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The 3rd GENERATION BIOFUELS AS ENERGY AND FOOD SECURITY SOLUTIONS IN INDONESIA
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July 17, 2013 in Energy and tagged Biodiversity, Biofuel, Energy, energy diversification, Energy Management, Food chain, Indonesia, Sustainable Development | Leave a comment Search …
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Indonesia’s final energy demand in terms of fuel oil is projected to 32.8 % of national energy needs by 2030. The consumption of fuel oil (BBM) in Indonesia is still dominated by the transport sector and to meet the shortage of fuel supply for domestic consumption, the government of Indonesia have to import crude oil and oil products. One of the problems regarding the success of Indonesia’s energy security not only in the legal framework nor the technology. The existing policies on energy security has to be comprehensive enough to support the implementation of the strategy. Furthermore, the existing technology regarding energy security that Indonesia
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currently has had been our advantage. The problem is the implementation on field. Government’s goodwill to firmly act and implement policies in all of the government’s sectors such as economy, industry, research and technology, trade, the environment and all energy-related sectors are the key success factors of the energy security’s strategic to meet its goal. As an example related to the energy sector is a matter of technology. Government through Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi (Kemenristek) has made a bio-ethanol road map technology for 2005-2010 and plan the bioethanol consumption to exchange by 2% of the premium utilization (0.43 million kL). Furthermore, in 2011-2015 the percentage utilization of bio-ethanol enhanced to 3% of the premium consumption (1.0 million kL), and later in the period 2016-2025, the percentage utilization of bio-ethanol was increased to 5% of the premium consumption (2.8 million kL). However, to met the goal of the road map, currently there are no comprehensive strategic plan and integrated document established yet. Lot of things that should be the government’s attention in the development of biofuels as one of the energy security strategy. As an example, in terms of technology development, Indonesia’s rich biodiversity still have to do a collaboration with foreign parties for research on microbial fermentation to biofuels (see also conversion scheme of Bahan Bakar Nabati below). It shows about the technology that we currently have is not independent yet.
Recent Posts The 3rd GENERATION BIOFUELS AS ENERGY AND FOOD SECURITY SOLUTIONS IN INDONESIA Japan’s City Car: efficiency in transportation sector Global Carbon FootPrint Managing Energy in Jakarta, the city of the shopping centre. Is it necessary to continue subsidizing the fuel price in Indonesia ?
Otherwise, it doesn’t mean that we don’t have to cooperate with foreign parties, but it would be better if we can do it alone. Cooperation with foreign research must be conducted in the development of massive technologies, for example, the development of second and third generation biofuels that utilize natural materials that have less overlap with land use and food security. The development of those biofuels still need encourage and cooperation
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with other parties because we have abundant resources but lack of experience and implementation. An example is
Baku Mutu Batubara Biodiversitas Biodiversity
the development of biofuels from algae feedstock. It can be produced in water (do not spend the land) and also at
Biofuel Biomassa Bioteknologi Coal Dampak
present, the utilization of the abundant algae still not absorbed by the domestic market to be used as food
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ingredients. Further on the issue of overlapping land and food
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energy conservation
security, biofuel management should not be a problem
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but it can be an opportunity. As already mentioned
GHG Hukum Newton Hutan Indigenous Indonesia
that Indonesia has high biodiversity and vast lands so it does our strength. Therefore, it should be considered to
Kebijakan Energi Kebijakan Listrik
make a database for the potential area of biofuel
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feedstock’s crops in each province, completed with an area that allows for planting. It is often the case that
Lingkungan natural capital nature
these data is held only on potential area alone, so the
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problems are came up about how it can not be
policy SDM Sistem Energi Solar chain subsidi
developed due to the allotment of land. It is often that a conflict of interest with forestry or other land use issues are came up as well as the land conflict to the local custom (local wisdom) especially regarding that Indonesia has had known consisted of many local wisdom.
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The issues of energy security have also has to consider the community empowerment as one of its targets. Governments of developed countries, for example Brazil, successfully developed the biofuel to fulfill their energy security and in the mean time also meet a sustainable development by utilizing the potential of biofuels and land biodiversity. In addition, the government is also keen to help small businesses and medium enterprises that involved in the development of biofuels. It has also increased to the level of the economy by means of green economy. It is an equilibrium of fulfilling the demand as well as keep the sustainable of the natural capital. Furthermore, as mentioned in the introduction that the Indonesian population growth rate will continue to rise and lead to higher energy demand, the development of labor-intensive biofuel can also be one of the strategies that is urgent to be optimally implemented. In accordance with the Indonesian law of energy, it states that energy security establishment must also environmentally friendly. It is being another important consideration that support the development of biofuels as an
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energy security strategy to be implemented urgently. Biofuel utilization was qualified all aspects as a green solution with minimal environmental emissions and environmental impact. However, there are some notes that the development should involve an appropriate technologies (2 nd or 3 rd biofuels technology) and the selection of the right raw materials (non-overlapping problems of land and food, and also meet the economic price). Therefore, once again it is necessary to achieve a strong goodwill of the government, the supervision and coordination in all relevant sectors to met the goal of biofuel utilization as a solution of energy and food security in Indonesia.
