merah, Kr putih kebiruan, Ar merah muda pada tekanan rendah dan biru pada tekanan tinggi ). - Gas Ar dugunakan untuk mengisi bola lampu - Helium dan Neon untuk zat pendingin reaktor nuklir - Helium digunakan sebagai gas pada pesawat balon - Campuran He dan O2 sebagai pengisi pernafasan para penyelam dan penyakit asma. - Xenon bersifat anestetika ( pemati rasa ) - Radon bersifat radioaktif dipakai untuk terapi kanker - Kripton untuk meter standart ( satu meter = 1.650.763,73 panjang gelombang garis merah ungu pada spektrum atom Kr ) - Inti helium sebagai partikel alfa untuk partikel penembak inti atom.
HTTP://WWW.PDF-SEARCH-ENGINE.COM/GAS-MULIA-XIIPDF.HTML Diposting oleh Sofia Nurinawati di 06.57 0 komentar
Sulfur in pure oxygen
Diposting oleh Sofia Nurinawati di 06.57 0 komentar
SENIN, 04 OKTOBER 2010
Cerita Bintang Pernah suatu kali ada seorang gadis kecil yang sudah yatim piatu. Dia begitu miskin sehingga tidak punya rumah yang bisa ditinggalinya, tidak ada tempat tidur tempat dia bisa melepaskan penat, yang tertinggal di dirinya hanyalah sebuah baju yang kini dipakainya dan sedikit roti untuk mengganjal perutnya. Meski sangat miskin, tapi dia adalah gadis yang sangat baik hati dan pemurah. Karena tidak ada sanak saudara yang bisa dimintai tolong, maka dia menyerahkan nasibnya di tangan Tuhan. Suatu hari dia berjumpa dengan seorang gelandangan tua yang kelaparan. “Nak, berilah saya makanan! Saya kelaparan!” katanya. Gadis itu memberikan semua roti yang dimilikinya dan berkata: “Semoga makanan ini bermanfaat!” lalu melanjutkan langkahnya. Tidak berapa jauh dari situ, dia melihat seorang anak sedang terisak. “Kepalaku kedinginan. Berilah aku sesuatu untuk menghangatkannya,” katanya. Gadis yang baik itu memberikan topinya tanpa ragu-ragu. Beberapa langkah dari situ, seorang anak menggigil di tengah cuaca dingin dan hampir jatuh pingsan, maka gadis itu memberikan jaketnya dan membiarkan tubuhnya sendiri menggigil kedinginan. Lalu seorang anak di ujung jalan memintanya memberikan rok yang dipakainya untuk membungkus badannya. Dan gadis pemurah itu memberikannya tanpa pikir panjang. Sore pun tiba. Matahari sudah hampir tenggelam ketika si gadis tiba di sebuah hutan kecil dan seorang anak kecil meminta baju yang dipakainya. Gadis itu berpikir: “Malam akan segera datang dan aku akan berada di dalam hutan yang gelap. Jika aku telanjang pun tidak akan ada orang yang melihatnya.” Maka dengan senang hati dia memberikan bajunya. Kini tidak ada selembar benang pun yang melekat di badan gadis itu. Di dalam hutan yang lebat dan di tengah malam yang gelap, gadis itu memeluk dirinya sendiri untuk mengusir dingin. Tuhan yang Maha Baik menunjuk beberapa bintang di langit untuk turun ke bumi dan menyelimuti gadis itu dengan cahayanya. Cahaya bintang itu berubah menjadi pakaian yang indah. Lalu bintang-bintang itu berubah menjadi kepingan emas dan gadis kecil itu menyelipkan kepingan emas tersebut di baju barunya. Kini gadis yang baik hati itu, memiliki kepingan emas untuk bekal hidupnya. (SELESAI) Karya : Grimm Brothers. Diposting oleh Sofia Nurinawati di 06.24 0 komentar
SABTU, 02 OKTOBER 2010
The Action of Gang Motor
Nowadays, in Bandung there are many cases caused by Gang Motor because their action can be considered a crime. They have existed since 1990. On June 8, 2010, at 1 a.m. Apipudin, 20, and Riki Husara, 20, became the victims of Gang Motor’s violent act which took place in Pasupati flyover. They were both dead but one of their friends named Sukur, 20 was unhurt. The members of Gang Motor brought sharp weapons and came from the other way by riding motorcycle. When Apip and Riki rode their motorcycle, the Gang Motor spontaneously attacked them until they hurt and could not fight back. Their motorcycle was robbed by Gang Motor and the people surrounding them did not do anything to help them. When the Gang Motor had gone, the people approached them to bring Apip and friends to the hospital but Apip and Riki could not survive because they were seriously hurt. It was very tragic. Since motorcycle club known as Gang Motor creates crime which claims several casualties, it should be banned. Firstly, Gang Motor claims several casualties. They rob innocent people .The member of Gang Motor are mostly from the children who is broken home or the students who want to search for their own identity. The senior of the gang usually give them some missions. If they can rob motorcycle from the other people who is on the street, they will approve them as the member of Gang Motor. For them, it is a simple mission to be popular in their community. Sometimes they not only rob but also kill people unreasonably. This is actually another requirement to be approved in the Gang Motor. When they rob someone, they also kill the person. Why? Maybe when they kill someone, they will feel more confidence to be able to kill someone with their hand by themselves or feel he is the master in the gang and the other members will give the appreciation. Secondly, Gang Motor creates unrest situation in the society. People do not feel secure. There are many cases about traffic accident. The biggest case occurred from motorcycle accident. The traffic accident in 2004 is 17.732 and increases to 20.623 (2005), 87.020 (2006) and every year there is always an increase. Maybe when you walk on the street you feel how difficult it is to cross the street. It would be an accident if the people who want to cross and the driver does not