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How to construct a smoker for beekeeping The smoker is an essential tool for any beekeeper. Since long time ago, smoke has been used to calm down the bees when handling beehives. This technology describes the materials, tools and procedures needed to manufacture a smoker. Leer más

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Amélioration du stockage du maïs (Zea mays L.) dans des greniers en présence de plantes biopesticides de Lippia multiflora (thé de savane) et Hyptis suaveolens (sosso tanan) en Côte d’Ivoire

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La protection du maïs stocké à l’aide de produits alternatifs biodégradables et non nocifs à la santé et à l’environnement

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mérite d’être valorisée afin de limiter la dépendance des producteurs à l’utilisation des pesticides chimiques pour la protection des stocks de maïs. Une combinaison de feuilles de Lippia multiflora (thé de savane) et Hyptis suaveolens (sosso tanan, en langue malinké qui signifie « totem des moustiques ») a été utilisée pour son effet protecteur sur le maïs en épis et en grains stocké dans des greniers améliorés. Le but est de proroger la durée de conservation du maïs à l’aide de biopesticides dans un abri hermétiquement fermé, protégeant ainsi le maïs des nuisibles et des intempéries. La technologie suivante explique en détail les principes de la technique de stockage du maïs à l’aide des plantes biopesticides Lippia multiflora (thé de savane) et Hyptis suaveolens (sosso tanan) et fournit un guide, étape par étape, sur la construction d’un grenier amélioré pour le stockage du maïs. Leer más

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Chalkbrood and Stonebrood Chalkbrood and Stonebrood are fungal diseases of honeybees (Apis mellifera) that occur worldwide. Chalkbrood is caused by Ascosphaera apis and affects the brood. Stonebrood is caused by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus and affects both the brood and adult bees. This practice describes the causes and symptoms of Chalkbrood and Stonebrood, how they spread, how to address and prevent these diseases. Leer más

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Méthode pour déterminer le taux de varroas sur le terrain Dans de nombreux pays, l’apiculture est conditionnée par la présence de l’acarien Varroa. Le parasite a été la cause de nombreuses pertes économiques dans le milieu apicole. A l’aide de différentes méthodes et principes actifs, les apiculteurs cherchent à maintenir un niveau faible de varroa dans leurs colonies. Parmi les méthodes utilisées, on retrouve entre autres la sélection de lignées plus hygiéniques, l’utilisation de médicaments et les méthodes prophylactiques. Afin de savoir s’il faut prendre des mesures pour lutter contre le varroa et quelles mesures choisir, il faut réaliser un échantillonnage, afin de quantifier la présence du parasite dans la colonie. Dans cette fiche nous allons décrire deux voies à prendre pour mesurer, sur le terrain, la quantité de varroas adultes présents dans les colonies. Leer más

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Fabrication d’un cérificateur à vapeur artisanal La cire est un produit de la ruche obtenu soit par récupération des vieilles cires lors du changement des cadres usés soit par les opercules lors de la désoperculation des cadres de miel lors d'une récolte. La cire est produite par les jeunes abeilles chargées des travaux de la construction au sein de la ruche. Pour assister le travail des bâtisseuses, l'apiculteur peut insérer des cadres garnies avec de la cire gaufrée ou déjà bâtis. Ce procédé permet aux abeilles de gagner du temps. Pour obtenir de la cire gaufrée il faut extraire la cire, la fondre et ensuite la gaufrer. Cela peut se faire avec la cire produite par l'apiculteur mais aussi avec celle achetée à une autre producteur apicole. Le mieux est de toujours s'assurer de la provenance de la cire, de connaître le rucher d'où elle vient, les procédés de transformation qu'elle a subit, etc... Il est important de connaître ces éléments car la cire va constituer la structure au sein de laquelle seront élevées les larves de toute la colonie, ce sera également le premier contenant du miel. Ainsi une cire contaminée, par exemple avec des traitements chimiques, sera directement en contact avec du couvain et du miel qui à leur tour s’imprégneront de ces contaminants. Cela peut notamment entraîner des problèmes pour les consommateurs, c'est pour cela qu'il est important d'utiliser des cires de provenance connue et produite en suivant de bonnes pratiques. Leer más

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Les Techniques d'Agriculture de Conservation dans les zones rurales d'Haïti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. L'application des techniques d'agriculture de conservation répond à une nécessité d'apporter des réponses pratiques à la dégradation des sols, la faible fertilité des sols, et à la protection des bassins hydrographiques de la zone considérée. Les objectifs de cette technique sont de conserver, d'améliorer et de faire un usage plus efficient des ressources naturelles à travers la gestion intégrée des sols, de l'eau et d'autres ressources disponibles. Cette fiche technique décrit les trois principes de l'agriculture de de conservation en réponse à l'adaptation à la sécheresse, aux changements climatiques en particulier aux variations de la température et de la pluviométrie. Sa principale caractéristique est la régénération des sols plus rapide de sorte que l'intensification de la production agricole soit économique, écologique et socialement durable. Elle repose sur trois principes de base: 1. La rotation ou association de cultures 2. Le zéro labour ou labour minimal 3. La couverture permanente du sol Leer más

