Idea Transcript
War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
BIBLIOGRAPHY Baker, Marilyn. “To Honor and Remember: Remembrances of the Great War, The Next‐of‐Kin Monument in Winnipeg,” Manitoba History 2, 1981, at http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/02/nextofkinmonument.shtml Baker, Victoria., Emanuel Hahn and Elizabeth Wyn Wood. National Gallery of Canada, 1997. Black, Jonathan. “Thanks for the Memory: War memorials, spectatorship and the trajectories of commemoration 1919‐2001,” in Matters of Conflict: Material Culture, Memory and the First World War, edited by Nicholas J. Saunders. Routledge, 2004. Brockville Museum Website (http://www.brockvillemuseum.com/museum/military/ cenotaph.html) Buckerfield, David. “Anglo‐Zulu War” on the website “The British Empire: Where the Sun Never Sets.” (http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/anglozuluwar.htm). Canadian War Museum Website, including “Canada and the First World War,” (at (http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/war‐graves‐e.aspx) and “The War’s Impact on Canada” (at http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/war‐ impact‐e.aspx).
Commonwealth War Graves Commission website (http://www.cwgc.org/about‐ us/history‐of‐cwgc.aspx). Connecticut Historical Society, “Connecticut Civil War Monuments.” (http://www.chs.org/finding_aides/ransom/overview1.htm) Directorate of History and Heritage, Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces at http://www.cmp‐cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh‐dhp/nic‐inm/sm‐ rm/index‐eng.asp. “Honouring the Fallen: Imperial and Commonwealth War Graves and Cemeteries,” on the website “The British Empire.” (http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/wargraves.htm). Faust, Drew Gilpin. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2008. Sources 1
War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
Grissom, Carol A. “Cemetery Monuments Made of Zinc,” Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute. (http://www.si.edu/mci/english/research/conservation/zinc_cemetery_monuments.h tml) King, Alex. Memorials of the Great War in Britain: The Symbolism and Politics of Remembrance. The Legacy of the Great War. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1998. Jones, Meurig, “A Survey of Memorials to the Second Anglo‐Boer War in the United Kingdom and Eire,” first published in the Journal of the Africana Society, Anglo‐ Boer War Centenary Issue, No 15 (1999); updated 28‐02‐2005. Found at http://www.casus‐belli.co.uk/abwmp/Survey/abwmp_‐_survey.html. Law Society of Upper Canada website at (http://www.lsuc.on.ca/PDC/Archives/Virtual‐Museum/WW1/The‐World‐War‐One‐ Memorial/). Lichfield, John. “The Birth of the War Graves commission, and the Furious Controversy it Sparked,” the Independent (Sunday 10 November 2013). (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world‐history/the‐birth‐of‐the‐war‐ graves‐commission‐‐and‐the‐furious‐controversy‐it‐sparked‐8928189.html). MacLeod Alan. Annotated photostreams of figurative war memorials across the country. See particularly “The Memorialists” at https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigadore/collections/72157632460045768// and “War Memorials” at https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigadore/collections/72157627507664602/. Manitoba Historical Society Website, various headings. “Nicolas Pirotton,” at http://www.dujardindefanfan.be/Nicolas_pirotton.htm Reed, Paul, “Canadian Soldier 1914‐1915” at http://battlefields1418.50megs.com/uniform3.htm. Sherman, Daniel J. The Construction of Memory in Interwar France. University of Chicago Press, 1999. Shipley, Robert. To Mark our Place: A History of Canadian War Memorials.” Toronto: NC Press, 1987. Sources 2
War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
Vance, Jonathan F. “Remembering Armageddon,” in Canada and the First World War: Essays in Honour of Robert Craig Brown,” edited by David MacKenzie. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005). Varley, Karine. “Remembering the Franco‐Prussian War Dead: Setting Precedents for the First World War,” on the website “History of Modern France at War” at http://francehistory.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/remembering‐the‐franco‐prussian‐ war‐dead‐setting‐precedents‐for‐the‐first‐world‐war/. “We Will Remember: War Monuments in Canada” website at https://www.cdli.ca/monuments/. Wikipedia (various headings). Winnipeg and Manitoba Free Press (archives; various editions). Winnipeg Tribune (archives; various editions). Winnipeg Historic Buildings Committee, “Boulevard Provencher Belgian War Memorial,” January 1995.
