Strategic Environmental Assessment for Spatial Planning for North ... [PDF]

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Strategic Environmental Assessment for Spatial Planning for North Tapanuli District SEA Report

Contract no. Date of submission Prepared by

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6000269 December 21st, 2015 PT. Dazya Ina Mandiri Jl KH Wahid Hasyim 14 B, 2nd Floor Kebon Sirih, Menteng Jakarta Pusat 10340 T. 021 – 3143649 F. 021 – 3143944 E. [email protected]

Huta Ginjang, Tapanuli Utara, Danau Toba Photo by Abu Emir

SEA Report Jakarta | 21st December 2015

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for Spatial Planning for North Tapanuli District

Prepared by:

PT. Dazya Ina Mandiri Jl KH Wahid Hasyim 14 B, 2nd Floor Kebon Sirih, Menteng Jakarta Pusat 10340 T. 021 – 3143649 F. 021 – 3143944 E. [email protected] W. www.dim.co.id

Consultant Team: Adi Wiyana  Dwi Nurcahyadi  La Ode M. Abdul Wahid  Sri Handayani  Hafid Setiadi  Muhammad Taufiq Afiff Supporting Team: Neny Suci P.  Hijri Agista R.

Supported & funded by:

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.

Introduction Background. The Sustainable Landscape Partnership (SLP) is collaborating across community organizations, government agencies and private sector companies to reduce pressure on critical natural resources and establish green development pathways. The ‗sustainable landscape‘ concept is at the core of SLP, with such a landscape characterized by the following attributes: (1) emissions from deforestation, degradation and peat production areas are reduced; (2) local livelihoods and income are enhanced; (3) benefits are shared equitably; and (4) natural capital, including biodiversity, is maintained. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is one location of SLP Project sites of CI in Indonesia. SLP is a flagship program in CI‘s work to conserve natural capital through partnerships that improve governance and support sustainable production. CI‘s vision is healthy, sustainable societies for everyone. SLP is a grant facility established with financial support from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Walton Family Foundation. One of the SLP facilitations is to promote the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) application in the formulation of the spatial plan (RTRW) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Definition and Objective of SEA. The Indonesian Law No. 32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management defines SEA as ―a series of analyses that are systematic, comprehensive, and participatory to ensure that sustainable development principles are made as the basis and are integrated in the development of an area and/or policies, plans, and programs‖. The of SEA for RTRW of Tapanuli Utara has two objectives that are to be achieved simultaneously, namely: (a) to develop local capacity for undertaking SEA, and (b) to improve the quality of the draft RTRW through integrating sustainable development principles and reducing its potential negative impacts. Profile of Study Area. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, consisted of 15 sub-districts, is located in the highland in the central part of North Sumatra Province. It is rich in natural resources including forests, biodiversity, and energy and minerals resources. In addition, it also has good social and economic capitals as demonstrated by its steady economic growth that is based mostly on agriculture. Because of its strategic location ecologically, significant negative impacts from the infrastructure and economic development that take place in the district will likely have direct or indirect effects not only within the district but also in the province in general.

2.

Summary of PPPs in the Draft Spatial Plan The objective of spatial planning in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is to create an agriculture and agroindustry-based spatial plan that is supported by tourism and mining and energy sectors, productive, efficient, peaceful, and pleasant to live in, giving importance to equitable area development, mitigation of disasters, and sustainable development. This objective is elaborated into the following policies that are overarching, multi-dimensional, integrative, and conceptual in nature: a. Improvement of accessibility and equity of socio-economic and cultural services to all areas of development. b. Maintenance and realization of environmental sustainability, as well as natural disasters mitigation.

ii c. Implementation of optimized utilization of cultivation areas in accordance with their environmental carrying capacity. d. Improvement of the productivity of leading sectors in accordance with the carrying capacity of the lands. e. Improvement of natural resource-based economy of the local populations. f. Improvement of the functions of areas designated for defense and security. The RTRW consists of three major plans, namely: infrastructure development plan, land-use plan, and strategic area plan. Each of the plans is elaborated into indicative programs. 3.

Strategic Issues and Baseline Data Through a series of pre-scoping and scoping sessions, the local government SEA Working Group (POKJA) working together the Multi-Stakeholder Forum (comprising of local government, NGOs, university, the private sector, and informal leaders) come up with an agreement of 11 (eleven) strategic issues that are being faced by the district. These strategic issues are as follows: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Tapanuli Utara is increasingly getting hotter Decreasing water quality and quantity Large area of critical lands Degradation and fragmentation of forest areas and ecosystem Degradation of Lake Toba ecosystem Deterioration of biodiversity Slow progress of regional annual per capita income Low-level welfare of farmers Slow progress rate of human health Erosion of local wisdoms and cultural values Social conflicts

There is an additional strategic issue that later on was added, namely potential of disasters. An issue is termed strategic if it has a wide-scale, direct and indirect, multi-sectoral, and cumulative impacts. Each strategic issue is described in terms of its driving factors or root causes and what likely issues will arise if the strategic issue is not adequately addressed. Each strategic issue and the driving factors area supported by baseline data that include quantitative and/or qualitative data. 4.

Strategic Likely Impacts of RTRW SEA assessments undertaken by the SEA experts and POKJA demonstrate that the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has potential significant negative impacts on most of the strategic issues. Results of in-depth analyses by experts in related disciplines confirm that the likely potential impacts are significant and therefore strategic. The implementation of the PPPs in the RTRW (infrastructure development, land-use, and strategic area plans and programs) will likely involve massive land clearing, capital-intensive investment bringing in migrant skilled/semi-skilled workers with their cultures. As such, the implementation of the RTRW will likely and significantly: (a) increase GHG emissions due mainly to land-use changes contributing to Global Warming and Climate Change; (b) reduce water quantity and quality due to deforestation and increase waste disposals that will have derivative effects on ecosystem and socio-economic aspects of life; (c) enlarge the existing critical lands due to unsustainable cultivations that in the

iii long run will reduce productivity; (d) increase forest degradation and habitat fragmentation particularly due to encroachment, logging, poaching that could pose serious threats to biodiversity and economic sustainability; (e) degradation of local cultural values and wisdoms as well as social conflicts due to such factors as interface of different cultures and interests/orientations, land acquisition, social jealousy, and the like. In addition to these strategic impacts, it is imperative to note that Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is prone to disasters including landslides, floods, and earthquakes. 5.

Mitigation Measures, Alternative Land-use Plan, and Recommendations Mitigation Measures. In order to mitigate the above potential strategic impacts from the implementation of the RTRW, this SEA has identified and formulated many mitigation measures from internal POKJA workshop and consultation with the MSF as provided below. Strategic Issues Tapanuli Utara is getting hotter

Proposed Mitigation Measures 1) Promote programs / activities of planting of trees or flowers or make a family park in each household in all society strata of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Integration to RTRW Land-use Plan (B2)

SKPD Market, Cleanliness and landscaping Service unit, and Environmental Office Environmental Service Unit Transportation and Communications and Information Technology Service Unit Transportation and Communications and Information Technology Service Unit. Forestry Service

2) Create an environmental program of ―ONE MAN ONE TREE‖ 3) Cultivate the use of bicycles as an alternative means of transportation that does not use fuel in order to reduce the increase in Greenhouse gas emissions.

Strategic Area (C1) Infrastructure Development (A2.1)

4) Create "CAR FREE DAY" program at the Department of Transportation and Communications and Information Technology

Strategic Area (C1)

5) Add more location and acreage of Nature Reserves forest in every sub-district of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Land-use Plan (B2)

6) Socialize appropriate waste treatment (encouraging a Garbage Bank program)

Strategic Area (C1)

7) Provide physical environmental facilities – temporary landfills (garbage cans with 3 types of treatment: organic waste, inorganic and recyclable waste) 8) Create program of landfill construction by Market, Cleanliness and landscaping service at a remote location from settlements with the system of Sanitary Landfill

Infrastructure Development (A2.5) Infrastructure Development (A2.5)

Market, Cleanliness and Landscaping Service Unit.

9) Build/form green open space e.g., city forest or city park

Strategic Area (C1)

Market, Cleanliness and

Market, Cleanliness and landscaping Service Unit. Environmental Office.

iv Strategic Issues

Decreasing water quality and quantity

Increasing Area of Critical Lands

Proposed Mitigation Measures

Integration to RTRW

SKPD

10) Monitor air quality in urban areas (to install air quality monitoring equipment)

Strategic Area (C1)

Landscaping Service Unit Environmental Office

11) Updating RAD-GRK

Strategic Area (C1) Land-use Plan (B2)

Environmental Office Agriculture, Forestry Service

2) Develop agricultural production through multiple/mix farming or tumpang-sari system with forest trees as protectors and agricultural crops as the main crop in farms.

Land-use Plan (B2)

Agriculture, Forestry Service.

3) Formulate local government regulation concerning green belt at riverbanks

Infrastructure Development (A25)

4) Determine the water catchment area for water springs in the land-use plan of the spatial plan

Land-use Plan (B1)

5) Reduce and be selective in giving recommendations related to the issuance of the mining permit among others are Excavation C (sand and stone) in rivers 6) Formulate regulation related to domestic waste water management

Infrastructure Development (A26)

Public Work Service at the general affairs section. Forestry Service, Environmental Office, and Bappeda (Regional Development Agency). Sub-district office, Mining Service.

7) Maintain and secure the forest area around watersheds 1) Undertake afforestation/regreening

Land-use Plan (B1) Land-use Plan (B.2)

2) Implement soil and water conservation technique to all cropping pattern in critical areas

Land-use Plan (B.2)

3) Establish Community Forests on tumpang-

Land-use Plan

1) Undertake afforestation through the provision/production of crops that can improve living standard of the people, such as: Avocado, Durian, Aren, etc.

Infrastructure Development (A25)

Environmental Service, Law Office, at section of law. Forestry Service Forestry, Agriculture, BP4K, NGO, Market, cleanliness and landscaping Service, Environmental Office. Forestry service, Agriculture service, BP4K, NGO, Market, Cleanliness and landscaping, Environmental Office. Forestry service,

v Strategic Issues

Proposed Mitigation Measures sari pattern and the development of agroforestry

4) Conduct reforestation 5) Implement conservation crop or cover crops planting pattern (cocoa, coffee crop, and lamtoro trees).

Degradation of forest area and ecosystem

Deterioration of

Integration to RTRW (B.2)

Land-use Plan (B.1) Land-use Plan (B.2)

6) Construct conservation building (check DAM and DAM controller)

Land-use Plan (B.2)

1) Determine programs and activities in accordance with the biophysical characteristics of the area (scope of the Forest Service). 2) Conduct feasibility study and implement PES (Payment of Ecosystem Services) to gain economic benefit from the protected area, consistency of land-use allotment (PERDA)

Land-use Plan (B.2)

3) Enforce policy on establishment and implementation of RUPES (Upland Reward Payment for Environmental Services) that is resulted from the protected forests in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara.

Strategic Area (C.3)

4) Manage watershed in a targeted and continuous manner

Land-use Plan (B.1.8-9)

5) Enforce law and regulation for the concerning the safeguard of forest and forest destruction

Land-use Plan (B.1)

6) Establish collaboration with society through HKM and village forest

Land-use Plan (B.1)

7) Reroute roadways away from forest areas

Infrastructure development (A.2.1) Environmental

1) Create program of wildlife protection in

Strategic Area (C.3)

SKPD agriculture, BP4K, NGO, Market, cleanliness and landscaping unit, Environmental Office. Forestry service Agriculture, BP4K, NGO, Environmental Office. Forestry, Agriculture, Public Work service, Environmental Office Environmental Office and Forestry service Regional Development Agency, Forestry Service, Environmental Office, Permit service, NGO Regional Development Agency, Forestry Service, Environmental Office, Permit service, NGO Regional Development Agency, Forestry Service, Environmental Office, BPDAS, Public Work Service Forestry, NGO, Indonesian National Police Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO, Agriculture & Plantation PU, Forestry Service Forestry service,

vi Strategic Issues biodiversity

Proposed Mitigation Measures Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara including socialization of Law No. 5/1990 2) Establish a center of knowledge on biodiversity and develop ecotourism in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 3) Limit permit issuance for natural resource mining/exploration 4) Conduct inventory of biodiversity (flora and fauna)

Land-use Plan (B.1.11)

5) Focus on high-value biodiversity (germplasm)

Environmental Strategic Area (C.1) Environmental Strategic Area (C.4)

6) Maintain local wisdom by agro-forestry pattern

7) Create zones in the HSA (Natural Reserve Forest)

Erosion of cultural values and local wisdom

Integration to RTRW strategic area (C.1) Environmental strategic area (C.1) Environmental strategic area (C.1)

8) Establish caring community on protected animals

Environmental strategic area (C.1) Land-use Plan (B.1)

9) Build arboretum for endemic/ indigenous and endangered species

Land-use Plan (B.1.11)

1) Create program on education that is a local content on cultural subject and local language as well as learning about Batak Alphabet starting from elementary, junior school and senior high school level 2) Establish Batak culture museum containing all things related to Batak culture 3) Revitalize mutual assistance (marsiadapari) in the society

Strategic area (C.I.4)

4) Establish and operate cultural/art centers to accommodate and develop the creativity of students and youths, for example, held a tor-tor competition and Batak songs creation, marturi-turian (competition of Batak folk/story telling in Batak language) 5) Preserve objects and places owing to Batak historical value, such as: Aek Situmandi, Lyman Munson's grave site, the cross of love, Poti Marende, guitar Sipoholon, Batak house, Nomensen location 6) Promote and preserve traditional Batak cuisine (example: arsik carp, naniura, Putu, napinadar, sasagoon, ombus ombus/pohul-

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Strategic Area (C.I.4) Strategic Area (C.I.4)

SKPD environmental office, NGO Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO Permit service, mining, environmental office. Forestry, environmental office, NGO Forestry, Environmental office, NGO. Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO, Education and Culture, Tourism service. Forestry Forestry, environmental office, NGO Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO Tourism and Education and Culture Service. Tourism service Community Development Agency (Bappemas) Tourism Service, Education and Cultural Service

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Tourism Service

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Tourism Service

vii Strategic Issues

Proposed Mitigation Measures pohul) 7) Create program at the Department of Tourism in collaboration with the Department of Education to promote educative tourism in places related to Batak historical and cultural value so that students and all groups of society can reminisce Batak cultural value (example: take some students from the farthest subdistrict to see and learn places and Batak cultural values existing in Tarutung subdistrict)

Social Conflicts

1) Establish clear boundaries between community-owned land and state forest areas 2) Establish regional administrative borders of the village, sub-district and district 3) Direct the land utilization by a third party under the scheme of CSR in order to be used appropriately on target in order to improve the economy of communities in the surrounding area 4) Utilize HKM program (Community Forest), Village Forest or Forest People and IP4T 5) Enhance the role of communities in the planning and implementation of development in the village

Disaster Risks

Integration to RTRW

SKPD

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Tourism Service and Education and Culture Service.

Land-use Plan (B1)

Forestry Service

Infrastructure Development (A1) Infrastructure Development (A21)

Government Party

Land-use Plan (B2)

Forestry Service, BPN

Infrastructure Development

Community Development Agency (Bapemmas), Village Government Social service and community welfare section Agriculture Service, Forestry service and BPN. Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, Public Works (PU), Transportation & Comm.Info, Local Secretariat (Sekda). BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda.

6) Increase the participation of Migrant Bataks in solving land disputes

Infrastructure Development

7) Conduct land titling/certification for the community

Land-use Plan (B2)

1) Prohibit logging in an area with a certain slope

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

2) Apply Local Government Building Regulation, including pre-condition requiring specialized criteria dealing with construction permits in areas within earthquake zone (for example in case of and iron framing/scaffolding); limiting the height of buildings in areas within the

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

Economic section of Local Government Secretariat

viii Strategic Issues

Proposed Mitigation Measures earthquake zone; soil improvement (geotextile) on the area/location of repeated landslides occurrences 3) Conduct research on soil liquefaction in relation to buildings located in the earthquake zone and relocation of buildings once it is detected

Integration to RTRW

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

4) Establish earthquake detector device that directly sends warnings of danger signs in some strategic points

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

5) Establish evacuation routes in case of exceptional events and deliver information as wide possible to the public

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

6) Disseminate information to the public on what to do (in the form of a simulation) in case of disaster

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

7) Incorporate disaster information in school/education curriculum

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

8) Promoting and disseminating biopore holes making in dense settlements.

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

SKPD

BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda.

Alternative Land-use Plan. The land-use plan contained in the Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035 that was submitted to the Provincial Government of North Sumatra was made on the basis of the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 44/2005. In 2014, the Government through the Ministry of Forestry issued Decree No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 on the Determination of Forest Area Function in the Province of North Sumatra. Information was obtained that from the consultation of draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara with the Province of Sumatra Utara that the land use plan of the Province of Sumatra Utara and all districts/cities therein shall refer to the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/2014. In regard

ix with this, information was obtained from Bappeda that the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is currently drafting a new land-use plan that is based on the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/2014. Additionally, CI Indonesia has made efforts to develop an alternative LEDS-driven land-use plan for Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara on the basis of the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/2014 and all relevant regulations regarding land-use utilization of both protection and cultivation areas. In summary, the Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara still has an obligation to finalize a land-use plan that combines the interest of the district, provincial, and national governments. Ideally, the formulated land-use plan should be the most ideal one showing the optimal effort to ensure the realization of sustainable development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in particular, and in the province of North Sumatra in general. To that end, the formulated land-use plan should meet, consider, and integrate sustainable development principles in it. First, the land-use plan shall integrate the principles of interdependency, namely: (a) the vertical interrelationship with provincial and national interests; and (b) the horizontal interrelationship among the interests of the neighboring districts/cities and those that are located in the downstream area. Second, the land-use plan shall proportionately balance the economic interests (both at the macro- and community levels), socio-cultural interests, and environmental interests. Third, the land-use plan shall take into account the principle of justice in distributing the benefits of development among social/community groups and between the present and future generations. The Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is encouraged to use the LEDS-driven alternative land-use plan because based on quantitative calculations this alternative does not emit GHG, on the contrary it sinks GHG. This alternative, as presented below, is therefore an ideal land-use but still on paper. The Local Government, therefore, still have to down-earth this alternative in a series of public consultations at the sub-district level so that it could become an ideal land-use plan for all stakeholders.

x Low Emission Alternative Land-use Plan

Sources: Base Map of the Earth (BIG), PP No.71/2014, President Regulation No.32/1990, Ministry of Public Work Regulation No.63/PRT/M/1993, Ministry of Public Works No. 41/PRT/M/2007, Ministry of Forestry No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 and Assessment Result of CI Team, 2015

Recommendations. Based on: (a) the results of the assessment and analyses of the potential impacts of the draft spatial plan on strategic issues, namely: increase in temperature, critical land area, decrease in quantity and quality of water, degradation of forests, deterioration of biodiversity, erosion of cultural values and local wisdoms, and social conflict as well as disasterrisks; and (b) identification and formulation of mitigation measures and alternatives to minimize potential impacts/risks on the environmental conditions and to ensure the realization of sustainable development in the long run, the Local Government of Tapanuli Utara is expected to do the following: 1) Protect Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s ecosystem and biodiversity by among others developing ecotourism and establishing Arboretum. 2) Make commitments to promote forest and land rehabilitation activities along river banks and water spring sources. 3) Encourage the implementation of Payment of Environmental Services (PES) from all parties who benefit from Tapanuli Utara‘s environmental services. 4) Use the topographical conditions and risks to disasters as key considerations in the planning and implementation of development programs. 5) Promote sustainable agriculture system for farming and cultivation of critical lands for agriculture through reclamation and livestock activities. 6) Take into considerations the socio-cultural aspects (including the existence of customary forests/communities) in the process of finalization, stipulation, and implementation of the district spatial plan.

xi 7) Mainstream LEDS in developing policies, plans, and programs of the Local Government of Tapanuli Utara by using geospatial data in strategic decision making. 8) Develop geospatial database of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara to be used as a basis for strategic decision making and make it known by the public as part of the national OneMap Policy In implementing the above recommendation, government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara needs to refer to the formulation of mitigation measures and/or alternative as described earlier. 6.

Integration of SEA Recommendations The results of SEA were presented to the Bupati of Tapanuli Utara in a decision making meeting on 17 December 2015 that and was attended by heads of key local government agencies and the SEA POKJA. The Bupati accepted all of the SEA recommendations and instructed all the relevant heads of technical agencies not only to integrate all of the SEA recommendations (including the proposed mitigation measures and alternative land-use plan) into the draft spatial plan, but also to integrate the relevant mitigation measures (counter programs) into annual development planning and budgeting. The Development Planning Board (Bappeda) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara assumes the responsibility in integrating SEA recommendations into the final draft RTRW and annual planning and budgeting in accordance with the current Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD). In addition, he also asked his staff member to plan for another SEA for the current RPJMD.

xii PREFACE This SEA Report is compiled to document the whole SEA processes and results from the beginning up to the completion of SEA implementation. Chapter I (Introduction) presents the SEA objectives, processes, and methodology. Chapter 2 describes a brief profile of the study area, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, in terms of three aspects, namely physical and natural resources (natural capital), economic base and growth (economic capital), and demography, education, health, and culture (social capital). Chapter 3 summarizes the policies, plans, and programs whose potential environmental impacts/risks will be assessed, namely the draft Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. In addition, Chapter 3 also identifies major on-going and planned investments in the district, because it is important to assess the cumulative environmental impacts of both the RTRW and other major investments in the district. Chapter 4 presents a summary of the results of scoping process, namely the key/strategic issues and their causes (related issues) as identified by the SEA Working Group (POKJA) and the relevant stakeholders of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara during the scoping sessions. This chapter also provides descriptions of the baseline data and information of each strategic issue identified by the POKJA and stakeholders. The baseline data and information define what the strategic issues are including their drivers or root causes and locations. To the extent possible, the baseline data and information also contain some predictions of what will happen (trend analysis) if these issues are not properly addressed by the local government. Endeavors are made to provide spatial information (maps) and trends of the issues when time-series data are available. It is important to provide thorough baseline data and information for each strategic issue as these will be used later as a basis for assessing the potential environmental impacts/risks of policies, plans, and programs (RTRW and other major investments) in the district. Chapter 5 presents the results of impact assessment of the draft RTRW on the environmental condition of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. By environmental condition of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is meant the eleven strategic issues and their related issues constituting the driving factors and the resulting issues that will happen if the strategic issues are not properly addressed. The strategic issues are divided into three categories namely physico-chemical (climate, water, land/soil), ecosystem (forest, Toba Lake area, biodiversity), and socio-economic (regional economy, farmer welfare, human health, cultural values and local wisdoms, social conflict). All strategic issues and related issues are described in baseline data and information. Chapter 6 contains the proposed mitigation measures/alternatives and recommendations that are developed and formulated on the basis of the SEA assessment and analyses regarding the potential impacts/risks of draft spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035. Chapter 7 is consisted of the necessary efforts that should be undertaken by the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara to integrate the SEA recommendations into the draft spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035 Chapter 8 presents the results of quality assurance regarding SEA implementation from the beginning to the end. Chapter 9 presents conclusions and next steps after the completion of the SEA implementation. The materials presented in the SEA Report reflect the optimal efforts made by the SEA Working Group of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara with facilitation from the Consultant Team with all their limitations. SEA Working Group of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara SEA Consultant Team

xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The preparations for and the writing of this SEA Report concerning the draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara consumed huge amount of time and efforts, research work, and dedication. This report would not have been completed without the support of many individuals and organizations. Therefore, this is to extend the well-deserved gratitude to all who have contributed. First of all, sincere thankfulness is most-deserved by CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Jakarta and Tarutung offices for the financial and logistical support, smooth cooperation, and the valuable guidance concerning the process and reporting in general on the implementation of SEA for Spatial Planning in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Especially to Bp. Triarko Nurlambang who has provided supervision and technical advice in the implementation of the SEA for Spatial Planning of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. The highest gratitude is hereby expressed to the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, the Bupati – Mr. Nikson Nababan, the Assistant II to the Bupati – Mr. Parsaoran Hutagalung for their thorough and continuing support and encouragement in the implementation process of SEA for Spatial Planning in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Most gratefulness is for all members of the SEA Task Force or POKJA KLHS of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, in particular core members that include Marihot Simanjutak (Public Works); Cathirina Fitri T, Erlinda J. Tobing, Agus Sinaga, Jeffry Sinaga, Yelida Clara, Halomoan Batubara, Christian Hutagalung (Bappeda); Frans Harahap, Jenry Simanjutak, Setdin JVL Tobing, Rostama E.Situmorang, and Melki, S.M Hutauruk (Environmental Management Office); Tonny Simangunsong, Dharma Simanungkalit, Hombar S. Sinurat, Evo Saragih (Forest Service Agency); Revansius Nababan (Agriculture Service Agency), and Meriana N. Siburian (Tourism Service Agency), for their utmost cooperation and enthusiasm, data collection, and resourceful information on environmental issues in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Without their local knowledge and experience, this scoping report would lack insights of customized (local) contents - thus their support and contributions have been essential. Appropriate thankfulness should also be attributed to Burhanuddin, a voluntary researcher from Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari (YEL), who devoted his valuable time and knowledge during this SEA Implementation process. Last but not least, the contributions from all stakeholder groups (local government, NGOs, the private sector, and informal leaders) are highly appreciated.

xiv

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION ADHK AFOLU AHH AMDAL APL APM Bappeda

: : : : : : :

BNPB CI-Indonesia DAS DIM FGD GHG HDI HL HPK HPT HTI

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ILO IPCC IPPU IPTEK IUCN Kabupaten KBA Kelurahan KK KKP KLH KLHS KRP LEDS LQ MDGs MSF NAWACITA NER OECD PBB PES PDRB

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

PKL

:

Atas Dasar Harga Konstan (at constant rates) Agricultural activities, livestock, Forestry, and Land Use change sector Angka Harapan Hidup (Life Expectancy Rate) Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (Environmental Impact Assessment) Area Penggunaan Lain (Other Uses Area) Angka Partisipasi Murni (Net Enrollment Ratio – NER) Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Regional Development Planning Board) Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority) Conservation International - Indonesia Office Daerah Aliran Sungai (Watershed) PT Dazya Ina Mandiri (consulting company implementing SEA) Focus Group Discussion Green House Gas (Gas Rumah Kaca-GRK) Human Development Index (Indeks Pembangunan Manusia – IPM) Kawasan Hutan Lindung (Protection Forest) Hutan Produksi yang bisa di Konversi (Convertible Production Forest) Hutan Produksi Terbatas (Limited Production Forest) Hutan Tanaman Industri (Industrial Vegetation Forest/fast-growing woods plantation) International Labour Organisation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Industrial Production process and certain Products Use Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (Science & Technology) International Union for Conservation of Nature District or regency (sub-provincial government) - rural, headed by Bupati Key Biodiversity Value (Areas) a village in urban areas (City) Kepala Keluarga (Households) Kementerian Kelautan & Perikanan (Ministry of Marine & Fishery) Kantor Lingkungan Hidup (Environmental Management Office) Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis (Strategic Environmental Assessment) Kebijakan, Rencana, Program (Policies, Plans, Programs – PPP) Low Emission Development Srategies Location Quotient Millennium Development Goals Multi-Stakeholder Forum (for SEA) Nine-priority agenda for development 2015-2019 Net Enrollment Ratio Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (United Nation) Payment Environmental Services Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Gross Regional Domestic Product GRDP) Pusat Kegiatan Lokal (Local Activities Area)

xv PKSN PLTA PLTP POKJA PP PPK PPL PPP PKWp PT SOL RPJM-N/D

:

RPJP-N/D

:

RTRW SDGs SEA SK SLP TNI TPT UNFCCC USAID UU UUD

: : : : : : : : : : :

: : : : : : : : :

Pusat Kegiatan Strategis Nasional (National Strategic Activity Area) Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Tenaga Air (Water Power Plan) Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Panas Bumi (Geothermal) Kelompok Kerja (Local Government SEA Working Group) Peraturan Pemerintah (Government Regulation) Pusat Pelayanan Kawasan (Area Service Center) Pusat Pelayanan Lokal (Local Service Center) Policies, plans, programs Pusat Kegiatan Wilayah promosi (Area Activity Center – promoted) PT. Sarulla Operation Ltd Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah – Nasional/Daerah (Medium-term Development Plan – National/Local) Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang – Nasional/Daerah (Long-term Development Plan – National/Local) Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (Spatial Plan) Sustainable Development Goals Strategic Environmental Assessment Surat Keputusan (Decree issued by Government) Sustainable Landscapes Partnership Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Armed Forces) Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (Open Unemployment Rate) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Agency for International Development Undang Undang (Laws) Undang Undang Dasar (Constitution)

xvi TABLE OF CONTENT E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y .......................................................................................................................................... i P R E F A C E ....................................................................................................................................................................... xii A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T ..................................................................................................................................... xiii G L O S S A R Y O F A C R O N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I A T I O N .................................................................... xiv T A B L E O F C O N T E N T ........................................................................................................................................ xvi L I S T O F T A B L E S ................................................................................................................................................... xviii L I S T O F F I G U R E S .................................................................................................................................................. xix A T T A C H M E N T S ..................................................................................................................................................... xxi 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1

Background ........................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2

Objective of SEA............................................................................................................................................... 3

1.3

Activities and Methodology............................................................................................................................ 3

1.4

Constraints and Key Success ......................................................................................................................... 6

2

PROFILE OF KABUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA ...................................................... 7

2.1

Natural Capital .................................................................................................................................................. 7

2.2

Socio-Cultural Profile ................................................................................................................................... 15

2.3

Economic Profile ............................................................................................................................................ 17

3

IDENTIFICATION OF POLICIES, PLANS, AND PROGRAMS (PPP) ................... 19

3.1

Draft Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ................................................................... 19

3.2

Other Major Investments ............................................................................................................................ 28

4

RESULTS OF SEA SCOPING ...................................................................................... 31

4.1

SEA Strategic Issues ...................................................................................................................................... 31

4.2

Baseline Data and Information ................................................................................................................... 37

4.2.1

Physico-Natural.............................................................................................................................................. 37

4.2.2

Ecosystems ...................................................................................................................................................... 43

4.2.3

Socio-Economic-Cultural ............................................................................................................................. 49

5

IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSiS ................................................................. 55

5.1

Policy Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 55

5.2

Impact Assessment........................................................................................................................................ 68

5.2.1

Impact Assessment Results and Selection of Strategic Impacts ......................................................... 68

5.2.2

Analysis of Impact on Global Warming/Climate Change..................................................................... 73

5.2.3

Analysis of Impact on Water Quantity and Quality .............................................................................. 81

5.2.4

Analysis of Impact on Critical Lands ......................................................................................................... 83

xvii 5.2.5

Analysis of Impact on Deforestation and Habitat Fragmentation ...................................................... 86

5.2.6

Analysis of Impact on Biodiversity Deterioration ................................................................................. 89

5.2.7

Analysis of Impact on Cultural Values and Local Wisdoms ................................................................ 91

5.2.8

Analysis of Impact on Social Conflicts ...................................................................................................... 94

5.2.9

Evaluation of Impacts .................................................................................................................................... 96

6

MITIGATION MEASURES AND/OR ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 102

6.1

Proposed Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................. 102

6.2

Alternative Land-use Plan .......................................................................................................................... 109