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Prácticas tradicionales de jardines flotantes para la producción de hortalizas en Bangladesh El presente documento es una traducción de la versión original en inglés (http://teca.fao.org/read/8867). La práctica del jardín flotante es un sistema de producción indígena local de mayor éxito en los humedales, áreas sumergidas e inundadas de los distritos seleccionados del sur y sur-oeste (Pirojpur, Barisal y Gopalganj) de Bangladesh. Las prácticas agrícolas de jardín flotante han sido adoptadas por los agricultores locales desde hace casi dos siglos. Esta tecnología se describe en detalle cómo construirla y gestionar estos jardines para la producción de diferentes cultivos (hortalizas y especias). Leer más

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Mejora de jardines flotantes tradicionales para la producción de hortalizas en Bangladesh El presente documento es una traducción de la versión original en inglés (http://teca.fao.org/read/8868). La agricultura de jardines flotantes (conocida localmente como vasoman / dhap chash) es una tecnología de innovación de producción de cultivos locales para el ecosistema sumergido en las regiónes delsur de Bangladesh. Tradicionalmente, los agricultores de los distritos Gopalganj, Pirojpur y Barisal han usado la práctica ya desde hace casi dos siglos adaptándose a las condiciones de inundación / de sumersión. Para adaptar las prácticas tradicionales de jardines flotantes para cultivar cucurbitáceas u otros tipos de hortalizas enredaderas con éxito, se realizaron programas de investigación. Esta tecnología describe cómo se implementa dicha práctica mejorada para la producción de hortalizas enredaderas y cómo administrarla. Leer más

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Método del cultivo hidropónico simple no circulante para vegetales El presente documento es una traducción de la versión original en inglés (http://teca.fao.org/read/8825). El cultivo hidropónico es el método más común de cultivo de plantas agrícolas sin tierra, que incluye el cultivo de plantas sobre un sustrato o en un medio acuoso con raíces desnudas. Los métodos hidropónicos no circulantes, sobre todo, no requieren electricidad ni una bomba. Con el método presentado en este documento, se puede cultivar todo el cultivo con sólo una aplicación inicial de agua y nutrientes. No se necesita agua o fertilizantes adicionales. Normalmente, el cultivo termina cuando la mayor parte de la solución nutritiva esté consumida. Este documento proporciona dos detalladas descripciones paso a paso de kits del cultivo hidropónico simple no circulante para el cultivo de hortalizas a pequeña escala, uno para vegetales de ciclo corto (por ejemplo, lechuga o kai choy) y otro para hortalizas de ciclo largo (por ejemplo, pepino o tomate). Leer más

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Construction of a non-recirculation hydroponic unit for commercial lettuce production Hydroponics is the most common method of soil-less culture (growing agricultural plants without the use of soil), which includes growing plants either on a substrate or in an aqueous medium with bare roots. Non-circulating hydroponic methods, importantly, do not require electricity or a pump. With the method presented in this document, the entire crop can be grown with only an initial application of water and nutrients. No additional water or fertilizer are needed. The crop is usually terminated when most of the nutrient solution is consumed. This document provides a detailed description of the construction of the growbeds and grow sheets used in the non-circulating hydroponic unit for commercial lettuce production. Leer más

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Managing a non-recirculation hydroponic unit for commercial lettuce production Hydroponics is the most common method of soil-less culture (growing agricultural plants without the use of soil), which includes growing plants either on a substrate or in an aqueous medium with bare roots. Non-circulating hydroponic methods, importantly, do not require electricity or a pump. With the method presented in this document, the entire crop can be grown with only an initial application of water and nutrients. No additional water or fertilizer are needed. The crop is normally terminated when most of the nutrient solution is consumed. This document provides a detailed description of how to fill and manage the non-circulating hydroponic unit for commercial lettuce production including the application of fertilizers, the seeding, transplanting, growing and harvesting. Leer más