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References:
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BPPT. Outlook Energy Indonesia 2012. Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi.
International Energy Agency International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
BPPT. 2012. BPPT Gandeng Industri Jepang Kembangkan Teknologi Pemanfaatan Biomassa. http://w1.bppt.go.id/index.php/home/56-bioteknologi-dan-farmasi/1169-bppt-gandeng-industri-jepangkembangkan-teknologi-pemanfaatan-biomassa.
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NREL-AFOSR Workshop, Algal Oil for Jet Fuel NREL-AFOSR Workshop, Algal Oil for Jet Fuel Production, Arlington, VA February 19th , 2008. The Overview: Algae Oil to Biofuels (annotated presentation).
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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/benemann.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
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Managing Energy in Jakarta, the city of the shopping centre.
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April 2, 2013 in Uncategorized and tagged Energy Management, Sustainable Development | Leave a comment
Human need for energy is an absolute willingness, especially in the modern era like today that rely on technological life. Technological advancements lead to dependence on the supply of sufficient energy, particularly
mizzycomplex on The Concept of Natural Ca…
in the form of electrical energy. Numerous recent studies suggest that the rate of electricity consumption Indonesia continues to increase. It is directly proportional to the increase in economic growth and population growth. Demand for electricity is expected to increase in the long run according to the rate of speed of both these factors. On the other hand, the increase in electricity consumption pose dilemma for the government to provide guarantees
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of availability. Energy is one of the important components in the construction activities. With the increasing acceleration of development today, population growth and increasing living standards caused the rate of energy consumption is increasing as well. Without doing business save energy, will result in depletion of energy in a relatively short time and the impact of a sustainable development can not be realized.
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Energy use in Indonesia can be categorized into industry sectors household commercial buildings and transportation. Energy use in the industrial and commercial buildings is quite high compared to the others so that the need to focus on energy conservation. The growing economy with more and more establishments recorded a commercial building because it specifically for commercial buildings need to be energy conservation measures before and after the construction of commercial buildings. Indonesia,especially Jakarta, is a city of malls and shopping centers. Energy management is more of an issue that should be realized due to too much waste of energy occurs in a mall. Please count when added up all the malls in jakarta, how much energy that has already wasted? but in contrast, the mall is still the most important means of entertainment for the people of the city to unwind routines. still have a long
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way for the government to conduct audits and energy management in the industrial sector shopping center, but it is not impossible as long as there intentions and hard work.
Clean coal technology in Indonesia *IMHO* March 7, 2013 in Sistem Energi and tagged Bioteknologi, Coal, Energy, Sistem Energi, Sustainable Development | Leave a comment
The Availability of energy to meet the needs turned out to have an impact on the exploration of the natural resources that can be used for fuel. After the issue of the depletion of oil reserves, coal fossil fuels become an option to be explored. However, the use of coal as fuel sparked controversy about the environmental impact caused by the closely related carbon emissions, SOx and NOx. It has been issued on coal production from upstream to downstream. Clean coal technology is the use of coal fuel technology that considers the impact of emissions on the environment. Clean coal technology can be applied at the time, before, or after the combustion takes place. One technology that even negate the burning of coal is the coal liquefaction with biotechnology. Nowadays, There are many research publications on the conversion of coal to biotechnology. In theory, biotechnology should be developed as an efficient way to clean coal technologies that will produce the equivalent of oil and diesel fuel, but with minimal environmental impact (including researches done by BPPT, and others). Indonesia have done so many researches about it. However, the application of biotechnology is still the last alternatives in the plan development of clean coal technology in Indonesia, caused by the weakness of legal tools so does less of public and government awareness of sustainable energy. But in my humble opinion, we are who decide to be or not to be, to choose from the options.
