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Seaweed Culture and Utilisation in Malaysia: Status, Challenges and Economic Potential By Cheryl Rita Kaur & Margaret Ang Researchers, MIMA
Seminar on Developing the Seaweed Aquaculture Sector in Malaysia MIMA Seminar Room, 27 October 2009 1
Presentation Outline
• • • • • • • •
Production status Environmental characteristics for farming Stakeholders National framework and strategies Economic Perspectives Discussions Recommendations Conclusion
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Global production and trade • 42 countries in the world involved in commercial seaweed activity. • Top 10 countries contribute 95% of the world’s commercial seaweed volume (2 million tonnes).
China 61.4%
Laminaria 61%
Cultivated only = 1 million tonnes Japan 9.8%
Others 1%
Others 0.1% Malaysia 0.4%
Indonesia Chile 4.3% 3.1% Tanzania 0.5%
S. Korea 6.0%
N. Korea 6.4%
Philippines 8.3%
Porphyra 12%
Eucheuma 3% Gracilaria 4%
Undaria 9%
Kappaphycus 10%
Source: surialink.com
Global production and trade (cont.) • Seaweed industry annual production value of US$ 6 billion • China, Japan, Korea, Philippines and Indonesia produce the bulk, valued at US$250 million, mainly for phycocolloid production. • Denmark, France, Norway and the U.S. dominate the manufacturing industry. • Natural stocks of seaweeds are limited - farming is therefore a major source of seaweed resources.
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Local Production - Sabah • Sabah is the only state in Malaysia that is commercially producing seaweed. • Seaweed cultivated in 4 districts on large scale: Semporna, Lahad Datu, Kudat, and Kunak. • Main cultivated species: Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spinosum – mainly for export purpose. • 2 seaweed processing mills in Malaysia located in Sabah. • Positive impacts on poverty alleviation among coastal populations. 5
Seaweed Production & National Target 300,000
METRIC TON (wet weight)
250,000
Target production by 2010: 250,000 tonnes (wet weight) RM380 million
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: DOFM
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Aquaculture Production (2008) 354,314 tonnes marine shrimps 16% Freshwater fish 27%
marine fish 6%
marine mollusk 20%
Farm area: 960 ha (2005) 7,730 ha (2008) Families involved: 583 (2005) 950 (2008)
seaweed 31% *Seaweed : wet weight (Sabah)
Source: DOF, Sabah
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Seaweed Production 2008 111,298 tonnes (wet weight) • BANGGI
Semporna 95.0%
Banggi 0.3% Lahad Datu 4.4%
Kunak 0.3%
Production: 111,298 tonnes (2008) 90,268 tonnes (2007) 23.2% Value: 44.52 million (2008) 22.57 million (2007) 97.3%
• LAHAD DATU • KUNAK • SEMPORNA
Source: DOF, Sabah
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Environment Characteristics for Seaweed Farming • • • • •
Sheltered waters Wave height of 1-2 feet Salinity ranging between 30-35 parts per million Good water quality Sandy seabed with corals
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Relevant Stakeholders • • • • • • • • •
Department of Fisheries Malaysian Fisheries Development Authority District office (Semporna) Local universities Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute SIRIM Berhad Financial institution Manufacturing companies Farmers 10
Cultivation Methods • Conventional long-line • Improved long-line • Basket method
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Conventional Long-Line Cultivation Method
Pictures: DOF, Sabah
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Picture: Cheryl Pictures: Rita DOF, Kaur Sabah (2009) 13
Improved Long-Line Cultivation Method
Pictures: Dr. Suhaimi Yasir (UMS)
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Picture: Mr. Ramlan Ali (UMS) 15
Basket Cultivation Method
Pictures: Cheryl Rita Kaur (2009)
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Seaweed Drying Process
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Pictures: Cheryl Rita Kaur (2009)
Pictures: Cheryl Rita Kaur (2009)
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National Framework and Strategies • Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) • Third National Agricultural Policy (1998-2010) • Announcement of 2010 Budget on the 23 October 2009 • National Aquaculture Center (Sabah Development Corridor) 19
“Dalam tempoh Rancangan, sektor pertanian akan diberi nafas baru supaya tampil sebagai tunggak ketiga pertumbuhan ekonomi………... Industri berpotensi tinggi seperti akuakultur, perikanan laut dalam, rumpai laut, herba, ikan hiasan dan florikultur akan dibangunkan dan dikomersilkan secara berskala besar. Di samping itu, aktiviti penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D) akan dipergiat, akses kepada pembiayaan dipertingkat dan zon pengeluaran baru dibangunkan khusus untuk pengeluaran pertanian. Pembangunan sumber pertumbuhan baru dalam sektor pertanian akan dipergiat dalam tempoh Rancangan. Sehubungan ini, pengeluaran berskala besar bagi tuna, ikan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan hiasan, florikultur, herba dan rumpai laut akan digalakkan melalui penyediaan khidmat pengembangan, insentif, infrastruktur asas, kemudahan pemasaran dan penggalakan aktiviti pemprosesan hiliran”. Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) Unit Perancang Ekonomi, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Putrajaya (2006) Pertanian (m/s 26, 27, 94) 20
Seaweed highlighted as one of the most important aquaculture commodity.