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Systèmes de plantation et de gestion durable de lots boisés en Haïti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. La mise en place de lots boisés consiste à repeupler d'espèces arborées un site donné. En plus de son intérêt économique pour la production de bois et l'aménagement paysager ou récréatif, le lot boisé constitue une stratégie de lutte contre l'érosion. Il a pour rôle essentiel d'augmenter la couverture protectrice des terres et de réduire l'impact des gouttes de pluies sur le sol de même que le ruissellement de surface. La stratégie de mise en oeuvre des lots boisés doit s'intégrer dans une politique d'aménagement qui promeut autant la gestion durable des sols que l'amélioration des conditions de vie et de revenus des populations locales. Il est crucial que les populations bénéficiaires participent à toutes les opérations de réhabilitation et de développement afin qu'elles se responsabilisent dans la gestion et la protection des ressources naturelles. Cette fiche technique explique: la démarche de mise en place de lots boisés; l'importance de l'arbre dans la protection de l'environnement; les interactions du lot boisé avec l'environnement; les facteurs intervenant dans le choix de l'emplacement du lot boisé; le choix des espèces en fonction des zones à reboiser. Leer más

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Plantation de rampes vivantes en courbes de niveau dans les zones de pente en Haïti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. Les rampes vivantes sont des bandes relativement étroites (environ 30 cm) de végétation pérenne (herbacée ou ligneuse) plantées en courbe de niveau sur les versants cultivés. Deux principaux types de rampes vivantes peuvent être utilisés pour la conservation de sols en Haïti. Si la végétation implantée est essentiellement herbacée, on parle de bandes enherbées, alors que les haies vives sont constituées d'espèces ligneuses. L'emploi de ces différents types de rampes vivantes est fonction de la disponibilité en semences, de l'utilisation de l'espace (pastorale, forestière ou agricole), de la profondeur du sol, de la présence ou non d'animaux sur les exploitations agricoles, etc. Cette fiche technique explique: 1. La démarche générale à suivre pour la mise en place des rampes vivantes; 2. Les espèces utilisées pour la réalisation des rampes vivantes; Les avantages pratiques découlant de la mise en oeuvre de cette technique. Leer más

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Cultures intercalaires, cultures en couloirs et barrage de haies, pour la protection des sols contre l'érosion. Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. La surexploitation de la végétation et la réduction du temps de jachère ont fragilisé les sols superficiels et donné naissance au ruissellement. Les haies vives, structure végétale linéaire associant arbres, arbustes et arbrisseaux, sont entretenus pour former une clôture entourant une unité foncière, ou pour constituer un abri à une faune locale et une flore spécifique formant un biotope particulier. Cette fiche technique explique les avantages à tirer de l'exploitation des terres en plaçant les espèces à cultiver en couloirs de manière à réduire au mieux les effets désastreux liés au passage des vents et aux effets néfastes des précipitations et l'érosion des terres en pente. Cette pratique favorise une meilleure circulation au niveau des parcelles en ce qui a trait aux soins à donner, à l'entretien des parcelles et même jusqu'à la récolte. Leer más

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Techniques de mise en oeuvre des systèmes agroforestiers en Haiti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. L'Agroforesterie englobe les systèmes d'utilisation des terres dans lesquels les arbres et les arbustes sont volontairement cultivés, en association avec les cultures saisonnières ou pérennes, sur des terrains utilisés pour la culture et/ou l'élevage. Les systèmes agroforestiers sont donc très variés. Des exemples communs en Haïti sont la plantation de ligneux sur les terres cultivées, le brise-vent, notamment le rideaux-abris et la plantation d'arbres de lisière. Le niveau de conservation de la biodiversité au sein des systèmes agroforestiers est remarquable. Les études comparatives de la biodiversité végétale en agroforesterie et dans les forêts primaires montrent que globalement l'agroforesterie permet de conserver 50% de la biodiversité forestière végétale et animale. Les systèmes plus connus sont: l'agrosylviculture, qui désigne les systèmes d'association de l'agriculture et de la foresterie; le sylvopastoralisme, qui combine la production forestière et l'élevage; l'agrosylvopastoralisme, quant à lui, est une combinaison de la production agricole, la production forestière et la production animale. C'est un système qui peut être utilisé pour réduire les effets des éléments sur les sols, qui aide à rétablir la fertilité des sols, pour réduire la vulnérabilité face aux changements climatique. Il constitue un modèle original et efficace de gestion durable et rentable des ressources forestières, entièrement imaginé et pris en charge par les populations locales. L'agroforesterie est plus qu'une collection de ressources génétiques. L'agroforesterie favorise également la capacité des sols à contenir l'eau des pluies. Pour tout utile qu'elle soit au oeur du défi de la gestion de l'eau, l'agroforesterie n'est pas un remède miracle. Elle doit être couplée à d'autres techniques permettant de capter les eaux de ruissellement à l'instar des cultures associées, en travers de pentes ou encore les structures antiérosives. La combinaison étudiée de ces différentes méthodes contribuera à renforcer la résilience des surfaces agricoles aux vagues de sécheresse. Cette fiche technique décrit: L'importance d'un système d'agroforesterie dans la gestion de l'eau, la lutte contre la sécheresse, l'adaptation aux changements climatiques et le maintien de la biodiversité; Les différents types de systèmes agroforestiers rencontrés en Haïti; Les techniques de mise en place d'un système agro-sylvicole; Les contraintes à l'application de la technique. Leer más