6.3

Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 114

7

INTEGRATION OF SEA RECOMMENDATIONS INTO RTRW .......................... 115

8

SEA QUALITY ASSURANCE.................................................................................... 115

9

CONCLUSION AND NEXT STEPS ........................................................................ 116

B I B L I O G R A P H Y ..................................................................................................................................................... xxii A T T A C H M E N T S .................................................................................................................................................... xxv

xviii LIST OF TABLES Table 2. 1. Location Quotient Values of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara .................................................................. 18 Table 3. 1. Land use Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2010 - 2030 ....................................................... 23 Table 3. 2. Land use of Disaster Protection Areas Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010 - 2030 ........................ 24 Table 3. 3. Strategic Areas of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara...................................................................................... 25 Table 3. 4. Summary of Indicative Programs in the RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ............................ 28 Table 4. 1. List of Strategic Development Issues in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara............................................... 31 Table 4. 2. Estimated Critical Lands in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ..................................................................... 42 Table 4. 3. Forest Area in Tapanuli Utara based on SK. Menhut No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 .......................... 43 Table 4. 4. Rate and Growth source of GDP based on business field year 2009-2013 (percentage) ........ 50 Table 4. 5. Disease Prevalence in Health Center of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2014 .............................. 51 Table 4. 6. Number of Patients with HIV/AIDS in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2010-2014 ....................... 52 Table 5. 1 List of Laws that Accommodate Customary Rights ............................................................................ 66 Table 5. 2 Summary result of assessment on impact of spatial plan towards strategic issues ..................... 68 Table 5. 3 Strategic Impacts for Further Analysis.................................................................................................... 72 Table 5. 4 Evaluation Criteria for the Significance of Environmental Impact/Risk........................................... 97 Table 5. 5 Evaluation Results on Potential Impacts of RTRW Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ............................ 98 Table 6. 1 Proposal of Mitigation Measures, Integration into Spatial Plan, Responsible SKPD .................. 102

xix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Geographical and administration position .................................................................................................. 7 Figure 2. Slope Region....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3. Altitude Region (meters above sea level) ................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4. Groups on Type of Soil ................................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 5. Watershed Areas ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 6. Rain Regions .................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 7. Potential Risk for Earthquakes .................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 8. High Biodiversity Value Areas in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara .............................................................. 15 Figure 9. Population Structure of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara .............................................................................. 16 Figure 10. Map of Infrastructure Development Plan .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 11. Map of Transportation Network System .............................................................................................. 23 Figure 12. Land use Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030 (Scenario 1) ............................................. 24 Figure 13. Land use Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030 (Scenario 2) ............................................. 25 Figure 14. Map of Strategic Areas in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030 .................................................... 27 Figure 15. Gold Mine in Batang Toru Subdistrict .................................................................................................... 30 Figure 16. Critical Land Area in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ................................................................................. 42 Figure 17. Forest Map in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara based on SK. Menhut No.579/Menhut-II/2014 ....... 44 Figure 18. Forest Cover Loss in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara................................................................................. 45 Figure 19. Batang Toru Forest and Point of Distribution of Human Activities ................................................ 47 Figure 20. Economic Sustainability vs. Ecological Sustainability ............................................................................ 56 Figure 21. Process of Policy Making/Legislation ....................................................................................................... 57 Figure 22. Hierarchy and Spatial Planning.................................................................................................................. 58 Figure 23. Interrelationship of National-Provincial Development Planning ...................................................... 59 Figure 24. Implication of Spatial Policy of Sumatra Utara Province – Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ............... 59 Figure 25. Constraints of synchronization and coordination of spatial planning implementation in North Sumatra. ........................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 26. Network of Road and Network of River as an Area Adherence between Tarutung and the neighbouring districts ......................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 27. Scheme Influence of Local Communities / Custom community in the Decision-Making Process for Policy Formulation ............................................................................................................... 64 Figure 28. Harangan Sianjur Forest and Lake of Mr. Kaesar................................................................................. 65 Figure 29. Political Transaction Mode on Economic/Business Matters .............................................................. 67 Figure 30. Chart of GHG Emission from 2 Scenarios of Land use change ....................................................... 77 Figure 31. Chart of Cause and Impact on the increased temperature of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ........ 78 Figure 32. Area with Risk of Landslides in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara (CI-SIAP, 2014) ................................ 79 Figure 33. Land suitability for Arabica Coffee Robusta coffee, Cacao, Palm Oil, and Rubber ..................... 80 Figure 34. West-east cross-sectional profile (Parmonangan-Sipoholon-Tarutung-Siborongborong) ......... 82 Figure 35. North-south cross-sectional Profile (Tarutung-Pahae Jae)................................................................ 83

xx Figure 36. Map of Critical Land in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ............................................................................. 85 Figure 37. Map of Impacted Area on Road Infrastructure Development Plan in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Spatial Plan ........................................................................................................................................ 89 Figure 38. Ecosystem Batang Toru and Land use Map ........................................................................................... 90 Figure 39. Area of Potential impact to environmental component ( Physico-Natural, Ecosystem and Social Economics and Culture) ............................................................................................................... 97 Figure 40. Indicative Spatial Distribution of the Proposed Mitigation Programs ........................................... 109 Figure 41. Map of Land Conversion Estimation as a Result of Land-use Plan Alternative of SK No.579/Menhut-II/2015........................................................................................................................... 110 Figure 42. Alternative Land-use Map per Scenario LEDS .................................................................................... 112 Figure 43. Map of Land Conversion Estimation as a Result of LEDS Land-use Plan ..................................... 113

xxi ATTACHMENTS Attachment 1 Decree of Bupati of Tapanuli Utara Establishing SEA Working Group ........................... - 1 Attachment 2 Terms of Reference of SEA for RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ............................ - 2 Attachment 3 List of Indicative Programs in Draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2010-2030 ........................................................................................................................................ - 3 Attachment 4 SEA Scoping Workshop.............................................................................................................. - 12 Attachment 4. 1 Invitation to SEA Scoping Workshop .................................................................................... - 13 Attachment 4. 2 List of Participants – SEA Scoping Workshop ..................................................................... - 14 Attachment 4. 3 Results of SEA Scoping Workshop ......................................................................................... - 17 Attachment 5 SEA Assessment Workshop ...................................................................................................... - 25 Attachment 5. 1 Meeting Attendance Record of FGD Assessment .............................................................. - 26 Attachment 5. 2 Minutes of Meeting FGD Assessment .................................................................................... - 35 Attachment 5. 3 Impact Assessment of RTRW Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2015-2035 ........................... - 40 Attachment 5. 4 Assessment Matriks .................................................................................................................... - 42 Attachment 6 GHG Emissions in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ...................................................................... - 53 Attachment 6. 1 Introduction on GHG Inventory in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara....................................... - 54 Attachment 6. 2 GHG Inventory on ENERGY Sector...................................................................................... - 56 Attachment 6. 3 GHG Inventory on Industrial Production process and use of certain Product (IPPU) Sector................................................................................................................................. - 60 Attachment 6. 4 GHG Inventory on AFOLU Sector ........................................................................................ - 61 Attachment 6. 5 GHG Inventory on Waste Sector .......................................................................................... - 85 Attachment 6. 6 GHG Inventory per Sector ...................................................................................................... - 95 Attachment 6. 7 Calculation of CO2 emissions from Land-use Change....................................................... - 96 Attachment 7 SEA Impact Analysis References ............................................................................................. - 107 Attachment 7. 1 Reference 1: Impact Analysis on Watersheds .................................................................. - 108 Attachment 7. 2 Reference 2: Impact Analysis on Deforestation and Biodiversity ................................ - 112 Attachment 7. 3 Reference 3: Impact Analysis on Land-use Conflicts....................................................... - 116 Attachment 8 Public Hearing on Formulation of SEA Mitigation and Recommendation .................... - 120 Attachment 8. 1 Attendance Record of Public Consultation on Formulation of Mitigations/Alternatives & Recommendation ...................................................................... - 121 Attachment 8. 2 Minutes of Meeting on Public Consultation of Mitigations/Alternatives & Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... - 128 Attachment 9 Minutes of Decision Making on SEA Recommendation .................................................... - 135 Attachment 10 Result of Quality Control ........................................................................................................ - 136 -

1

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background The Sustainable Landscape Partnership (SLP) is collaborating across community organizations, government agencies and private sector companies to reduce pressure on critical natural resources and establish green development pathways. The ‗sustainable landscape‘ concept is at the core of SLP, with such a landscape characterized by the following attributes (CI Indonesia, 2015):    

Emissions from deforestation, degradation and peat production areas are reduced; Local livelihoods and income are enhanced; Benefits are shared equitably; and Natural capital, including biodiversity, is maintained.

Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is one location of the Sustainable Landscapes Partnership (SLP) Project sites of CI in Indonesia. CI has signed an MoU with the Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Government to provide technical support and activities that help to promote sustainable development in the local government development planning. SLP is a flagship program in CI‘s work to conserve natural capital through partnerships that improve governance and support sustainable production. CI‘s vision is healthy, sustainable societies for everyone. SLP is a grant facility established with financial support from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Walton Family Foundation. One of the SLP facilitations is to promote the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) application on the formulation of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara spatial plan (RTRW Kab. Tapanuli Utara). SEA is mandatory by Law No. 32/2009 article number 15. The law states that government and local governments are mandated to conduct compulsory SEA in the formulation or evaluation process of spatial plan and detail spatial plans, long-term and medium-term regional development plans and other policies, plans and programmes that have potential impacts/risks on the environment. By definition, SEA refers to a range of ―analytical and participatory approaches that aim to integrate environmental considerations into policies, plans and programs and evaluate the inter-linkages with economic and social considerations‖ (OECD, 2006). The Indonesian Law No. 32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management defines SEA as ―a series of analyses that are systematic, comprehensive, and participatory to ensure that sustainable development principles are made as the basis and are integrated in the development of an area and/or policies, plans, and programs. SEA is intended to improve the quality of district spatial plans through promoting sustainable development principles and reduces the predicted negative impacts. Ideally, the end product of SEA, namely the SEA recommendations, are integrated into the draft of spatial plan. The SEA process begins with preparation stage. The preparation stage consists of several activities, namely: 1) Establish the SEA Working Group (POKJA KLHS) 2) Develop the SEA Terms of Reference (ToR)

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

3) 4)

2

Recruit the appropriate experts Conduct SEA pre-scoping

Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara established the SEA Working Group by the Surat Keputusan (SK) Bupati of Tapanuli Utara No. 468/2015. The SK stipulates that: (a) the Bupati and his Deputy and Secretary assume the overall responsibilities at the SEA program level; (b) Assistant 2 (economic and development) and the Head of Bappeda assume the responsibilities as steering committee; (c) the Head of the Environmental Office, assisted by heads of sectoral/service agencies, assumes the responsibilities at the implementation level; and (d) a Technical Team consisting of 27 members from various local government agencies assumes the responsibility of daily implementation of SEA (the SK letter attached, see Attachment 1). The SEA Working Group will actively collaborate with the Consultant Team that will provide continuous facilitation and assistance in the overall SEA process. Since the SEA in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is facilitated by CI, CI have developed a ToR for the SEA for RTRW Tapanuli Utara which clearly guides the SEA Working Group and Consultant Team for conducting the SEA from the beginning to the end of the SEA implementation process (ToR attached, see Attachment 2). As part of the facilitation, CI also provides a Consultant Team for SEA and other thematic expertise from PT. Dazya Ina Mandiri (DIM). DIM‘s experts will be responsible to guide and leverage the capacity of the SEA Working Group to conduct the SEA process and also provide the scientific inputs into the process. The SEA Working Group, assisted by the SEA Consultant Team, undertake SEA prescoping sessions. SEA pre-scoping is a step in the SEA preparation stage that needs to be undertaken internally by the POKJA that aims to determine hypothetic strategic development issues in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and to provide their descriptions or preliminary baseline data and information. The pre-scoping results are meant to be a basis to undertake SEA scoping with all relevant stakeholders. The next stage after the completion of the preparation stage (including pre-scoping) is the SEA Scoping. SEA Scoping is basically the process for determining the SEA strategic issues and developing baseline data and information by all relevant stakeholders, using the results of pre-scoping as a basis. After SEA Scoping, the next step is assessment and analysis of the potential impacts of the Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035 on the environment conditions (economic, socio-cultural, physico-natural) of the district. The final phase of SEA implementation is the formulation of mitigation measures/ alternatives and recommendations to mitigate or minimize the potential negative impacts of the Draft Spatial Plan to the environmental conditions. This phase includes public consultation, presentation of process and results of SEA to the heads of Local Government Service Units (SKPD), presentation of process and results of SEA to the Bupati (district head) for decision-making, and the completion of the SEA Final Report.

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

1.2

3

Objective of SEA The objectives of the SEA of RTRW Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara as stated in the ToR are as follows: a. b. c.

d. e.

f.

g.

h.

1.3

Support the local government to develop a SEA; Improve the capacity of district-level Task Forces to conduct the SEA; Support the local government to assess their existing policies, plans, and programs (PPP), streamline various PPP, and provide recommendations on Low Emission Development (LED); Do a thorough stock-take of existing environmental indicators & targets set out in the PPP and assess if the targets are measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound; Improve information on key natural capital assets in the landscape, so stakeholders can understand implications of PPPs on ecosystem services. The landscape value include High Conservation Value (HCV), carbon value, water procurement, agriculture, economic, and cultural values; Improve the basic scientific evidence of environmental assets and set-up monitoring of relevant indicators. Information on environmental assets should include explicit spatial data; Ensure that the process not only results in a product that reflects the needs and alternative green business blueprint for these districts but fundamentally creates a sense of ownership of the outcomes that have been identified; Ensure that the process emphasizes tangible follow-up actions that emerge from the work that stakeholders agree to and will drive forward with after the SEA process has been completed.

Activities and Methodology Pre-Scoping To undertake SEA pre-scoping, the SEA Working Group and SEA Consultants use brainstorming technique in small group works as an approach to generate strategic development issues in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. The Consultants act as the facilitators and the SEA Working Group as the resource persons. The brainstorming begins with generating issues/problems from individual Working Group members using meta-plan technique that result in a long list of issues. This initial step then is followed with lengthy discussions to identify causal relationships among issues. The individual issues then are grouped in accordance with the generally understood environmental components, namely: (a) physicochemical (air and climate, water, land and soils); (b) ecosystems (forest, lake area, biodiversity); and (c) socio-economic (regional economy, livelihood, human health, cultural values, conflicts). Afterwards, the SEA Working Group and Consultants identify the data and information for describing the current status of each group of strategic development issues. The pre-scoping also provides the list of constraints, further needs of data and information and stakeholders that need to be involved in the next stages. The data and information on the strategic development issues are collected from a widerange of sources, including CI, on-line documents, previous research documents, local government and government agencies, NGOs and academic communities.

4

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

The activities of pre-scoping are: a. Pre-scoping brainstorming in small groups conducted during SEA training for the SEA Working Group b. Identifying issues, causes and root causes of issues c. Identifying data and information related to the issues d. Undertaking studio/desk work and remote consultations after the FGD e. Reporting of pre-scoping process and results Scoping The SEA Scoping is undertaken using FGD in three small groups combined with the use of metaplan technique to generate inputs from non-government stakeholders. The pre-scoping results are used as basis for generating inputs and discussions. The SEA scoping is consisted of three major steps as follows: a. Undertake SEA Scoping Workshop that covers the following activities 1) Presentation regarding SEA with special emphasis on the importance of stakeholder participation. 2) Establishment of a Multi-Stakeholder Forum (MSF) for SEA 3) Presentation on the-scoping process and results by for the SEA Working Group 4) Explanation on how the scoping will be undertaken and what is expected from the non-government stakeholders 5) Division of participants into three groups and distribution of scoping worksheets and other materials 6) FGDs in three groups to sharpen and enrich pre-scoping results (hypothetical strategic issues and related key issues, data and information needs related to the issues). b. Undertake consigneering internally by the SEA Working Group assisted by the Consultant Team to prepare draft SEA Scoping Report that covers the following activities 1) Explanation by the Consultant Team regarding what needs to be done by the SEA Working Group members (finalizing strategic issues and related issues and baseline data/information) 2) Small groups working on sections of SEA scoping report. c. Edit and finalize draft SEA Scoping Report by Consultant Team. Impact Assessment of the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara a. Assessment by Expert The SEA Consultant Team internally assessed the potential impacts of the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara on the environmental condition of the area and simultaneously identified appropriate mitigation measures and/or alternatives. The assessment was undertaken using Delphi technique, making use of overlay of

5

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

thematic themes, and assessment matrix. The assessment process was focused on three major aspects, namely: o o o

baseline data and information; overlay of thematic maps and map of PPPs; and identification of potential environmental impacts/risks.

The assessment evaluates how much the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has integrated sustainable development principles and identifies improvements that are still required (mitigation measures and/or alternatives). b. FGD with POKJA of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara The technocratic assessment results by the Consultant Team then were discussed with the POKJA of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in an FGD format in order to enrich and sharpen the assessment results. c. FGD with the Multi-Stakeholder Forum (MSF) The assessment results that have been consulted with the POKJA of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara were then consulted with the wider stakeholder groups (MSF) in an FGD format to enrich and sharpen the assessment results. d. In-depth Analysis by Experts A team of experts undertook in-depth analyses of the potential strategic impacts of the draft RTRW that have been agreed upon by the POKJA of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and the MSF. Formulation of Mitigation/Alternatives Measures and Recommendations With facilitation by the Consultant Team, SEA Working Group identified and formulated mitigation measures/alternatives and recommendations in a two-day meeting. The resulted mitigation measures/alternatives and recommendations were consulted by the SEA Working Group to all relevant stakeholders in a public consultation. The formulations of mitigation measures/alternatives and recommendations that already integrate inputs from the public consultation were then presented by the head of local government service agency in charge of spatial planning affairs to all relevant heads of local government service agencies in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Finally, the formulations of mitigation measures/alternatives and recommendations that already integrate inputs from the meeting with the heads of relevant government service agencies were then presented by the head of government service agency in charge of spatial planning affairs to the Bupati (district head), attended by all relevant heads of local government service agencies for decision-making.

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

1.4

6

Constraints and Key Success Constraints in the implementation of SEA for Spatial Planning in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Implementation of SEA for spatial planning in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara faces several constraints, including: • There is still local government service that does not actively involve yet in the membership of the SEA Working Group that leads to incomplete data and information collection. • There are limitations to the quality of the data and information owned by local government service in terms of data validity. • Inconsistencies of geospatial data in terms of territorial boundaries of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara caused distortions in the calculation of the estimated impact area. • Incomplete spatial data owned by Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara especially time series data for baseline data analysis • Implementation of facilitation activities in the site does not always take place easily due to the difficulty of adjusting the time to the availability of SEA working group personnel and the facilitator team. Key Success in the implementation of SEA for Spatial Planning in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara To reduce these constraints, there is a key to success which constitutes strengths in the process of SEA for spatial planning of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, some of which are: • A strong commitment of the heads of local government service in supporting the work of SEA working group. • Commitment from SEA Working Group members who are willingly to attend the facilitation activities on the weekend. • Composition of SEA Working Group members that is dominated by those of great interest in learning promoting the smooth process of knowledge transfer. • There is a support for the collection of spatial data and strong analysis from key stakeholders. • The commitment of customary stakeholders in Kabupaten Tapanuli Uatara to be actively involved in the SEA process through a Multi Stakeholders Forum

7

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

2

PROFILE OF KABUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA Kabupaten Tapanuli with Tarutung as its district capital, is a part of North Sumatra Province. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has a total area of 3,800 km2 consisting of 3793 km2 of a land area and 6.6 km2 of Lake TOBA waters. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara borders with Toba Samosir and the waters of Lake Toba in North, Labuhan Batu district in the East, Tapanuli Selatan in the South and Central Tapanuli as well as Humbang Hasundutan to the West. Until the end of the year 2013, the administrative Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara consists of 15 sub-districts, 11 kelurahan and 241 villages. For the administrative divisions of the district, please see map (Figure 1) below. Figure 1. Geographical and administration position

Source: Rancangan RTRW Kab. Tapanuli Utara 2010-2013

Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is rich in environmental and natural resources (natural capital) as well as economic and socio-cultural resources as described in the paragraphs that follow.

2.1

Natural Capital Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara topography is hilly and undulating with a composition of 3.16% flat terrain, inclining area as much as about 26.86%, and slope area about 25.63% and 44.35% rugged terrain. For the topography of Tapanuli Utara, see map (Figure 2) below.

Based on land suitability criteria for agricultural practices, the total area that can be cultivated amounts to approximately only 30%. Approximately 26% of area requires conservation treatments, while the rest (44%) has to be protected. This demonstrates that the topographical conditions constitute a constraint to agricultural development.

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

8

Figure 2. Slope Region

Source: Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission from CGIAR version 4 SIAP Report SIAP Tapanuli Utara-CI Indonesia 2015

Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara lies in the altitude of 150-1700 meters above sea level with most of district areas lie on the altitude range of > 1.500 meters above sea level, such as Muara, Pangaribuan, Sipahutar, Siatas Barita, Pagaran, and Siborongborong sub-districts. This means that these sub-districts are suitable for Arabica coffee cultivation (CI-Indonesia, 2014). In the meantime, the sub-districts adjacent to Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah relatively have a height of < 1500 meters above sea level, namely the sub-districts of Parmonangan, Adian Koting, Purbatua, Pahae Jae and most of Simangumban. These areas are suitable for food and estate crops such as rubber, cacao, palm oil, and Robusta coffee. For the altitude of Tapanuli Utara, please see map (Figure 3) below.

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

9

Figure 3. Altitude Region (meters above sea level)

Source: Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission from CGIAR version 4 in SIAP report Tapanuli Utara-CI Indonesia 2015

Based on Geological Map issued by Geology Research The geological conditions and and Development Center, Tapanuli Utara area was soil types in Kabupaten formed in the tertiary and quarter era during the Tapanuli Utara are highly explosion of Toba Mountain 75,000 years ago when the sensitive to erosion and thus explosion generated rocks dominated by liparitsche constitute the driving factors for effusifa. Liparitsche effusifa is classified as embankment the formation of critical lands. formation consists of a composition of red flakes, carbon flakes, coal, sandy silt stone, and conglomerate breccia which produces soil type of podsolik/spodosol which is very prone to erosion. For soil types in Tapanuli Utara, please see map (Figure 4) below.

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Figure 4. Groups on Type of Soil

Source: Map on type of soils scale 1:250.000 Puslittanak in SIAP report Tapanuli Utara- CI Indonesia 2015

Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara holds a strategic value as Changes in land cover taking place it locates in the upstream area providing the water in the water catchment areas in the resource for its surrounding districts/town. There uplands/upstream areas in are six major watersheds in Kabupaten Tapanuli Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara will Utara, as shown in Figure 5. The small watersheds seriously affect water availability during dry seasons in areas of palm in the northern part of Toba flows into Lake Toba, oil plantations in the eastern and three watersheds in the West (Sorkam, Aek Raisan and Sipansihaporos) flow into the Indian Ocean western coasts of North Sumatra (CI Indonesia, 2015), while during through Central Tapanuli, while watersheds locating rainy seasons will increase the risks in the eastward flows into the Strait of Malacca. The of flooding and land slides in largest watershed in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara downstream areas. (Batang Toru) covers two-thirds of the district land and flows to South Tapanuli District. A desktop analysis of the hydrological processes for North Tapanuli undertaken by CI-Indonesia shows that the western parts of the district are relatively water rich, with high water yields mainly driven by high rainfall regimes on the

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western side of the Barisan Mountain Range, influenced by weather systems bringing rain from the Indian Ocean. The upstream areas of the Bila River and north-eastern parts of the Batang Toru River have much lower water yields and hence would be likely to feel a greater effect of drought during a positive Indian Ocean Dipole or El Nino event. Changes in land use and land cover in the water catchment in the upstream area in Tapanuli Utara will affect the availability of water during dry seasons in areas of palm oil plantations in the eastern and western coasts of North Sumatra (CI Indonesia, 2015), and will pose flood and landslide risks during rainy season in downstream areas. Figure 5. Watershed Areas

Source: Forestry Ministry year 2015 in SIAP Report Tapanuli Utara-CI Indonesia 2015

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Climatic conditions in Kabupaten Tapanuli The all year-long intensity of rainfalls makes Utara are strongly influenced by its position Tapanuli Utara suitable for seasonal crops such as Arabica and Robusta coffee, rubber which is close to the Bukit Barisan Mountains in the west. Figure 6 illustrates and cocoa (CI Indonesia, 2014). the region under the effect of the rain shadow in the central part of the district as the consequence of its lower position in compare to the mountains in the West and the East. Although the rain shadow region is relatively drier, the intensity of the rain is over 1,250 mm per year (see Figure 6). Figure 6. Rain Regions

Source: Atlas Indonesia rainfall by FAO, Version 2 in SIAP report Tapanuli Utara-CI Indonesia 2015

Topographical and geological conditions in the Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara create conditions that are prone to earthquakes and landslides. This district is located on a fault line of Semangko and quite large earthquake has happened several times. (see Figure 7). Above average earthquake and

The National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB) states that the critical earthquake disaster risk is located in the Sarulla Valley area (CI Indonesia, 2015).

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rainfall would lead to the potential for landslides, especially leading to a residential area in the central part of the district. Figure 7. Potential Risk for Earthquakes

Source: Map Scale Risk of National Disaster Management Agency (2015) in North Tapanuli SIAP report-CI Indonesia 2015

It is imperative to note that a highly important natural capital that Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is its primary forests, the Batang Toru Forest in particular. In 2013, primary forests in North Tapanuli covered an area of approximately The Batang Toru Forest constitutes a 186,116 ha, which equates to around 50.4% of the total area of the district, higher than the average Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) because of its wealth in flora dan fauna, proportion of forest cover observed in Sumatra to including the Harimau Sumatera and be 30%. The deforestation rate for this primary the endemic Orangutan making it forest was quite low in the period of 2010-2013 at imperative to safeguard the Batang 0.17% per year (CI Indonesia, 2015). The Batang Toru Forest ecosystems. Toru Forest poses an invaluable asset because of its

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function as watershed for Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and the downstream districts (as described above) and its rich biodiversity. In terms of biodiversity, in 2006 Conservation International identified the Batang Toru Forest Area (BTFA) as a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA). The BTFA houses numerous globally threatened species, including the Orangutan and Sumatran Tiger and high levels of vascular plant biodiversity many of which constitute orangutan food resources and 8 species that are globally threatened, including Nepenthes sumatrana, the largest flower in the world (Rafflesia gadutensis Meijer Becc) and the tallest flower in world (Amorphophalus baccari) and Amorphophalus gigas14. The Orangutan and Sumatran Tiger distribution includes a number of locations within North Tapanuli, with the Batang Toru KBA overlaid as hatching. The KBA is essentially consistent with the Orangutan range in the area. Another important natural capital that Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has is the KBA of Lake Toba. The level of biodiversity information available on the lake is scarce, but basic surveys offer the following information on flora and fauna (CI Indonesia, 2015):     



Emerged macrophytes: Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea sp. Floating macrophytes: Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, Azolla pinnata, Spirodella polyrhiza Submerged macrophytes: Patamogeton malaianus, P.polygonifolius, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillata, Chara sp. Zooplankton: Cyclops, Cladocera Benthos: Macrobrachium sintangensis, Brotia costula, Thiara scabra, Melanoidestuberculata, Melanoides granifera, Anentome helena, Lymnaea brevispira, L.rubiginoca species Fish: Tilapia mossambica, Aplocheilus pachax, Lebistes recticulatus, Osphronemus goramy, Trichogaster trichopterus, Channa striata, C.gachua, Clarius batrachus,

In general, the high biodiversity value areas in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara are presented in the map (Figure 8) below.

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Figure 8. High Biodiversity Value Areas in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Source: Map of High Biodiversity Value Areas (2015) in North Tapanuli SIAP report-CI Indonesia 2015

2.2

Socio-Cultural Profile The population growth in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is about 1.32% per year with a total population in 2013 was about 287,156 inhabitants. The highest number of population in the year 2013 was in the Siborongborong sub-district with about 45,420 people or 15.82% of the total population of the district, and the lowest population was in the Purbatua subdistrict with about 7,497 inhabitants or 2.61% of the total population of the district. In the meantime, the level of the highest population density in the year 2013 was in the Tarutung sub-district with about 377.23 inhabitants/km2 and the lowest density was in the Adian Koting sub-district in the number of about 28.38 inhabitants/km2. For the population structure of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, please see Figure 9 below.

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Figure 9. Population Structure of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, 2014 in RPJMD Kab. Tapanuli Utara 2014-2019

The Population pyramid shows that the population structure of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is dominated by age groups between 0 to 19 years, which means that there are needs for food, health and education in order to serve the age group need. This is also indicated by the value of the dependency index amounted to 76.51 which means that every 10,000 residents of the economically active population will bear the 76.51 people who are not economically active. Within the next 20 years, age group 0 to 19 will move into the age group of 20 to 40 years old that will require access to employment. Human Development Index (HDI) in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in the Year 2013 was by about 75.81 higher than the HDI in 2009 which was only 69.32 with a growth rate of 2.15% per year. The HDI value categorized Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara on UNDP criteria in the status of upper middle (66 < HDI 1. The agricultural sector has the biggest LQ value of 2.4 while the service sector 1,6. An LQ >1 shows that the sector has special values compared to other districts and constitutes the economic base of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara (see Table 2. 1 below). Table 2. 1. Location Quotient Values of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sectors Agriculture Mining Industry Electricity and Clean Water Building/Construction Trades, Hotels and Restaurants Transportation and Communication Finance, Lease and Company Services Services

2005 2.21 0.06 0,09 0.90 0.99 0.73 0.46 0.60 1.49

LQ Value 2006 2.25 0.06 0.09 0.96 0.98 0.72 0.43 0.56 1,56

2007 2.24 0.06 0.09 1.01 0.98 0.71 0.41 0.51 1.60

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IDENTIFICATION OF POLICIES, PLANS, AND PROGRAMS (PPP) One of preliminary step in the SEA implementation is the identification of policies, plans, and programs whose potential environmental impacts/risks will be assessed. Efforts are taken to identify the policies, plans, and programs contained in the spatial planning documents (RTRW) as well as those outside the RTRW that may have significant potential environmental impacts/risks. Although the current SEA intended to specifically assess the potential environmental impacts/risks of the RTRW it is also imperative to also know other PPPs outside of the RTRW (especially infrastructure/economic development with big investment values) in order to anticipate the potential cumulative environmental impacts from the implementation of both the RTRW and other investments.

3.1

Draft Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara The draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara contains policies, plans, and programs simultaneously. The Policies are contained in the Objective, Policies, and Strategies. The policies, plans, and programs are exemplified into Plans consisting of Infrastructure Development Plan (System of Centers and Infrastructure), Land use Plan (Protected and Cultivation Areas) and Strategic Area Plan. Infrastructure Development Plan, Land use Plan, and Strategic Area Plan are then translated into indicative Programs. The paragraphs that follow are an overview of the PPPs contained in the RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara for the year of 2010-2030 summarized from the draft Local Government Regulation of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara concerning the Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2014-2034 (PEMKAB TAPUT (b), 2014) and the supporting technical documents (PEMKAB TAPUT (c), 2010). Objective The objective of spatial planning in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is to create an agriculture and agroindustry-based spatial plan that is supported by tourism and mining and energy sectors, and that is productive, efficient, peaceful, and pleasant to live in, giving importance to equitable area development, mitigation of disasters, and sustainable development. This objective states the ideal conditions the RTRW wants to achieve. Policies In order to achieve the above objective, a total of six policies have been formulated as described below. These policies are overarching, multi-dimensional, integrative, and conceptual in nature. a. b. c. d. e.

Improvement of accessibility and equity of socio-economic and cultural services to all areas of development. Maintenance and realization of environmental sustainability, as well as natural disasters mitigation. Implementation of optimized utilization of cultivation areas in accordance with their environmental carrying capacity. Improvement of the productivity of leading sectors in accordance with the carrying capacity of the lands. Improvement of natural resource-based economy of the local populations.

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f.

Improvement of the functions of areas designated for defense and security.

Strategies The six policies mentioned above are further elaborated into strategies, as follows: a.

Improvement of accessibility and equity of socio-economic and cultural services to all areas of development. 1) 2) 3) 4)

b.

Maintenance and realization of environmental sustainability, as well as management/ mitigation of risks of natural disasters. 1) 2) 3) 4)

c.

2) 3)

Apply intensification concept of technically irrigated agricultural lands to increase production yields. Optimize utilization of neglected lands for productive activities. Develop agricultural cultivation areas using extensification concept in accordance with land ability and appropriateness.

Improvement of the productivity of leading sectors in accordance with the carrying capacity of the lands. 1) 2) 3) 4)

e.

Restore and improve the functions of protected areas whose quality has been declining. Develop alternative energies Prevent further environmental destruction/degradation through application of management instruments of space utilization on a systematic manner. Optimize utilization of natural resources to safeguard the sustainability of the environment and reduce risks of disasters.

Implementation of optimized utilization of cultivation areas in accordance with their environmental carrying capacity. 1)

d.

Develop and improve the quality of land transportation network in all areas of development. Develop the potential power generation by utilizing available energy resources and enlarge energy network for fulfilling area development needs. Provide socio-economic service facilities (health, education, clean water, markets, telecommunications, electrical energy, governance, and the likes). Develop, sustain, and promote various natural potentials, cultures, and histories that constitute assets in supporting the development of tourism sector.

Develop and enlarge irrigation network and maintain technical irrigation agriculture. Undertake intensification of agriculture and estate crops areas to support the development of secondary sectors. Enhance the productivity of animal husbandry and fishery sub-sectors. Develop agropolitan areas to improve the economy of local populations.

Improvement of natural resource-based economy of the local populations. 1) 2) 3)

Develop tourism sector while still sustaining natural resources. Establish agricultural and estate crops produce processing industries in production locations. Cultivate big and small animals in non-urban areas.

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4) 5) 6) f.

Develop freshwater fisheries in areas with access to water resources. Exploit mining resources while still considering the environmental impacts. Develop infrastructure and facilities in pockets of productions and tourism locations. Improvement of the functions of areas designated for defense and security. 1) 2) 3)

4)

Determine national strategic areas with special functions for defense and security. Develop cultivations on a selective basis in and around national strategic areas to safeguard defense and security functions. Develop protected areas and/or under-developed cultivation areas around national strategic areas as buffer-zones separating national strategic areas from developed cultivation areas. Participate in maintaining and guarding defense/military assets.

The strategies to achieve the policies as mentioned above indicate that there are already efforts to balance between economic, social, and environmental considerations. However, the translation of the strategies into infrastructure development and land use plan as well as indicative programs needs to be examined carefully. Infrastructure Development Plan The Infrastructure Development Plan contained in the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara includes Plan of Service Center System (Urban System) and Plan of District Infrastructure/Connectivity System both of which will be described in the following paragraphs and spatially presented in Figure 10 below. Figure 10. Map of Infrastructure Development Plan

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030

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a.