Third National Agricultural Policy (1998-2010), Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia. Chapter 6 on Fisheries: PROSPECTS
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“Develop food farming industry such as fruits, vegetables, organic farming, herbs, seaweeds and swiftlet nets with an allocation of RM149 million. Although the 2010 Budget is the last budget for the 9th Malaysia Plan (9MP), it is the foundation for the development of the new economic model and a precursor to the 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP). We were successful in the past in transforming the economy from agriculture to industrial-based. We now have to shift to a new economic model based on innovation, creativity and high-value added activities. Only then, we will be able to remain relevant in a competitive global market.”
2010 Budget speech by the Prime Minister and Finance Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak on the 23 October 2009.
National Aquaculture Industrial Zone (AIZ) (i) Semporna
Source: DOF, Sabah
Seaweed culture area Fish cage area
25,213 ha (62,303 e) 2,687 ha (6,640 e)
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(ii) Kudat
POTENTIAL AREA 16,255 ha.
Source: DOF, Sabah
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Economic importance • 221 seaweed species utilised commercially • 145 for food; 110 for phycocolloid production (e.g. agar, carrageenan, alginates) • Uses: Food, medicine, cosmetic products, pharmaceuticals, fertilisers, animal feed
Status of Seaweed Production, Malaysia YEAR Production
2005
2006
2007
2008
∆2005-2008
25,000
43,200
90,270
111,300
4.5 times
4.30
6.91
22.57
44.52
10 times
960
5,591
6,279
7,730
8 times
583
520
738
950
1.6 times
(Tonnes, wet weight)
Wholesale Value (RM million)
Farm Area (ha)
Families involved (No.)
• Seaweed production growth (1990 – 2008) = 32.3% • Production volume doubled in every 2 years • Estimated production volume by 2010 = 222,600 tonnes
National Dried Seaweed Trade Volume 4500 4000
Tonnes (dry weight)
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07
0
IMPORT
2006 Import data – Not Available
EXPORT
Source: DOF Sabah
National Seaweed Trade Value (RM) 45,000,000 40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 0 2000
2001
2002
2003 IMPORT
2004
2005
2006
EXPORT
Source: MOA
2007
Export-Import Values (2008) Commodity Seaweeds
Export 6,680
(RM ‘000) Import 36,718
Balance 30,039
Source: Department of Fisheries Malaysia
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National Dried Seaweed Import Volume 2500
Tonnes (dry weight)
2000
1500
1000
500
19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07
0
Others
2006 Import data – Not Available
Philippines
Indonesia
Cambodia
Source: DOF Sabah
National Dried Seaweed Export Volume 4500 4000
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07
Tonnes (dry weight)
3500
Others
Denmark
United Kingdom
Hong Kong & China
South Korea
Source: DOF Sabah
Issues and Challenges • • • • • •
Unavailability of good quality ‘seedlings’ Pollution in production areas Occurrence of ‘ice-ice’ and epiphytes Shortage of raw materials Lack of capital to venture into the industry Prolonged processing time in borrowing from financing institutions • Poor crop management • Lack of fund for R&D programmes
Discussions Strengths: • • • • •
Availability of seaweed areas in Sabah (AIZ); Established culture techniques for seaweed farming; Low operation cost; and Government support and policies Huge economic potential
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• Capacity and capability building in research and development. • Application of modern biotechnology in high quality seedling production. • Explore new seaweed cultivation methods, expand seaweed varieties for production, and discover more ways to utilise seaweed and its products. • Development of human resource at technical and nontechnical levels has to be further enhanced through providing seaweed training, special forum and seminars on business opportunities.
Conclusions • Malaysia has the potential to be a major seaweed player in the region – infrastructure, manpower, product quality, transfer of technology, industrial support and marketing. • Seaweed production volume and value will increase further if more efforts are put into improving the industry • 10th Malaysian Plan (2011-2015) – Optimization of seaweed production. • 4th National Agriculture Policy (2011-2020) – National seaweed aquaculture development. 35
THANK YOU
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