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La construction des citernes en plaques de béton pour l’usage domestique et la production maraichère en zones de montagnes humides, Haïti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. Le manque d'eau est une contrainte importante pour les populations de montagnes humides en l'Haïti Le stockage d'eaux de pluie offre une solution aux grands problèmes de sécheresse prolongée et de manque d'eau extrême confrontés par les communautés des zones de montagnes humides pour la consommation, ou pour l'usage domestique. Les citernes en plaques de béton sont un type de citerne cylindrique semi-enterrée qui a été mis au point par des maçons du nord-est semi-aride du Brésil et s’est étendu dans toute la région de l'Ouest et du Sud Est de l'Haïti. La durabilité et leur coût modeste font d'elles des constructions adaptées pour le captage et le stockage des eaux de pluie spécialement dans les zones montagneuses et rurales sèches où les habitats sont très dispersés. La citerne recueille toutes les eaux des pluies qui tombent sur les toits des demeures situés autour de la citerne qui sont connectées à la citerne. La quantité réduite de matériaux utilisés et l'importance des travaux manuels non spécialisés font également de ce type de citerne un investissement adapté aux situations des plus pauvres. Cette fiche technique explique en détail toutes les instructions nécessaires à la construction d’une citerne en plaques de béton. Leer más

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Les Techniques d'Agriculture sur Terres en Pente (TATP) en Haïti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. En Haïti, selon les rapports du Ministère de l'Environnement, la dégradation des sols sur les montagnes due à l'érosion affecte 90% des terres cultivées en amont comme en aval. Dans ce contexte où les terres en pentes sont érodées il est nécessaire d'introduire de nouvelles technologies et pratiques agricoles appropriées pour freiner ce processus. Les techniques agricoles pour les terres en pente (TATP) sont un ensemble de technologies proposées pour la conservation des sols, l'agriculture et la production alimentaire durable qui comprend la plantation de haies vives de légumineuses sur courbes de niveau et les cultures intercalaires. C'est une option rentable et simple qui a pour but d'augmenter la productivité des terres de montagne tout en combattant l'érosion du sol. L'application des techniques d'agriculture sur terre en pente (TATP) répond à une nécessité d'apporter des réponses pratiques à la dégradation des sols due à l'érosion, la faible fertilité des sols et à la protection du bassin versant de la zone considérée. Les TATP ont la faculté de transformer une parcelle en pente en une unité hautement productive et de contrôler l'érosion des sols le long des pentes, en améliorant leur fertilité et en augmentant la disponibilité des fourrages pendant la saison sèche. Cette fiche technique explique comment établir un système TAPT dans les zones des parcelles de pentes. Leer más

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Le paillage (ou mulching) au Haïti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. Le paillage (ou mulching) est le processus de recouvrement de la terre arable avec du matériel végétal tel que des feuilles, de l'herbe, des brindilles, des résidus de récolte, de la paille, etc. La couverture de mulch (ou paillis) accroît l'activité des organismes du sol et surtout celle des vers de terre. Les vers de terre contribuent à la bonne structure des sols car ils forment de nombreux tunnels de différentes tailles au travers desquels peut facilement s'infiltrer l'eau de pluie, réduisant ainsi les ruissellements de surface. De plus, étant donné que le paillis est issu de matière végétale, il est décomposable et il permet donc d’augmenter la teneur en matière organique des sols. Cette fiche technique explique comment une bonne pratique comme le paillage peut contribuer à créer une bonne terre avec une structure stable à partir de la matière organique accumulée sur les parcelles au niveau de certaines exploitations agricoles en Haiti. Il joue un rôle important dans la rétention de l'humidité en surface et des particules fines du sol tout en valorisant les résidus post récolte et en renforçant les effets préventifs de l'érosion des sols en pente. Leer más