Plan of Service Center System – Urban System The Urban System as described in the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara includes 15 cities/towns as follows: 1)

2)

3)

4)

b.

Tarutung as promoted Area Activity Center (Pusat Kegiatan Wilayah promosi PKWp): Tarutung functions as Primary Service Activity Center I (Pusat Kegiatan Pelayanan Primer I) for all sub-districts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Siborongborong as Local Activity Center (Pusat Kegiatan Lokal - PKL): Siborongborong plays as Primary Service Activity Center II (Pusat Kegiatan Pelayanan Primer II). Pangaribuan and Pahae Jae as Area Service Center (Pusat Pelayanan Kawasan PPK): These towns play as Secondary Service Activity Center (Pusat Kegiatan Pelayanan Sekunder) in support of Primary Service Activity Centers I and II. Siatas Barita, Sipoholon, Parmonangan, Adiankoting, Muara, Pagaran, Garoga, Sipahutar, Purbatua, Pahae Julu, and Simangumban function as Local Service Provider Centers (Pusat Pelayanan Lokal - PPL).

Plan of District Infrastructure/Connectivity System The Plan of District Infrastructure/Connectivity System contains a number of infrastructure/connectivity systems as indicated below. 1) 2) 3)

4) 5) 6)

Development Plan of Transportation Infrastructure Network System – Land and Air. Development Plan of Energy Infrastructure Network System. Development Plan of Water Resource Infrastructure Network System – (Interprovincial, district/city Water Resource Network; Irrigation Network; Raw and Clean Water Network; Flood Control System). Development Plan of Telecommunication Network System. Development Plan of Environmental Infrastructure Network (Temporary and Final Garbage Disposal; Wastewater Processing; Area Drainage System). Development Plan of Other Facilities (Education; Health; Prayer/Religion; Trade).

The Development Plan of the Transportation Networks Systems are spatially provided in the map (Figure 11) below.

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Figure 11. Map of Transportation Network System

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030

The urban system development plan and the infrastructure/connectivity development plan as mentioned above appear to be designed to enhance economic development of the district, as the major focus. However, these plans will likely pose significant negative impact to the environment condition of the district such as water resources, forests, and biodiversity. Assessment of the potential impact of these plans has been undertaken during the assessment SEA step. Land use Plans Land use is consisted of protection areas and cultivation areas. The draft RTRW sets aside about 37.1 % of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s land area as protection areas, and the remaining is designated as cultivation areas. Protection areas include Protected Forests, Nature Reserve Forests, and localized protection areas. Cultivation areas include Production Forests, Limited Production Forests, Drylands, Wetlands, Estate Crops, Horticulture, and Settlements (see Table 3. 1 and Table 3. 2 below). Table 3. 1. Land use Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2010 - 2030

Type Protection Protection Protection Sub Total Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation

Land use Planning Protection Forests Nature Reserve Forests Local Production Forests Limited Production Forests Drylands

Hectarage (Ha) 127.994,23 2.208,28 10.575,14 140.777,45 22.449,78 59.338,05 67.370,74

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Type Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation Sub Total TOTAL

Land use Planning Wetlands Estate Crops Horticulture Settlements

Hectarage (Ha) 13.924,41 30.583,82 36.255,28 8.671,28 238.593,15 379.371.00*

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030 Table 3. 2. Land use of Disaster Protection Areas Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010 - 2030

Disaster Protection Areas Landslide Earthquake Total Disaster-Prone Areas

In Protection Areas 19.128,62 8.903,88 28.032,50

In Cultivation Areas 51.601,87 9.641,20 61.243,07

Total 70.730,49 18.545,08

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030

The draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara for the period of 2010-2030 proposes two scenarios of land use planning. Scenario 1 is land use plan with protected areas amounting to about 37.1% and Scenario 2 with protected areas as stated in the Ministerial Decree of the Ministry of Forestry No. 44/2005. The two scenario of land use planning are provided in the maps (Figure 12 and Figure 13) below. Figure 12. Land use Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030 (Scenario 1)

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030

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Figure 13. Land use Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030 (Scenario 2)

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030

The Local Government Development Planning Board (Bappeda) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara informed during the scoping sessions that the land use plan submitted to the provincial coordinating board for spatial planning (BKPRD) is scenario 1. In June 2014 the Ministry of Forestry issued a decree (SK Menhut No. 579/Menhut-II/2014) concerning Determination of Changes in Use and Functions of Provincial Forest Areas, making the scenario 2 land use plan irrelevant. However, the new land use plan is estimated to pose significant negative impact on the environment, especially on forest resources, water, agriculture as well as socio-cultural conditions of the communities. Assessment of the negative impact of land use plan will be conducted in the nest SEA step (assessment and identification of mitigation measures/alternatives).

Strategic Areas Plan The draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has already identified economic strategic areas, natural resources and/or high technology strategic areas, and environment strategic areas. These strategic areas are presented in Table 3. 3 below. Table 3. 3. Strategic Areas of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

No.

A1.

Designation of Strategic Areas

Location

Hectare (ha)

ECONOMIC STRATEGIC AREAS Agropolitan All relevant subArea of Bukit districts Barisan

Typology

Special Economic Area

National, Provincial, and Kabupaten National and Provincial

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No.

Designation of Strategic Areas

Location

Hectare (ha)

Typology

Highlands

National, Provincial, and Kabupaten Strategic Area

A2.

Fishery-based Industry (Minapolitan) Areas

Sub-districts: Tarutung (as center), Sipoholon, Siatas Barita, Pahae Jae, Siborong-borong, and Muara

± 4.570

Special Economic Area

Kabupaten Strategic Area

A3.

Airport Area of Silangit

Siborong-borong

82

Integrated Economic Development Area

Provincial and Kabupaten Strategic Areas

B1.

NATURAL RESOURCE AND/OR HIGH TECHNOLOGY STRATEGIC AREAS Geothermal - Sarulla Geothermal Power Generation Kabupaten Potential Areas Areas Strategic Area - WKP Panas Bumi ± Sipoholon Ria-ria 34.410*

B2.

Mining Potential Areas

Pangaribuan, Tarutung, Siatas Barita, Garoga, Pagaran, Sipoholon, Simangumban, Pahae Julu, Pahae Jae, Purbatua, and Adiankoting

± 404

Mining Areas

Kabupaten Strategic Area

B3.

Hydropower Potential Area

Sub-districts: Parmonangan, Tarutung, Pahae Julu, Garoga, Sipoholon, and Adian Koting

-

Power Generation Areas

Kabupaten Strategic Area

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIC AREAS Nature Reserve Pangaribuan Sub45,62 Area of Dolok district Saut

Environmental Preservation and Protection Area

Kabupaten Strategic Area

Conservation Area of Sijaba Huta Ginjang

Environmental Preservation and Protection Area

Kabupaten Strategic Area

C1.

C2.

Muara Sub-district

-

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010 - 2030

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The spatial allocations of strategic areas in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara are presented in the map (Figure 14) below. Figure 14. Map of Strategic Areas in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030

Source: Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2010-2030

Examining the three of strategic areas plan (economic, natural resources and high technology, environment) it is estimated that the plans of economic strategic areas and natural resources and high technology strategic areas will have significant negative environmental impacts, especially on forest resources, water, agriculture as well as socio-cultural conditions of local communities. Assessment of the negative impact of the planned strategic areas will be conducted in the next SEA step (assessment and identification of mitigation measures/alternatives). Programs In order to achieve what are described in the plans, various indicative development programs have been developed totaling 198 programs. Infrastructure Development Plan is consisted of 171 programs. Land use Plan is elaborated into 23 programs. And Strategic Area Plan will be implemented with a total of 4 programs. A summary of the indicative programs is provided in the table below (Table 3. 4) and the complete list of indicative programs is provided in Attachment 3.

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Table 3. 4. Summary of Indicative Programs in the RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

No.

Major Programs

A. Realization of Infrastructure Development Plan 1. Realization of Centers of Activities – Urban systems 2. Realization of Infrastructure/Connectivity System 2.1 Transportation Infrastructure and Facilities 2.2 Energy Facilities 2.3 Raw water Resource Infrastructure 2.4 Telekomunikasi Infrastructure 2.5 Environmental Infrastructure - Garbage Management System - Wastewater Management System 2.6 Other Facilities - Educational Facilities - Trade and Service Facilities - Health Facilities - Sports/Recreational Facilities B. Realization of Land use Plan 1. Realization of Protected Areas 2. Realization of Cultivation Areas - Development of Agriculture and Estate Crops Sectors C. Realization of Strategic Areas Economic, natural resources/high technology, environment, 1. socio-cultural strategic areas

Number of Programs 3 68 15 55 3 6 2 8 6 3 2 11 2 10 4

Taking a close look at the indicative programs contained in the draft RTRW, it appears that most programs are focused on efforts to boost economic development, while efforts to meet the needs for environmental sustainability and socio-cultural interests are insufficient. This will become an important issue during the assessment phase to assess the sustainability aspects of the RTRW (equilibrium/balance between economic, environmental, and socio-cultural considerations) and at the same time to assess the negative impacts of programs and to formulate the mitigation measures/alternatives.

3.2

Other Major Investments Although the major focus of SEA is the potential environmental impacts/risks of the RTRW of Tapanuli Utara District it is important also to identify major investments in the districts, particularly those that will likely have significant environmental impacts/risks. This is because the potential impacts of these major investments may accumulate with those of the RTRW. Below are the major investments in the districts that have been identified to date.

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a.

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Geothermal in Sarulla, 300 MW The development of the world biggest (300 MW) Geothermal (Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Panas Bumi - PLTPB) in Sarulla, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, is being implemented by PT Medco Energi Internasional, Itochu Corporation (Japan), Kyushu Electric Power Co, Inc. (Japan), and Ormat Technologies Co, Inc. (US). The generated power is expected to be able to meet one-third of electricity needs in the Province of Sumatera Utara. Exploitation wells are made in three phases, one in Silangkitan (110 MW) and two in Namora I Langit area (110 MW each) (Selamatkan Bumi, 2014). The sites area located between the East and West Blocks of Batang Toru Forests, in Sarulla Valley within Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Natural geothermal resources within the womb of the earth move surface wards in strong force and high temperature, in a sustained hydrological cycle. The sustainability of the geothermal plants will be highly dependent upon the stable ecosystems surrounding the geothermal source area, in particular the groundwater resources must be sustainable. Groundwater is dependent upon the amount of surface water that goes into the earth, in other word the forests. At present, the left and right sides of the Geothermal development sites are the West and East Blocks of Batang Toru Forests, that are covered with primary forests (YEL dan Walhi, 2013).

b.

Hydropower (Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik Tenaga Air - PLTA) In order to cover the limitation of electricity power in North Sumatra, Tapanuli Utara area in particular, the Local Government of Tapanuli Utara in cooperation with Stateowned Enterprise (Badan Usaha Milik Negara - BUMN) and Local Government-owned Enterprise (Badan Usaha Milik Daerah - BUMD) developed two hydropowers with the capacity of 2×5 MW. The two hydropowers are developed in Batangtoru-3 Pearaja, Sub-district of Pahae Julu, by PT Berkah Alam Lestari Energi (BALE), and in Batangtoru4 Pearaja developed by PT Indah Alam Lestari Energi (IALE). The areas needed by the two companies amount to 35 Ha (Nababan B. M., 2011).

c.

Gold Mining The exploration phase of the gold mining is underway by Harita Group (with Bupati permit in 2010) in partnership with three other companies with their respective mining sites, namely: PT Panca Karya Prima Agung working in the exploration sites in Pahae Jae, Pahae Julu, Simangumban, and Purbatua; PT Surya Kencana Pertiwi in Siborongborong, Sipahutar, Sipoholon, Tarutung, and Pangaribuan; and PT Inti Cipta Jaya in Tarutung, Pahae Julu, and Adiankoting (PALAPA POS, 2015). Other information indicates that undertaking the exploration activities is PT Agincourt/Oxiana (originally PT Newmont Horas Nauli managing the Martabe Gold Mine in Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan) subsidiary of PT G-Resources Group Ltd whose headquarter is in Hongkong. The working contract between PT Agincourt and the Government of Indonesia was signed in April of 1997 with an area of mining amounting to 1.639 square kilometers, stretching from Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Tapanuli Tengah, Kota Padang Sidimpuan, Tapanuli Selatan, and Mandailing Natal (Majalah SWA Online, 2015). The monetary value invested by the company is around US$ 440 millions or more than Rp 3,5 trillion (PANISIOAN, 2012). The mining exploration locations are close to West Block of Batang Toru Forest, namely in Pahae and Tango Papa (Bisnis.com, 2013), in an area

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that currently is an area for dryland agriculture. Water that is and will be used by the gold mining company flows from the West Block of Batang Toru Blok Forest. The areas surrounding the mining sites are currently still covered with primary forests. Gold mining will likely have significant impacts on the environment as depicted in the picture below (YEL dan Walhi, 2013). Figure 15. Gold Mine in Batang Toru Subdistrict

Source: PT Agincourt’s Gold Mine in Batang Toru Subdistrict – Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan (from GResources’s website – in YEL and Walhi)

d.

Toll Roads One program with significant investment value that will likely have very significant environmental impacts/risks is the planned development of toll roads in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara from Tebing Tinggi - Pematang Siantar - Parapat - Tarutung - Sibolga totaling approximately 175 km of length and an anticipated investment value at Rp.15trillion. The location of the planned toll roads is already mapped and included in the map of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s Plan of Transportation Network for the year of 2010-2030. This plan of toll road development is a part of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road Network whose implementation of Phase 1 on-going. The implementation of the Tebing Tinggi - Sibolga Toll Road will start in Phase 3 of the 20-year implementation of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road Network.

e.

Pulp and Paper Industry PT Toba Pulp Lestari (TPL), whose original name was PT Inti Indorayon Utama, began its operation prior to 1990. Its operation had negative environmental impacts and conflicts with the local communities. Currently, the raw materials used by this pulp and paper industry come from fast-growing woods estates (hutan tanaman industry – HTI) located in a number of regions, including Simalungun, Toba Samosir (Tobasa), Humbang Hasundutan (Humbahas), and Samosir (Manurung, 2008). Efforts still need to be taken to find out if the company has woods estates in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and how large.

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4

RESULTS OF SEA SCOPING This Chapter presents the results of SEA scoping, namely a list of strategic and related issues faced by Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara that was resulted from the pre-scoping process by the POKJA with facilitation from the Consultant Team, that was then sharpened and enriched by all relevant stakeholders in the SEA Scoping Workshop undertaken in Tarutung on July 31, 2015. The results of the SEA scoping workshop are presented in Attachment 4 that documents the inputs and comments from the wider stakeholder groups regarding the pre-scoping results. In addition, this Chapter also presents the baseline data of each strategic issue and the related issues. The baseline data constitute a synthesis of existing data and information that are available in various sources (local government, NGOs, mass media, study reports, website, etc.) collected by the POKJA and Consultant Team. The baseline data will be used in the following phase as a basis for assessing the potential impact of the implementation of RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara on the environment.

4.1

SEA Strategic Issues Table 4. 1 below enlists the strategic development issues being faced by Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. These issues were identified by the SEA Working Group of Tapanuli Utara with facilitation by the SEA Consultant Team in an internal Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and have been confirmed by the wider stakeholder groups during the scoping workshop. Table 4. 1. List of Strategic Development Issues in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

NO

THEME

RELATED ISSUES

LOCATION

DATA SOURCE/ OWNER

PHYSICO-NATURAL Air and Climate 1.

Tapanuli Utara Drivers is increasingly  Increased GHG emissions due to getting hotter forest degradation/utilization and other factors (mobile and stationary sources) Impacts  Change in planting seasons  Declining productivity agriculture and estate crops  Increasing pest populations of pests, vectors and plant diseases  Longer plant production period  Uncertainty of planting seasons  Increasing prevalence of diseases due to changes in weather and climate, such as upper respiratory

15 sub-districts in Tapanuli Utara

Forestry Services, Environmental Offices Taput & YEL

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NO

THEME

RELATED ISSUES

LOCATION

DATA SOURCE/ OWNER

tract infection (ISPA), coughs, influenza, and dengue fever (DBD). Water 2.

Decreasing water quality and quantity

Drivers  Forest degradation due to logging and forest conversion to other uses  Increased activities of Type C mining in river basins  Waste disposal from industries, domestic, hospitals, automotive workshops, and dumpsters/landfills  Waste disposal from agricultural/estate crops activities (overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers), floating net fish farms  Lack of community awareness and law enforcement  Lack of maintenance of water springs sources

Sub-districts: Simangumban, Muara, Adiankoting, Pahae Jae, Pahae Julu, Tarutung, Parmonangan, Pagaran Water spring sources: Ugan & Sitakka (Tarutung Sub-district)

Environmental Office, Forestry Service, BP4K, Agriculture & Plantation Service, Informal Leader: B. Sinaga

Impacts  Additional costs for drinking water  Decreasing population of endemic fish (Garing/Ihan)  Increased prevalence of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and skin diseases Land and Soil 3.

Large area of critical lands

Drivers  Topographical conditions (hilly and undulating)  Geologically, land structure and texture are unstable  Shifting cultivation patterns  Overuse of chemical fertilizers in a long period of time  Lack of community awareness in tree planting Impacts  Reduced sources of livelihood of

15 Sub-districts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Forestry Service, BPBD, BAPPEDA, Agriculture & Plantation Service, BP4K

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NO

THEME

RELATED ISSUES

LOCATION

DATA SOURCE/ OWNER

surrounding communities  Increased potentials for disasters (landslides, flooding)  High-level of turbidity of surface water and sedimentation  Decreased water sources  Decreased land fertility ECOSYSTEMS Forest 4.

Degradation of Drivers forest areas  Forest logging and ecosystem  Forest conversion (leased forest area for other uses), occupancy of forest areas (transmigration, cultivation), forest clearing (road construction, agriculture/estate crops)  Forest and land fires  Structuring of forest boundaries not completed (overlap of ownership status among communities, the private sector, and government)  Ineffective law enforcement regarding forest boundaries  Lack of manpower, facilities, and infrastructure in forest and land rehabilitation (seedlings and nurturing of forest plants)  Overuse of pesticides  Emergence of wood diseases  Existence of human-animal conflicts Impacts  Decreased forest areas  Decreased sources of water springs  Decreased sources of livelihood of local communities  Decrease in biodiversity  Decreased production oxygen  Increased GHG emissions affecting micro- and macroclimate change

- Forest logging: 15 Sub-districts - Land conversion: Kec. Garoga, Pahae, Pangaribuan, Adiankoting, Purbatua, Simangumban - Forest occupancy: Garoga, Purbatua, Parmonangan, Siborongborong (Sijaba) - Forest fire: Siatas Barita, Muara, Garoga, Pangaribuan, Sipahutar, Sipoholon, Siborongborong, Tarutung - Boundaries: Garoga, Siborongborong, Sipahutar, Parmonangan, Purbatua, Muara - Rehabilitation fund: 15 Sub-districts - Lack of manpower: 15 Sub-districts - Pesticides use: 15 Sub-districts - Pests: 15 Subdistricts - Human-animal conflict: 15 Sub-

Forestry Service, Environmental Office, PDAM, YEL, AMAN, Agriculture & Plantation Service, Publik Works (PUK), Mining & Energy Service, Bappeda, AMAN

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NO

THEME

RELATED ISSUES

LOCATION

DATA SOURCE/ OWNER

districts Lake Area 5.

Degradation of Drivers Lake Toba  Proliferation of water-hyacinth ecosystem (eceng-gondok) in Lake Toba water  Erosion and sedimentation  Waste disposals from domestic, hotels/restaurants, boats/landing docs, markets, animal husbandry, agriculture, and fish farms  Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides  Uneffective control, socialization, application, and enforecement of law/regulations over Lake Toba ecosystem  Low community awareness

- Pollution: Kec. Muara - Erotion: Kec. Siborongborong, Muara - Control: Kec. Siborongborong, Sipahutar, Pagaran dan Muara - Community awareness: Kec. Muara - Socialiszation: 15 Sub-districts

Bappeda, Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Service, Tourism Service, Transportation Service, Environmental Office, BP4K, UPT BLH Parapat, Tomas

- Poaching: 15 Subdistricts - Fires: 15 Subdistricts - Logging: 15 Subdistricts - Lack of protection: 15 Sub-districts

Forestry Service, Environmental Service, Agriculture & Plantation Service, YEL, Tomas

Impacts  Decrease in lake water biota (ikan pora-pora, ihan)  Decrease in income of fish farmers  Decrease in surface water level of Lake Toba  Decrease in lake water quality  Erosion around Lake Toba ecosystem  Decrease in visits of tourists Biodiversity 6.

Deterioration of biodiversity

Drivers  Poaching of rare animals (Orang Utan Tapanuli, Imbo, Trenggiling, Ular Sawa, and Haluang), birds, and collection of endemic plants (Anggrek Tapanuli, Kantong Semar Tapanuli, Kemenyan Toba, etc.)  Forest and land fires  Forest logging  Lack of protection of flora and fauna Impacts  Disturbed food-chains  Animal-human conflicts

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NO

THEME

RELATED ISSUES

LOCATION

DATA SOURCE/ OWNER

 Decrease in rare/endemic animals and plants SOCIO-ECONOMIC-CULTURAL Regional Economy 7.

Slow progress of regional annual per capita income

Drivers  Low investments due to inadequate infrastructure, complicated permit system, etc.  Unstable prices of major estate crops commodities  Low income from leading sectors  Vast areas of unproductive lands

Tapanuli Utara (15 sub-districts)

- All government agencies (SKPD) of Tapanuli Utara

Tapanuli Utara

- Agriculture & Plantation Service - BP4K - Industry & Trade Service - Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Service - Food Security Service (Dinas Ketahanan Pangan)

Impacts  Trigger urbanization  Slower rate of regional development Livelihood 8.

Low-level welfare of farmers

Drivers  Lack of supply and the high price of means of production as well as the lack of agricultural infrastructure (roads and irrigation)  Low access of farmers to bank loans  Inadequate Human Resource capacity (farmers and extension workers)  Fluctuating prices of agricultural and estate crops commodities  Unestablished trade system of agricultural products  Small ownership of agricultural land Impacts  Low buying power affecting poverty  Forest encroachment  Illegal logging  Poaching  Illegal mining  Urbanization of productive-age

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NO

THEME

RELATED ISSUES

LOCATION

DATA SOURCE/ OWNER

population  Manpower flight from agricultural sector  Spread of debt-bondage/middlemen system (ijon/tengkulak) to villages Human Health 9.

Slow progress rate of human health

Drivers Tapanuli Utara  Large number of active smokers  Habits of overconsumption of drinks (liquor)  Proliferation of ―cafe plus‖  Presence of malnutrition cases  Incidence of HIV/AIDS carriers  Poor access to maternal health  Lack of clean water facilities  Lack of environmental sanitation in villages, office buildings, and roadways  Bowel habits in the open  Inadequate awareness of clean and healthy life Impacts  Decrease in life expectancies  Decrease level of HDI  High prevalence of diseases  Burdening health sector funding

Cultural Values 10.

Erosion of local wisdoms and cultural values

Drivers Tapanuli Utara  Lost sense of mutual assistance ―gotong-royong‖ in community (in local language - marsiadapari)  Lost sense of belonging from community  Hedonism due to the influx of foreign culture/modernism through use of internet and irresponsible social media  Unavailability of media to accommodate the creativity of the younger generation  Absence of regeneration of culture (generation gap)

Health Service

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NO

THEME

RELATED ISSUES

LOCATION

DATA SOURCE/ OWNER

Impacts  Juvenile delinquency  Socio-cultural conflicts  Abandonment of worship activities  Domestic violence  Criminal actions Socio-cultural Conflict 11.

Social conflicts

Drivers  Lack of clarity regarding rights over customary, government, and private sector lands  Overlapping of land ownership (customary, government, and the private sector)  Emergence of new economic activity sources (investments)  Unequal distribution of government programs

- Hutanamora – Kecamatan Siatas Barita - Sijaba - Kecamatan Siborong-borong

- Forestry Service - BPN - Lembaga Soripada Kecamatan Siborongborong

Impacts  Cases of land grabbing  Potential physical conflicts between communities and government apparatuses  Potential physical conflicts between communities and families

4.2

Baseline Data and Information The section below presents the baseline data and information regarding the strategic issues and the driving factors, based on the available data and information obtained from CIINDONESIA, the local government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, NGOs, websites, and other sources. Some data and information are still lacking and efforts are still on-going to collect these data and information. If and when they become available they will be integrated here at a later date, as necessary.

4.2.1

Physico-Natural

4.2.1.1

An increase of average temperature in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Currently, air quality in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is generally good, because most of its areas are still covered with good quality vegetation, and the number of motorized vehicles is not as big as those in large urban areas. However, from the statements of stakeholders attending several meetings initiated by the SEA process, they state that there have been

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indications of continuous increase of temperature in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara as proven by such indications as: (a) no longer need of warm clothing such as jacket and sweater during daily activities, and (b) no more need of thick blanket at night. Driving Factors and likely Impacts: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Stock is one of the parameters to meet the scheme of sustainable development. Development activities lead to GHG emissions through the use of fossil fuels activities (ENERGY); activities of an industrial production process and the use of certain products (IPPU); agricultural, livestock, forestry, and land use change activities (AFOLU); as well as the production of solid waste and waste water (WASTE), while the carbon stocks associates with the storage of carbon in trees. Based on statistics of Tapanuli Utara in Figures 2014 (PEMKAB TAPUT (e), 2014), residents of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2013 reached 286,118 inhabitants with plantation and agriculture sectors as the ones that absorbed labor force and contributed 52% of the district‘s GRDP. Total consumption of energy to support development activities reached 35 166 kilo-liters of fuel and 5,820 tons of LPG. The number of livestock was 508,192 with pigs and chickens constituted the largest livestock population. Agricultural land, plantations and forestry in 2008 to 2013 increased from 66% to 68% of the total district area, but there was a decline in protected forest and production forest, followed by an increase in plantations and agriculture. With that number of population it was predicted to produce of about 256 298 m3 of waste effluent with fluid waste BOD of about 14.6 kg BOD / person / year. Based on GRDP data, it was stated that the economic growth of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in the period of 2009 up to 2013 was amounted to an average of 5.61 percent (BPS Taput, 2014) with plantation and agriculture sectors as the biggest workforce absorber and contributor to 52% GRDP of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. If these two sectors remain the primary sector in the economic development of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, in the next 20 years it can be assured GHG emissions will increase due to shifts in driving factors of GHG emissions and on the other hand reduction of carbon stock. Various activities of ENERGY, IPPU, AFOLU, and WASTE sector generate GHG emissions as much as 1,812,231 tons of CO2e with the contribution from AFOLU sub-sector on land conversion of about 80% from the total GHG emissions in 2013. That production of GHG emissions has been growing by an average of 11% per year compared to it was in 2013. The increase in GHG emissions was caused by a decline in carbon stocks from a variety of biomass content namely protected forest, conservation forest, production forest, plantation and agriculture crops, of 595,235 tons of CO2 in 2008 to 1,313,599 tons of CO2 in 2013. The declining in forest area has affected the decrease in carbon stocks which also influenced a decrease in the absorption of CO2. An increase in GHG emissions and a reduction in carbon stocks will continue and cannot be avoided due to economic activities which mostly rely on agricultural and plantation economic contribution whose require land expansion. The increase in GHG emissions and the decline of carbon stocks will be quicker if the spatial planning and spatial patterns in spatial planning of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara (RTRW 2015-2035) do not take into account the environment and climate change aspects. Detail calculation of GHG emission from various sectors is attached in Attachment 6.

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AFOLU =

80% of GHG value Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

ENERGY + AFOLU + WASTE =

1,812,231 tons CO2e

11% = Growth of GHG emission production According to general guidance of Climate Change Adaptation on Agriculture Sector (Kementerian Pertanian, 2009), it states that global warming will render a multidimensional impact towards agriculture sector starting from natural resources to farmers‘ welfare. Boer et al. (2009) in the report said that the rainfall pattern in the western Indonesia especially in the northern of Sumatra and Kalimantan tends to have a lower intensity of rainfall than that in the other part of Indonesia yet in a longer period. According to Timmerman et al. (1999) in the report, he also stated that global warming is likely to increase the frequecuency of ElNino and amplify the La-NINA phenomena from once in 3-7 years into once in 2-5 years (Ratag, 2001 in the general guidance of Climate Change Adaptation on Agriculture Sector). This will lead to erratic drought and flooding pattern, thus it affects the changes of growing season, triggers the emergence of pests and diseases and leads to a decrease in plant productivity. Specifically IRRI, 2007 states that if temperature as one of the elements of the climate has increased 1C, it will reduce rice production by 8-10%. If the temperature increase is supported by the high humidity, it will lead to pests and plant diseases. Based on in the CCSP report (Gamble, 2008), it was stated that climate change makes an increase of potential harm level caused by extreme temperature changes either very hot or very cold, which leads to a more frequent occurrence of typhoons, floods and drought, forest fires and land. With such high potential of harm would threaten the increasing potential of death caused by disease due to extreme temperatures, typhoons and floods, disease due to the effects of smoke fires, the increasing prevalence of diseases carried by insects, diseases caused by bacteria in the water and food and water quality.

4.2.1.2

Decreasing water quality and quantity Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has 23 rivers and part of Lake Toba amounting to 660 Ha with water volume of 3,33x 106 m3 (PEMKAB TAPUT (a), 2014). Based on physical and chemical parameters, surface water quality (rivers and lake) in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has not exceeded the standard of Class I surface water quality as specified in Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) No. 82/2001 (PEMKAB TAPUT (a), 2014). Quantitatively, it is hard to obtain a figure about the trend of water quality and quantity in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara due to the limitation of time-series data and information. However, based on the statements of stakeholders participating in the scoping discussions, in a particular period of time the obvious decrease of water quality and quantity in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara can be easily observed.

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Driving Factors and likely Impact(s): One of the driving factors for the decrease of water quality and quantity is forest degradation due to logging and forest conversion to other uses in the upstream area. Based on CI report (CI, 2015), it was stated that between year 1990 to 2000 the deforestation rate in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara was 0.15% per year, or equal to the width of 285 Ha/year. In the year of 2000-2010 the deforestation rate slowed into 0.07% per year or equal to the width of 128 Ha/year and in 2010-2013 it fastened into 0.17% per year or equal to 323 Ha/year. That value is still lower in comparison to that in the neighbouring kabupaten i.e. Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan (South Tapanuli District) whose deforestation rate is 1.57% per year or equal to 3.122Ha/year. Even though the deforestation rate tends to be small, it is however likely to increase and cautions should be taken to safeguard the functions of forest to restore water on a sustainable basis. The stakeholders expressed their suspicion that another cause of the problem is the presence of mining type C for mountain rocks and sand in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Based on data by the Environmental Management Office (KLH), there are currently 15 mining C companies that have been in operation and have been equipped with SPPL/environmental documents. There is not sufficient information on the coverage/width of the area for mining C concessions as well as the environmental monitoring results, so obviously the scale of impact on the decrease of water quantity and quality could not be predicted. If the total mining area is relatively small, the problems related to mining C are sufficiently addressed in the EIA. Otherwise this SEA needs to review it at a later stage. In addition, other factors are the increasing waste disposals from household, industries, services, fish farming, and plantation activities. As the population growth in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is about 1.32% per year with the largest concentration of population in the Siborongborong sub-district and Tarutung sub-district, it can be assured that rivers flowing through the two sub-districts receive increasing amounts of pollutants from human activities. According to data and information from Environment Management Office in 2011 and 2012, the value of the DO (dissolved oxygen in the water) in Aek Situmandi and Sigaeon rivers has exceeded the allowed standard. While the quality of water of the part of Lake Toba that belongs to the authority of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, based on data from the Environmental Management Office, is still below the standard, so it is safe to be used by the community. Based on profile data of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2012-2013, the area used for fish farming using floating net cages is as wide as 64 hectares owned by 43 farmers. To support the conservation of Lake Toba as part of national strategic area (KSN) A3 zone that serves as a producer of nutrients and tourism support, the Local Government of Tapanuli Utara has issued Circular No. 523.2/1250/VIII/2011 on zoning of Floating Fish Cage (Karamba Jaring Apung - KJA) with a maximum area of 16 hectares. This zoning needs to be monitored closely given the lessons learned from the management of KJA at Lake Maninjau in Kabupaten Agam in West Sumatra Province where each year it experiences "TUBA" i.e., death of fish triggered by the upwelling of excessive fish feeds residues (Tim KLHS Ditjen Bina Pembangunan Daerah, 2009). If the driving factors of the decline in the quality and quantity of water are not intervened by the local government together with the community, in the next 20 years, it can be

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assured that the quality and quantity of water will decrease more and more. The decline in water quality and quantity will result, along with the indirect impacts, in affected quality of life of the population in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. The predicted indirect impacts will include increased needs for fresh water, so that the community will have to set aside additional funding to get fresh water supply for households and other activities. This low access to clean water will likely increase risks to human health as result of poor water quality, including such diseases as diarrhea, vomiting, and skin diseases. Based on data from 2014 health profile, out of 21 types of disease often suffered by the people of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, diarrhea diseases accounted for 5% of cases, while skin diseases accounted for 1.6% of cases. If it is not anticipated, an increase in disease cases in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara will incur more health budget needs and would burden the local health sector budget (APBD) allocation. The agricultural sector, especially paddy rice, depends highly on adequate water supply. If the supply is inadequate, rice production will fall down, in the meantime (more than) > 50% of the GRDP of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara comes from the agricultural sector. The trend of agricultural sector's contribution towards GRDP during the period of 2009 to 2013 showed a decline from 53.8% to 50.3% (Kab Tapanuli Utara, 2015). Although no information is available on the reason for the decline contribution of the agricultural sector, by seeing the prevailing tendency, it can be estimated that within 20 years the agricultural sector will decrease, while other sectors will grow to replace. If the factor of water scarcity for agriculture is added to the GRDP, the decline in the contribution of the agricultural sector will be getting bigger and faster. As a result, new problems would arise and that would be the impact of rising unemployment who are shifting from the agricultural sector. If other sectors fail to absorb unemployment, new social problems will emerge.