Sumber gambar: http://old.indonesiafinancetoday.com/gallery/post/MTVlMDA0M2ViYzc0Y2UyYTYyMjA0ZjdlNTRiZGMyNzkuanBn
The Concept of Natural Capital March 6, 2013 in Energi dan Lingkungan, Sistem Energi and tagged Energy, natural capital, nature, Sustainable Development | 2 Comments
In terms of sustainable development, there is an economic perspective that states nature as a goods that has a value (capital). Natural Capital means the natural resources and natural services that keep us and other living creatures in supporting our economy. Two natural elements of natural capital are natural resources and natural services Natural resources is material in nature that are important or useful to humans. Could be sources of renewable and non-renewable. Natural services are processes in nature such as purification of air and water, which supports human life and economy. The following images were taken from Miller & Spoollman (2010: 7), explains the concept of natural capital.
Miller G & Spoolman, S.E.;2010. Environmental Science.13th ed, 2010, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Belmont: 554 hlm.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT II January 25, 2013 in Uncategorized and tagged Energi, Lingkungan, Sustainable Development | Leave a comment
Tiga prinsip utama terwujudnya sustainable development adalah: 1. Economy (full cost pricing). Environmental and health cost dijadikan sebagai external cost. 2. Political science (win-win solution). Focus pada solusi untuk kepentingan masyarakat secara konsisten. Kebijakan politik mengenai pembangunan harus mempertimbangkan dari semua stake-holder, pemerintah, masyarakat maupun masukan dari ahli. 3. Ethics (responsible to the future). Kesadaran akan tanggung jawab moral dari seluruh stake holder mengenai pentingnya pembangunan untuk masa sekarang dan masa depan. Tragedy of common: Masyarakat (society) cenderung tidak menghargai public goods sehingga tidak ada yang merawat karena merasa sebagai milik bersama. Hal itu juga yang terjadi pada sumber daya alam. SDA dianggap sebagai public goods sehingga penggunaannya dilakukan secara besar-besaran tanpa memperhitungkan perawatannya. Penyebab masalah lingkungan: 1. Population growth. Penambahan jumlah penduduk memaksa konsumsi sumber daya yang lebih banyak, dan tanpa ada kesadaran untuk mengelola waste dari aktifitas keseharian manusia. 2. Poverty. Kemiskinan menyebabkan sumber daya alam dieksplorasi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan ekonomi. Kemiskinan juga menyebabkan tingkat pendidikan belum memadai untuk memahami mengenai konservasi lingkungan. 3. Insustainable resources. Sumber daya alam yang ada tidak diperhitungkan sebagai barang yang bisa habis. 4. Excluding environment from market price. Nilai lingkungan tidak dimasukkan ke dalam penilaian ekonomi. Indonesia bukan boros, hanya saja sangat konsumtif untuk memenuhi kehidupan sehari-hari namun tidak ada produktifitas sehingga tidak efisien. Konsep natural capacity = natural resources + natural services. Pembangunan harus seimbang antara eksplorasi sumber daya dan service nya. Syarat untuk kesuksesan sustainable development: 1. Konsep natural capital harus menjadi pedoman setiap pembangunan 2. Menyadari degradasi natural capital 3. Harus ada pedoman mengenai baku mutu untuk menjaga sejauh mana sumber daya dapat digunakan sebagai public goods tanpa menghabiskan untuk masa depan. —————————————————————————————————————————– Energi dan Lingkungan 2.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT January 25, 2013 in Energi dan Lingkungan and tagged Biodiversitas, Energi, Food chain, Lingkungan, Solar chain, Sustainable Development | Leave a comment
Keywords: Energi, pembangunan berkelanjutan, ketahanan energi, ketahanan nasional. Interaksi manusia dengan lingkungan adalah proses alami yang berlangsung dari sejak lahir hingga manusia itu mati. Manusia memerlukan energi untuk proses kehidupannya. Proses penyediaan energi biasanya berupa eksplorasi lingkungan yang berdampak pada keberlanjutan kehidupan semua makhluk hidup di alam,dan bukan hanya manusia. Ketersediaan sumber energi memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung pembangunan suatu masyarakat. Dalam konteks ketahanan nasional, ketahanan energi bahkan memegang peran penting karena kekuasaan akan sumber-sumber energi secara tidak langsung menunjukkan kekuatan ketahanan nasional. Sehingga seringkali pembangunan hanya berdasarkan pada pemenuhan kebutuhan energi dan mengesampingkan dampak lingkungan atau faktor keberlangsungan untuk generasi berikut. Upaya penyediaan energi oleh manusia yang tidak memperhitungkan