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Les retenues collinaires pour la production de maraîchage en Haïti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. Les retenues collinaires sont de petits ouvrages, généralement en terre, qui recueillent les eaux de ruissellement de bassins versants dont la superficie varie de quelques hectares à quelques km2 et qui ont une capacité de 0,5 à 3 millions de m3. Implantés dans des environnements fragiles et à faible activité économique. Les retenues collinaires sont des aménagements très innovants, susceptibles de transformer profondément les systèmes de production agricoles traditionnels. Á Montagne La Voute, 6ème section communale de Jacmel, la mise en place dans les années 2008-2009 de 4 retenues collinaires dans les localités de Néron, Collini et Bwa koupe, permet actuellement de cultiver toute l'année dans des zones où seule l'agriculture pluviale était possible. Elles permettent également de cultiver des cultures de rentes (maraîchères) exigeantes en eau. Elles génèrent d'autres activités notamment la pisciculture, une source de revenu complémentaire pour les agriculteurs. De même elles induisent chez les agriculteurs un changement de comportement social face à l'eau, une ressource naturelle rare et vitale. Bien que le coût de construction d'un retenu collinaire soit exorbitant (3 500 000 gourdes pour un ouvrage pouvant retenir 1 à 1,4 million m3 d'eau, le coût des études préparatoires n'étant pas inclus), les retenues collinaires sont une alternative pour mettre à disposition de l'eau dans une communauté pendant une longue période de sécheresse et pour réapprovisionner la nappe phréatique. Cette fiche technique explique: comment la présence de retenus collinaires peut aider à une meilleure disponibilité de l'eau dans une communauté pour différents services (agriculture, élevage, pisciculture, lessive, etc.); comment la présence de retenues collinaires peut aider à faire face aux longues périodes de sécheresse; de façon superficielle la démarche pour la mise en place de retenus collinaire sans entrer dans spécificités techniques de leur construction.

Figure 1 : Retenue collinaire à Bwa koupe, section communale Montagne La Voute, Jacmel Leer más

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Production, multiplication et diffusion de semences climato résilientes pour de meilleurs rendements en milieu rural en Haiti Ceci n'est pas la version finale de cette fiche technique: le contenu est sous révision et pourrait être modifié. La version finale sera disponible après validation technique vers le 30 août 2017. La production de semences climato-résilientes se fait dans l'objectif de soutenir l'intensification de la production agricole de manière à ce qu'elle soit plus économique et socialement durable. En effet, les techniques de production de semences climato-résilientes fournissent une alternative á l'adaptation à la sécheresse et aux changements climatiques par leur cycle court. Le choix des variétés testées et résistantes renforcent les possibilités de sécurité alimentaire tenant compte de la disponibilité des produits agricoles dans un délai raccourci. Cette fiche technique décrit les étappes du processus de sélection et production de semences; résilientes en réponse à l’adaptation à la sécheresse, aux changements climatiques, en particulier aux variations de la température et de la pluviométrie, et l'adaptation de certaines variétés réputées pour leurs caractéristiques d'adaptation à des zones géographiques spécifiques et leurs rendements. L’objectif principal de cette fiche est d’encourager les intervenants dans le domaine à évoluer vers des méthodes rassurantes qui font la promotion pour la production et la commercialisation locale de semences de qualité. Elle fournit des informations utiles pour des groupements de producteurs et projets d’amélioration du système communautaire de production de semences de qualité. Leer más

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Consideraciones para disminuir la enjambrazón y migración de abejas Los enjambres son la forma natural mediante la cual las familias de abejas se reproducen y se localizan en un lugar diferente al que habitaban para utilizarlo como nuevo hogar. Este sitio generalmente ha sido inspeccionado por pecoreadoras de avanzada edad para verificar que contemple condiciones para albergar al enjambre. El proceso de enjambrazón de las familias genera una drástica disminución en la cantidad de individuos de la colmena originaria, por lo cual se vuelven muy escazas las posibilidades de obtener producción suficiente para mantener en buenas condiciones económicas el negocio. La multiplicación natural mediante enjambres es una forma de producción que se encuentra en erradicación de las prácticas apícolas debido a los problemas sanitarios y de manejos que genera un enjambre libre. Hay que señalar que no siempre se puede garantizar que no se generen enjambres en una colmena de abejas, pero el apicultor puede realizar ciertas medidas para disminuir su porcentaje considerablemente si considera ciertos manejos en los momentos oportunos. Por otra parte, un fenómeno denominado migración se genera cuando las colmenas se encuentran en condiciones de escases de recursos o en malas condiciones sanitarias lo cual genera estrés en las familias. Esta conducta también es propia de algunas razas de abejas que tienden a migrar en búsqueda de mejores condiciones. Debido a los inconvenientes que se presentan al momento que una colmena enjambra o migra, es importante generar medidas y manejos que disminuyan la posibilidad de que una colmena adquiera estos comportamientos, por lo cual es importante que estos manejos sean conocidos y aplicados por los apicultores. Esta tecnología proporciona unas consideraciones para disminuir la enjambrazón y la migración de abejas. Leer más