4.2.1.3

Large Area of Critical Land One of the important issues in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is the issue of limited land usable for agricultural sector while on the other hand the agricultural sector accounts for > 50% of the GRDP of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Meanwhile, the Forest Service Agency of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara conveyed that critical land in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara tends to increase every year, from 44,393 ha in 2013 to 44,673 hectares in 2014. Driving Factors and likely impacts: One of the driving factors of critical land is the existing geological and topographical conditions that have undergone chemical and physical process forming soil layers in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Research conducted in 2014, showed that seven sub-districts (see Figure 16 below), namely Sub Pagaran, Parmonangan, Muara, Sipahutar, Garoga, Pangaribuan and Siborong-borong have very low soil fertility rate which physico-chemically is marked by bearing exceedingly high acidity/pH values, having very low content of P-total, P-available soil, organic C, KTK and base saturation. The anticipated areas in critical conditions are presented in Table 4. 2 below (Bappeda Kab. Tapanuli Utara, 2014).

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Figure 16. Critical Land Area in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Table 4. 2. Estimated Critical Lands in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

No

Sub-district

Watershed/Sub-Watershed

1

MUARA

DTA. Danau Toba

2

SIBORONG-BORONG

3 4

Area (Ha)

Critical Land Area (Ha) Outside Inside forest forest Total areas areas

7.975

1.413,37

3.868,57

5.281,94

DTA. Danau Toba, Batang Toru

27.991

327,07

727,99

1.055,06

SIPAHUTAR

DTA. Danau Toba, Batang Toru

40.822

3.037,71

4.751,28

7.788,99

PARMONANGAN

Batang Toru, Sibundong, Kolang

25.735

1.604,87

2.732,60

4.337,47

5

ADIAN KOTING

Batang Toru, Kolang

50.290

453,34

1.360,01

1.813,35

6

SIPOHOLON

Batang Toru, Kolang

18.920

1.727,00

191,30

1.918,30

7

TARUTUNG

Batang Toru

10.768

353,61

656,69

1.010,30

8

SIATAS BARITA

Batang Toru

9.292

201,28

342,72

544,00

9

PAHAE JAE

Batang Toru

16.590

227,30

506,67

733,97

10

PAHAE JULU

Batang Toru

20.320

766,79

1.305,61

2.072,40

11

PURBA TUA

Batang Toru

19.180

77,68

289,31

366,99

12

PANGARIBUAN

Bilah, Batang Toru

45.925

3.231,25

5.501,86

8.733,11

13

GAROGA

Bilah

56.758

2.478,31

4.602,59

7.080,90

14

PAGARAN

Batang Toru, Sibundong

13.805

270,80

1.018,72

1.289,52

15

SIMANGUMBAN

Batang Toru

15.000

113,77

253,22

366,99

379.371

16.284,15

28.109,14

44.393,29

JUMLAH

-

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With the limitations of soil fertility rate, the types of agricultural and estate crops that could be planted are limited to suitability for class S1. Results of the study stated that the soil in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is suitable for agricultural and estate crops S2 and S3 classes if there is special treatment in the form of calcification using dolomite (Ca, Mg (CO3)2), fertilization of organic material and P base inorganic fertilizer (Bappeda Kab. Tapanuli Utara, 2014). An estimated impact resulted from the increasing area of critical lands is reduced community income due to additional costs required for production costs for land preparation and nurturing of plants whose value is higher than that for fertile farmland/soils. At a time when farmers are no longer able to cultivate such critical land, the land will be abandoned and may pose potential erosion that will ultimately affect the quality of water sources.

4.2.2

Ecosystems

4.2.2.1

Degradation of Forest Area and Ecosystem Forest is one of the important issues in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. The legal status of forest area in the Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has changed several times. Since the time of register forest, forest land use agreements and the appointment of forest area through ministerial decree of Forestry Ministry No. 44/Menhut-II/2005 and the final appointment of forests area through ministerial decree of Forest Ministry No. 579/Menhut-II/2014. The Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 states that the functions and status of forest in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara consists of Protection Forest (Hutan Lindung – HL), Production Forest (Hutan Produksi – HP), Limited Production Forest (Hutan Produksi Terbatas – HPT), and Conservation/ Nature Reserves Forest (Hutan Suaka Alam - HSA). Data on forest area can be seen in Table 4. 3 and Figure 17 below.

Table 4. 3. Forest Area in Tapanuli Utara based on SK. Menhut No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 Sub-district

1 Siborongborong Muara Pagaran Parmonangan Sipoholon Adian Koting Tarutung Siatas Barita Pahae Julu Pahae Jae Simangumban Purba Tua Sipahutar Pangaribuan Garoga Total

Area (Ha) 2 27.991 7.975 13.805 25.735 18.920 50.290 10.768 9.292 16.590 20.320 15.000 19.180 40.822 45.925 56.758 379.371

Forest Area based on SK Menhut Nomor 579/ Menhut-II/ 2014 (Ha) HPT HP HL HSA Total of APL Forest Area 3 4 5 6 7 8 82,60 7.732,00 1.884,38 9.698,97 23.896,05 1.538,52 0,35 1.538,87 4.078,59 3.502,81 3.822,09 3.797,44 319,28 13.536,96 3.361,17 22.947,90 7.870,42 6.049,77 7.672,76 6.632,33 14.305,09 12.361,07 9.037,75 1.149,89 25.777,29 35.964,93 10.118,86 177,39 1.361,65 1.139,19 2.678,22 8.603,45 2.084,33 2.084,33 7.968,82 7.820,77 7.820,77 7.400,21 13.696,74 13.696,74 3.573,38 12.712,64 1.751,00 14.463,63 8.544,39 20.597,64 20.579,64 4.777,86 110,03 3.633,23 19.214,36 48.965,58

11.687,90 45.603,53

9.226,34 15.611,57 10.214,36 123.580,59

126,75 1.878,10

21.024,26 19.371,56 30.012,80 220.027,79

17.332,09 26.431,63 17.994,02

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Figure 17. Forest Map in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara based on SK. Menhut No.579/Menhut-II/2014

The issuance of Ministerial Decree or SK Menhut No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 does not solve the problem of degradation of forest area and ecosystem in the Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Based on CI Report (CI, 2015) it was stated that between the years of 1990-2000 the deforestation rate in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara was about 0.15% per annum or equal to 285 Ha/year. Between the years of 2000-2010 the deforestation rate slowed to 0.07% per year, equivalent to 128 Ha/year, and in 2010-2013, it increased to 0.17% per year, equivalent to 323 Ha/year. This rare is still lower than that in the neighboring district i.e. Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan whose deforestation rate is of 1.57% per year or equivalent to 3,122 Ha/year. Deforestation occurs mainly in Batang Toru Forest (Hutan Batang Toru HBT) area. The forest cover loss is illustrated on Figure 18 below. Driving Factors and Likely Impacts: The main driving factor of forest area and ecosystem degradation is the demarcation of physical boundary of the forest area that is still no completed. Despite the Minister of Forestry Decree, there are still differences of perceptions regarding the physical boundaries of forests among government officers, the public whose perception is based on historical aspects, and the private companies holding licenses in different sectors. This could lead to potential of social conflicts that can rise into surface. In addition to social conflicts, there will likely also emerge human-animal conflicts. This could happen because human activities get into the area of animal habitats and disrupt the migration paths/corridors of animals. This problem appears more and more when the supervision and law enforcement are not implemented properly. Lack of human resources

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for supervision and law enforcement in the forestry sector is one other factor affecting forest area and ecosystem degradation. Figure 18. Forest Cover Loss in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Source: Margono, dkk. (2012) renewed by CI in 2013

Although forest degradation is still relatively very low, it shows an increasingly upward trend. If the increasing trend cannot be controlled, in the next 20 years it will result in problems of decrease in water quantity and quality which in turn threatens the income of downstream communities who work in agricultural sector. This shows that in the natural ecosystem structure, the forests constitute one unified system with human life. Globally, forest degradation will contribute to GHG emissions influencing the occurrence of climate change that in turn will also affect the decline of society welfare. 4.2.2.2

Degradation of Lake Toba Ecosystem The authority over Lake Toba area located in North Sumatra is divided into several districts/cities: Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Dairi, Karo, Simalungun, Humbang Hasundutan, Samosir, Tobasa Samosir, Asahan and Tanjung Balai City. The total areas of the land and the waters of Lake Toba Catchment Areas (DTA) in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara include Muara sub-district: 79.75 km², Sipahutar sub-district: 408.22 km², Siborongborong sub-district: 279.91 km². Land use and land cover in DTA of Lake Toba located in Kabupaten Tapanuli

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Utara comprises of natural forests, dense forest, plantations, sparse forests and mixed garden, shrubs, resam, crops, fields and open land (housing, other buildings, open land, grassland and reeds). The Toba Lake ecosystems are inseparable between the land and waters because they are a unified and interrelated ecosystem. Aquatic habitats of endemic to the lake are Batak fish (Lissochilus sumatranus) and (Labeobarbus soro) and mussels Toba (Corbicula tobae). While flora habitat at Lake Toba DTA consists of Meranti, kapur, keruing, puspa, forest mangosteen, kayu raja, pine, lianas, epiphytes, zingiberaceae, Hoting Batu tree, Atuang (Semecarpus, sp). Sona, Dakkap and Kamboang angsana, fig, cypress, eucalyptus, mahogany, calliandra, kemiri, Venus, Mindi, hammer, pine and suren. Avocado, palm, bamboo, star fruit, clove, chocolate, dadap, durian, Gamal, cashew, jarak, jengkol, citrus, cotton, kecapi, coconut, kemiri, coffee, cinnamon, mango, jackfruit, petai china, petai, Pinang, rambutan, palm oil, sapodilla and soursop. While the fauna habitats are hornbill, eagle, Argusianus, owls, parrots, monkeys, apes, gibbons, kancil, jungle cats, clouded leopard, wild boar, lizards, tapirs (Tapirus indicus), mountain goats, deer (Cervus unicolor), Sumatran tiger (Panthera leak sumatrensis), horsetail (Plathycerium sp), various types of natural orchids (Dendrobium spp). Finches, flycatchers, turtledoves, lathe, parrots, etc. Being one unified ecosystem, the discussion of Lake Toba cannot be done only from the side of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, yet it has to look at the role of each district/city within the coverage of DTA Lake Toba. Given the difficulty level of Lake Toba management, the Government sets Toba Lake as a National Strategic Area, which means the management authority becomes a shared responsibility between the Government and local government. Driving Factor and Likely Impacts: Based on data by Environmental Management Office of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, the quality of Lake Toba waters in Muara sub-district is still within the specified quality standards, so it can still be safely consumed by the community. However, in general the waters of Lake Toba is now seen to have been degraded, and as an evidence there is an emergence of water hyacinth and increasingly rare sights of Batak fish in the waters of the lake. The most important driving factors are the disposals of domestic and agricultural waste from residential areas around Lake Toba having sewage discharge outlet to Lake Toba. In addition, the condition of critical lands in the hills in kabupaten Tapanuli Utara DTA may cause erosion that leads to sedimentation in the river mouth. Floating Fish Cage (KJA) also renders an impact of pollution on the waters of Lake Toba. Currently there are 64 Ha KJA owned by 43 farmers in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Based on the data in 2012-2013, there is a decline in the number of KJA production, however, it could not be assured there is a linkage between the deterioration of Lake Toba water quality and a decrease in KJA fishery production. Lessons from KJA cases in Maninjau Lake of Kabupaten Maninjau in West Sumatra Province show that unsustainable JKA management would leave negative impact for all stakeholders in the surrounding area of the lake. The current condition of Maninjau Lake is deeply polluted and causes bad odor and once a year upwelling occurs where toxins existed in the bottom of the lake will rise to the surface causing less oxygen in water that will kill all biota

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in the waters including fish in Floating Fish Cage (Tim KLHS Ditjen Bina Pembangunan Daerah, 2009). Lake Toba as national KSN is directed to be a leading tourist area, so the quality of the lake becomes essential to attract tourists to come and enjoy the beauty of Lake Toba. If the quality of the waters of Lake Toba failed to be controlled, it will have an impact on reducing the welfare of the communities around the lake itself. Currently the lake water becomes a source of income for KJA farmers, hotel entrepreneurs on the banks of the lake, traditional fishermen and farmers who irrigate most of their fields using water from the lake. Losses in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara may not be as much as losses on the Lake Maninjau, but if it is not anticipated, the Government and local government will be imposed with greater costs to restore the ecosystem of Lake Toba in the future. 4.2.2.3

Deterioration of Biodiversity Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara ecosystem is part of Batang Toru (HBT) forest ecosystem. HBT ecosystem is a unique ecosystem and there is no such ecosystem outside of Sumatra, even in the world. BTA ecosystem consists of two blocks, namely the Western and Eastern Blocks. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara covers parts of the West and East Blocks with Sarulla valley in between (see Figure 19 below). The SOCP 2015 Report (Frediksson, 2015) states that the HBT has an area of approximately 134.00 hectares. HBT is an ecosystem for two types of animals which are internationally protected i.e. Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). Sumatran orangutan, especially the species existing in the HBT, is a very special species because it is very unique and genetically more closely related to orangutans in Western Kalimantan than those in the northern part of Lake Toba. Figure 19. Batang Toru Forest and Point of Distribution of Human Activities

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Batang Toru forest is a source of livelihood for communities around forest areas. HBT is a source of water and functions as buffers to cope with disasters of erosion and landslides during the rainy season. HBT is currently imposed to tremendous pressure especially from human activities in the lowlands around the HBT. Based on data from the CI Report (CI, 2015), in 2000-2010 deforestation rate was 0.07% per year, equivalent to 128 Ha/year, and in 2010-2013 increased to 0.17% per year, or equivalent to 323 Ha/year. This rate is still lower than that in the neighboring district of Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan whose deforestation rate is of 1.57% per year or equivalent to 3,122 Ha/year. Flora. Vegetation in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is consisted of protected forests, paddy fields, and estate crops and the remaining are unproductive lands. Plants that are protected in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara include Bunga Bangkai (Gaduntensi) and Orchid Family (Anggrek), Aren, Antarasa, Sotul, Asam Handis, Unte Albung (Jeruk Bali), Unte Jungga (Asam Batak), Jeruk Purut, Jengkol and Petai. Fauna. The protected species of fauna include: Orangutan Sumatera ( Pongo abelii), Kambing Hutan Sumatera (Naemorthedus Sumatrensis), Tapir Asia (Tapirus indicus), Harimau Sumatera (Phantera tigris sumatrae), Kucing Marmar (Oandofelis mamorata), Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang), Landak Asia (Hystrix brachyuran), Binturung (Arctitis binturong), Musang air (Cynogale bennettii), Ungko (Hylobates lar), Serundung (Hylabates agilis), Trenggiling (Manis javanica), Kijang (Muntiakus muntjak), Pelanduk (Tragulus javanicus), Napu (Tragulus napu), Macan dahan (Felis bengalensis), Kucing hutan (Felis marmorata), Bajing (Callociurus notatus), Sunda Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis caerulatus), Wallace’s Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus nanus), Blak-crowned Pitta (Pitta venusta), Kuntul perak (Egretta intermedia), Kuntul perak kecil (Egretta garzetta), Kutul kerbau (Bubulcus ibis), Kokokan (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus), Bido (Spilornis cheela), Elang brontok (Spizaetus cirrathus), Punai ekor panjang (Treton oxyura), Maninting (Alcedo meninting), Rajaudang belang (Lacedo pulchella), Julang (Rhyticeros undulatus), Rangkong (Buceros rhinoceros), Ungkut kumis orange (Psilopogon pyrolophus), Ungkut alis hitam (Megalaima oorti), Ungkut-ungkut (Megalaima haemacephala), Caladi ulam (Dendrocopos macei), Tiung mungkal (Cochoa azurea), Perenjak sayap garis (Prinia familiaris), Cinenen kelabu (Orthotomus sepium), Burung madu (Aethopyga mystacallis), Burung jantung kecil (Arachnothera longirosta), Burung kacamata biasa (Zesterops palpehtosus), Ular Darah (Phyton curtus), Ular Jaring (Phyton reticulates), Penyu Asia (Amyda cartilaginea), Penyu Asia Selatan (Cuora amboinensis), Penyu Berduri (Heosemys spinosa), Kurakura Raksasa Asia (Menouria Emys), Kura-Kura Daun Asia (Cyclemys dentate), Rhacophorus achantharrhena, Huai Sumatrana, Kadal Sumatera (Ophisaurus weneri). Aquatic Biota. Aquatic biota group in rivers in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is consisted of plankton and benthos in particular. Species of plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) that have been identified totals 11 species, consisting of 8 species of phytoplankton and 3 species of zooplankton. The dominant species in river waters in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara include Tabellaria fenestrata, Synedra ulna and Spirogya sp (phytoplankton) and Panagrolaimus sp., Astramoeba radiosa and Moina sp (zooplankton). The number of species of benthos that have been identified totals 10 species, the dominant species being Melonoides sp, Gyraulus sp, and Lumbricus sp. Driving Factor and Likely Impacts: The driving factors causing the decline in biodiversity are the encroachment of forests by humans to meet their economic needs. Most cases of forest encroachment in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara are hunting and poaching of wildlife and timber extraction in the forest for

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home building materials. Although encroachment is still small in scale, it must be ensured that encroachment is treated early to prevent the extinction of flora and fauna in HBT Tapanuli Utara. In addition to it, the concession activity of geothermal power plants (PLTP) in Sarulla can cause a deterioration of HBT biodiversity in the Eastern Block. Based on the experience of Gunung Salak geothermal power plant (PLTP) in West Java, biodiversity should still be maintained very well by the management of geothermal power plants side by side with PLTP activity itself. This can occur because from the beginning, the management of geothermal power plants in cooperation with environmentalist sit together to invent the best management of biodiversity. It can serve as an example by Sarulla PLTP to ensure that PLTP activity will not interfere with biodiversity since the construction process until the operation later. If the management of biodiversity is not undertaken properly, in the short-term, there will be habitat disruption that could lead to conflict between humans and wildlife. Learning from Jambi province, a case of animal wildlife conflicts with elephants and tigers occurred because of their habitat and migration paths/corridors are disturbed by human activities. In the long-term, economic interests will outwin the interests of biodiversity causing damage to the sources of livelihood of the people themselves, especially the decline of quality and quantity of water resources.

4.2.3

Socio-Economic-Cultural

4.2.3.1

Low-level Rate of Regional Economic Growth The growth rate of per capita income in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is relatively low. This happens due to the low gross regional domestic product (GRDP) which is mainly a result of the lack of infrastructure and the complexity of the permit issuance. Such thing may result in the slow pace of development in the district. In the document of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara RPJMD in 2014-2019 (PEMKAB TAPUT (d), 2014) it was stated that the average growth in the district's economy over the last five years (2009-2013) is 5.61% and is below that of the Province of Sumatra Utara (6.07%) and the national level (5.97%). It shows that the performance of economic growth in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is still below the performance of Sumatra Utara Province as well as nationally. The rate and sources of GRDP growth in all sectors for the period of 2009 up to 2013 are presented in Table 4. 4 below (BPS Taput, 2014). Learning from the table it appears that the three sectors whose economic growth rate being the greatest is sequentially; services (9.51%), building (8.27%), and mining and quarrying (7.12%). While the three sectors of the lowest growth rate are sequentially the processing industry (3.54%), agriculture (4.04%), and finance, leasing and service businesses (4.53%).

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Table 4. 4. Rate and Growth source of GRDP based on business field year 2009-2013 (percentage) Sectors

2009 (2) 3,65 5,66 2,24 5,31

Growth Rate 2010 2011 2012 (3) (4) (5) 4,53 3,79 4,40 5,38 6,79 7,47 3,91 3,60 4,39 6,04 3,89 4,25

2013* (6) 3,81 10,31 3,57 7,50

(1) 1. Agriculture 2. Mining and Quarrying 3. Processing Industry 4. Electricity, Gasses and Fresh Water 5. Building 6,01 5,90 8,61 8,92 11,89 6. Hotel, Trading & 5,41 6,29 5,88 6,38 7,08 Restaurant 7. Transportation & 5,51 5,34 4,82 4,85 7,25 Communication 8. Finance, Leasing & 1,89 3,43 4,14 4,36 8,85 Service Businesses 9. Service 9,72 8,86 10,30 9,86 8,80 PDRB 4,98 5,56 5,54 5,95 6,05 Source: Strategic Data in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2014, BPS Taput

4.2.3.2

Average

Source of Growth Rate 2010 2011 2012 2013* (9) (10) (11) (12) 2,43 2,01 2,30 1,96 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,008 0,08 0,08 0,09 0,07 0,05 0,030 0,03 0,056

(7) 4,04 7,12 3,54 5,40

2009 (8) 1,98 0,004 0,05 0,04

8,27 6,21

0,39 0,71

0,39 0,83

0,57 0,79

0,61 0,85

0,83 0,95

5,56

0,21

0,20

0,18

0,18

0,27

4,53

0,07

0,12

0,14

0,14

0,285

9,51 5,61

1,52 4,98

1,45 5,56

1,74 5,54

1,74 5,59

1,61 6,05

Low level of Community Welfare In Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, quite a lot of farmers, including fish farmers, are still classified as poor. Actually, Human Development Index (HDI) in North Tapanuli during 2009-2013 showed a rising trend with an average increase rate of about 73.97 and 2.15% per year. However, the percentage of poverty in 2012 was still 11.68% (PEMKAB TAPUT (d), 2014). Poor people are people who have monthly average expenditure per capita below the poverty line. In 2004, BPS estimated that about 48,900 people or 19.16 percent of the total population of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara lived by monthly expenditure lower than the poverty line, i.e. the amount of rupiah required to pay for food prices was equivalent to 2,100 kcal per capita a day, in addition to a minimum expenses for housing, education, health care and transportation. This number increased in 2006 amounted to 55,721 inhabitants, or 21.73 percent. This increase was influenced by the rise of the fuel price beginning in March 2005 and October 2005. Then there was a slight decrease in 2007 amounted to 52,400 inhabitants, or 20.06 percent out of the total population in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. In 2008 the number of poor people amounted to 37,520 (14.15 percent) and decreased in 2009 to 35,090 (13.10 percent). Then it slightly declined again in 2010 amounting to 34,900 people or 12.50 percent, it then declined again in 2011 to 33,600 people or 11.89 percent, and decreased again in 2012 to 32,600 people or 11.55 percent, but rose in 2013 to 11.68 percent or 33,800 people (BPS Taput, 2014). Poverty is not just a question of the number and percentage of poor people. Another dimension to consider is the depth and severity of poverty. In the period 2012-2013, Poverty Depth Index (P1) and Poverty Severity Index (P2) increased. Poverty depth index increased from 1.38 to 1.44 and the poverty severity index increased from 0.29 to 0.39. Increasing value of the two indexes indicates that the average expenditure of the poor tends to get closer to the poverty line and inequality of the expenditure of the poor is also getting broader (BPS Taput, 2014). Poverty in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is caused by the following factors: lack and high price of production facilities (seeds, fertilizer, capitals, etc.) as well as the lack of farm roads and irrigation networks; low access of farmers to bank loans; inadequate human resource

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capacity both farmers and extension workers; fluctuating prices of agricultural commodities; undeveloped market system of agricultural products; and insufficient ownership of agricultural land. Bank Loans for agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries for the period of 2009 up to 2013 was recorded very little, namely 11.374 million, 3.222 million, 13.555 million, 19.765 million and 27.947 million rupiah accordingly (BI, 2014). Detailed data on the driving factors are not available. If the factors driving the causes of poverty are not handled properly, poverty can lead to undesirable things such as illegal logging, encroachment, poaching, illegal mining, urbanization and changes in profession or flight from the agricultural sector.

4.2.3.3

Low Rate of Human Health Development Community health status can be measured by indicators of mortality and morbidity. According to the Health Service Agency of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara (Dinas Kesehatan Taput, 2014), the data of mortality or death rate of population in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara (infant mortality rate, infant, mother) is lower than the national target, but it was said in the report that many cases were not reported. Therefore, the measurement of the degree of human health might better be done by examining morbidity and infectious diseases. The prevalence of diseases in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2014 does not differ significantly from that in the previous years. Based on the results of integrated recording and reporting (SP2TP) conducted by the health center network, the prevalence of 20 types of diseases in 2014 is presented in Table 4. 5 below. Infectious diseases classified as Other Acute Infection of Upper Respiratory Tract sat in the top rank with 22,621 cases, or by 24.18%. Table 4. 5. Disease Prevalence in Health Center of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2014

No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 18 19 20 21

Type of Disease Other Acute Infection of Upper Respiratory Tract Hypertension Gastritis Muscle system and connective tissue disease Other disease of Upper Respiratory Tract Diarrhea Dyspepsia Carries Accident and Ruda Paksa Skin allergic Athma Tonsilitis De-Worming Bronchitis Skin Infections Dysentery Other Eye Diseases Other infectious intestinal diseases Scabies Middle-ear infections Other diseases

Total Source: Community Health Services KabupatenTapanuli Utara year 2014

Number of Cases

%

22.621 8.383 7.389 6.526 6.243 4.734 4.121 2.517 2.470 2.399 1.859 1.850 1.791 1.668 1.491 1.471 1.467 1.248 1.148 991 11.165

24,18 8,96 7,90 6,98 6,67 5,06 4,41 2,69 2,64 2,56 1,99 1,98 1,91 1,78 1,59 1,57 1,57 1,33 1,23 1,06 11,93

93.552

100.00

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Some infectious diseases reported include Malaria, Pulmonary TB, HIV/AIDS, leprosy and dengue (demam ber-darah - DBD). The number of patients with malaria by blood clots examination in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2014 was as many as 463 people (204 men and 259 women). Positive malaria cases totaling 38 people comprising of 28 male patients and 10 female patients were found. The total number of new cases of TB BTA+ in 2014 was 321 cases (168 male cases and 153 female cases). The proportion of new TB BTA+ cases in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2014 was about 52% in men and 48% in women with CNR of new BTA+ cases of 110 per 100,000 population. The percentage of children 0-14 years with TB cases was 5%. Percentage against suspect of BTA+ was 22.79% (21.71% males and 24.17% female). The recovery rate of BTA+ in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2014 was 79.88% (80.57% males and 79.08% female). The mortality rate during treatment was 3 per 100,000 populations. In 2014 the number of new HIV cases was reported 11 cases consisted of 5 male cases (45.45%) and 6 female cases (54.55%). The number of patients with HIV in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in the period of 2010-2014 is presented in Table 4. 6 below. Table 4. 6. Number of Patients with HIV/AIDS in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in 2010-2014

Source: Report of Health Service Agency of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

The number of new cases of leprosy (PB+ MB) in 2014 was 1 (one) case (female) with a detection rate of new cases of leprosy (NCDR) was 0.34 per 100,000 populations. The number of dengue cases in North Tapanuli in 2014 was 8 cases (5 male and 3 female). Comparing it to the previous year, there was a decline as many as 34 cases in 2013, a total of 32 cases in 2012 and 17 cases in 2011. The rate of increase human health level is still inadequate and is driven by various factors including: large number of active smokers; excessive alcoholic drinking habits; the existence of "café-plus", the presence of malnutrition and HIV/AIDS cases; inadequate access to maternal health, insufficient fresh/clean water, inadequate sanitation facilities in villages, office buildings, and roads; the habit of defecating in the open. These factors affect life expectancy and human development index, however, detailed data on these factors are not available.

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Erosion of Cultural Values and Local Wisdoms Almost all members of SEA POKJA and the wider stakeholder groups have observed the erosion of cultural values and local wisdoms. However, the written data and information concerning this problem are rare. Despite of that, as observed by stakeholders, it is believed that erosion of cultural values and local wisdoms already occurred in the form of loss of mutual cooperation or gotong-royong (marsiadapari – local language) in the community, both mutual cooperation on maintaining public infrastructure as well as mutual cooperation on among community members. Related to the waning of mutual cooperation, it is also believed that there is loss of sense of belonging. This is probably partly due to the habits of government project implementation that provides wages for community members who participate. For example, government assistance in the form of seedlings for a community is complemented costs for planting and nurturing. Such a practice causes loss of sense of belonging among community members. For example, people do not feel that they own public infrastructure and facilities built by the government because they think that funding of maintenance and rehabilitation are available in the government. Thus people feel there is no need to do anything to maintain public infrastructure and facilities. Discoloration of cultural values is also believed to be driven by the influx of foreign cultures both directly and indirectly through television, internet, mass-media, and social media. The situation is further worsened by the lack of facilities to accommodate the creativity of the youths and the absence of cultural regeneration system (generation gap). The driving factors as noted above cause other problems such as: rise of juvenile delinquency, socio-cultural conflicts, abandonment of religious services, emergence of domestic violence (kekerasan dalam rumah tangga - KDRT), and rise of criminal actions. If no concrete mitigations are taken to anticipate these impacts, there will likely emerge more complex socio-cultural issues in the future.

4.2.3.5

Social Conflicts To date, data on social conflicts are not available. During internal discussions among members of SEA POKJA during SEA scoping workshop with all relevant stakeholders, it was learned that there were a number of social conflicts mostly related to land rights. Factors driving the occurrences of social conflicts include: (a) unclear rights on land boundary among customary land, government land and private land; (b) overlapping land rights (customary with public and private); (c) emergence of new economic activity sources (investments); (d) the existence of hosom, teal, elat, late (negative) attitudes in the community due to unequal distribution of government programs in the area of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. These factors have led to a land grabbing case, a potential of physical conflict between communities and government officials, as well as a potential of physical conflict between communities and between families. Based on an article written by Ramlo R Hutabarat, it was clear that there have occurred problems related to land in several sub-districts including Tarutung, Siatas Barita, Sipoholon, Siborongborong, (Hutabarat). In Tarutung, there is a case of land cultivation within forest areas in Siarangarang where a forest area (as defined by the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 44 of 2005) is used as agricultural land and a certificate has been issued for this respect by the National Land Agency of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. The Forest Service Agency of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara could not act against it because in Siarangarang land there are

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still many other forest areas which are cultivated by other parties, amounting dozens of hectares. If the driving factors of the social conflicts as mentioned above are not resolved, there is a possibility that in the future there will be more conflicts between local communities and local government officials.

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IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS This chapter presents policy analysis and assessment and analysis of the potential impacts/risks that may arise from the implementation of the Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035, as the version submitted to the Provincial Government of North Sumatra. The version submitted to the Provincial Government of North Sumatra is the version of land-use plan which refers to Minister of Forestry Decree No. 44/2009. At the time when assessment and analysis were undertaken there was no certainty that the government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara would formulate the land-use plan based on Minister Forestry Decree No. 579/2014.