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War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
Image Credits Most images for which no source is provided in the text are borrowed from the photo collections of the Historic Resources Branch of Manitoba Tourism, Culture, Heritage, Sport & Consumer Protection. Images in the public realm are also not credited in the main text, and a source may not be provided here. In that case, searching the internet for the image is likely to bring up many versions. It should be noted that the web urls given here may change and become incorrect at any time, and we do not have the capacity to update them. An online search is likely to result in success. Many photographs were found at Wikimedia Commons, and have been placed in the public realm by their authors. For other photographs found online, an effort has been made to obtain permission for use where possible. Everyone who responded to our requests gave us permission to use their photographs, for which we are very grateful. Attributions are provided in the text for all photographs found online. Introduction Sopwith Camels: http://sped2work.tripod.com/camel.html Billy Barker: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Barker#mediaviewer/File:William_Ge orge_Barker_(1894‐1930).jpg Canadian Soldiers going over the top: http://www.history.com/photos/world‐war‐i‐ trench‐warfare/photo8 Carrying a casualty on a stretcher: http://jettbritnell.blogspot.ca/2011/10/remembrance‐day‐in‐flanders‐fields.html History Ancient Precedents:
Arch of Titus: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Rom%2C_Titusbogen_2.jpg (By Dnalor 01 (Own work) [CC‐BY‐SA‐3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐ sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons) 19th Century
Franco‐Prussian War memorial: http://greatwarpostcards.blogspot.ca/2011_08_01_archive.html Civil War Memorial, Stratford, CT: http://www.bestforstratford.com/images/War_Memorial_Civil.jpg Sources 4
War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
Volunteers Monument, Winnipeg: http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/volunteermonument.shtml and http://www.flickr.com/photos/christiansphotos/3587585446/ Early 20th Century
Boer War Memorial, Camperdown, Australia: http://authenticheritage.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/boer‐war‐memorial‐ camperdown‐rowe‐collection.jpg Boer War Memorial, Nottingham, England: http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/events/boerwar/boerwarstructural.htm Boer War Memorial Fountain, Halifax: http://www.halifaxpublicgardens.ca/gardens‐map/boer‐war‐memorial‐fountain/ First World War
War Graves Information Card: http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/war‐graves‐e.aspx) Imperial War Graves Commission
War Cemetery: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/iwgcgraves.htm Brandon Cross of Sacrifice: http://www.hillmanweb.com/brandon/14.html Brookside Stone of Remembrance: http://www.cwgc‐canadianagency.ca/s15/works‐ eng.php Thiepval Monument to the Missing: http://carlsbrumblog.blogspot.ca/2008/07/thiepval‐memorial‐somme‐france.html and http://grandadswar.mrallsophistory.com/thiepval_mem.html Canadian Vimy Memorial: http://www.2012junobeachpdtourtribute.com/arras‐‐‐ dieppe.html and http://eon.ca/wordpress/blog/2011/09/06/the‐vimy‐ foundation/canada_bereft/ (Michael MacKay / CC BY‐ND 3.0), cropped
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War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
The Cenotaph and the Unknown Warrior
Unveiling of the Whitehall Cenotaph: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cenotaph_Unveiling,_1920.jpg
The Making of a Memorial New Zealand memorial figure: http://kiwiscots.blogspot.ca/2011/12/war‐memorials‐ of‐new‐zealand‐ii.html Australian memorial figure: http://publish‐‐or‐‐ perish.blogspot.ca/2012_01_01_archive.html Beaumesnil, France Memorial: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaumesnil‐ Monument‐morts.jpg. By Codepem (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC‐BY‐SA‐3.0‐2.5‐2.0‐1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons St. Boniface Memorial: http://www.cmp‐cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh‐dhp/nic‐inm/sm‐ rm/mdsr‐rdr‐eng.asp?PID=2703 Bank of Montréal Memorial, Winnipeg: http://www.cmp‐cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh‐ dhp/nic‐inm/sm‐rm/mdsr‐rdr‐eng.asp?PID=4635). Bank of Montréal Memorial, Montréal: http://www.cmp‐cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh‐ dhp/nic‐inm/sm‐rm/mdsr‐rdr‐eng.asp?PID=6621) Hotel Vancouver: http://www.aportraitofcanada.ca/wp‐ content/uploads/Prints/_hotel_vancouver_entrance__2004_.jpg. (Harry Palmer Photographs (Harry Palmer Photographer) / CC BY‐NC‐ND 3.0, cropped) Garnier at work: http://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/historic/pdf‐consv/Provencher0‐ long.pdf Unveiling of Belgian Monument: http://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/historic/pdf‐ consv/Provencher0‐long.pdf Sources 6
War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
Hahn’s Winnipeg Cenotaph model: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigadore/5487020786/in/set‐72157626042961167 Hahn’s “Tommy in his Greatcoat”: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigadore/5187293203/in/set‐72157626042961167 Nicolas Pirotton: http://www.dujardindefanfan.be/Nicolas_pirotton.htm. Brockville War Memorial: http://city.brockville.on.ca/images/sitepicts/heritage/cultural%20heritage/war%20me morial/1920%20War%20Memorial%202.jpg Taylor’s War Memorial in Prince Albert, SK: http://www.ftlcomm.com/ensign/antiques/courthouses/princealbert/princealbert.ht ml) Thomson Monument Company advertisement: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bigadore/6439207221/in/set‐72157626042961167 North Bay War Memorial: http://www.fnoelphotography.ca/blog/2012/03/great‐war‐ monument‐north‐bay/ Guide to Manitoba Memorial Types Tablets
Egyptian Stele: http://forum.egyptiandreams.co.uk/viewtopic.php?t=4568 Cairns
Scottish Cairn: http://neilshillblog.blogspot.ca/2011/07/cairn‐table.html Obelisks
Obelisk of Theodosius: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHippodrome_Constantinople_2007_00 7.jpg (By Gryffindor (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons) Cenotaphs
London Cenotaph: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUK‐2014‐London‐ The_Cenotaph.jpg (By Godot13 (Own work) [CC‐BY‐SA‐3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons) Statues
Ottawa War Memorial: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)#mediaviewer/File: Base_of_National_War_Memorial.jpg (By D. Gordon E. Robertson (Own work) [CC‐ Sources 7
War Memorials in Manitoba: An Artistic Legacy
BY‐SA‐3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons) Standard Canadian Uniform: http://battlefields1418.50megs.com/uniform3.htm Men in Uniform with Webbing: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ww1can/equip.htm Local World War I Stories Binscarth
The Funeral of Sister Margaret Lowe: veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance)
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