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Sistema para recuperación de cera de abejas En la siguiente tecnología se propone una forma de recuperar la cera de abejas que queda en los opérculos de los marcos fundidos. Los marcos que ya no se utilizarán en los cajones pues están negros, en malas condiciones (deformados), contaminados (crías muertas, hongos, polen fermentado, etc.) deben ser fundidos para reutilizarlos y la cera enviada a estampar. Aquellos marcos negros que han tenido varios nacimientos de cría dentro de sus celdas se oscurecen rápidamente por acción de sustancias que las crías desprenden, además de ir disminuyendo el diámetro de la celdilla pues esta va acumulando capas de muda de la cría en sus estados dentro de la celdilla (exuvias). Cuando se realiza la fundición de marcos, estas celdillas retienen una cantidad de cera importante, es por esto que realizar un procedimiento para retirar la cera que queda en estas celdillas es provechoso para el apicultor. En la siguiente tecnología se enseña un esquema de instrumento para realizar el procedimiento de retiro de la cera de abejas desde las celdas de cría. Se trata de una prensa en tubo, que ha sido desarrollada por apicultores de Chile y otros lugares para hacer responder a necesidades particulares, pero se pueden diseñar más grandes u de otro tipo para recuperar más cera. Leer más

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Introduction of silvopastoral systems for cattle raising to sustainably provide fodder to animals in drought periods in Bolivia This technology describes the introduction of silvopastoral systems in the dry flats of the Chaco eco-region of Bolivia as a good practice to increase the resilience of cattle raisers to recurrent drought. Silvopastoral systems are a combination of trees, pastures, and livestock. Trees contribute to increased pasture productivity, at the same time they provide a natural shelter to animals. Livestock also benefits from this good practice, especially during the prolonged drought periods when pasture is otherwise generally scarce and mortality rates increase significantly. This technology briefly introduces the concept of silvopartoral systems and presents a cost-benefit analysis of the practice compared to normal practices for raising cattle. Leer más

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Goat raising in controlled areas and vaccination in Lao PDR This disaster risk reduction good practice consists in raising goats in controlled areas to improve livestock management and prevent the spread of diseases between different herds. Furthermore, goats are vaccinated against foot and mouth disease and other parasites. This technology describes the how to build a homestead and give some indications on how to manage vaccinated goats in the confinement. Leer más

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Introduction of livestock refuge mounds, in combination with deworming and preventive vitaminization and mineralization for cattle raising in the Bolivian Amazonia This technology describes the introduction of livestock refuge mounds in the sub-Amazonian eco-region of Bolivia (Department of Beni) as a good practice to increase the resilience of cattle raisers to recurrent floods. Livestock refuge mounds are small mounds covering an area of about 0.5-1 ha, and they provide shelter for people, livestock and agricultural products during floods. In addition, animal treatments such as deworming and preventive vitaminization and mineralization were introduced or improved in the targeted communities in order to further reduce animal mortality in both normal and hazard conditions. This technology briefly introduces the concepts of livestock refuge mounds, deworming and preventive vitaminization and mineralization and presents a cost-benefit analysis of the combination of the 3 good practices compared to normal practices. Leer más

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Rainwater harvesting systems for cabbage growing in Uganda This technology describes utilizing rooftop water harvesting facilities to increase the availability of water for domestic use and irrigation of backyard cabbage gardens. This measure allows small-scale farmers to harvest rainwater from roofs and store it in tanks, ensuring cabbage production also during the dry season, when it would be otherwise impossible. The combination of rainwater harvesting with other good practices (e.g. mulching, manuring) help increase productivity while reducing soil erosion, eventually strengthening the resilience of farmers to the impact of dry spells. Leer más

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Indoor oyster mushroom cultivation for livelihood diversification and increased resilience in Uganda This practice describes indoor mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) cultivation as a means to diversify livelihoods and strengthen the resilience of farmers in Uganda. Indoor mushroom cultivation was promoted by the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) project on Agriculture Adaptation to Climate Change in the central cattle corridor of Uganda. Mushrooms can be grown at very low cost and in relatively short time. It is a practice that can be adopted by small-scale farmers to diversify their income during the dry season, when lack of water may challenge the cultivation of other crops, and reduce their vulnerability to adverse weather. Indeed, mushroom production is done indoor and it requires little amount of water compared to other crops. Leer más

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Improved chicken breeds raised with vaccination in Lao PDR This technology describes the cost-benefit analysis of rearing improved chicken breeds with vaccination in Lao PDR. Improved chicken breeds grow faster and are highly resistant to stresses. Moreover, the improved chickens were vaccinated against cholera and Newcastle diseases, further reducing their mortality rate. Leer más

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Rooftop water collection, drip irrigation and plastic mulching in home garden conditions in drought prone areas of Cambodia In Cambodia, drought can have different impacts: delay of rainfall onset in early wet season, erratic variations of rainfall onset, early ending of rains during wet season, and longer dry spell in July and August. This technology describes three different technologies and analyses the costs and benefits of their combined application: rooftop water harvesting, drip irrigation and plastic mulching in home garden conditions. As a result of the combined application of those good practices (GPOs), the resistance against drought is increased and a second cropping period is possible. The GPOs have been tested and validated in 19 Farms in the Kampong Speu (3) and Oddar Meanchey (16) Provinces in Cambodia. Leer más