5.1

Policy Analysis Mainstreaming sustainable development has increasingly become an important basis in formulating development Policy, Plan, and Program (PPP) in Indonesia. Awareness of the importance to harmonize development for the benefit of socio-economic development and environmental and natural resources conservation in Indonesia cannot be separated from the adoption of sustainable development consideration as an obligation in preparing development plans, as stipulated in Law No. 32 of 2009. An enforcement on the importance of sustainable development concept application is also encouraged by the ongoing global developments which have established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a reference for future development, replacing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Even, the UN agency has issued a guideline on An Action Agenda for Sustainable Development (2013) (UNSDSN, 2013). Therefore, mainstreaming sustainable development has properly become the main agenda nationally, and in all regions, including Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. As a relatively new and complex concept, the internalization of sustainable development through SEA instrument has not taken place as smoothly. Although it has been specified as mandatory (compulsory), there are still many proponents of PPPs that have not implemented SEA properly. Among bureaucrats themselves, not a few who consider SEA as an additional burden in the process of PPP formulation for development plans. In the meantime, by definition as well as substance, there is still dominating understanding that SEA which is oriented to manifestation of sustainable development capacity is more regarded as an instrument for the benefit of the environment alone. Hence, the real phenomena show many development issues require a breakthrough solution based on mainstreaming sustainable development. The development problems involving cross-sector interests, stakeholder interests and also central and local government affairs, such as the conflict of interest of the forestry sector with other sectors of the mining/energy, agriculture, and public works all have been formulated in the SDGs. After running for about eight years, it is obvious that the implementation of Law No. 32 of 2008 which mandated sustainable development still requires intensive efforts. The conflict of interests mentioned above converges to orientations for economic sustainability or ecological sustainability. The fragmentation of the two orientations shows a partial understanding of the definition of sustainable development that actually binds economic, environmental and social interests as one unit of interest. The existence of such

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dichotomy of interest orientation options can easily be found not only in the formulation of development planning but also in the reality of development itself. Almost the entire area to date indicates a strong orientation on economic interests. Usually the process of shifting the interest orientation is characterized by three levels of trend, namely a critical trend and then a proximate trend and the peak (ultimate trend). At the peak trend, there is a requirement for an awareness of values, desires and aspirations of stakeholders, the political power structure, knowledge and understanding of the development situation of the areas concerned, the citizens‘ necessities of life, and the long-term ecological recovery process. In overall, those three trends are shown in the figure below. Figure 20. Economic Sustainability vs. Ecological Sustainability

Critical Trend

Proximate Trend

Environmental degradation and resource depletion

Increasing Income disparity

Population size and growth

Economic volume and pattern

Governance

Values, desires and aspirations

Ultimate Trend

Human Needs

Poverty and Marginalization

Technological choice

Environmental quality

Structure of Power

Knowledge and Understanding

Long Term Ecological Processes

These shifting conditions need to be understood and even be anticipated particularly related to policy/legislation formulation process (Bappenas et.al, 2015). Moreover, if harmonious and synchronized policy system is to be formulated. (See Figure 21 below)

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Figure 21. Process of Policy Making/Legislation

Influence of religion, customs, national heritage

Provisions in Constitution (UUD)

Vertikal

(Superior)

Horizontal (prior)

Provisions in Law (UU-1)

Horizontal (posterior)

Provisions in Law (UU-2)

Vertikal Influence of outside legal system (common law, civil law)

Influence of other formal legal sources (custos, doctrine, yurispudensi, etc.)

Provisions in Law (UU-3)

(Inferior) Influlence of other non-legal systems (economic, politic, socio-cultural)

Provisions in Government Regulation (PP)

Source: Bappenas 2012

The above description applies not only to the legislation at the national level but also at the provincial and district/city levels. In other words, any policies or legislation in each level should always consider both vertical and horizontal interrelationships, for both formal and informal interrelationships. Meanwhile for the realization of these policy processes, it is necessary to analyze overall interrelationships of policy system, and then the institutional system as an implementing unit as well as an operational system that explains how these policies can benefit effectively for all stakeholders in a fair, proportionate and sustainable manner. With regards to the above understanding, this policy analysis is directed to assess to what extent sustainable development principles have been integrated in the draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. The discussed principles are: 1. Interdependency principles, covering interdependent both vertically with the provincial and national PPPs and horizontally with the neighbouring districts/cities. 2. Equilibrium, meaning proportional balance among economic, socio-cultural, and environmental interests. 3. Justice, namely justice among community groups and between the current and future generations. Vertically, the PPP of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara development plan should be integrated and be consistent to the development planning at the provincial and national level and at its operational derivatives in the province concerned. In line with the hierarchical consistency in the integration process (Bottom-Up) or vice versa in the operationalization elaboration (Top-Down), PPP of development plan at the same level also needs to be horizontally

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synchronized or harmonized in between a-spatial (sectoral) and spatial planning. This has become a necessity which formally or normatively defined in formulating PPP in Indonesian development planning within long-term, intermediate, and annual perspective, as illustrated in the figure below. Figure 22. Hierarchy and Spatial Planning

Source : Bappenas, 2010

The translation of PPP concept in National Development Plan as above mentioned at the provincial level of North Sumatra and district level of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is illustrated below.

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Figure 23. Interrelationship of National-Provincial Development Planning

RPJMN 2015-2019

NAWA CITA

Referring to the draft spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, the normative illustration reference is displayed below: Figure 24. Implication of Spatial Policy of Sumatra Utara Province – Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

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In the third five-yearly development plan of the Long-term National Development (20152019), it was stated that the concentration of development is the following: "Confirming the overall development by emphasizing the development of economic competitive advantages based on available natural resources, qualified human resources, as well as the mastery of science and technology". For the last 5 year planning (from 2010 to 2024) of RPJPN (National Long term Development Plan) the focus is "Creating an independent, progressive, just and prosperous Indonesian society through acceleration of development in all fields with a solid economic structure based on competitive advantage". From the policy, it can be concluded that the development focus is on the development of human qualities which are independent, prosperous and capable in managing superior competitiveness. An elaboration of draft of long-term (RPJP or spatial plan) to medium term development plan (RPJM) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has indicated that the formulation had followed the formal provisions mentioned above. In the next 5 years, it has been formulated on Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s desire to "Creating Prosperity of Community- on the basis of agriculture and agro-industry supported by tourism and the mining and energy sectors". Further, the desire is elaborated into eight, namely: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

6) 7) 8)

Improving Access to Education and Preparing Qualified Education; Improving Access and Quality of Free Health Care, particularly in the health center; Making Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara an Agricultural Industry; Ensuring the availability of excellent seed and subsidized fertilizer with Post-Harvest payment system; Improving the Quantity and Quality of Road for Economic Growth Expansion, Strengthening Regional Integration and interconnectedness with Surrounding Development Regions; Making Village a Development Acceleration Center; Establishing a Clean and Transparent Government with orientation to Public Service (Good and Clean Governance) using E-Government System; Developing Interest and Talent of Young generation in The Arts, Culture and Sport.

Meanwhile, an indication of consistency in formulating PPP of Development Plan is represented in the objective of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Spatial Plan that is "Realizing the spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara with a basis on agriculture and agro-industry supported by tourism, mining/energy sectors and productive, efficient, safe and comfortable by taking into account equitable regional development, disaster mitigation and sustainable development". Overall, in comparison to the formulation of sectoral development plans, the formulation of the spatial purpose presents an additional emphasis on the desire to achieve equality, disaster mitigation and sustainable development. As for the directions of spatial policy of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara are formulated as follows: 1) Increasing the accessibility and equity of socioeconomic and cultural service throughout the developed region. 2) Maintaining and realizing environmental conservation, as well as disaster risk reduction. 3) Carrying out the optimal use of space cultivation area in accordance with the carrying capacity and environmental capacity.

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4) Improving the productivity of key sectors in accordance with land carrying and absorptive capacity. 5) Improving the economy of the society based on natural resources. 6) Improving area functionality for the defense and security area. From comparing the description of vision and missions of the current RPJMD (Regional Medium-term Development Plan) and the objectives and policies of the draft spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, it is very clear that there has not been any effort to harmonize the two planning documents. The objectives and policies in the draft spatial plan demonstrate effort to integrate environment and sustainability interests, on the other hand environmental and sustainability issues are absent in the RPJMD. It is important to note that vertical interdependency as explained above cannot normatively guarantee the implementation of the principles of sustainable development optimally. This is caused partly by the lack of agreement on certain strategic issues between the province and districts therein. One of the important issues relates to the establishment of forest area as revealed in the news excerpts presented in Figure 25. The absence of an agreement on the above causes an "uncertainty" regarding land-use utilization at the provincial level that has an impact on weak legitimacy of the Provincial Spatial Planning as one of the guidelines to synchronize and coordinate development among districts and cities. Figure 25. Constraints of synchronization and coordination of spatial planning implementation in North Sumatra.

Decree Ratification of the North Sumatra Provincial Spatial Plan is Stranded Arsyad Lubis also revealed constraints on Spatial Planning of North Sumatra province which until now has not been ratified. It was explained that up until now the province of North Sumatra revision on spatial planning has not been stipulated as a local regulation mainly due to not-signing of the three districts, namely North Tapanuli, Humbang Hasundutan, and Toba Samosir. "Three districts have not been willing to sign it because there is a proposal to change the designation of protected forest land, despite the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579 issued in 2014," said Arsyad. Arsyad explained that Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara requested that the width of land for forest amounted to only 34 percent, while according to the Decree of the Minister of Forestry, it must be 57 percent. The proposal was not acceptable, because during the location survey of the proposed area to be removed from forest assignment, it turns out to obviously function as forest and is located far from settlements. Likewise, Toba Samosir and Humbang Hasundutan have not accepted the contents contained in the Minister of Forestry Decree. Minister of Forestry in fact has issued Decree No. 579 year 2014 which is a correction of Minister of Forestry Decree No. 44 year 2005 that gained many protests from local government in the area of Lake Toba and Tapanuli. The 579 Decree sets forest area in North Sumatra reaches 3.05 million hectares. Based on its function, SK sets a 427.008 hectare for nature reserve area, a protected forest area of 1.2 million hectares, 641.769 hectares of limited production forest, 704.452 hectares of production forest and convertible production forest of 75.684 hectares. However, this revised 44 Decree has not met the demands of the Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Tobasa and Humbahas. "Minister of Forestry Decree no 579 is not set in stone, if there had been a settlement, it will be accommodated and the boundary will be changed," explains Head of Inventory Forest Management of Forest Service North Sumatran Province, Efendi Pane. In addition, the ratification of North Sumatran Spatial plan is impeded by an impact of not all districts/city ratifying the regional regulation of spatial plan. There are only 17 out of 33 districts/cities having regional regulation of spatial plan. Furthermore, there are four districts/city publishing Decree of Governor Evaluation, one is under the process of Decree of Governor Evaluation publication and four is in the process

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of regional regulation draft. The most troublesome are there are seven districts that do not submit the regional regulation draft of spatial plan to be evaluated; those districts are Tobasa, Samosir, Padang Lawas, Labuhan Batu Selatan, Karo and Deli Serdang. North Sumatra Province has become one out of three provinces that does not have regional regulation of spatial plan in Indonesia. In fact, North Sumatra currently has strategic infrastructure such as the Kuala Namu Airport, development of Kuala Tanjung Port, Jalan Susur Pantai Timur, Lake Toba Ring Road, Network of Traffic Province Highway, Network of Highways to Sibolga, Network of East and West Coast Railways, Network of Medan-Brastagih Alternative Road, Simeme Lau Dam, Regional Landfill, Development of Labuan Angin, Network of Nias Island Ring Road, Development of new Power Plant, KEK Sei Mangkei and Development of new Town. To that end, the acceleration of spatial plan stipulation in North Sumatra is very important and crucial. Resource: bataktoday.com with news title ―Sumut Discussion Club: RTRW Harus Menjadi Panduan Pembangunan Daerah‖ dated 25 September 2015 time 15.29. downloaded for the purpose of reporting on 26 th of November 2015 time 05.43

An important message to be noted from the above news is that the implementation of spatial planning often faces local problems that need to be resolved regionally. Referring to Capra (2007), such message resembles the formulation of spatial plan should be underlined by an understanding that a space is basically an ―organic system‖- not ―mechanic system‖which continually moves to equilibrium/balance in accordance with ecological laws. In such system, an intervention of development in a particular location will be seen as a stimulant that can create an adverse impact and change the whole system. Such an understanding will then be used to elaborate sustainable development principles in the spatial planning of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, especially in relation to its position in the regional system. For that purpose, Figure 26 presents the main direction of development in the Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and the neighboring districts which is revealed in the policy and strategy of development of each district. Figure 26. Network of Road and Network of River as an Area Adherence between Tarutung and the neighbouring districts

Danau Toba

Pertanian, industri dan pariwisata (RTRW Kab Tobasa 2011-2031) Balige

Tarutung

Pariwisata (RPJMD Tapteng 2009-2016)

Pertanian dan agroindustri yang didukung oleh sektor pariwisata, pertambangan dan energy (RTRW Kab Taput 2010-2030) Ibu kota kabupaten Jalan penghubung utama

Sibolga

Sungai Wilayah Bukit Barisan

Sipirok

Pertanian dan perkebunan (www.tapanuliselatankab.go.id)

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As illustrated in Figure 26 above, there are two important notes as follows: 1. The emphasis of economic development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara varies more widely in comparison to that in the neighboring districts. 2. The direction of development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is guided by natural resource-based economic sectors with extractive and expansive characteristics. This is relatively similar to Tobasa District and Tapanuli Selatan District, with a lower level of variability. In the meantime, the development in Tapanuli Tengah District that picks tourism sector as a leading sector enables an ongoing natural resource exploitation in a relatively low rate. The above two notes imply that development policy in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara as contained in the draft spatial plan year 2015-2035 will put the district as the ―main generator of change‖ in the regional constellation of Tapanuli Utara-Toba Samosir-Tapanuli Tengah-Tapanuli Selatan. That stimulus of change will move across the administrative boundaries facilitated mainly by road and river networks. Based on description in Figure 26, the movement of change will be facilitated by the Sibolga-Medan road network and the Batang Toru stream. By considering (1) the development policy in Tapanuli Tengah which sounds ―friendlier‖ to the environment, and (2) the regional connectivity system presented in Figure 26, the development policy of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara with extractive and expansive character as contained in the spatial plan, the local development will likely give strong pressure to environment with greater relativity to the corridor of Tarutung-Balige and TarutungSipirok. The difference is if the pressure on the environment in the Tarutung-Balige corridor will be more controlled by market mechanism as a consequence of its location in the Sibolga-Medan road network, the pressure to the environment in Tarutung-Sipirok corridor on the other hand will be controlled more by ecological mechanism represented by river work. Thus, even when the two corridors receive relatively great environmental pressure, the two are controlled by different mechanisms. Theoretically, the pressure on the environment that is controlled by market mechanism will be accumulated more intensively and faster as it happens in two-way directions (Tarutung-Balige direction and the other way round). In the meantime, the natural/ecological mechanism which ‗enforces‘ pressure to the environment in the Tarutung-Sipirok corridor will run in one-way direction, it is in accordance with the direction of the river stream (toward Sipirok direction). This understanding indicates that pressure to the environment formed by market mechanism in the Tarutung-Balige corridor will eventually ―be flown‖ as well to the direction of Sipirok by ecological mechanism. This indicates relatively significant threats from the development expansion in the Tarutung-Balige corridor to agricultural and plantation development in Tapanuli Selatan. Overall, the above elaboration depicts the potential threats to environmental equilibrium that are cross-administrative boundaries in characteristics. However, in the process of draft formulation which is actually not an uncommon concept or formula in the PPP document, it has not fully accommodated the aspirations of the people, especially the local communities or Customary Society (in technical legal terms

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called the Customary Law Society), as it is illustrated by a team of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in Figure 24 above. With regards to the above, in the context of justice principle in remote areas of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara that is far from the urban centers, customary communities still hold significant institutional role. The role of this customary society is quite significant for the formulation of development plan as well as in the implementation process. The influence of local communities or customary society to the decision-making process for policy formulation is schematically shown in the figure below (Lomas, 2000). Figure 27. Scheme Influence of Local Communities / Custom community in the Decision-Making Process for Policy Formulation

Source: Lomas 2000

The sense of attachment and dependence of local communities and custom society are still significantly high in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, especially in conserving forests and of course to ensure sustainable development. Harangan Sianjur forest is a case in point (Manalu, 2015). Harangan Sianjur has already existed since 150 years ago. Harangan Sianjur is located right at the intersection of three villages to Sianjur and Sihatondoan in the middle of the village where protected society forest area lies. In other words, there are groups of local or custom communities with their system of rules in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara who have succeeded and continue to run the maintenance of their forest area in a sustainable manner. The establishment of Harangan Sianjur was initiated by an irrigation problem for rice fields in the area. With the guidance of a Missionary, known as Mr. Caesar then the people built the lake area of about 2 hectares lying just below the Harangan Sianjur forest. Serving as a reservoir, the lake is capable of irrigating up to hundreds of hectares of rice paddy fields although it is not in rainy season. Besides, Mr. Caesar also provided guidance of

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cultivating the land in the fields. The water source for this lake comes from Harangan Sianjur Forest. Realizing the importance of water resource management and the role of forests as a source of the water, the local communities have agreed to amend some 80 hectares of rice fields converted into forest. Figure 28. Harangan Sianjur Forest and Lake of Mr. Kaesar

Source: Manalu, 2015

The agreement which later became policy or rules setting up procedures of the utilization of Harangan Sianjur forest areas reflects the ability and the importance of customary law to ensure sustainable function of natural resources in North Tapanuli. Another recent example on the power of local community institutions on the benefitting from natural resources for social and economic interests in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and its surroundings is the formation of the Batang Toru DAS (Watershed) Forum (Iman Santoso, 2015). In-depth elaboration related to the role of social and cultural capital for development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is discussed in the theme of socio-cultural analysis. The attempts to change the status of the Batang Toru Forest from Production Forest to Protected Forest took quite a long time (from 2006 to 2014), involving the participation of stakeholders, including local governments, local communities and NGOs. Not easy was it to run a "bottom-up" process to gain an agreement and monotony perceptions of all parties for large-scale planning. Therefore, the efforts that have been made and the results achieved should be used as a foothold in the planning of the future development, with continued and even stronger participation of stakeholders. Judging from the position and status of customary society in the development of a region and resource utilization in the environment, it has been stipulated in the Constitution so that customary society owns a constitutional right. It cannot be denied that the enforcement of the customary society rights related to land use and natural resources have been formulated since the enactment of Law No. 5 year 1960 on Agrarian. However, a lot of debate then emerged with the enactment of Law No. 41 year 1999 concerning Forestry. From the Article 67 of the Forestry Act, it can be interpreted that people can use the land that has been occupied hereditary but the land is state-owned land. Customary community institutions received recognition but the beneficiary of the resources of their lands started to receive restrictions through the regulation by the government. Various international conventions on the Rights of Customary Society, especially is initiated by the United Nations (UN) institution such as the ILO. More or less an international

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convention also colors various interest formulations of customary society in various legislations as detailed in the table below (Taqwaddin, 2010). Table 5. 1 List of Laws that Accommodate Customary Rights

Laws Law on Local Government Law on Human Rights Law on Forestry

Law on Water Resources

Law on Plantation Law on Coastal Zone and small islands management Law on Environmental Protection and Management

Rights of Customary Society Traditional Right of customary law society a. Recognition and protection related to specialization. b. The cultural identity of customary law society, including customary land rights a. Rights of Customary Forest b. Management of area for special purpose c. Collecting forest products to meet the needs of daily life of the customary society concerned. d. Conducting forest management activities based on customary law and not contrary to Act. e. Receiving an empowerment in order to improve welfare a. Elements of Customary Society b. Elements of Regions c. Elements of the relationship between the communities and the region Customary Society is entitled to receive compensation for their land rights being used for plantation concessions. The rights of customary society, traditional societies, and local wisdom on coastal areas as well as small islands that have been used for generations. Concessions are granted in the form of cultivation of coastal waters (HP-3) The existence of customary society, local wisdom, and rights od customary society in the management and protection of Environment.

Source: Taqwaddin 2010

Learning from the policy analysis above and in particular within the context of strengthening the opportunity for applying sustainable development concept in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, the existence of customary society needs to be considered. Strengths and interests of customary society or local communities have strong significance, in addition to environmental and economic problems (Muazzin, 2014). A case of Harangan Sianjur management which is still ongoing since 150 years ago has become a real proof of opportunities for mainstreaming sustainable development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, likewise a concept developed by Lomas (see Figure 27 above). As part of strengthening the active role of local/customary peoples in environmental and natural resource protection, there is a need to formulate a regulation for balancing the utilization of natural resource functions through the application of Payment of Environmental Services (PES) or known as costs incurred as compensation of use of both tangible and intangible environmental and natural resources. PES is already mentioned in the Law No. 32/2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. Furthermore, a legal umbrella already exists at the provincial level, namely: (1) Article 40 paragraph (1) Provincial Regulation of North Sumatera Number 1 Year 2012 concerning Integrated Management of River Basin of North Sumatera ―Every person who directly or indirectly receives benefits from environmental services from a river basin is obliged to provide compensation in the form of payment of environmental services (beneficiary pays

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principle)‖ and further strengthened with; (2) Article 26 paragraph (3) Provincial Regulation of North Sumatera Number 1 Year 2014 ―District/Municipality governments in downstream areas that receive environmental services from a river basin from upstream areas are obliged to provide payment of environmental services (cost sharing) to District/Municipality governments in upstream areas. The types of natural resources need to be designated as public goods first, and then their values need to be calculated for the basis of determining the amount of payments that need to be made. The establishment of the Batang Toru Basin Forum was motivated, among others, by the desire to apply PES. However, it should be noted that PES application could be sensitive for certain stakeholders that traditionally are not accustomed to this practice. Experience shows that PES application will necessarily change live styles and natural resource utilization practices in a significant manner. The impact of PES application will surely be significant from the viewpoint of ensuring sustainable development. Moreover, the strengthening of social capital and local community institutional capital can serve as a counterweight to the interests of economic development and environmental development (ICRAF, 2001). The mushrooming transactional practices (political economy/ business) have disturbed a lot over the implementation of planning and program policies that have been formulated for the medium and long-term interests (Nurlambang, 2013). Short-term interests characterizing transactional processes tend to be overwhelming. Political economics/business transaction is usually for the benefit of individuals or groups instead of the entire community in the district or province concerned. This transactional practice is schematically illustrated in Figure 29 below. Figure 29. Political Transaction Mode on Economic/Business Matters

Source: Nurlambang, 2013

The transactional mode above may be balanced by the existing value system and still grow among local communities or customary society. Furthermore, with the involvement of

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customary communities in the process of decision-making for the formulation of PPP, there is an opportunity for the achievement of sustainable development mainstreaming assurance in the PPP of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. The important and vital role of SEA is here in the formulation of PPPs to ensure a balance between technocratic and deliberative formulations of PPPs to meet the local aspirations.

5.2

Impact Assessment

5.2.1

Impact Assessment Results and Selection of Strategic Impacts The assessment on the potential impact of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s draft spatial plan year 2015-2035 on the district‘s environmental condition (namely, the 11 strategic issues as supported with the baseline data) is conducted through three stages. Stage one, the SEA consultant team internally assesses Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s draft spatial plan to identify the potential impacts on the environment and at the same time to identify mitigation measures and/or required alternatives. Stage two, the technocratic assessment results by consultant team are triangulated with the SEA Working Group of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to enrich and sharpen the results of the assessment. Stage three, the results of assessment that have been consulted with the SEA Working Group of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara then are further consulted with the relevant stakeholder groups also in a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to enrich and sharpen the results of the study. Summary of Assessment Results The table below (Table 5. 2) summarizes the assessment results on the potential impacts (both negative and positive) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s draft spatial plan on the strategic issues that have been consulted to all relevant stakeholders. A table containing the complete assessment results is detailed in Attachment 5. 4 Table 5. 2 Summary result of assessment on impact of spatial plan towards strategic issues

Environmental Components

Description of Impact

Location

PHYSICO - NATURAL Tapanuli Utara is increasingly getting hotter

Plans for improving and developing connectivity infrastructure will expedite such activities as: (a) travel, (b) land clearing for roads, plantations as well as residences, and (c) logging as well as forest fires. All of these activities contribute to climate change (increasing GHG emissions/decreasing carbon stocks) that will lead to decreasing productivity of agricultural crops (Arabica coffee etc.), and changes in cropping patterns. Planned land use changes will result in forest and ecosystem degradation that will increase GHG emissions. Plans for economic strategic areas and activity/service center development will bring up the activity centers whose growth will generate solid waste, wastewater and gas emissions which will spread and contribute to GHG emissions

Decreasing water

Plans for improving and developing connectivity

All 15 subdistricts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

15 sub-districts

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Environmental Components quality and quantity

Description of Impact

Location

infrastructure along with land use changes will trigger land clearing for roads which increases potentials of land clearing for agriculture, plantations and residences and increases potentials for shifting cultivation, logging and forest fires. Overall, these activities will lead to soil erosion and reduce water absorption, loss of root pressure which could withstand the pressure of water in the soil, and loss of topsoil which is capable of storing approximately 25% of rainwater. This change will then cause a decline in the quality and quantity of surface water. In addition, a plan of economic and activity center development will bring up the activity centers whose growth in turn would generate solid and liquid wastes, as well as air pollutions spreading around the area and will ultimately pollute the existing water bodies.

- Aek Batang Toru - Aek Sigeaon - Aek Robean - Aek Mahanssan - Aek Botik - Aek Siborgung - Aek Situmandi - Batu Martindi - Aek Sarulla - Aek Ristop - Aek Puli - Anggolat - Aek Raisan - Aek Sorkam - Aek Sibondang

Decrease in the quality and quantity of water will cause derivative impacts on socio-economic aspects and ecosystems (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, home industry, industry, domestic expense, health, biodiversity, and increase of critical land area). Large area of critical lands

Plans for improving and developing connectivity infrastructure will trigger land clearing for roads which increases potentials of land clearing for agriculture, plantations and residences and increases potentials for shifting cultivation, logging and forest fires which in turn would increase the area of critical lands. Likewise, changes in the land use plan will have similar impacts (as a result of unsustainable farming systems) and the development of economic zones and activity center (as a result of solid waste, liquid waste and air pollution).

15 sub-districts

Increasing critical land area will cause derivative impacts on the land fertility and on the quality and quantity of surface water and socio-economic aspects (agriculture, fisheries, home industry, domestic expense, and health), ecosystem aspect (biodiversity) and disasters (floods, erosion, landslides).

ECOSYSTEM Forest and ecosystem degradation

Plans for improving and developing connectivity infrastructure, changes in land use plans and development of economic zones and activity centers will trigger land clearing for agriculture, plantation and residences and increase the potential of shifting cultivation, logging and forest fires. All of these activities will generate degradation of forest and its ecosystem. Degradation of forest ecosystem would cause decreased environmental services from forest ecosystem and will impact on the declining quality and quantity of surface water, increasing critical land/open space, social and economic aspects (declining productivity of agriculture, fisheries, home industry, industry, workforces, and health), declining biodiversity, the loss of species, environmental carrying capacity, and micro-climate change.

Taput Forest Area (map of changes in forest area) Forestry Decree No. 44/Menhut-II / 2005 to the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/MenhutII/2014) especially Sub-district Siborong-borong, Pagaran, Sipahutar, Sipoholon and

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Environmental Components Degradation of Lake Toba ecosystem

Description of Impact Plan for land clearing for Hotel business, agriculture, plantations and residences will increase the potential of shifting cultivation, logging and forest fires which, in turn, will generate damage of ecosystem and environmental services, watershed of rivers emptying into Lake Toba as a supplier of water and water controller (in terms of quality and quantity). Likewise, land use changes and the development of economic zones and activity center will have similar impacts (as a result of solid and liquid waste disposal, and air pollutions). Toba Lake ecosystem degradation will decrease the Lake Toba environmental services which will then have an impact on tourism, energy, and socio-economic aspects of the population surrounding the lake, and the diversity of aquatic biota of Lake Toba.

Deterioration of biodiversity

Plans for economic zone and activity center development (land clearing for mining, agriculture, plantations and residence) and land use changes will increase the potential for shifting cultivation, logging and forest fires, all of which can cause deterioration and a decline in the number and types of biodiversity. Deterioration of biodiversity will lead to increased pest in agricultural activities in the surrounding areas, a decline in agricultural productivity in the broad sense, increased conflicts of animals, the decline in carbon sequestration in Taput, climate change, loss of plants with therapeutic value, injustice and loss in future generations for learning and enjoying the proud endemic of flora and fauna in Taput, and inhibition of sustainable development.

Location Khajuraho. - Danau Toba watershed in Muara subdistrict. - There is a mining site of excavation C in 2015 at Muara sub-district (Tapian Nauli village, Simatupang, Batu Binumbun) - Road widening activities along the roads to Muara. Batang Toru forest, sub-districts of Pahae Jae, Pahae Julu, Simangambat and Adiankoting, and Purba Tua for forest zone of Batang Toru, and sub-district Garoga, Pangaribuan, Parmonangan, and Pagaran

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-CULTURE Slow progress of regional annual per capita income

Plan for infrastructure development (transportation, energy, raw water resources, and trade and service facilities), land use changes and strategic zone have positive impacts directly or indirectly on the growth rate of per capita income.

All sub-districts in Kabupaten Taput.

In addition to the positive impacts, the development plan itself has potential negative effects, especially for marginalized groups, so that the necessary mitigation measures or new programs could be needed to address these impacts. Low-level welfare of farmers

Plan for infrastructure development (transportation, energy, raw water resources, telecommunications, environment, and other means), land use changes, and a realization of strategic zones as well as urban systems have a positive impact towards improvement of the welfare of farmers, both directly and indirectly. It is necessary to study whether there is a group of farmers who are marginalized (possible negative impacts on marginalized farmers).

All sub-districts in Kabupaten Taput

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Environmental Components Slow progress rate of human health

Description of Impact Plan of infrastructure development (transportation, energy, raw water resources, telecommunications, environment, and other means), and the realization of strategic zone and urban systems have positive impacts on increasing the level of human health quality.

Location All sub-district in Kabupaten Taput

It is necessary to assess the possible negative impact on the epidemiology of infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, Sexual Transmitted Diseases). If the economic strategic zone management (Agropolis and Minneapolis) does not follow the principles of sustainable development, this could potentially have a negative impact on the quality of public health. Erosion of local wisdoms and cultural values

Plan for infrastructure development (transportation, energy, raw water resources, telecommunications, environment, and other means) has a positive impact on the emergence of a new culture that can strengthen local culture and local wisdom.

All sub-districts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

On the other hand, infrastructure development plans have potential negative impacts as a result of the influx of foreign cultures and interventions that can accelerate the erosion of local culture. Wine drinking culture in the next generation will be even stronger because it is influenced by easier entrants into the center of the strategic zone. Extension of zone designated for residence may cause a friction with foreign cultures, both in terms of positive and negative aspects. Plans for realization of strategic zones and natural resources as well as high technology will give rise to friction against the local culture, but it can also foster a positive impact of the emergence of a new tradition that strengthens local culture and local wisdom. Social conflicts

Plans for infrastructure development require land and this could potentially lead to social conflicts. Likewise, the plan to change land use and strategic zone is likely to cause conflicts. Social conflicts may arise between the local government and the public, between villages, between clans, between the corporate and the community. Infrastructure development will require human resources from outside the area that are prone to conflicts with local communities. There is a potential for social conflict due to a dispute with PT SOL land use and road permits, between communities and the corporation, people with the military. There are also frontier region (border) conflicts and local government conflicts with landowners related to land acquisition for infrastructure development (change in community decisions from agreement on land acquisition during the program socialization to rejection during program execution).

All sub-districts in Kabupaten Taput.

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Strategic Impacts For reasons of limitations (time and resources), this SEA is focused only on the analysis of negative impacts that are strategic in nature. Not all of the negative impacts of Kabupaten Tapanuli‘s draft Spatial Plan year 2015-2035 are strategic impacts. From the discussions with relevant parties in evaluating impact, then more specifically SEA is focused on seven strategic impact analyses, as presented in Table 5. 3 below. The evaluation to determine and agree on the strategic impacts utilizes four criteria. Negative impacts are considered strategic if they meet the following criteria: (a) the impact entails derivate/indirect impacts, (b) the impact reaches a wide area, encompassing administrative borders, (c) the impact is cumulative upon time, and (d) cross-sectoral approach is needed to address the impact. According to the four strategic criteria, it is estimated that the impacts of spatial plan on three strategic issues (regional economic growth, the welfare of farmers, and human health) are mostly positive, because the draft spatial plan is deliberately designed particularly to address these issues. Associated with the impact of spatial planning on degradation of Lake Toba ecosystem issue, it actually renders a negative impact and meets four criteria. However, the impact of spatial planning on the degradation of Lake Toba ecosystem is not determined as strategic in this SEA with a number of considerations, namely: (a) the area of Lake Toba which is located in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara actually is a very small part of the overall area of Lake Toba area which is located in other districts; (b) the area of Lake Toba has been defined as a national strategic area and it has a very paramount problem and the contribution of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara to these problems is very little; (c) to overcome the problems of the area of Lake Toba takes a holistic approach involving all districts bordering with Lake Toba as well as other stakeholders at the provincial and national levels. Table 5. 3 Strategic Impacts for Further Analysis

Environment Component

PhysicoNatural

Ecosystem

Strategic Impacts/Risks

Impacted Locations

Climate. Increased carbon emissions (decreased carbon stocks) due to plans for the realization of development of connectivity infrastructure system, land use changes, and strategic areas and the service/urban systems

All 15 sub-districts

Water. Decreased water quantity and quality due to the realization of development plan for connectivity infrastructure system, land use changes, and strategic areas and service/urban systems

14 rivers (Batang Toru, Sigeaon, Robean, Mahanssan, Botik, Siborgung, Situmandi, Batu Martindi, Sarulla, Ristop, Puli, Anggolat, Sigeaon, Sibondang)

Land/Soil. Increasing areas of critical lands due to the development of agriculture, mining, and connectivity infrastructure system

All Tapanuli Utara‘s 15 subdistricts

Forest. Increased forest and ecosystem degradation due to realization of connectivity infrastructure development, land use changes, and economic zones as well as activity centers development which triggers land clearing for

The whole sub-districts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, especially Kecamatan Siborongborong, Pagaran, Sipahutar, Sipoholon, Tarutung.