prinsip keberlangsungan dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan alam yang dampaknya akan dirasakan juga oleh manusia itu sendiri. Prinsip sustainable development atau pembangunan berkelanjutan adalah pembangunan yang memperhitungkan unsurunsur lingkungan dan tidak memberikan resiko untuk masa mendatang. Pembangunan berkelanjutan selama ini belum dilaksanakan secara serius dalam permasalahan energi, padahal penyediaan energi seharusnya berlangsung terus menerus hingga anak cucu kita nanti. Pembangunan berkelanjutan mermerlukan berbagai dasar ilmu yang menyokongnya antara lain adalah ilmu lingkungan, ekonomi, politik, pembangunan dan lain-lain, agar dapat menghitung segala aspek (sosial, ekonomi, sains) pembangunan untuk saat sekarang tanpa merusak untuk masa depan. Mengapa kita harus peduli pada sustainability ? “ Sustainability is the ability of the earth’s various natural systems and human cultural systems and economies to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely” (Miller & Spoolman, 2010: 5). Manusia adalah spesies yang paling (merasa) berkuasa di alam, sehingga terkadang lalai akan tanggungjawabnya untuk merawat alam yang memberinya kehidupan. Manusia membutuhkan energi dalam proses hidupnya dan mengambil energi tersebut dari alam. Seiring berkembangnya zaman, penguasaan akan energi menjadi hal mutlak dan mengesampingkan faktor sustainability. Alam yang memiliki caranya sendiri untuk memulihkan diri, lama kelamaan tidak lagi dapat kembali pada elastisitasnya memperbaiki diri akibat eksplorasi energi yang sembarangan. Proses seleksi alam sudah menggambarkan bagaimana alam bereaksi terhadap organisme yang tidak tahan terhadap seleksinya. Perubahan iklim besar yang memusnahkan hampir seluruh spesies makhluk hidup pada zaman purba seharusnya cukup menjadi pelajaran manusia modern, bahwa alam harus dikelola dengan baik demi keberlangsungan hidup semua makhluk hidup. Itulah mengapa kita harus peduli pada sustainability. Mengelola yang ada saat ini dengan bijak, dan menyisakan untuk hidup generasi berikutnya. Key Factors of Sustainability Bagaimana alam dapat mempertahankan sustainability ? Seperti sudah disinggung bahwa alam memiliki elastisitas alamiah untuk menjaga keseimbangannya. Prinsip sustainability adalah menjaga keseimbangan antara energi solar (matahari), biodiversitas dan siklus kimiawi. Tiga hal tersebut membentuk suatu daya dukung alamiah yang akan selalu mengembalikan alam pada kesetimbangannya apabila mendapat guncangan (kerusakan alam). Namun demikian, daya dukung lingkungan memiliki kapasitasnya sendiri. Apabila guncangan yang terjadi melebihi kapasitas daya dukung lingkungan, maka alam tidak dapat memulihkan kesetimbangannya sendiri. Sehingga sangatlah penting untuk terus menjaga keseimbangan dari faktor-faktor sustainability yang sudah disebutkan. 1. Solar energy
Solar energi (matahari) adalah sumber energi utama bagi kehidupan makhluk di bumi. Matahari merupakan syarat utama dan paling penting untuk terjadinya fotosintesis bagi tumbuhan yang berada paling bawah dalam piramida makanan. Tanpa sinar matahari, tidak akan ada tumbuhan dan terputuslah rantai kehidupan. Sinar matahari juga dapat menjadi sumber energi langsung untuk membangkitkan listrik. 2. Biodiversitas
Biodiversity atau keanekaragaman makhluk hidup sangat penting dalam sustainability development. Beraneka ragam organisme memiliki fungsi dan peran masing-masing dalam interaksi dengan lingkungannya. Sebagai contoh, dalam suatu rantai makanan di laut yang terdiri dari matahari-alga/fitoplankton-ikan/biota lautmanusia. Jika salah satu organisme atau unsure alam terganggu keseimbangannya (jumlahnya) maka akan mengganggu hidup yang lainnya. Tanpa matahari tidak akan ada fitoplankton, tidak ada ikan dan manusia tidak bisa makan ikan. Pembangunan yang tidak menggunakan prinsip sustainability dapat mengganggu keberlangsungan hidup organisme, interaksinya dengan lingkungannya, dan pada akhirnya mengganggu rantai kehidupan yang menyokong elastisitas alam untuk bertahan dari gangguan. 3. Chemical cycling
Alam melakukan siklus kimiawi secara alamiah sehingga tumbuhan dan hewan dapat tetap hidup dan berkembang biak. Siklus kimiawi tersebut terjadi terus menerus, berpindah dari lingkungan ke organisme yang hidup di dalamnya. Air, oksigen, semua unsur hara yang diperlukan makhluk hidup tersedia karena adanya proses siklus kimiawi ini. Tanpa adanya siklus ini, atau terganggunya siklus ini, keberlangsungan hidup makhluk hidup juga dapat terganggu. —————————————————————————————————Energi Lingkungan 1.
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