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Introduction of corralones, (semi-roofed shelters) and veterinary pharmacies in order to protect livestock (Llama camelids) and reduce mortality due to extreme events in the Bolivian Altiplano (High Andean Plateau). In the highlands of Bolivia, recurrent cold waves and related extreme events severely increase the mortality rate of camelids, which represent a main source of livelihood for the local population. This technology describes the introduction “Corralones” or semi-roofed shelters aimed at protecting livestock from extreme weather and climate events, in the Bolivian eco-region of the Altiplano (High Andean Plateau) as a means to enhance the resilience of livestock (Llama camelids) in the face of snow, frost and hailstorms, in addition to the introduction of veterinary pharmacies, in order to provide livestock with the necessary treatments to cope with prolonged frost and snow periods. In farms affected by frost and snow, this good practice contributed to reduce livestock mortality, bringing 18% higher net benefits compared to the local practice, as well as increasing livestock production in the face of extreme events. Leer más

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Multi-stress tolerant Green Super Rice in the Philippines. Cost benefit analysis based on field testing of some lines of Green Super Rice This technology describes the testing of multi-stress tolerant Green Super Rice (GSR) varieties in the Philippines. The benefits and constraints compared to local varieties are shown in a cost-benefit analysis. Leer más

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Agroforestry Coffee cultivation in combination with mulching, trenches and organic composting in Uganda This technology describes a combination of good practices for soil and water conservation that were introduced to coffee farmers in the central cattle corridor of Uganda, with the aim to enhance their resilience to dry spells, pests and diseases, as part of the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) project on Agriculture Adaptation to Climate Change in Uganda. The combination of good practices include: (a) mulching, a low cost practice that consists in covering the soil with locally available degradable plant materials to reduce water runoff and evapotranspiration; (b) digging contour trenches for harvesting water during the rainy season while preserving soil quality; (c) preparation and application of organic compost to improve soil fertility at low costs; and (d) planting shade trees within the coffee plantation in order to provide shade and improve soil fertility. Leer más

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Rainwater harvesting systems for ntula/eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) growing in Uganda This technology describes utilizing rooftop water harvesting facilities to increase the availability of water for domestic use and irrigation of backyard ntula/ eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) gardens. This measure allows small-scale farmers to harvest rainwater from roofs and store it in tanks, ensuring ntula production also during the dry season, when it would be otherwise impossible. The combination of rainwater harvesting with other good practices (e.g. staking, mulching, manuring) help increase productivity while reducing soil erosion, eventually strengthening the resilience of farmers to the impact of dry spells. Leer más

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Improved cattle breeds zero grazing with drought tolerant fodder in Uganda This technology describes the introduction of improved cattle breeds in Uganda. The improved breeds are more productive and resistant to diseases and are managed applying the zero grazing production system, a type of production system where the animals are kept in an enclosure to control input use and to reduce the incidence of diseases. This breed is fed with drought tolerant fodder to ensure cattle feed availability also in dry seasons. This mix of good practices were introduced to increase productivity and enhance the resilience of cattle raising to increasing dry spells and diseases in the central cattle corridor of Uganda. Leer más

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How to buffer impacts of climate variability and dry spells in home gardens by using botanical pesticides and liquid compost, Cambodia This technology offers a low-cost method used in Cambodia to control and manage pests for crop production while limiting adverse impacts of residue toxicity. It describes the methods of producing botanical insecticides and describes how to produce compost using the heap method and how to make liquid compost. The costs and benefits of the combined application of botanical insecticides with the production and use of liquid compost is presented. Leer más

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Rainwater harvesting systems for tomato growing in Uganda This technology describes utilizing rooftop water harvesting facilities to increase the availability of water for domestic use and irrigation of backyard tomato gardens. This measure allows small-scale farmers to harvest rainwater from roofs and store it in tanks, ensuring tomato production also during the dry season, when it would be otherwise impossible. The combination of rainwater harvesting with other good practices (e.g. staking, mulching, manuring) help increase productivity while reducing soil erosion, eventually strengthening the resilience of farmers to the impact of dry spells. Leer más

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Drought-tolerant maize varieties in Uganda This technology describes the cultivation of drought-tolerant maize varieties in the central cattle corridor of Uganda, a region particularly exposed to dry spells. The benefits and constraints compared to local varieties are shown in a cost-benefit analysis. Leer más

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Multi-stress tolerant bean varieties in Uganda This technology describes the testing of multi-stress tolerant bean varieties in the central cattle corridor of Uganda, a region particularly exposed to dry spells. The benefits and constraints compared to local varieties are shown in a cost-benefit analysis. Leer más