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Environment Component

Strategic Impacts/Risks

Impacted Locations

agriculture, plantation and settlements and increase potentials of shifting cultivation, logging and forest fires

SocioEconomic and Cultural

5.2.2

Biodiversity. Deterioration and decline in the number and type of biodiversity as an impact of the realization of economic zone and activity development plan (land clearing for mining, agriculture, plantation and residence) and changes in land use which will increase the potentials of shifting cultivation, logging and forest fires

Batang Toru Forest, subdistricts of: Pahae Jae, Pahae Julu, Simangumban and Adiankoting, as well as Purba Tua for Forest Zone in Batang Toru, and Garoga, Pangaribuan, Parmonangan, and Pagaran.

Cultural Values and Local Wisdom. Acceleration on erosion of cultural values and local wisdom are due to the influx and intervention of foreign culture as the realization of infrastructure development plan. Wine drinking practices in the next generation will be even stronger because of the easier entrance into the center of the strategic zones. Extension of zone designated for residence may cause a friction with foreign cultures, both in terms of positive and negative aspect. Plans on realization of strategic zones and natural resources as well as high technology will give rise to friction against the local culture, but it can also foster a positive impact of the emergence of a new tradition that strengthens local culture and local wisdom.

All 15 sub-districts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Social Conflicts. Emergence of social conflicts as an impact of plans on infrastructure development that require land and changes in land function (changes in spatial pattern) and realization of strategic zone. Social conflicts may arise between the local governments and the public, between villages, between clans between corporations and local communities. Infrastructure development will require human resources from outside the area that are prone to conflicts with local communities.

All 15 sub-districts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Analysis of Impact on Global Warming/Climate Change Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, lying in the highlands at an altitude between 300-1.797 meters above sea level, is characterized with its undulating and hilly condition that is part of the Bukit Barisan Mountains. Currently, the air condition in Tapanuli Utara has an ambient temperatures ranging from 17°C-29°C, and the averaged humidity is about 85.04% (CI Indonesia, 2015). The minimum air temperature in North Sumatra in 2001 ranged from 14.3°C (Kuta Gadung) to 24.1°C (Belawan), while the maximum air temperature varied between 25.9°C (Gabe Hutaraja) to 33.7°C (Mount Pamela), with air humidity ranging from 82% - 93% (BPS Sumut, 2001). Twelve years later, the minimum air temperature in North

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Sumatra rose to 15.8°C (Tongkoh) to 24.7°C (Belawan), while the maximum air temperature tended to decrease between 22.1°C (Tongkoh) to 32.1° C (Sampali), with the decreasing humidity between 79% to 89% (BPS Sumut, 2014). At the same measured location, it showed an average increase in temperature during the years 2001 to 2013. It can also be seen from the decline in air humidity during that period of time. To support the economic development of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, the draft land-use plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara will change the composition of land use. These changes in land-use in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, combined with the development of connectivity/ infrastructure system and strategic areas, will increase GHG emissions that contribute to the increase in air temperature contributing to global warming. Based on the draft Spatial Plan Year 2015-2035, some infrastructure development programs and land-use changes that contribute to the increase in GHG emissions, among others, are development of transportation infrastructure network system (arterial roads, collector roads, terminals), development of mining and industries, construction of power plants (hydro-power, micro-hydro power, and geothermal), expansion of existing landfill and construction of new landfill (Siborong-borong, Pangaribuan, and Pahae Jae), construction of sewage system, construction of other facilities and infrastructure (education, health, religion, and trade), increase in residential areas and large increase in agricultural land and plantations. The draft spatial plan will likely affect land degradation causing decreased carbon sequestration and simultaneously increased in GHG emissions. The draft spatial plan is still not consistent with administrative boundaries set up by the Province of North Sumatra and does not yet consider of the President as well as Decree 579 of the Ministry of Forestry in 2014 on Forest Zones of North Sumatra Province. The increased GHG emissions contribute to global warming which causes climate change. According to the IPCC, climate change refers to a change of climatic conditions (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean value and/or variability and lasts for an extended period (typically decades or longer) (IPCC, 2008). Variability of climate change takes place over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), climate change refers to changes caused directly or indirectly by human activities that alter global atmosphere composition based on observations over a given period. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that "most of the increase in global average temperatures since the mid 20th century, most likely is caused by the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities" through the greenhouse effect (GHG) emissions. An increase in GHG emissions causes air temperature rise leading to changes in precipitation and sea-level rise affecting human health, agriculture (cropping patterns and crop types), socio-economic aspects, marine and forestry resources. Forest fires that occur today is due to an increase in air temperature causing 'self-combustion' within peat lands. Such increase in air temperature takes place all over the world as an effect of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas terminology is defined as gas contained in the atmosphere, both naturally and due to human activities (anthropogenic), that absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation. A part of solar radiation in the form of short wave received by the Earth's surface is deflected back into the atmosphere in the form of long-wave radiation (infrared radiation). Long-wave radiation

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deflected to the atmosphere will be absorbed by the existing GHG that stays at the lower the atmospheric layer near the Earth's surface, and this will result in heat effect, which is known as "Greenhouse Effect‖ (KLH, 2012). GRK is one parameter to meet sustainable development principles. Development leads to GHG emissions through fossil fuel-based activities (ENERGY); industrial production process and certain products use (Ippu); agricultural, forestry, livestock, and land use change (AFOLU); and generation of solid and liquid waste (WASTE). The total population of Tapanuli Utara in 2013 reached 287,166 inhabitants (BPS Taput, 2014) with final energy consumption (fossil and electricity) amounting to 0.93 BOE per capita1, far lower than the national rate of 3.83 BOE per capita (BPS, 2014). The generation of solid waste and domestic wastewater is also associated with population growth and human activities in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Based on analysis regarding activities in the Energy, IPPU, AFOLU, and WASTE sectors, conclusions could be drawn as follows:    



GHG emission due to fossil fuel consumption activities in 2013 amounts to 103,399 tons of CO2e. No GHG emissions in the IPPU sector in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara as virtually there are activities in the sector. GHG emission from the Waste sector in the year 2013 is relatively low amounting to 21,374 tons CO2e and 233,667 tons CO2e. GHG emission from the AFOLU sector: (a) a total of 17,823 tons of CO2e from enteric fermentation, livestock manure, and N2O directly and indirectly emissions in the Livestock breeding sub-sector in 2013; (b) an amount of 122,370 tons of CO2e from rice cultivation, fertilizers and calcium use in agriculture and plantations subsector in 2013. GHG emission from the Forest sub-sector (analyzed on the basis of the matrix of forest land changes in 2000 up to 2006) amounts to 1,449,112 tons in 6 years, or an average of 241,519 tons CO2 per year. GHG emission from land use changes from 2006 to 2012 amounts to 4,761,878 tons CO2 or an average of 793,646 tons CO2 annually.

The above calculation results show that the largest GHG emissions were generated by land use change activities. GHG emissions from land use change indicate that deforestation and forest degradation is more dominant than the succession or restoration of forests. The draft spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is strongly associated with land-use change activities due to connectivity infrastructure development and even more to changes in land-use plan. As emissions from land-use change constitute the biggest GHG emissions that occur in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, the analytical projection of GHG emissions in the spatial plan and selected scenarios will further only consider emissions from land use change. In this SEA assessment, GHG emissions will be calculated following a total four scenarios of land use change, namely land-use change per: (1) Business as Usual (BAU); (2) current draft Spatial Plan (SK Menhut No. 44/2009); (3) SK Menhut No. 579/2014; and (4) LEDS (SK 579 combined with Other Regulations. The BAU scenario takes into consideration land use changes from 2000 to 2006 and from 2006 to 2012 that generate GHG emissions 1

Calculated from data Contained in the SEA Scoping Report

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for 2000-2006 and 2006-2012 periods. The resulted calculations of GHG emissions are then projected until the year of 2035 using Polynomial Regression. The existing draft RTRW scenario takes into considerations the Draft RTRW that was submitted to the Province of Sumatra Utara in 2014 because there have been no revisions. The SK 579 scenario is the allocation of forests in the Province of North Sumatra including Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Forest areas include Nature Reserve (Hutan Suaka Alam - HSA) or Nature Conservation Areas (Kawasan Pelestarian Alam - KPA), Protected Foests (Hutan Lindung - HL), Limited Production Forests (Hutan Produksi Terbatas - HPT), Production Forests (Hutan Produksi - HP), and Conversable Production Forests (Hutan Produksi Konversi - HPK). While the LEDS scenario constitutes an Alternative Scenario that is developed as a third option/alternative. The LEDS scenario takes into accounts potential land use changes in accordance with effective laws and regulations concerning technical criteria for land use appropriateness – this scenario is developed by a team of experts within CI Indonesia. Time-series data of land cover changes for 2000, 2006, and 2012 were developed in accordance with 12 classification categories used by the Ministry of Forestry. The data used for as the basis of developing land use plans were developed in accordance with the classifications by the Ministry of Public Works with different interpretations by different institutions causing differences in land use categories between RTRW scenario (11 categories) and SK 579 scenario (7 categories). While data for the LEDS scenario were developed in accordance with the standardized land use classification made by the Ministry of Public Works (12 categories, but they are not the same as the 12 categories developed by the Ministry of Forestry). The differences of land cover and land use data among draft RTRW, SK 579, and LEDS scenarios make it impossible to calculate GHG emissions from land use changes in an accurate manner. Therefore, land cover categories that constitute baseline data for 2012 and the projection of land use categories for 2035 are re-categorized into four categories, namely as follows: 

 



Dryland Forests that include primary dryland forests, secondary dryland forests, protected forests, nature reserves, disaster-prone areas, coasts of lakes, big-river banks, and small-river banks. Production Forests that include production forest, permanent production forests, and forest plantations. Other Uses Areas that include open areas, settlement areas, dryland agriculture, bush-mixed dryland agriculture, paddy fields, bushes, estate crops, and horticulture. Blanks that include swamps, water bodies, and blank (no data) areas.

Emission factors from the four categories are calculated using weighted average that constitutes multiplication of emission factors every land category with land area of each category divided by total land area. From this approach, the resulted GHG emissions and sinks of each scenario are presented in Figure 30.

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BOX 5. 1 The existing Draft RTRW of 2014 in fact generates less GHG emissions compared to BAU scenario, but the SK 579 scenario will generate an even lower level of GHG emissions. If the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara desires to use the LEDS scenario then land use changes for the development of Tapanuli Utara will potentially sink, not emit, carbons.

120

104.42

Emisi / Serapa GRK (Juta Ton CO2)

100

80 60 40 19.35

20

8.57

1.12

0 BAU -20 -40

Baseline (2012)

Draft RTRW Taput 2014

SK579

LEDS (15.96)

Kumulatif 2013 s/d 2035

Figure 30. Chart of GHG Emission from 2 Scenarios of Land use change

The land-use plan scenario of Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara should adopt a land-use plan that is in line with Low-Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) that sinks carbons. This is because GHG emissions will accumulate with GHG worldwide emissions that this accumulation causes Global Warming, including temperature increase in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Increased temperature in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara will have an impact on increased rainfalls/precipitation and drought. Higher rainfalls will lead to increased potential for landslides and disruption of crop planting pattern. Likewise, increased temperature will also interfere with crop production. See the flow of causaleffect in Figure 31below.

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Draft of Spatial Plan (RTRW) Infrastructure Development plan o o o o o

Urban/Service system Road Facilities and Transportation Power Plan and Electricity Network Gold Mining Landfill infrastructure

Change in Land-use plan o o o o o

Protected Forest Degradation Production Forest Degradation Increase in Agricultural Area Increase in Estate Crops Increase in Settlement Areas

Increase in GHG Emission Global Climate Change

Forest Change & Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is getting hotter Drought

Increase in Rainfalls o o

Lanslides Disturbance in Planting Pattern and Production

o

Disturbance in Plant Production

Mitigation & Adaptation of land change

Figure 31. Chart of Cause and Impact on the increased temperature of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

The geographical conditions of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara lies at altitudes of 150-1,797 meters above sea level, which means that this region is considerably potential for agriculture and agribusiness development; for example, arabica coffee can only grow above 700 m, but the oil palm (kelapa sawit) grows best in the lowlands below 400 m (CI Indonesia, 2015). Overall some sub-districts are located above 1,500 meters from sea level, including Muara, Pangaribuan, Sipahutar, Siatas Barita, Pagaran, and Siborongborong. Meanwhile, the sub-districts that are close to Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah are located at lower altitudes, namely the sub-districts of Parmonangan, Adian Koting, Purbatua, Pahae Jae and most Simangumban. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has a diverse land contour and topography with about 25.63% of sloping areas and 44.35% of rugged terrain (Bappeda Taput, 2014). Productive agricultural businesses in western Parmonangan and south and central Pahae Jae will be even more challenging. The northeast district of Garoga may not be suitable for most forms of agriculture because of the high slopes and the associated risks of erosion and landslides. Risks of local erosions come from a function of many variables such as slope, vegetation characteristics, soil types, and rainfalls, but they can be minimized by proper actions. The Draft Spatial Plan also noted that risks of landslides in North Tapanuli usually are associated with the existence clay on high/steep slopes combined with rainfall of > 70 mm/day or 2,500 mm/year (CI-SIAP, 2014). The upstream areas of Batang Toru River, especially in the northern part of Sarulla Valley, are highly prone to landslides. Furthermore, the sub-districts of Adian Koting, Pahae Jae, Garoga, and Parmonangan are also of high-risk areas. The areas are mostly forested and need to be protected to avoid landslide risks that may have negative impacts on human welfare.

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Figure 32. Area with Risk of Landslides in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara (CI-SIAP, 2014)

As stated in CI Indonesia‘s ―Designing Sustainable Development Strategies for Agricultural Commodities in North Sumatra, Indonesia‖, climate change impacts on the rainfalls in the Province of North Sumatra show indefinite patterns. In the future, it is predicted there will be a shift of precipitation and a decrease in the amount of rainfalls during the peak of the rainy season and an increase in the amount of rainfalls in the dry season. In the 2020s decade, there will likely be no significant changes of extreme temperatures, constant in the long term (2050's), it was estimated of an increase in temperature of 1°C from 27°C to 28°C in 2014 (CI-Indonesia, 2014). The result of CI Study revealed a number of significant findings in relation to climate change between 2014 and 2050, and its impact on the suitability of five types of plantation/estate crops, especially in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara as follows: •

Arabica Coffee: The production of Arabica coffee is predicted to decline significantly as an impact of climate change.

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• • • •

Robusta Coffee: The area suitable for the production of Robusta coffee is predicted to increase. Cocoa: The number of land suitable for cocoa production is predicted to decline. Palm oil: Palm oil land suitability will decrease, and most of the southern region of North Sumatra will become unsuitable due to changes in rainfall patterns. Rubber: The lands that are suitable for rubber will likely decrease in a relatively limited amount.

Figure 33. Land suitability for Arabica Coffee Robusta coffee, Cacao, Palm Oil, and Rubber Type of Plantation

Arabica Coffee

Robusta Coffee

Cacao

2014

2020

2050

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Type of Plantation

2014

2020

2050

Palm oil

Rubber

Source: SIAP –CI Report, 2014

5.2.3

Analysis of Impact on Water Quantity and Quality The analysis of the potential impact of Tapanuli Utara‘s RTRW on water quantity and quality in this section follows the analytical framework that has already been developed by scientists internationally based on various research results as contained in Attachment 7. 1 (Reference Box 1). With regard to water resources, the main feature of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is that it is formed by Batang Toru watershed covering about 60% of the area of the district. Meanwhile, from the topographical point of view, more than 70% of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s area is classified as slope up to steep areas. This condition implies that in relation to "river work", the majority of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara region is an area of abrasion. In such areas, the erosion power is far greater than the sediment power. Therefore, the potential erosion in steep slopes is also relatively large. Forest opening or conversion in the slope areas will thus increase the potential for erosion. In line with the above understanding, if the trend of increased deforestation rate of 0.7% per year (2000-2010) to 0.17% per year (2010-2013) is not addressed, it would result in an extension of erosion hazards that leads to the onset of flooding and critical lands. Erosion also contributes to the sedimentation of the river. Rivers will become shallow so as to cause drought in the dry season or even flooding during the rainy season. The most obvious damage incurred is the fast sedimentation or accumulation of materials due to erosion in the downstream areas. Besides the above two impacts, deforestation also reduces the ability of forests to store groundwater. This will give a negative impact on the people living in the relatively high plains because they are highly dependent upon the availability of ground water to meet

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daily needs. Excavation channels also have the potential to disrupt the storage of ground water reserves in the plantation areas. Specifically in Siborong-borong sub-district where there is a plan for forest conversion to plantations and dry land farming, excavation channels will cause reduced absorption of ground water; whereas groundwater is the main source of water for the locals. Clearing of forests in the highlands for plantation or dryland farming not only changes the flow of surface water and groundwater, but also can affect water quality as a result of the use of chemicals in fertilizers and pesticides. Decreased water quality caused mainly by the waste disposal from urban activities including households, tradea, services, and industries will also affects the population living in Tarutung. With population growth of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara of about 1.32% per year concentrated in Siborongborong and Tarutung sub-districts, it is very likely that river streams flowing through the two sub-districts will receive the greatest pollutants from human activities. With a relatively high population density, many cases of health problems caused by poor water quality will also potentially increase in comparasion to the situation in 2014 where diarrhea and skin diseases each accounted for 5% and 1.6% of all cases. The draft RTRW document of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has not yet even mentioned any development plans for treating industrial and domestic wastes in Tarutung sub-district, meaning that there are open possibilities of disposing wastes directly to the Batang Toru River without treatment. Currently, data and information from the Environment Office indicate that in the year 2011 and 2012 the value of the DO (dissolved oxygen in the water) in Aek Sigaeon and Aek Situmandi have exceeded the permitted threshold/standard. Referring to the scheme presented in Figure 34 where Tarutung plays an important role as a "rallying point of water" within the scope of Batang Toru watershed, water quantity and quality in Tarutung is not only affected by urban activities, but also by plantations and dry-land agriculture development in Siborong-borong. Referring to Figure 35, increase and decrease in water volume of Batang Toru River along with changes in water quality will lead to systemic impacts on "downstream areas" which in this case include Pahae Jae and other areas in South Tapanuli. Systemic impacts may also affect the rice field areas stretching along the Batang Toru River that use irrigation water coming from the river. POLA PEMANFATAN RUANG: pengembangan Hutan Produksi Tetap dan Hutan Produksi Terbatas (Kec. Paromangan dan Sipoholoan)

(Kec. Parmonangan & Sipoholon)

POLA PEMANFATATAN RUANG: pengembangan kawasaan perkebunan dan pertanian lahan kering (Kec. Siborong-borong)

Pertimbangan utama: 1. Akses pelayanan 2. Distribusi pengembangan ekonomi 3. Kelengkapan sarana & prasarana

PKWp

Siborongborong (PKL Primer)

PKW

Tarutung Titik kumpul air

A DAS Sorkam

A’

Rawan gempa DA Batang Toru

Tanpa pembatasan, perkembangan Kota Tarutung akan meluas hingga lereng-lereng pegunungan Arah aliran

Figure 34. West-east cross-sectional profile (Parmonangan-Sipoholon-Tarutung-Siborongborong)

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Tarutung

DAS “Muara”

Rawan gempa

Pahae Jae

DA Batang Toru

B’ Figure 35. North-south cross-sectional Profile (Tarutung-Pahae Jae)

From the analysis of the potential likely impacts of RTRW on water resources as described in the paragraphs and illustrated in Figure 34 and Figure 35 above, it is clear that the likely impact is highly significant. The potential impacts become highly significant primarily because of the significant derivative/indirect impacts on the socio-economic life in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara as well as in other districts, especially those located in downstream areas of Batang Toru. The above analysis also gives a strong hint that the major source of negative impacts of water quantity and quality in Tapanuli Utara is located in Tarutung and Siborongborong corridor, namely the corridor that will receive the burden of economic development on a large scale.

5.2.4

Analysis of Impact on Critical Lands Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is a regency located in the high plateau at an altitude of 300 to 1,797 meters above sea level. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has a contour of partly rather steep to steep for about 70% of its territory, and as highland it has rainfall with an average of > 400 mm monthly with number of rainy days (more than) > 200 days a year. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in its draft spatial plan is to undertake development that is based on agriculture, agro-industry, and natural resources. With regard to this, there is a plan for optimize the utilization of cultivation area amounting to 53% of the totaling area, and to leave the remaining area around 47% of the total area as protected area. In line with the development plans in the agricultural sector, supporting infrastructure development will be undertaken. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara plans to undertake infrastructure development including construction and improvement of roads with an aim to open isolation of one area to the other. Infrastructure development is expected to open up opportunities for economic growth as flows of agricultural produce and goods can be more easily and cheaply distributed to markets and the development of agro-industry can be accelerated. The location of industrial development will then be developed into centers of growth. Tapanuli Utara‘s policy and plan to prioritize agro-based economic development should begin with infrastructure development that will have indirectly encourage illegal logging in

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the forest by irresponsible people which then is followed by encroachment by subsistence farmers. Such shifting cultivation farmers are subsistence farmers who undertake agricultural practices as described below: 

Undertaking land clearance by fire prior to planting as the most frequently performed practice.  Encroaching lands which often are unsuitable for farming due to the steep slope because the good lands are already acquired by plantation companies.  Undertaking minimal or no soil conservation practices due to financial constraints.  Applying limited production facilities due to limitation of knowledge and financial strength.  Expecting only economic benefit in order to survive for life.  Subsistent farmers usually cultivate the land for once or twice of harvest time and then leave it and clear a new land. Land clearing for agricultural purposes by subsistence farmers is usually preceded by illegal logging which will lead to:       

Loss of topsoil due to fire. Increased air pollution in the forms of particles and various gases categorized as greenhouse gas. Rainfalls without interception – making surface soil compact reducing groundwater and increasing runoffs. Increased erosion washing away fertile topsoil sand causing the formation of nutrient-poor lands. Loss of tree roots relieving pressure and eliminating soil moisture. Micro-climate changes causing extreme seasons. Influx of invasive species such as weeds/grass (Imperata cylindrical) (Beauv) as competitor crops.

The direct and indirect impacts of illegal logging as described above usually occur within a number of years after the land is cleared, characterized by continuing decline of productivity up to a point when the agricultural products obtained are considered inadequate in comparison to the efforts expended by the farmers. Lands are then abandoned and eventually dominated by reeds and degraded (becoming critical lands). In the meantime, subsistence farmers will open up new agricultural lands in the same way following the formation cycle of critical lands. The spatial distribution of critical lands in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara can be seen in Figure 36, and based on official data from the Local Government of Tapanuli Utara, the area of reeds is 68,606 Ha and the critical lands (degraded land) is 2,153 Ha (Pemkab Taput, 2015).

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Figure 36. Map of Critical Land in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Source: Base Map of the Earth (BIG), Critical Land Area Map DAS AB-BP DA (KLHK) and Assessment Result, 2015

The RTRW policy and plan to develop and improve connectivity infrastructure will likely enlarge the volume of critical lands leading to disruption of hydrologic functions within the existing forests in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Changes in hydrologic functions will lead to:    

Increased runoffs during the rainy season that causing flash floods in the rainy season and drought in the dry season. Sedimentation in and silting of river bodies causing overflows even in light rains. Loss of forests causing reduced water vapor due to less transpiration causing less local rain in mountainous reducing water supply to the downstream areas. Indirect impacts of flooding and droughts on a wide range social, economic, and health aspects of communities.

The critical lands in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara are currently quite extensive, semi-critical and potentially becoming critical areas are wide enough, and the opening up of lands to develop connectivity infrastructure will likely increase critical land areas even more. The impact of increased critical areas is not only local in nature, but it affects wider regional scope and last longer, and potentially could result in unlimited indirect/derivative impacts. Seen from the landscape of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, the distribution of impact may reach a wide area across the administrative border of the district. Based on the above analysis, it could be concluded that the optimal utilization of cultivation areas, development of connectivity infrastructure, and development of growth centers will likely have highly significant impact on critical lands – thus the impact is strategic.

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5.2.5

Analysis of Impact on Deforestation and Habitat Fragmentation The analysis of the potential impact of Tapanuli Utara‘s RTRW on deforestation and habitat fragmentation in this section follows the analytical framework that has already been developed by scientists internationally based on various research results as contained in Attachment 7. 2 (Reference Box 2). Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is a regency located in the high plateau at an altitude of 300 to 1,797 meters above sea level. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has a contour of partly rather steep to steep for about 70% of its territory, and as highland it has rainfall with an average of > 400 mm monthly with number of rainy days (more than) > 200 days a year. Detailed data on elevation and slopes are as follows: a. Elevation: - < 500 m - 500 – 1.000 m - 1.000 – 1.500 m - 1.500 – 2.000 m Total b. Slope: - Plain - Lowland - Slope - Steep

: : : : :

13.784 Ha 148.072 Ha 216.919 Ha 596 Ha 379.371 Ha

(3,63 %) (39,03 %) (52,18 %) (0,16%) (100 %)

: : : : Total :

11.976 Ha 101.903 Ha 9.723 Ha 168.262 Ha 379.371 Ha

(3,16 %) (26,86 %) (25,63 %) (44,35 %) (100 %)

Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in its draft spatial plan is to undertake development that is based on agriculture, agro-industry, and natural resources. With regard to this, there is a plan for optimize the utilization of cultivation area amounting to 53% of the totaling area, and to leave the remaining area around 47% of the total area as protected area. In line with the development plans in the agricultural sector, supporting infrastructure development will be undertaken. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara plans to undertake infrastructure development including construction and improvement of roads with an aim to open isolation of one area to the other. Infrastructure development is expected to open up opportunities for economic growth as flows of agricultural produce and goods can be more easily and cheaply distributed to markets and the development of agro-industry can be accelerated. The location of industrial development will then be developed into centers of growth. The policy and plan to undertake economic development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara will start with developing and improving connectivity infrastructure. This will lead to: • Logging in forested areas by irresponsible people. • Land clearing for agricultural purposes by subsistence farmers. • Land clearing by investors. Logging and land clearing for agricultural activities by subsistence farmers cannot be controlled by the government and these will likely occur in areas where access roads exist or are newly opened. Likewise, investors also undertake land clearing. Although the

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government can control land clearing by investors the choice of locations is made by the investors under technical and economic considerations. Connectivity infrastructure development plan and optimal utilization of cultivation areas agro-industrial production as contained in the draft spatial plan will likely pose a pressure upon protected areas, from both ecosystem and legal-formal perspectives. Various studies in Indonesia show that the road opening would trigger encroachment of human activities along sides of the road (ribbon development), such as the case of the opening of the Cawang-Cikampek highway which currently shows that the growth of the industrial sectors poses serious threats on agricultural food crops production, especially rice due to land conversion. In the case of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, infrastructure development close to the protected forests will likely threaten the buffer zone first, and if topography allows, the threats will go deeper into the forests. In the scenario of future human activities for the next 20 years, areas reaching 2 from both sides of roads are susceptible to encroachment of human activities. Therefore, using forest area map per SK. No. 579/Menhut-II/2014, it is estimated that 48% of protected forests, 96% of production forest, and 70% of limited production forest are susceptible to potential forest conversion. Forestry-related problems to date among others are irresponsible and extensive forest exploitations, forest fires causing forest and land degradations, and conflicts over lands. These problems are resulted in less forest products especially logs/woods natural forests, while on the other hand wood demands from the market continuously increasing. In human cultural development, human beings have thrived to manage the impacts of their activities on the hydrological system in nature. The more the economic activities and technologies develop, there is bigger need to manage the impact of the activities on the environment. Forests could not be replaced with structural works such as reservoirs and dams in regulating water system. Disturbances to forests in the form of deforestation and forest degradation through changes in land utilization could be disadvantageous and have negative impacts on sustainable water availability and supply. It is important to be aware that most remaining primary forests in Tapanuli Utara are already very fragmented (YEL 2015). There are only two forest areas of more than 400 mm monthly with number of rainy days (more than) > 200 days a year. The area of Batang Toru Forest (Harangan Tapanuli) in Tapanuli Utara amounts to 89,260 Ha and approximately 67.3% of the forest area constitutes key biodiversity area. In the protected Batang Toru Forest there are two) species categorized as ―critically endangered‖ by IUCN and are protected by Indonesian laws, namely the Orangutan Pongo abelii (mawas or juhut bontar), Harimau Sumatera (babiat/oppu, Panthera tigris Sumaterae Sumaterae), endangered species, namely Tapir (Sipan,Tapirus indicus), vulnerable species, namely Kambing Hutan Sumatera (belu, Nemorhedus sumatrensis), and Beruang Madu (gopul, Helarctos malayanus), and Kucing Emas, (Anguliman, Pardofelis marmorata), Kambing Hutan (Belu, Capricornis sumatraensis), Rusa (Ursa, Cervus Unicolor), Kijang (Hije, muntiacus muntjak), Terenggiling (Tanggiling, Manis javanica), Landak raya (Parindurian, Hystrix brachyura). In addition, there are also very rare Legless Lizards (Ophisaurus) and various types of endemic

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reptiles and amphibians. The number of rare and endemic bird species is very high (around 300 that have been registered for Batang Toru), including those that are endemic in Sumatran mountains/hills. There are many flora species including various new types of orchards. At least there 19 tree species that are considered vulnerable to global extinction from the Dipterocarpaceae, Alangiaceae, Araucariaceae, Burseraceae, Fagaceae, Meliaceae Myristicaceae, and Theaeceae families. Research results reveal that Orangutan living in Batang Toru has a close kinship to Orangutan living in West Kalimantan. The Batang Toru Forest and its biodiversity are presented in the Figure 38 below. Figure 38. Ecosystem Batang Toru and Land use Map

Source: Base Map of the Earth (BIG), Spatial Plan Map ver. 2014 (Bappeda Kab. Tapanuli Utara), IUP Map & Contract Mining Work (ESDM), Map of Orangutan Habitat (YEL), Wibisono et all. 2009 and Analysis Result, 2015

Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in its draft spatial plan is to undertake development that is based on agriculture, agro-industry, and natural resources. With regard to this, there is a plan for optimize the utilization of cultivation area amounting to 53% of the totaling area, and to leave the remaining area around 47% of the total area as protected area. In line with the development plans in the agricultural sector, supporting infrastructure development will be undertaken. Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara plans to undertake infrastructure development including construction and improvement of roads with an aim to open isolation of one area to the other. Infrastructure development is expected to open up opportunities for economic growth as flows of agricultural produce and goods can be more easily and cheaply distributed to markets and the development of agro-industry can

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be accelerated. The location of industrial development will then be developed into centers of growth. The policy and plan to undertake economic development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara will start with developing and improving connectivity infrastructure, and this will lead to: • • •

Logging of forests by irresponsible people Land clearing for agricultural purpose by subsistence farmers Land clearing by investors.

Logging and land clearing for agricultural activities by subsistence farmers cannot be controlled by the government and these will likely occur in areas where access roads exist or are newly opened. Likewise, investors also undertake land clearing. Although the government can control land clearing by investors the choice of locations is made by the investors under technical and economic considerations. Decreased forest area due to infrastructure development as described above will cause decline in forest carrying capacity to support its biodiversity. In addition to reduced forest areas and deforestation, there will likely forest cover conversion to non-forest cover but it is difficult to pinpoint the locations, but for sure conversion will take place in accessible areas due to road development or betterment. Changes from forest cover to non-forest cover will lead to fragmentation of the forests. Forest fragmentation causes fragmented wildlife habitats which will result in the following impacts: • • • • • • • • •

Reduced population of animals and plants. Forest clearing activities directly killing or injuring wildlife. High density populations in the remaining or isolated forest habitats causing increased deaths because of competition. Disturbance in plants distribution by animals. Declining amount of food reserves and dissolution of food chain. Loss of important micro-habitats and changes in climate and micro-habitats. Increased mortality of infant and adult animals due to increased predation, hunting, competition, or loss of foods. Reduced critical resources such as food, shelter, mating and nesting locations. Increased hunting pressure on wildlife and collection of rare plants.

Disturbance to biodiversity will then lead to the extinction of various species and rare plants toward extinction and could be permanent. The deterioration of biodiversity value may lower the opportunity to develop tourism with specific interest, eliminating the chance of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara to play the role of maintaining important germplasm for the world. Based on these considerations, the impact of development on land cultivation, development of infrastructure and growth centers will cause essential/critical environmental impact.

5.2.7

Analysis of Impact on Cultural Values and Local Wisdoms The Batak philosophy of Dalihan Na Tolu (three hearths/fireboxes) says soma marhula-hula meaning that the husband‘s family/relaltives must pay respect to the wife‘s family/relatives, and manat mardongan tubu is to carefully behave to relatives within the same clan/tribe, and elek marboru means being persuasive to female siblings.

