Idea Transcript
Systems Engineering and Analysis Fifth Edition
Benjamin S. Blanchard Professor Emeritus of Engineering and Industrial and Systems Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Wolter J. Fabrycky Lawrence Professor Emeritus of Industrial and Systems Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Chairman, Academic Applications International
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Contents Preface
Part I Introduction to Systems Chapter 1 Systems Science and Engineering 1.1 System Definitions and Elements 1.2 A Classification of Systems 1.3 Science and Systems Science 1.4 Technology and Technical Systems 1.5 Transition to the Systems Age 1.6 Systems Engineering 1.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems Chapter 2 Bringing Systems Into Being 2.1 The Engineered System 2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering 2.3 The Systems Engineering Process 2.4 System Design Considerations 2.5 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation 2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 2.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems Part II The System Design Process Chapter 3 Conceptual System Design 3.1 Problem Definition and Need Identification 3.2 Advanced System Planning and Architecting 3.3 System Design and Feasibility Analysis 3.4 System Operational Requirements 3.5 System Maintenance and Support 3.6 Technical Performance Measures 3.7 Functional Analysis and Allocation
6
3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11
Contents
System Trade-off Analyses System Specification Conceptual Design Review Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
107 109 109 111 112
Chapter 4 Preliminary System Design 4.1 Preliminary Design Requirements 4.2 Development, Product, Process, and Material Specifications 4.3 Functional Analysis and Allocation (Subsystem) 4.4 Preliminary Design Criteria 4.5 Design Engineering Activities 4.6 Engineering Design Tools and Technologies 4.7 Trade-off Studies and Design Definition 4.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 4.9 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
114 115 116 118 126 128 131 134 137 139 140
Chapter 5 Detail Design and Development 5.1 Detail Design Requirements 5.2 The Evolution of Detail Design 5.3 Integrating System Elements and Activities 5.4 Design Tools and Aids 5.5 Design Data, Information, and Integration 5.6 Development of Engineering Models 5.7 System Prototype Development 5.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 5.9 Incorporating Design Changes 5.10 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
142 143 144 148 150 151 153 156 156 160 161 162
Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 6.1 The Process of System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 6.2 Categories of System Test and Evaluation 6.3 Planning for System Test and Evaluation 6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation 6.5 System Test, Data Collection, Reporting, and Feedback 6.6 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
164 165 167 171 174 116 180 181
Part III Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation
183
Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making 7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 7.2 Models in Decision Making 7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 7.4 Decisions Involving Multiple Criteria
184 185 186 190 195
Contents
7
7.5 The Decision Evaluation Display 7.6 Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty 7.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
201 202 211 213
Chapter 8 Models For Economic Evaluation 8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative 8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives 8.5 Evaluation Involving Multiple Criteria 8.6 Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures 8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 8.8 Break-Even Evaluation Under Risk 8.9 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
218 219 224 227 235 237 238 241 246 248 248
Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations 9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 9.4 Optimization Involving Multiple Criteria 9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming 9.6 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
253 254 260 281 286 288 297 298
Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis 10.1 The Queuing System 10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 10.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
303 304 307 310 319 322 325 332 333
Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods 11.1 Some Basic Control Concepts 11.2 Statistical Process Control 11.3 Statistical Control Charts 11.4 Optimum Policy Control 11.5 Project Control with CPM and PERT 11.6 Total Quality Control 11.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
336 337 339 341 351 354 364 367 368
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Contents
Part IV Design for Operational Feasibility
375
Chapter 12 Design for Reliability 12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 12.2 Measures of Reliability 12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 12.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation 12.6 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
376 377 378 388 399 410 418 418
Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability 13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability 13.2 Measures of Maintainability 13.3 Availability and Effectiveness Measures 13.4 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 13.5 Maintainability Analysis Methods 13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 13.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
424 425 426 440 443 450 471 477 478
Chapter 14 Design For Usability (Human Factors) 14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 14.6 Personnel Test and Evaluation 14.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
482 483 495 496 500 506 508 508 509
Chapter 15 Design for Logistics and Supportability 15.1 Definition and Explanation of Logistics and Supportability 15.2 Logistics in the System-of-Systems Environment 15.3 The Elements of Logistics and System Support 15.4 The Measures of Logistics and Supportability 15.5 Logistics and Maintenance Support in the System Life Cycle 15.6 Supportability Analysis 15.7 Supportability Test and Evaluation 15.8 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
511 512 517 517 521 540 546 549 551 552
Chapter 16 Design for Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability 16.1 Introducing Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability 16.2 Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability in the Life Cycle 16.3 Measures of Producibility and Production Progress 16.4 Design for Producibility
555 556 559 561 566
Contents
16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8
Design for Disposability Design for Sustainability Life-Cycle Value-Cost Diagram Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
9
570 572 574 576 578
Chapter 17 Design for Affordability (Life-cycle Costing) 17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 17.2 Cost Considerations Over the System Life Cycle 17.3 A Generic Life-Cycle Costing Process 17.4 Life-Cycle Costing by Money Flow Modeling 17.5 Life-Cycle Costing by Economic Optimization 17.6 Applications and Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing 17.7 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
580 581 584 588 605 630 642 644 645
Part V Systems Engineering Management
653
Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization 18.1 Systems Engineering Program Planning 18.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 18.4 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
654 655 657 672 685 686
Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation 19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 19.2 Outsourcing and the Identification of Suppliers 19.3 Program Leadership and Direction 19.4 Program Evaluation and Feedback 19.5 Risk Management 19.6 Summary and Extensions Questions and Problems
688 689 690 694 695 704 706 708
Part VI Appendices
711
Appendix A Functional Analysis A.l Functional Flow Block Diagrams A.2 Some Examples of Application
713 713 715
Appendix В Design and Management Checklists B.l Design Review Checklist B.2 Management Review Checklist
723 723 725
Appendix С Probability Theory and Analysis C.l Probability Concepts and Theory C.2 Probability Distribution Models C.3 Monte Carlo Analysis
729 729 732 740
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Contents
Appendix D Probability and Statistical Tables Table D.l Random Rectangular Variates Table D.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities Table D.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities Appendix E Interest Factor Tables Table E.l 6% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Table E.2 7% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Table E.3 8% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Table E.4 9% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Table E.5 10% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Table E.6 12% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Table E.7 15% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Table E.8 20% Interest Factors for Annual Compounding Appendix F Finite Queuing Tables Table F.l Finite Queuing Factors—Population 10 Table F.2 Finite Queuing Factors—Population 20 Table F.3 Finite Queuing Factors—Population 30 Appendix G Selected Bibliography G.l Systems, Systems Analysis, and Systems Engineering G.2 Concurrent and Simultaneous Engineering G.3 Software and Computer-Based Systems G.4 Reliability Engineering G.5 Maintainability Engineering and Maintenance G.6 Human Factors and Safety Engineering G.7 Production, Manufacturing, and Quality Assurance G.8 Logistics, Supply Chain, Supportability, and Sustainability G.9 Operations Research and Operations Management G.IO Engineering Economics and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis G.ll Management and Supporting Areas Appendix H Selected Websites Index