ride carefully, the motorcycle driver and cannot stop near the people, the people will be injured. It is not safe for us. People prejudice other people. When Gang Motor joyride in the afternoon or at night, people will feel unsecure to go anywhere. They dread of Gang Motor who always make unrest situation. When you drive a car, you feel reckless. If you want to turn to the left and you already turn on the turning signal suddenly a motorcycle overtake you, your car is broken but the motorcycle run away. Sometimes the Gang Motor does not care to the other users. Not only on the street but also in general facilities like café. For instance, in Bandung Sunday (27/23) Gang Motor destroy one café around JL.Riau (RE Martadinata) there is one casualty named Yeye. When he was in the café, ten of Gang Motor members came there. Yeye said that he was attacked by ten people who drove motorcycle whereas Yeye did not think that he had any mistakes. The other activity is they like to dirty the wall or doing graffiti by writing the gang’s names or on the wall of houses. In their opinion this is to show their existence. So, Gang Motor not only disturbs people in society but also prejudices other innocent people. Thirdly, Gang Motor is not a purposeful organization. Gang Motor does not have specific goal. When they recruit a new member, they must fight with another junior. This is conducted to protect themselves from enemy (the other Gang Motor). In one place not only one Gang Motor member but there are so many Gang Motor. They always fight to get the territory. They also bring sharp weapons like samurai, chopper, knife, softball stick to protect themselves. Besides that, they have some culture like drinking animal blood but they do not know what it is for and they have white book which consists of many rules of Gang Motor. In particular, they are rebellious to their parents, unafraid to battle with the police, and brave to commit crime. Gang Motor is established for the purpose of having fun. They do not have specific goal of what they will learn by joining the Gang Motor. To illustrate, when two members of Gang Motor rob the student and get his wallet, they do not do what they should do. Finally, they only get the money in the wallet and give it back to him and run. It is an unreasonable action. They just have fun robbing money from other people to buy cigarette and alcohol. On the contrary, Gang Motor holds solidarity very high and it protects its member. The members of Gang Motor is more than a hundred in a city. Take for example how high they show their solidarity: when someone or another Gang Motor members attack, they will help their “brother” and do not want one of the members hurt by the others. For example, if one of the members want to quit they must cut their little finger or pinkie to show the loyalty of the person to Gang Motor. On the other hand, Gang Motor does not support humanity. Cutting their pinkie is such an inhuman act. Then, they rob and kill people unreasonably like when they hold the fight between the junior and the senior and they do not care with other people in society. What can be done about all this? One of the solution is Gang Motor should be banned. If Gang Motor holds their activities which creates unrest in the society, the police must catch them and give punishment until they would not do it again. After that the police can make some raids to catch the members of Gang Motor. The majority of the members is students who do not have driving license. Not only the police but also people in the society must work hand in hand in combating the gang. The cooperation between police and society is important to eradicate the existence of Gang Motor. As I have explain previously, Gang Motor already claims many casualties with their dangerous action, it should be banned because they have committed a crime without logical reason, Gang Motor make people feel unrest and they prejudice other people, and Gang Motor does not have specific goal but just they do it for fun. If this case cannot be solved, the society will not be secure and criminal will be considerable. Not only police but also people must eradicate them with good cooperation. Then we will feel safe without Gang Motor in our society. Diposting oleh Sofia Nurinawati di 06.07 0 komentar
Pengertian SENI TEATER PENGERTIAN SENI TEATER Teater adalah istilah lain dari drama, tetapi dalam pengertian yang lebih luas, teater adalah proses pemilihan teks atau naskah (kalau ada) , penafiran, penggarapan, penyajian atau pementasan dan proses pemahaman atau penikmatan dari public atau audience (bisa pembaca, pendengar, penonton, pengamat, kritikus atau peneliti). Proses penjadian drama ke teater disebut prose teater atau disingkat berteater. Teater berasal dari kata theatron yang diturunkan dari kata theaomai(bahasa yunani) yang artinya takjub melihat atau memandang. Teater bisa diartikan dengan dua cara yaitu dalam arti sempit dan dalam arti luas. Teeater dalam arti sempit adalah sebagai drama (kisah hidup dan kehiudpan manusia yang diceritakan di atas pentas, disaksikan orang banyak dan didasarkan pada naskah yang tertulis. Dalam arti luas, teater adalah segala tontonan yang dipertunjukkan di depan orang banyak contohnya wayang orang, ketoprak, ludruk dan lain-lain. SUMBER : Buku Seni Rupa, Heru Purwanto dkk, Ganexa Exact Diposting oleh Sofia Nurinawati di 05.30 0 komentar
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