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The Dalihan Na Tolu concept is the result of a compromise and agreement of Batak ancestors to make one community of Batak people in order to lead social life with other Batak peoples at that time. Ompunta naparjolo martungkot sialagunde, Adat napinungka ni naparjolo sipaihut-Ihut on ni na parpudi means that the traditional order made by the fisrt ancestors was intended for the next generation in which the ancestors at that time considered the best thing they could pass on to younger generations someday with the goal of becoming good habits. Dalihan Na Tolu turns into a societal guide for everyday life for the Batak peoples, especially in undertaking traditional practices, such as marriages, births, deaths and other traditional practices. The majority of residents of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara are Batak Toba tribe who proface Protestant religion. Developments over time and the coming of missionaries of new religion had significant affects on the culture and customs of the Bataks. One of the most influential factors in shifting the customs and culture of Batak is the coming of Nommensen as missionary to the Batak Land bringing in with him the joyful news of the importance of salvation hereafter. Evangelism played an important part in changing the existing structure at that time, changing old paradigm into Batak peoples who know of God and the importance of salvation. Of no less importance is the teaching of science, agriculture and health. The result we see today is that Batak Toba people give priority to the essential of education in line with the development in science and technology. ANAKKON HI DO HAMORAON DIAU (my son is my wealth) has driven Batak parents to compete will their efforts in attaining the best education for their children in order that they could get successful lives. It is also interesting to note some of the most prominent values on the Batak Toba, among others are conflicts and uhum. Conflicts in this case should not be understood as negative. The socialization of conflicts as a value in the Batak Toba is introduced at an early age. Young children are used to listening, seeing, and getting involved in conflicts within families. The nuclear family is the first and primary school in instilling cultural values and and forming human beings to be accustomed to conflicts. The lifelong socialization of conflicts has formed Batak Toba people to become very sensitive and skilled in resolving conflicts. Conflict resolution mechanisms already existed in the structure of human relations among the Batak Toba people. The lessons learned from the practice is the way of thinking which is fast and precise in finding various arguments and choices of priority scale. Therefore, conflicts are not a disgrace for the Batak Toba people. This has been proven in the current modern life. It is very interesting to understand Batak Toba people‘s appreciation of legal values by analyzing a well-known phrase: Togu urat ni bulu, toguan urat ni padang. Togu hata ni uhum toguan hata ni padan. That means: Although bamboo roots are strong weed (ilalang) roots are much stronger. Although legal decision is strong decision of promise is much stronger. Appreciation of such legal issues opens an opportunity for skills to settle a legal case by constantly looking for gaps that can weaken or strengthen arguments by putting foward a different argument. That is how this area has become the most attractive part to Batak Toba people‘s attention, as it opens an opportunity to argue, compete on tactics and strategies which are all reasonable and valid.

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Traditionally, the cultural value of Batak Toba that dominates the lives of the residents in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara divides the space into two types, namely huta and harangan. Huta is a land for settlement consisting of houses, home gardens, cultivation lands around the houses, roads, fences, and so on. The harangan generally is in the form of forests designated as "conservation area". In addition to huta and harangan, Batak Toba people also recognizes the existence of tano maraek or irrigated lands commonly cultivated for rice fields and cultivation/garden (pargadongan) or drylands which usually are planted with horticultural plants. However, in the agrarian life of Batak Toba people, all aspects of life that are related to the land (space) are always centered on the concept of huta. Because the society is based on clan, the formation of huta also reflects the existence of a kinship group in order to pursue hasangapon (honor), hamoraon (wealth), and hagabeon (offspring). Each member of the clan is required to maintain huta as a symbol of belonging and shared identity. The establishment of new settlements thus occurs in a cultural mechanism in the interest of both reducing conflicts and responding to the increase in population density. A housing unit is a territorial unity that includes lands, gardens or fields around settlements. Ownership always follows the male lineage or patrilineal. However, many men follow Batak Toba culture values called as hamajuon which suggests that betterment of life will be more easily achieved through outmigration. Not surprisingly that almost 80% of agricultural labor in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara are female workers. In this situation, the plan to improve and and develop agricultural production of various agricultural commodities including food crops (peanut and corn), horticulture (orange, pineapple), estate crops (rubber, coffee, cocoa) will attract migrants from outside the district to work in the agriculture and plantations sector. It thereby potentially erodes traditional mutual cooperation/marsiadapari-based working patterns into new wage-based working patterns. Wage-based employment patterns are particularly vulnerable to various forms of social jealousy. The development plan of the Local Activity Centres (PKLs), economic strategic areas, and high-technology natural resources strategic areas allegedly relies on private investment. This plan will also be followed by quality improvement of road infrastructure and terminals in the sub-districts of Tarutung, Siborong-borong, Pangaribuan, Pamonangan, and Pahe Jae. This will not only flow the capital to these regions but also will bring in new cultural values, workmanship and lifestyle together with the immigrants who are generally well educated and oriented to non-agricultural sector jobs. The need for additional housing will then increase. However, the cultural mechanism that underlies the formation of settlements will be increasingly hit by the market mechanism. The formation of clan-based settlement will compete with the establishment of economic interests-based settlements. The settlements are no longer respected as cultural units, yet they resemble economic assets that tend to encourage the emergence of capital-intensive economic activities near the settlements, especially in urban areas like Tarutung and Siborongborong. In the meantime in rural areas, the plans for opening/expansion of plantations by the private sector and the establishment and operations of permanent or limited production forest areas that do not involve the participation of the customary communities will affect territorial unity of customary communities with the surrounding environment which in turn will lead to the erosion of sense of ownership. Even more so if the development of these

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regions expands to the foots of hills/mountains which constitute real and ideal location for the establishment of huta. The local wisdom of the Batak Toba society that is based on ecological-religious relationship with the forests will face economic productivity-oriented issues. The existence of frankincense/kemenyan plants covering an area of 16,127.50 ha which really is a reflection of the ecological-religious relationship could be further threatened if the forests utilization is more focused on massive timber production. The cultural and ecological impact will be much greater in comparison to the impact caused by the forest clearing by local communities which primarily intended for agricultural land expansion. The above analysis suggests that if the implementation of various development programs contained in the draft spatial plan rely on and are orientated towards investment, the potential conflict between economic and socio-cultural interests could strongly affect the implementation of infrastructure development and land-use programs. This situation will create a huge socio-cultural burden for the population of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, especially in the form of depletion of mutual assistance and sense of ownership. The impact on cultural values and local wisdom will be take place in all sub-districts, especially in those having high economic value of landscapes and socio-culture assets as a result of extension and intensification of the production base in the form of the development of infrastructure network and new growth centers. It can be concluded from the above description that the potential impact caused by the draft of spatial plan is highly significant and therefore strategic.

5.2.8

Analysis of Impact on Social Conflicts The analysis regarding the potential impact of Tapanuli Utara‘s RTRW on social conflicts in this section follows the analytical framework that has already been developed by scientists internationally based on various research results as contained in Attachment 7. 3 (Reference 3). Currently it is recorded that farmers have a relatively narrow land area of around 0.2 Ha/HH causing farmers' desire to expand land ownership. In accordance with the applicable customary laws, expansion of ownership is very possible through cultural mechanisms either

BOX 5. 2 Land Conflict Case Parlombuan village, Sipahutar sub-district Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara inhabited by a population which was dominated by Simanjuntak and Pardede clan. Their ancestors came from Balige and opened a settlement named Raja Pangumban Bosi Simanjuntak in huta Aek Nauli and Op. Pagar Pardede in Lumban Batu Ri. The second descendant of the clan further opened a settlement of Parlombuan and conquered the surrounding area as well as opened new settlements lasting for approximately 13 generations until now. In 1975, the Forest Service of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara requested for these communal lands to be used as an area of reforestation by planting pines. Parlombuan society then handed over communal land as much as 4 times delivery with an area of 3,445 hectares with a number of piso-piso / pago-pago given by the government at that time to the society amounted to Rp 5,252,500. Then it was made to the minutes on the use of piso-piso / pago-pago endorsed by local Musda and the Regents of Level II Regional Head. The indigenous/communal lands were then planted with pine. As it was known later that this area became an area of HPHTI of PT. Indorayon Inti Utama which was then renamed into PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk (TPL). TPL then cut down the pine trees along with the natural wood contained in these areas and replanted it with eucalyptus plants. Conflict ensued. Parlombuan society attempted to lord back TPL loggedover areas. But the party insisted on controlling the land with a support from officials and government. Parlombuan community's economy that should prosper because they have very extensive natural resources, has now deteriorated. They are at present generally becoming laborers on their own land. This makes a prolonged conflict from year to year to date, and there is no realization benefitting the community.

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by opening forest, land lease, sale and purchase of land, land trade, or profit-sharing system (Simanjuntak, 2015). The ways above may dampen conflicts that stem from land issues and lead to the issue of honor. Nevertheless, the capability of traditional mechanisms to resolve conflicts may decline by the bond of economic value of the land as well as the strengthening of the concept of private ownership. Yet, on the other hand, for the local community, land is of customary goods. Not surprisingly, the results of internal discussion among members of the SEA Working Group and all relevant stakeholders during the SEA scoping workshop were that most of the social conflicts in the North Tapanuli are always associated with rights over lands. These conflicts often involve three parties, namely the local communities, governments, and employers (see BOX 5. 3). The case presented in BOX 5. 2 above reinforces the suspicion of stakeholders expressed in the discussion that the occurring social conflicts mainly are driven by: (a) unclarity of the boundaries of communal land rights with government lands and private lands; (b) overlap of ownership (customary with public and private); (c) emergence of new economic source activities (investments); (d) the existence of hosom, teal, elat, late (negative) attitudes in the community due to unequal distribution of government programs in the area of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. However, the above driving factors are not necessarily able to ignite the prolonged conflicts that manifest themselves in a variety of social actions. There is a possibility that these conflicts are only manifested in the differences in perceptions and interests (BOX 5. 3). BOX 5. 3 Social Conflict Level Setiadi (2002) research results of the social conflict in the management of natural resources in Maluku between locals and immigrants (including investors) indicates three levels of conflict as follows: The first level, conflict lies on the difference in the background of the thinking nature between local residents and migrants. Thought of migrants which is expansionist and exploitative in nature has clashed with local residents who are conservative. The second level, the conflict lies in the increasingly fading of local tradition values and principles as an effect of high pressure originated from outside, especially economic and political pressures. The third level of conflict lies in violation of the local culture principles by migrants.

Social conflicts themselves do not always relate directly to lands such as land ownership boundaries, transfer/annexation rights, and excessive exploitation of local natural resources by migrants; but they could be totally unrelated to lands such as competition in employment, shift of economic dominance, or hegemony of national law and regulations (UU and PP) against local traditions (customs regulations) (Setiadi, 2002). Nonetheless, social conflicts will negatively impact the local life, including impacts that are materials in nature (closed access of local population to local natural resources), impacts that are institutional in nature (weakened enforcement of local traditions and unfunctional

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customary laws), and impacts that are spiritual in nature (loss of the pride of local residents about their hometown and their role in the past). Referring to Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s RTRW document, social conflicts will tend to increase in areas in which there are economic development plans and activities that are expansive in nature (requiring vast land areas) such as development of production forests, plantations or mining because they could clash with the existence of indigenous forests and customary lands that might result in changes in land-ownership structure and contradictions with local traditions. This indicates that the social conflicts will also take place in parallel to the erosion of local cultural values and wisdom as described in SubSection 5.2.7. The simultaneous occurrence of degradation of cultural values/wisdoms and social conflicts will likely take place in areas whose economic centers and transportation centers are located, Tarutung and Siborong-borong will prone to social conflicts. Overall, the potential for social conflicts in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara can actually be mitigated by the existence of Batak Toba tradition that could play as the dominant culture in the local socio-cultural life. However, the ability to minimize conflicts will very much be determined by high commitments of the local population to continue maintaining the tradition of Batak Toba as inspirations of the life of the population. The involvement of other parties (private investors) and other regulations (UU or PP) may affect the commitments of the local population and heighten the significant level of social conflicts to a very significant level.

5.2.9

Evaluation of Impacts Prior to the evaluation of the potential resulted impacts from the draft of spatial plan, it needs to be presented in the distribution of the impact spatially as can be seen in Figure 39 .

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Figure 39. Area of Potential impact to environmental component ( Physico-Natural, Ecosystem and Social Economics and Culture)

Source: Map of Forest Area Function SK No.579/Menhut-II/2014 (KLHK), Map of Orangutan Habitat (YEL), Base Map of the Earth (BIG), Mining Concession Map (ESDM) and Analysis Result, 2015

The evaluation of the potential impacts of the draft of spatial plan aims at attaining an overview on the level of significance of positive and negative impacts. The evaluation result will constitute a basis in formulating mitigation measures and recommendations. This evaluation uses criteria to estimate the level of significance as described in in the Table 5. 4 below. Table 5. 4 Evaluation Criteria for the Significance of Environmental Impact/Risk Ranking/Score

Explanation Impacts/risks that clearly meet the strategic criteria (a presence of derivative impact, cumulative, large scale/inter-regional, inter-sectoral) that will hinder the achievement of spatial objective and policy of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and contradict to SEA material substance (sustainability benchmarks) as contained in the Article 16 Law No.32/2009.

very negative (-2)

To mitigate or avoid a very significant impact like this, it takes things as follows:  Supporting policies (government regulation or bupati/major regulation) to better ensure the implementation of environmentally-friendly spatial plan.  Integration of SEA recommendations into the Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in the form of an adjustment of the policy, plan, and or the program descriptions (such as, location, scale, design, implementation plan)  Improvement of environmental management and monitoring.

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Negative (-1)

Impacts/risks that meet the strategic criteria (a presence of derivative impact, cumulative, large scale/inter-regional, inter-sectoral) but in a smaller scale and still hamper the achievement of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara spatial plan objective and policies and contradict to the SEA material substance (sustainability benchmarks) as contained in Article 16 of Law No. 32/2009 To mitigate and avoid this significant impact, it takes things as follows:  SEA recommendation integration into the draft spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in the form of an adjustment of policy, plan and or program description (location, scale, design, implementation plan)  Improvement of environmental management and monitoring

No Impact (0)

Impact on strategic issues and baseline, if there is any, can be overcome with EIA

Positive (+1)

The resulting positive impacts are local and non-accumulative in nature, like for example the construction of sport facilities in only one sub-district/village.

Positive impact (+2)

The resulting positive impacts have the potential cumulative and can be benefited by most/all society within sub-districts/districts or ecosystems, such as for example the preservation of forest ecosystems that have a positive impact on water resources, biodiversity, human health, etc.

Table 5. 5 below presents the evaluation results of the potential environmental impact/ risk of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s draft spatial plan on strategic issues that are described following the environmental components and their sub-components. This evaluation is conducted by consolidating assessment results (Attachment 5. 4) and the analysis results in this chapter. Table 5. 5 Evaluation Results on Potential Impacts of RTRW Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Environmental Component

Physic – Natural

Supporting Comments

-

The potential for increased GHG emissions and reduced carbon stocks in the entire district contributes to global warming as a result of the derivative impact of the spatial draft in the form of increased fossil fuel consumption, waste generation and domestic waste, livestock and agricultural activity, as well as decreased quality of forest ecosystems.

Water

--

The potential for decline in the quality and quantity of water as a derivative impact of reduced cover and land cultivation as a result of changes in land-use plan, construction of infrastructure connectivity system, and strategic areas.

Land and Soil

-

The potential for enlargement of critical land due to the increase in hectare as a result of changes in land-use plan, land clearing and un sustainable practice of productive land-use.

Forest

--

Potential degradation and fragmentation of habitats, especially forests of Batang Toru, as a result of mining and energy activities, opening for infrastructure connectivity, derivative impact such as encroachment, logging, and hunting.

Toba Lake Area

-

The potential for decline in Lake Toba ecosystem as a result of agricultural activities and domestic waste / home industry in the Highlands and around the lake.

Biodiversity

--

Potential for deterioration and biodiversity loss, especially in Batang Toru Forest, as a result of mining activities, road opening, conversion

Air/ Climate

Ecosystem

Significance

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Environmental Component

Significance

Supporting Comments

Social- Economy- Culture

of forest land and the derivative impacts such as logging and poaching. Regional Economy

++

Potential for very positive impact as a result of construction of infrastructure connectivity system and urban/ service system as well as development of strategic area.

Farmer’s Welfare

++

Potential for very positive impact as a result of construction of infrastructure connectivity system and urban/service system as well as economic development, with major emphasis on agriculture sector in a broad sense.

Human Health

+

Potential for positive impacts as a result of the construction of infrastructure connectivity systems and urban systems / services and development in the health sector.

Cultural Value and Local Wisdom

-

Potential for decline in public adherence to the values of the local culture and local wisdom due to friction with the settlers bringing in different cultures.

Social Conflict

-

The potential for increased social conflicts caused by primarily problems of soil/land resulting from the construction of infrastructure connectivity systems and strategic areas that require land acquisition / land.

The analysis result tells that the draft of spatial plan has obviously a great positive impact to micro and macroeconomic aspects as well as human health. On the other side, however, the draft of spatial plan also obviously has a great negative potential impact mainly on the physico-natural and ecosystem condition. It could be the value of the negative impact is much greater than the value of its positive impact in the long term.

Evaluation The evaluation results on potential 5. 4 environmental impacts/risks of the draft BOX Objective. The Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s Spatial plan Utara aims at realizing the spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara with a basis on agriculture and agroyear 2015-2035 shows that, in addition to industry supported by tourism, mining and energy the positive impacts, the draft spatial plan sectors, productive, efficient, safe and comfortable by taking into account equitable regional development, clearly have potential negative direct and disaster mitigation and sustainable development. indirect impacts on the environmental Policy. To achieve the objective of spatial plan, six conditions. The various potential negative policies are formulated as follows: a. Increasing the accessibility and equity of environmental impacts/risks will likely socioeconomic and cultural service throughout the developed region. become an obstacle in achieving the b. Maintaining and realizing environmental objective and policies of spatial plan itself. conservation, as well as disaster risk reduction. c. Carrying out the optimal use of cultivation area in Therefore, efforts should be made to accordance with the carrying capacity and identify and formulate mitigation environmental carrying capacity. d. Improving productivity of leading sectors based on measures and/or alternatives to avoid or land carrying capacity. minimize potential negative impacts/risks e. Improving economic society based on natural resources. so that the spatial objectives and policies f. Improving area functionality for the defense and security area. can be achieved within the desired time frame. Examples of impacts/risks that would interfere the achievement of objectives and spatial policies are as follows:

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Air Temperature: increased air temperature in a long-term period throughout the district area has the potential to create uncomfortable or unpleasant conditions and to disturb the productivity of agriculture and agro-industry which constitute the economic base of the region that will ultimately hamper the achievement of sustainable development. Water Quantity and Quality: decreased water quantity and quality potentially threatens agriculture and agro-industry productivity which constitutes the economic base of the region which in turn may lead to floods and droughts and eventually hamper the achievement of sustainable development. Critical Land: increased areas of critical lands potentially result in reduced agricultural and agro-industry productivity which constitutes the economic base of the region; occurrence of floods, landslides, erosion, and sedimentation in downstream areas, and ultimately will hamper the achievement of sustainable development. Forest:

increased forest degradation and habitat fragmentation poses a lot derivate impacts on air temperature, quantity and quality of water, critical lands, and biodiversity all of which make unfavorable conditions and give effect on the decreased agriculture and agroindustry productivity which constitutes the economic base of the region, on the occurrence of floods, landslides, erosion and sedimentation in the downstream areas and eventually disturbs the economy of the society and hamper the achievement of sustainable development.

Biodiversity: flora and fauna species hold very high value in the view of economical aspect and ecosystem sustainability, and for that reason deterioration and extinction of biodiversity will undermine the desired economic growth in a long-term duration and ignore a justice value between the current and future generations and undermine the achievement of sustainable development. Cultural value and local wisdom: the erosion of cultural values and local wisdom has a potential to weaken the work ethic and will have an impact on productivity and sustainable development. Social Conflict: increased frequencies social conflict as an effect of development will potentially reduce level of safety and comfortability and disrupt productivity. With regard to the SEA material substance which also constitutes environmental sustainability benchmarks as stipulated in Article 16 of Law No. 42 year 2009, the SEA results indicate that the Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035 bear potential threats as follows. a. Environmental carrying and absorptive capacity for development. It is imperative to note that the environmental carrying and absorptive capacity for development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara has not been undertaken yet. The potential impacts of the draft spatial plan may not be significant in reducing the environmental carrying and absorptive capacity for development at the district level, however, the potential impacts will greatly affect the carrying and absorptive capacity of North Sumatra province as a whole, because the declining water quantity and quality will

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b. Estimation of environmental impacts and risks. The estimation of environmental impacts and risks is the focus of this SEA assessment and analysis as described above, therefore, it does not need to be repeated here. c. Performance/ecosystem services. The degradation of Batang Toru forest ecosystem in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara poses huge potential to reduce the performance of ecosystem services as described in paragraph (a) above and will affect not only agricultural activities and plantations but also tourism. d. Efficient use of natural resources. Habitat fragmentation and forest degradation, biodiversity deterioration, decreased water quantity and quality, all show inefficiency in natural resources utilization. e. The level of vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change. Increased temperature due to greenhouse gas emissions contributes to global warming and climate change and will affect many aspects of live including agriculture and plantations, therefore, there is need to carefully identify alternative adaptation measures that need to be taken. f.

The level of resilience and the potential of biodiversity. The various construction plans of connectivity infrastructure, development plans for strategic areas, and urban/services systems will have potential impact on biological deterioration. To overcome this problem, there is need to formulate mitigation measures.

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6

MITIGATION MEASURES AND/OR ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter summarizes the proposed mitigation measures, alternatives, and SEA recommendations that were developed collaboratively by the SEA Working Group and the SEA Consultant Team with inputs from stakeholders through a public consultation process. Minutes of the public consultation process and results of the formulation of mitigation/alternatives and recommendations are presented in Attachment 8.

6.1

Proposed Mitigation Measures From the results of the assessment and analysis of the environmental impact/risks potentially posed by the implementation of the Spatial draft of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara (if the draft of spatial plan is enacted without a revision or refinement), it is clear that the draft of Spatial plan will likely generate potential significant negative and strategic impacts on seven strategic issues (increase in temperature, decrease in water quantity and quality, increase in critical land, forest degradation and fragmentation, deterioration of biodiversity, erosion of cultural values and local wisdom, and social conflicts). In addition to the strategic issues and impacts, as described in Section 1.4 it should be noted that the topographical and geological conditions of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, show that the district is prone to disasters particularly earthquakes and landslides, because the district is located on the Semangko Fault (see Figure 7). Although the disaster-prone condition is not included in the list of strategic issues and is not part of the impact assessment and analyses, the formulation of the Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara shall take this condition into account, and should never focus important economic and infrastructure development plans right in the locations that are most vulnerable to disasters (earthquakes, floods, landslides, fires). The data and information obtained indicate that in addition to routine disasters such as flooding and landslide since 1941 there have been four major earthquakes above the magnitude of 6.0 SR, the last major earthquake occurred in 1987 reached 6.6 SR (USU, no year). Locating development centers in disastrous area would be at great risk, like what happened in the Padang City in 2009 which claimed many lives and destroyed invaluable economic and governmental assets. In an effort to mitigate the potential significant negative impacts/risks as a result of the implementation of the spatial plan, the table below (Table 6. 1) presents proposed mitigation measures, the section to which the proposed mitigation measures should be integrated in the draft RTRW (infrastructure development, land-use, strategic area along with the code in a list of indicative programs), and the responsible Local Government Service Unit (SKPD). In implementing these mitigation measures, the SKPDs would need to work with relevant parties such as local NGOs and universities. Table 6. 1 Proposal of Mitigation Measures, Integration into Spatial Plan, Responsible SKPD

Strategic Proposed Mitigation Measures Issues Physico – Natural Climate and Air Tapanuli Utara 1) Promote programs / activities

Integration to RTRW Land-use Plan

SKPD

Market,

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is getting hotter

Water Decreasing water quality and quantity

of planting of trees or flowers or make a family park in each household in all society strata of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

(B2)

Cleanliness and landscaping Service unit, and Environmental Office Environmental Service Unit Transportation and Communications and Information Technology Service Unit Transportation and Communications and Information Technology Service Unit. Forestry Service

2) Create an environmental program of ―ONE MAN ONE TREE‖ 3) Cultivate the use of bicycles as an alternative means of transportation that does not use fuel in order to reduce the increase in Greenhouse gas emissions.

Strategic Area (C1) Infrastructure Development (A2.1)

4) Create "CAR FREE DAY" program at the Department of Transportation and Communications and Information Technology

Strategic Area (C1)

5) Add more location and acreage of Nature Reserves forest in every sub-district of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Land-use Plan (B2)

6) Socialize appropriate waste treatment (encouraging a Garbage Bank program)

Strategic Area (C1)

7) Provide physical environmental facilities – temporary landfills (garbage cans with 3 types of treatment: organic waste, inorganic and recyclable waste) 8) Create program of landfill construction by Market, Cleanliness and landscaping service at a remote location from settlements with the system of Sanitary Landfill

Infrastructure Development (A2.5) Infrastructure Development (A2.5)

Market, Cleanliness and Landscaping Service Unit.

9) Build/form green open space e.g., city forest or city park

Strategic Area (C1)

10) Monitor air quality in urban areas (to install air quality monitoring equipment)

Strategic Area (C1)

Market, Cleanliness and Landscaping Service Unit Environmental Office

11) Updating RAD-GRK

Strategic Area (C1)

Environmental Office

8) Undertake afforestation through the provision/production of crops that can improve living standard of the people, such as: Avocado, Durian, Aren, etc.

Land-use Plan (B2)

Agriculture, Forestry Service

9) Develop agricultural production through multiple/mix farming or tumpang-sari system with forest

Land-use Plan (B2)

Agriculture, Forestry Service.

Market, Cleanliness and landscaping Service Unit. Environmental Office.

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trees as protectors and agricultural crops as the main crop in farms.

Land and Soil Increasing Area of Critical Lands

10) Formulate local government regulation concerning green belt at riverbanks

Infrastructure Development (A25)

11) Determine the water catchment area for water springs in the landuse plan of the spatial plan

Land-use Plan (B1)

12) Reduce and be selective in giving recommendations related to the issuance of the mining permit among others are Excavation C (sand and stone) in rivers 13) Formulate regulation related to domestic waste water management

Infrastructure Development (A26)

14) Maintain and secure the forest area around watersheds

Land-use Plan (B1)

7) Undertake afforestation/regreening

Land-use Plan (B.2)

8) Implement soil and water conservation technique to all cropping pattern in critical areas

Land-use Plan (B.2)

9) Establish Community Forests on tumpang-sari pattern and the development of agro-forestry

Land-use Plan (B.2)

10) Conduct reforestation

Land-use Plan (B.1) Land-use Plan (B.2)

11) Implement conservation crop or cover crops planting pattern (cocoa, coffee crop, and lamtoro trees). 12) Construct conservation building (check DAM and DAM controller)

Infrastructure Development (A25)

Land-use Plan (B.2)

Public Work Service at the general affairs section. Forestry Service, Environmental Office, and Bappeda (Regional Development Agency). Sub-district office, Mining Service.

Environmental Service, Law Office, at section of law. Forestry Service Forestry, Agriculture, BP4K, NGO, Market, cleanliness and landscaping Service, Environmental Office. Forestry service, Agriculture service, BP4K, NGO, Market, Cleanliness and landscaping, Environmental Office. Forestry service, agriculture, BP4K, NGO, Market, cleanliness and landscaping unit, Environmental Office. Forestry service Agriculture, BP4K, NGO, Environmental Office. Forestry, Agriculture, Public Work

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service, Environmental Office ECOSYSTEM Forest Degradation of forest area and ecosystem

Biodiversity Deterioration of biodiversity

8) Determine programs and activities in accordance with the biophysical characteristics of the area (scope of the Forest Service). 9) Conduct feasibility study and implement PES (Payment of Ecosystem Services) to gain economic benefit from the protected area, consistency of land-use allotment (PERDA)

Land-use Plan (B.2)

Environmental Office and Forestry service

Strategic Area (C.3)

10) Enforce policy on establishment and implementation of RUPES (Upland Reward Payment for Environmental Services) that is resulted from the protected forests in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara.

Strategic Area (C.3)

11) Manage watershed in a targeted and continuous manner

Land-use Plan (B.1.8-9)

12) Enforce law and regulation for the concerning the safeguard of forest and forest destruction

Land-use Plan (B.1)

Regional Development Agency, Forestry Service, Environmental Office, Permit service, NGO Regional Development Agency, Forestry Service, Environmental Office, Permit service, NGO Regional Development Agency, Forestry Service, Environmental Office, BPDAS, Public Work Service Forestry, NGO, Indonesian National Police

13) Establish collaboration with society through HKM and village forest

Land-use Plan (B.1)

14) Reroute roadways away from forest areas

Infrastructure development (A.2.1)

10) Create program of wildlife protection in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara including socialization of Law No. 5/1990 11) Establish a center of knowledge on biodiversity and develop ecotourism in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 12) Limit permit issuance for natural resource mining/exploration

Environmental strategic area (C.1)

Forestry service, environmental office, NGO

Environmental strategic area (C.1) Environmental strategic area (C.1)

13) Conduct inventory of biodiversity (flora and fauna)

Land-use Plan (B.1.11)

14) Focus on high-value biodiversity

Environmental

Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO Permit service, mining, environmental office. Forestry, environmental office, NGO Forestry,

Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO, Agriculture & Plantation PU, Forestry Service

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(germplasm) 15) Maintain local wisdom by agroforestry pattern

16) Create zones in the HSA (Natural Reserve Forest)

Strategic Area (C.1) Environmental Strategic Area (C.4)

17) Establish caring community on protected animals

Environmental strategic area (C.1) Land-use Plan (B.1)

18) Build arboretum for endemic/ indigenous and endangered species

Land-use Plan (B.1.11)

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC- CULTURAL Cultural Value Erosion of 8) Create program on education that is cultural values a local content on cultural subject and local and local language as well as learning wisdom about Batak Alphabet starting from elementary, junior school and senior high school level 9) Establish Batak culture museum containing all things related to Batak culture 10) Revitalize mutual assistance (marsiadapari) in the society 11) Establish and operate cultural/art centers to accommodate and develop the creativity of students and youths, for example, held a tortor competition and Batak songs creation, marturi-turian (competition of Batak folk/story telling in Batak language) 12) Preserve objects and places owing to Batak historical value, such as: Aek Situmandi, Lyman Munson's grave site, the cross of love, Poti Marende, guitar Sipoholon, Batak house, Nomensen location 13) Promote and preserve traditional Batak cuisine (example: arsik carp, naniura, Putu, napinadar, sasagoon, ombus ombus/pohul-pohul) 14) Create program at the Department of Tourism in collaboration with the Department of Education to promote educative tourism in places related to Batak historical and cultural value so that students and all groups of society can reminisce Batak cultural value (example: take some students from the farthest

Environmental office, NGO. Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO, Education and Culture, Tourism service. Forestry Forestry, environmental office, NGO Forestry, Environmental Office, NGO

Strategic area (C.I.4)

Tourism and Education and Culture Service.

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Tourism service

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Community Development Agency (Bappemas) Tourism Service, Education and Cultural Service

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Tourism Service

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Tourism Service

Strategic Area (C.I.4)

Tourism Service and Education and Culture Service.

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sub-district to see and learn places and Batak cultural values existing in Tarutung sub-district) Social Conflict Social Conflicts

8) Establish clear boundaries between community-owned land and state forest areas 9) Establish regional administrative borders of the village, sub-district and district 10) Direct the land utilization by a third party under the scheme of CSR in order to be used appropriately on target in order to improve the economy of communities in the surrounding area 11) Utilize HKM program (Community Forest), Village Forest or Forest People and IP4T 12) Enhance the role of communities in the planning and implementation of development in the village

Land-use Plan (B1)

Forestry Service

Infrastructure Development (A1) Infrastructure Development (A21)

Government Party

Land-use Plan (B2)

Forestry Service, BPN

Infrastructure Development

13) Increase the participation of Migrant Bataks in solving land disputes

Infrastructure Development

14) Conduct land titling/certification for the community

Land-use Plan (B2)

Community Development Agency (Bapemmas), Village Government Social service and community welfare section Agriculture Service, Forestry service and BPN.

DISASTROUSNESS/DISASTER Disaster Risks 9) Prohibit logging in an area with a certain slope

10) Apply Local Government Building Regulation, including pre-condition requiring specialized criteria dealing with construction permits in areas within earthquake zone (for example in case of and iron framing/scaffolding); limiting the height of buildings in areas within the earthquake zone; soil improvement (geotextile) on the area/location of repeated landslides occurrences 11) Conduct research on soil liquefaction in relation to buildings located in the earthquake zone and

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

Economic section of Local Government Secretariat

Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, Public Works (PU), Transportation & Comm.Info, Local Secretariat (Sekda). BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda.

BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU,

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relocation of buildings once it is detected 12) Establish earthquake detector device that directly sends warnings of danger signs in some strategic points

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

13) Establish evacuation routes in case of exceptional events and deliver information as wide possible to the public

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

14) Disseminate information to the public on what to do (in the form of a simulation) in case of disaster

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

15) Incorporate disaster information in school/education curriculum

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

16) Promoting and disseminating biopore holes making in dense settlements.

Land-use Plan (B.I.10)

Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda. BPBD, Kadis Kehutanan Camat, Cipta Karya, PU, Bappeda, Camat, Transportation & Comm.Info, Sekda.

The indicative spatial distribution of the proposed mitigation programs for potential impacts/risks elaborated above is presented in Figure 40 below.

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Figure 40. Indicative Spatial Distribution of the Proposed Mitigation Programs

Source: Base Map of Earth (BIG), Map of North Sumatra Spatial Plan (Bappeda Prov. Sumut), Map of Forest Area Function SK No.579/Menhut-II/2014 (KLHK), Map of Orangutan Habitat (YEL) and Results of Assessment, Analysis and Formulation of Mitigation/Alternative, 2015

6.2

Alternative Land-use Plan The land-use plan contained in the Draft Spatial Plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035 that was submitted to the Provincial Government of North Sumatra was made on the basis of the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 44/2005. In 2014, the Government through the Ministry of Forestry issued Decree No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 on the Determination of Forest Area Function in the province of North Sumatra. After the release of the decree, the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara through the Forestry Service submitted a written proposal to the Minister of Environment and Forestry requesting land use changes with the proportion of approximately 30% of protected areas and 70% of cultivation areas. However up to the completion of the SEA process, there has been no formal response from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to the proposal, so the proposed land use change cannot be legally used as reference for the preparation of the RTRW. On the other hand, information was obtained that from the consultation of draft spatial planning of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara with the Province of Sumatra Utara that the land use plan of the Province of Sumatra Utara and all districts/cities therein shall refer to the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/2014. In regard with this, information was obtained from Bappeda that the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara is currently drafting a new land-use plan that is based on the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/2014.

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Figure 41. Map of Land Conversion Estimation as a Result of Land-use Plan Alternative of SK No.579/Menhut-II/2015

Source: Base Map of the Earth (BIG), Map of Forest Area Function SK No.579/Menhut-II/2014 (KLHK), Land Cover Map 2013 (BAPLAN, Kemenhut) and Assessment Result, 2015

The Figure 41 above is the result of mainstreaming the Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 into the process of formulating land-use spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara that is proposed as one of an alternative in this SEA process. From the map above, it is obtained some information on the large of forest function conversion into nonforest with an area of 21,300 Ha or 11.5% for forest land cover in the year 2013. However, on the other side, it was found that a conversion of non-forest function into forest amounted to 58,600 Ha or 30% of land cover area in the year 2013. This needs to be considered in order to estimate the social and economic impact of this alternative. If it is compared to the existing land-use alternative, it can be seen that the alternative mainstreaming the Decree No.579/2014 still produces emission though it is lower in compare to the currently draft of spatial plan that is consulted in the province. Additionally, CI Indonesia has made efforts to develop an alternative land-use plan for Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara by integrating the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 579/2014 with all relevant regulations regulating land-use utilization concerning space utilization for both protected and cultivation areas in order to obtain a land-use plan that mainstreams low emission development strategy (LEDS).

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BOX 6. 1 Scenario of Mainstreaming LEDS into Land-use plan of spatial plan Mainstreaming low-emission development strategy can be done by identifying the right balance of allocation of protection and cultivation areas. The allocation of protection areas has been set out clearly in a number of Indonesian regulations, namely: (1) Government Regulation No. 71/2014 concerning the protection and management of peatlands; (2) Presidential Decree No. 32/1990 concerning the management of protected areas; (3) Ministry Regulation of Public Works No. 63/PRT/1993 concerning river banks, and (4) Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 concerning the function of the forest areas in the province of North Sumatra. While the allocation of cultivation areas is based on (1) Ministry Regulation of Public Works No. 41/PRT/M/2007 concerning guidelines regarding technical criteria for cultivation areas, and (2) Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 of the function of forest land in the Province of North Sumatra. The result of LEDS mainstreaming in land-use planning is illustrated inFigure 42 Figure 42.

In summary, the Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara still has an obligation to finalize a land-use plan that combines the interest of the district, provincial, and national governments. Ideally, the formulated land-use plan should be the most ideal one showing the optimal effort to ensure the realization of sustainable development in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in particular, and in the province of North Sumatra in general. To that end, the formulated land-use plan should meet, consider, and integrate sustainable development principles in it. First, the land-use plan shall integrate the principles of interdependency, namely: (a) the vertical interrelationship with provincial and national interests; and (b) the horizontal interrelationship among the interests of the neighboring districts/cities and those that are located in the downstream area. Second, the land-use plan shall proportionately balance the economic interests (both at the macro- and community levels), socio-cultural interests, and environmental interests. Third, the land-use plan shall take into account the principle of justice in distributing the benefits of development among social/community groups and between the present and future generations. In the interests of formulating the ideal land-use plan as mentioned above, the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara should take into close considerations such things as outlined below.

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a. Ensure that administrative boundaries between Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara with neighboring districts are agreed upon. If agreements have not been reached, the administrative map that has been endorsed by the Provincial Government of Sumatera Utara could be used. b. Ensure to use the most current topographical base map in the scale 1:50.000 produced by the Geospatial Information Body (Badan Informasi Geospasial) as the major reference concerning basic information and existing land-use. c. Integrate Decree of Ministry of Forestry No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 into land-use plan as the basis for determining protected and cultivation areas. d. Take into consideration the Alternative Land-use Map of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara that integrates the Decree of Ministry of Forestry No. 579/Menhut-II/2014 with all other related regulations concerning technical criteria for protected and cultivation areas that has been developed based on LEDS as inputs for determining local protected areas and cultivation areas as shown in Figure 42. e. Integrated the proposed mitigation measures in the process of finalizing land-use and infrastructure development plans. f. Ensure synergy between PPPs in the RTRW and those in the RPJMD in order that they could be allocated with sufficient budget for effective implementation. Figure 42. Alternative Land-use Map per Scenario LEDS

Source: Base Map of the Earth (BIG), PP No.71/2014, President Regulation No.32/1990, Ministry of Public Work Regulation No.63/PRT/M/1993, Ministry of Public Work No.41/PRT/M/2007, Ministry of Forestry No.579/Menhut-II/2014 and Assessment Result of Tim CI, 2015

Figure 42 above is a result of mainstreaming LEDS in the process of formulation of landuse plan in the spatial pattern of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara that is proposed as one alternative in this SEA process. Comparing to the existing land-use alternatives, it can be

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seen that the alternative of mainstreaming LEDS produces no carbon emissions instead it absorbs carbon emissions. This can be one of important considerations in the formulation of land-use plan in the refinement process of spatial plan Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. However, it is necessary to consider that in the process of spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara refinement later, it needs to consider SEA aspect in estimating the impact of the draft of LEDS based land-use alternative in terms of sustainability in especially social aspect. It is imperative to see the existence of potential new conflict generated as it is seen in the Figure 43 that simply indicates the plan of land cover change of APL into forest function or protected or the vice versa where there is also forest/protected function which is converted into APL enabling the potential of new conflict. Figure 43. Map of Land Conversion Estimation as a Result of LEDS Land-use Plan

Source: Base Map of the Earth (BIG), Map of Forest Area Function SK No.579/Menhut-II/2014 (KLHK), Land Cover Map 2013 (BAPLAN, Kemenhut) and Assessment Result, 2015

The map above tells some information on the large of land conversion/ area function. It is the conversion of forest/protected function into non-forest with area of 1,880 Ha or 0.5% from forest land cover in the year 2013. However on other side it was found a conversion of non-forest into forest amounted to 93,520 Ha or 26% of the non-forest land function in 2013. Estimation of social and economic impact of above land conversion change needs to be deepened by SEA working group collaboratively with the spatial plan formulating team to the formulate the most optimum and sustainable land-use plan for Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara in the refinement process of spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. In addition,

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the proposed mitigation measures described in Section 6.1 need to be reviewed to see if they are still relevant and can reduce likely impacts that might occur. BOX 6. 2 Carbon Emission in the Land-use Plans In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions level up to 29% nationally, in this SEA process it is necessary to know the potential of carbon emissions that are expected to arise from the alternative land-use plans. The alternative land-use plans assessed consists of: (1) BAU-based alternative, (2) Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 44/2009-based alternative, (3) Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 579/2014-based alternative, and (4) LEDS-driven alternative. Analysis results show that alternative (4) does not have carbon emissions, on the contrary, it sinks/ absorbs carbons, and this constitutes a key factor in maintaining the micro and macro-climate conditions that will affect the sustainability of agriculture and estate crops in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. ALTERNATIV E 1

ALTERNATIV E2

ALTERNATIV E3

ALTERNATIV E4

Protection Forest

183,856.08

179,658.45

221,180.03

239,990.12

Cultivation Area

195,553.86

204,869.63

158,202.97

139,392.88

Area (HA)

120

104.42

Emisi / Serapan GRK (Juta Ton CO2)

100

80 60 40

19.35

20

8.57

1.12 0 Alternatif I -20

-40

Baseline (2012)

Alternatif II

Alternatif III Alternatif IV

Kumulatif 2013 s/d 2035

(15.96)

Value of Carbon Emission/Sink of each Alternative

6.3

Recommendations Based on: (a) the results of the assessment and analyses of the potential impacts of the draft spatial plan on strategic issues, namely: increase in temperature, critical land area, decrease in quantity and quality of water, degradation of forests, deterioration of biodiversity, erosion of cultural values and local wisdoms, and social conflict as well as disaster-risks; and (b) identification and formulation of mitigation measures and alternatives to minimize potential impacts/risks on the environmental conditions and to ensure the realization of sustainable development in the long run, the Local Government of Tapanuli Utara is expected to do the following: a. b. c.

Protect Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara‘s ecosystem and biodiversity by among others developing ecotourism and establishing Arboretum. Make commitments to promote forest and land rehabilitation activities along river banks and water spring sources. Encourage the implementation of Payment of Environmental Services (PES) from all parties who benefit from Tapanuli Utara‘s environmental services.

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d. e. f.

g. h.

115

Use the topographical conditions and risks to disasters as key considerations in the planning and implementation of development programs. Promote sustainable agriculture system for farming and cultivation of critical lands for agriculture through reclamation and livestock activities. Take into considerations the socio-cultural aspects (including the existence of customary forests/communities) in the process of finalization, stipulation, and implementation of the district spatial plan. Mainstream LEDS in developing policies, plans, and programs of the Local Government of Tapanuli Utara by using geospatial data in strategic decision making. Develop geospatial database of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara to be used as a basis for strategic decision making and make it known by the public as part of the national OneMap Policy.

In implementing the above recommendation, government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara needs to refer to the formulation of mitigation measures and/or alternative as described in Section 6.1 and 6.2 in this Chapter 6.

7

INTEGRATION OF SEA RECOMMENDATIONS INTO RTRW The results of SEA were presented to the Bupati of Tapanuli Utara in a decision making meeting on 17 December 2005 that and was attended by heads of key local government agencies and the SEA POKJA. The Bupati accepted all of the SEA recommendations and instructed all the relevant heads of technical agencies not only to integrate all of the SEA recommendations (including the proposed mitigation measures and alternative land-use plan) into the draft spatial plan, but also to integrate the relevant mitigation measures (counter programs) into annual development planning and budgeting. The Development Planning Board (Bappeda) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara assumes the responsibility in integrating SEA recommendations into the final draft RTRW and annual planning and budgeting in accordance with the current Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD). In addition, he also asked his staff member to plan for another SEA for the current RPJMD. The Minutes of the decision making meeting with the Bupati is presented in Attachment 9.

8

SEA QUALITY ASSURANCE The implementation of SEA for the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 20152035 covered all phases and steps within each phase as directed by relevant Indonesian laws and regulations. No single step, let alone phase, was omitted in the process. However, from the quality of SEA results there certainly are outputs whose quality could still be improved. A common problem faced in SEA implementation in Indonesia is availability and quality of data and information that are required for describing strategic and related issues. Data and information are held in many institutions, usually are not comprehensive/complete, and time consuming to collect them. A lot of data and information were not developed for spatial presentation (on maps). Not only that availability and quality data posed a problem during SEA scoping (identification of strategic issues and development of baseline data), it also was a problem during impact assessment

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

116

and analyses of the potential impacts/risks of the draft RTRW, making most analyses are qualitative in nature. From the local capacity development aspect, it is obvious that the SEA implementation has significantly improved the capacity of the core team (a total of 15 staff members) within the local SEA Task Force (POKJA KLHS) of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. This is due to two factors. First, the core team demonstrated very strong commitment to SEA implementation and delivered upmost outputs with facilitation from the Consultant Team – this is in accordance with SEA principle. Second, the SEA for RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara from the beginning was designed to achieve two objectives simultaneously, namely: (a) to implement SEA in accordance with the process and procedure as contained in existing Indonesian laws and regulations to achieve quality results; and (b) to develop capacity at the local level so that the local government and related stakeholders could do SEA on their own in the future. Efforts to build capacity at the local level were not limited to the core team of the POKJA. Heads of local government agencies (SKPD) were also given SEA training. In addition, the capacity of participants from outside the local government was also improved. One thing undertaken was the establishment of MultiStakeholder Forum (MSF) and involving the MSF the implementation of all phases of SEA from the beginning to the end. Besides, during the SEA implementation process, the Consultant Team included a member from a local NGO assuming responsibilities as local consultant. This was an effort to create SEA capacity outside of the local government circle. In the future, the development of SEA capacity outside of the local government still needs to be enhanced. The table containing the full quality assurance results and descriptions can be seen in Attachment 10.

9

CONCLUSION AND NEXT STEPS Conclusion The SEA for the draft RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Year 2015-2035 was undertaken in accordance with SEA implementation principles, covering all phases and steps within each phase, and resulted in SEA recommendations to mitigate the potential negative impacts/risks of the draft RTRW. The recommendations should be very instrumental for of improving the quality of the draft RTRW to ensure that sustainable development principles (interdependency, equilibrium, justice) are integrated therein. Next Steps Actions Required. In order to complete the land-use plan as mentioned above, it is important to do the following actions well: a. Develop spatial database of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, including geospatial data infrastructure, institution, legal basis and HRD. b. In collaboration with the Geospatial Information Body (Badan Informasi Geospasial) develop network hub in Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara.

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117

c. Integrate SEA recommendations into land-use plan and infrastructure development plan in the RTRW of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and conduct public consultation with all relevant stakeholders. d. Synchronize the land-use plan and infrastructure development plan of the draft spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara into technical material of spatial plan of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara and draft local government regulation and resubmit all to the Provincial Government of Sumatera Utara. Challenge. There are some obstacles/challenges to formulate a solid land-use plan, as follows: a. Unavailability of adequate and valid spatial sectoral data and information to be used as a basis for decision making. b. Limited human resources capacity of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara to build, process, and make use of a spatial database in decision making process in the context of planning, implementation, and evaluation of policies, plans, and programs. c. Lack of stakeholder participation in planning and decision making process. Data needs. The data and information that need to be prepared by the Local Government of Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara to finalize the land-use plan, among others, are as follows: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Data on agriculture and plantation/estate crops - SHP Point coordinates of factories Point coordinates of office locations Landfill locations Terminals and airport Electric substations and transmission lines Point coordinates of water resources and clean water Telecommunication towers Point coordinates of Sarulla Operation Limited All concession areas and those where permits have been issued Point coordinates of Military Command Posts.

xxii

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bappeda Kab. Tapanuli Utara. (2014). Buku Wilayah Kesesuaian Komoditi Tanaman Pertanian. Tarutung: Bappeda Kab. Tapanuli Utara. Bappeda Taput. (2014). Draft RPJMD Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun 2014 – 2019 . Tarutung: Bappeda Taput. Bappenas et.al. (2015). Menuju Harmonisasi Sistem Hukum Sebagai pilar Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Indonesia. Jakarta: Bappenas, DKP, KumHam. BI. (2014). Statistik Ekonomi Keuangan Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Utara Vol. Medan: Bank Indonesia. Bisnis.com. (2013, August 27). Indonesia Business Daily. Retrieved from Indonesia Business Daily Web site: http://industri.bisnis.com/ BPS. (2014). Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2014. Jakarta: BPS. BPS Sumut. (2001). Sumatra Utara dalam angka. Medan: BPS Prov Sumut. BPS Sumut. (2014). Sumatra Utara Dalam Angka. Medan: BPS Prov Sumut. BPS Taput. (2014). Data Strategis Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2014. Tarutung: BPS Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. BPS Taput. (2014). Tapanuli Utara Dalam Angka 2014. Tarutung: BPS Kab Taput. CI Indonesia. (2014). Designing Sustainable Strategies for Agricultural Commodities in North Sumatra. Jakarta: CI Indonesia. CI Indonesia. (2015). Sustainable Landscapes Partnership (SLP) – Sustainable Investment Action Plan (SIAP) for North Tapanuli. Jakarta: Conservation International Indonesia. CI, I. (2015). Rencana Aksi Investasi Berkelanjutan (Sustainable Investment Action Plan) untuk Tapanuli Utara. Jakarta: CI Indonesia. CI-Indonesia. (2014). Designing Sustainable Development Strategies for Agricultural Commodities across the SLP. Jakarta: CI-Indonesia. Dinas Kesehatan Taput. (2014). Profil Kesehatan Tapanuli Utara Tahun 2014. Tarutung: Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Frediksson, G. &. (2015). Biodiversity Profile Batang Toru Forest Complex, Tapanuli Districs, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Balige: YEL - PanECO Foundation. Gamble, J. (. (2008). Analyses of the effects of global change on human health and welfare and human systems.A Report by the U.S. Washington, DC, USA: US EPA. Hutabarat, R. R. (n.d.). BPN Taput Harus Cabut dan Batalkan Sertifikat Vanana Garden. Tarutung. ICRAF. (2001). Kajian Kebijakan Hak-Hak Masyarakat Adat di Indonesia; Suatu Refleksi Pengaturan Kebijakan dalam Era Otonomi Daerah, Seri Kebijakan 1, Maret 2001. Jakarta: ICRAF. Iman Santoso, e. a. (2015). Laporan Lokakarya Kolaboratif Pengelola Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Batang Toru. Jakarta: CI. IPCC. (2008). Synthesis Report "Climate Change 2007" Assessment Report 4 Working Group 1. IPCC.

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Kab Tapanuli Utara. (2015). RPJMD Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2015-2019. Tarutung: Bappeda. Kementerian Pertanian. (2009). PEDOMAN UMUM ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM SEKTOR PERTANIAN. Indonesia: Kementerian Pertanian. KLH. (2012). Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca (Vol. 1). Jakarta: KLH. KLH. (2012). Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca, (Vol. 1). Jakarta: KLH. Lomas, J. (2000). Connecting Research and Policy, Spring, Printemps. Retrieved from portals.wi.wur.nl: http://portals.wi.wur.nl/files/docs/ppme/lomas_e.pdf Majalah SWA Online. (2015, February 18). Majalah SWA Online. Retrieved from Majalah SWA Web sige: http://swa.co.id/business-strategy/ Manalu, I. (2015). Harang Sianjur, Kantor CI Tarutung. Tarutung: Tidak dipublikasi. Manurung, R. (2008, August 14). Batak Itu Keren. Retrieved from Batak Itu Keren Web site: https://tobadreams.wordpress.com/2008/08/14/kenapa-kita-biarkan-pt-tpl-merusak-alamtapanuli-memecah-belah-bangso-batak/ Muazzin. (2014). Hak Masyarakat Adat (Indigenous Peoples) atas Sumber Daya Alam: Perpektif Hukum Internasional, dalam Padjadjaran Jurnal ilmu Hukum, Volume 1, No. 2. Bandung: FH Unpad. Nababan, B. M. (2011, April 8). www.nababan.com. Retrieved from Borsak Mangatasi Nababan Web site: https://nababan.wordpress.com/2011/04/08/dua-plta-akan-dibangun-di-tapanuli-utara/ Nurlambang, T. (2013). Konsep Kelembagaan Dalam Penataan Ruang Kawasan Jakarta Bogor Depok Tangerang Bekasi Dan Cianjur (Jabodetabekjur), (disertasi Doktor Ilmu Administrasi). Depok. OECD. (2006). DAC Guidelines and Reference Series: APPLYING STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, Good Practice Guidance for Development Co-operation. USA: OECD Publisher. PALAPA POS. (2015, Maret 20). PALAPA POS. Retrieved from PALAPA POS Web site: http://www.palapapos.com/regional/tambang-emas-di-pahae-julu-bpptpm-sidak-dan-periksaperijinan/ PANISIOAN, S. (2012, June 7). sopopanisioan.blogspot. Retrieved from sopopanisioan Web site: http://sopopanisioan.blogspot.com/2012/06/pertambangan-mineral-logam-emas-dan.html PEMKAB TAPUT (a). (2014). LAPORAN STATUS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAERAH (SLHD) KABUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA TAHUN 2014. Tarutung: Kantor Lingkungan Hidup Taput. PEMKAB TAPUT (b). (2014). Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara tentang Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun 2014-2034. Tarutung: Pemerintah Daerah Kabupten Tapanuli Utara. PEMKAB TAPUT (c). (2010). Rancangan RTRW Kabapaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun 2010-2030. Tarutung: Pemda Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. PEMKAB TAPUT (d). (2014). Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun 2014-2019. Tarutung: Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. PEMKAB TAPUT (e). (2014). Tapanuli Utara Dalam Angka 2014. Tarutung: BPS Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara.

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Pemkab Taput. (2015, November 11). Profil Geografi dan Topogafi Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Retrieved from http://www.taputkab.go.id/page .php? wtmd_id = 1: http://www.taputkab.go.id/page .php? wtmd_id = 1 SEA Team DG Regional Development . (2009). Laporan KLHS Pengelolaan Danau Maninjau Kab. Agam Sumatera Barat. Jakarta: ESP2 DANIDA. Selamatkan Bumi. (2014, September 5). Selamatkan Bumi: Selamatkan Hidupmu dari Ancaman! Retrieved from Selamatkan Bumi Web site: http://selamatkanbumi.com/proyek-panas-bumi-sarulla-ditapanuli-utara/ Setiadi, H. (2002). Pendekatan Budaya dalam Perencanaan Lokal : Konflik Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam di Kepulauan Maluku dan Implikasi Kebijakannya. Tesis Magister. Tidak Dipublikasikan. . Bandung: Program Studi Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota Program Pascasarjana ITB. Simanjuntak. (2015). Arti dan Fungsi Tanah Bagi Masyarakat Batak Toba, Karo, Simalungun. (Edisi Pembaruan). . Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. Taput, P., & International, K. C. (2015). Laporan Pelingkupan KLHS RTRW Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Jakarta: Conservation International. Taput, P., & International, K. C. (2015). Laporan Pelingkupan KLHS RTRW Taput 2015. Jakarta: Conservation International. Taqwaddin. (2010). Penguasaan Atas Pengelolaan Hutan Adat oleh Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Provinsi Aceh (Disertasi Doktor Ilmu Hukum). Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara (unpublished). Tim KLHS Ditjen Bina Pembangunan Daerah. (2009). Laporan KLHS Pengelolaan Danau Maninjau Kab. Agam Sumatera Barat. Jakarta: ESP2 DANIDA. UNSDSN. (2013). An Action Agenda for Sustainable Development. Washington: UNSDSN. USU. (no year, no month no). Thesis. Medan: tidak dipublikasikan. www.kabtaput.go.id. (n.d.). YEL dan Walhi. (2013, Mei 13). Usulan Perubahan Fungsi menjadi Hutan Lindung DAS Batang Toru. Usulan Perubahan Fungsi menjadi Hutan Lindung DAS Batang Toru (Bahan Paparan). Jakarta.

SEA Report Milestone 5 - SEA/CI/2015

ATTACHMENTS Supporting Data of SEA Report

ATTACHMENT

-1-

Attachment 1 Decree of Bupati of Tapanuli Utara Establishing SEA Working Group

Milestone 5 – SEA/CI/2015 PT. DAZYA INA MANDIRI | www.dim.co.id

BUPATI TAPANULI E,'TARA PROVINST SUMATERA UTARA KEPUTUSAN BUPATI TAPANULI UTARA NoMoR46tTAHUN zots

TENTANG

PEMBENTUKAN KELOMPOK KERJA (POKJA) I(ATIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP STRATEGIS (KLHS) RENCANA TATA RUANG WILAYAH IRTRW) KABUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA

bahwa untuk melaksanakan ketenruan Pasal 15 ayat (1J Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, bahwa Pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah wajib membuat KLHS untuk memastikan bahwa prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan telah menjadi dasar dan terintegrasi dalam pembangunan suatu wilayah dan/atau

Menimbang

kebijakan, rencana, dan/atau program;

bahwa Pemerintah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara dengan

Conservation

International Indonesia (CII) telah mengadakan Perjanjian Kerjasama yang salah satu kegiatannya adalah penyusunan Kaiian Lingkungan Hidup Strafegis (KLHS) Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

tersebut dipandang perlu membentuk Kelompok Kerja (Pokja c.

Ivlengingpt

1.

)

3.

J

Kajian

Lingkungan Hidup Strategis Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara; bahwa untuk memenuhi maksud tersebut pada huruf a dan b di atas perlu membentuk Keputusan Bupati tentang Pembentukan Kelompok Kerja (Pokia) Kafian Lingkung:an Hidup Strategis (KLHS) Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah IRTRWJ Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. . Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Drt Tahun 1956 tentang Pembentukan Daerah Otonom Kabupaten-kabupaten Dalam Lingkungan Daerah Provinsi Sumatera 'Utara Jo. Undang-Undang Nomor LS Tahun 1964 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Dairi, |o. Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1998 rentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Toba Samosir dan Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Mandailing Natal, Jo. Undang-Undang Nomor 09 Tahun 2003 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Nias Selatan, Kabupaten Pakpak Bharat dan Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara; Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber daya AIam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1990 Nomor 49, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indoensia Nomor 3+19); Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun ZOO4 tentang Sistem perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional;

5.

Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 tentang perimbangan Keuangan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintahan Daerah; Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang penataan Ruang;

6.

Undang-Undang Nomor

4.

32 Tahun 2OO9 tentang perlindungan

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup;

dan

7.

Undang-Undang Nomor L2 Tahun 2011" tentang Pembentukan Peraturan

8.

Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah sebagaimana telah diubah beberapa kali terakhir dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2015 tentang Peruhahan kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pembagian Urusan

Perundang-undangan;

9.

Pemerintahan antara Pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi dan

' Pemerintahan Daerahkabupaten/kota; 10. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 13 Tahun 2005 tentang Pedoman Pengeloiaan Keuangan Daerah, sebagai mana diubah beberapa kali, terakhir

dengan Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 21 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan Ketiga Atas Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 13 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pengelolaan (euangan Daerah; 11. Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia Noinor 9 Tahun 2011 tentang Pedornan Umum Kajian Lingkungan Hidup; 1,2. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 67 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis IKLHS) dalam Penyusunan atau Evaluasi Rencana Pembangunan Daerah; Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor L Tahun 2014 tentang Pembentukan Produk Hukum Daerah; L+. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Nomor d3 Tahun 2008 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Sekretaris Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara dan Sekretaris Dewan Perwakilan Ralcyat Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, sebagaimana telah diubah beberapa kali terakhir dengan Peraturan Daerah Ikbupaten Tapanuli Utara Nomor 04 Tahun 2014; 15. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Nomor 05 Tahun 2008 tentang

13.

L6.

Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Lernbaga Teknis Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, sebagaimana telah diubah beberapa kali terakhir dengan Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Nomor 06.Tahun 2014; Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Nomor 12 Tahun 201"4 tentang Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun Anggaran 2015;

17.

Peraturan Bupati Tapanuli Utara Nomor 4L Tahun 201.4 tentang Penjabaran Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun Anggaran 2015.

Memperhatikan

:

Naskah penjanjian kerja sama antara Pemerintah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Provinsi Sumatera Utara Republik Indonesia dengan Consentation lnternational dati on No. 1 7/KSB/TU / 20 14 tan ggal 10 Desembe r 20 L4 tentan g Pro gram Kemitraan Pembangunan Lansekap Berkelanjutan (sustainable Landscapes

F oun

ParArcrship)

MEMUTUSKAN: Menetapkan

:

KEPUTUSAN BUPATI TENTANG PEMBENTUKAN KELOMPOK KER)A (POKJAJ RENCANA TATA RUANG I(KLHS) WILAYAH (RTRW) IGBUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA,

,KAIIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP STMTEGIS KESATU

:

Membentuk Kelompok Kerja (Pokia) Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Srrategis (KLHS) Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah iRi"RWl lGbupaten Tapanuli Utara dengan susunan sebagaimana tercantum dalani Lampiran Keputusan ini yang merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari i(eputusan ini.

KEDUA

:

Kelompok Kerja sebagaimana dimaksud dalam diktum Kesatu, mempunyai tugas sebagai berikut:

a.

mengkoordinasi kegiatan dalam pelaksanaan KLHS Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRWI KabupatenTapanuli Utara;

b.

mengkordinasi dan menyediakan data terkait dengan kepentingan penyusunan KLHS Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRWI Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara;

c.

d.

e.

Membahas, menganalis, dan menyempurnakan Draft KLHS Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara yang disusun pihak ketiga yang aihuniirk;

melakukan koordinasi, terutama pada SKPD terkiat untuk mendapatkan kesamaan rencana dan tindaklanjut dalam Rencana Kerja Pembangunan Daerah (RKPD) pada Satuan Kerja Pelaksana Daerah (SKPD) masingmasingyang berhubungan dengan KLHS Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara;

menghasilkan KLHS Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah IRTRW) Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara sesuai dengan regulasi dan kebutuhan setempat dalam upaya menciptakan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat setempat;

f.

melakukan konsultasi publik atas hasil KLHS Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRWJ KabupatenTapanuli Utara; mempersiapkan rancangan Ketetapan Bupati Tapanuli Utara mengenai Penggunaan KLHS Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah IRTRW) Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara sebagai Rujukan dalam Perencanaan kebijakan

g.

melaporkan hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan kepada Bupati Tapanuli Utara

Pembangunan beserta pemantauan dan Evaluasinya;

melalui Kepala Kantor Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. KETIGA

KEEMPAT

Biaya yang timbul akibat ditetapkannya Keputusan ini dibebankan kepada APBD Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun Anggaran 2015 pada Kegiatan Pembentukan Kelompok Kerja (POKIAJ Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Straregis (KLHS) Rencana Tata RuangWilayah IRTRWJ Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Keputusan ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal ditetapkan dengan ketentuan apabila

dikemudian hari ternyata terdapat kekeliruan

di dalamnya akan diadakan

perbaikan sebagaimana mestinya.

Ditetapkan di Tarutung Pada tanggal

tbqb

- epf

BUPATI TAPANULI UTARA Dto,NIKSOT{ ]{ABABAf{ Salinan sesuai derii:an aslinya a.n. Bupati Tapani,li Utara Sekretaris Da.:rah, u.b dan Perundang-undangan

Lampiran Keputusan Bupati Tapanuli Utara Ll6g Nomou TahunZo1S Tanggal | )b -ob 201s Tentang : Pembeatrkan Kelompok Ker,a (Pokla)

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SUSUNAN KELOMPOK KXR'A IPOKJA) KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP STRATEGIS (KLHS)

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Penanggungfawab Program Wakil Penanggung lawab Program Ketua Tim

Pembina Pemblna

Selretaris Tlm

Penanggunglawab

:

1. BupatiTapanuliUtara 2. Wakil Bupati Tapanuli Utara

:

Sekretaris Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

: :

Asisten Perekonomian dan Pembangunan Setdakab. Tapanuli Utara Kepala Bappeda Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

Kegiatan :

KepalaKantorLingkungan Hidup Kab.TapanuliUtara

PembantuPenanggung : 1.

Kepala Badan Pelayanan Perijinan Terpadu dan Penanaman Modal Kab. Tapanuli Utara

2.

Kepala Badan Penyuluhan Pertanian, Peternakan, Perikanan dan

fawab Kegiatan

Kehutanan l(ab. Tapanuli Utara

3. 4.

Kepala Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kab. Tapanuli Utara

Kepala Dinas Pasar, Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Kab. Tapanuli Utara

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Kepala Dinas Perikanan dan Peternakan Kab. Tapanuli Utara Kepala Dinas Cipta Karya dan Perumahan Kab. Tapanuli Utara Kepala Dinas Pertambangan dan Energi Kab. Tapanuli Utara Kepala Dinas Pekeriaan Umum l(ab. Tapanuli Uara Kepala Dinas Kehutanan Kab. Tapanuli Utara 10. Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kab. Tapanuli Utara 11. Kepala Dinas Pariwisata Kab. Tapanuli Uara 12. Kepala Dinas Pertanian dan Perkebunan IGb. Tapanuli Utara 13. Kabag Hukum dan Perundang-undangan Setda Kab. Tapanuli Utara 14. KabagPengendalian Program Setda Kab.Tapanuli Utara 15. Kabag P'erekonomian Setda Kab. Tapanuli Utara 15. Direkhrr RSU Swadana Tarutung 17. Direlitur PDAM Mual Natio Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 18. Sekretaris Bappeda Ikb. Tapanuli Uara 19. Kabid Perencanaan Fisik, Prasarana, Sarana Dan Tata Ruang Bappeda Kab. Tapanuli Utara 20. Kabid Perencanaan Perekonomian dan Penanaman Modal Bappeda tGb. Tapanuli Utara 21. Kabid Perencanaan SDM, Pemsos Bappeda Kab. Tapanuli Utara

'

Pelaksana

Teloais

,

22. l