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Producción de pollos sin grano: el sistema integrado con aves de corral y compost El presente documento es una traducción de la versión original en inglés (http://teca.fao.org/read/8863). El sistema integrado de producción avícola y compost es un método que combina el compostaje, la cría de aves de corral, y la producción de huevos. Es un método de bajo costo para criar pollos, mientras se produce compost de buena calidad. Los costos de alimentación son casi eliminados debido al uso de restos de comida, estiércol, mantillo que se utilizan para la alimentación - los cuales se pueden obtener ya sea de la misma finca o se consiguen a bajo precio en los restaurantes o mercados cercanos. Estas aves se alimentan con una dieta cero granos y son comparativamente más robusto que los pollos alimentados con granos. El número de huevos producidos a partir de pollos alimentados con compost es el mismo, o incluso más alto (hasta 1/3), que la de los pollos alimentados con granos. El contenido de proteína en la alimentación de los pollos es alta y muy buena por el compost de calidad que se produce en este sistema. El sistema que se explica en esta tecnología emplea un remolque que proporciona alojamiento para la protección contra los depredadores, recolección de huevos y la captura de las heces de los pollos para enriquecer el compost. Un sistema de riego automático garantiza que siempre haya suficiente agua para que las aves se mantengan hidratadas. El compost resultante es rico en nutrientes y se recicla en huertas que producen frutos y verduras de alta calidad. Este sistema está diseñado para un total de 36 aves adultas porque el gallinero (un remolque reutilizado) tiene seis perchas; cada percha tiene seis gallinas. Las gallinas tienen la opción de poner sus huevos en dos lados diferentes del remolque donde se alojan. Dependiendo de la raza y la edad de las aves, dentro de cuatro semanas, este sistema va a producir una gran cantidad de compost de calidad, más de 200 huevos, gallinas robustas que pueden continuar produciendo los huevos o ser procesados en la comida. Leer más

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Apicultura: confección de cajón triple El cajón triple es una estructura que permite la optimización del espacio, de material y compartir el calor que generan las tres familias pequeñas que se encuentran dentro de este cajón adaptado para este propósito. Algunos apicultores utilizan este sistema para la generación de núcleos con pequeñas familias y también es utilizado como cajón de fecundación ya que es fácil revisarlo y requiere pocas abejas para mantener a una reina en su interior. Esta tecnología explica cómo construir un cajón triple y su uso. Leer más

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FABRICATION D’UN ENFUMOIR METALLIQUE A SOUFFLET Cette fiche présente un modèle d'enfumoir fabriqué par la Plateforme des Apiculteurs des Cataractes, en RDC qui ne nécessite pas de soudures. Vous y trouverez des schémas bien détaillés, des photos et conseils permettant à tous bricoleurs/artisans de se lancer dans des essais de fabrication d'un modèle d'enfumoir simplifié dont l'efficacité a été reconnue par de nombreux apiculteurs. Cette fiche a été écrite par BNSS en collaboration avec André Makenbo de la Plateforme des Apiculteurs des Cataractes (PLAAC), en RDC. Leer más

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Traditional floating garden practices for seedling production in Bangladesh The floating garden practice is a local indigenous production system most successful in the wetland/submerged areas of selected south and south-western districts (Pirojpur, Barisal and Gopalganj) in Bangladesh. Floating garden agricultural practices have been adopted by local farmers for near two centuries. This technology describes how to construct and use floating gardens for seedling production of vegetable and spice crops in Bangladesh. Leer más

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Improvements of traditional floating gardens for vegetable production in Bangladesh Floating garden agriculture (locally known as vasoman/dhap chash) is a local innovative crop production technology for the submerged ecosystems of the southern region of Bangladesh. Traditionally, farmers of Gopalganj, Pirojpur and Barisal districts have been practicing the farming technology for about two centuries as an adaptation to the flooded/submerged conditions. To improve the traditional floating garden agriculture practices for successfully growing cucurbits or other creeper type of vegetable crops, research programmes were undertaken. This technology describes how the improved practice for vegetable production is implemented and managed. Leer más

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Traditional floating garden practices for vegetable production in Bangladesh Floating garden practice is a local indigenous production system most successful in the wetland/submerged/flooded areas of selected south and south-western districts (Pirojpur, Barisal and Gopalganj) of Bangladesh. Floating garden agricultural practices have been adopted by the local farmers since about two centuries ago. This technology describes in detail how to construct and manage floating gardens for production of different crops (vegetables and spices). Leer más

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Raising Chicken without Grain: the Integrated Compost and Poultry System The integrated compost and poultry system is a farming method that combines composting, poultry raising, and egg production. It is a low-cost method to raise chickens while producing good quality compost. Feed costs are almost eliminated because food scraps, manure, and mulch are used for feed – all of which can be obtained from either the same farm or sourced cheaply from nearby restaurants or markets. These birds are fed a zero-grain diet and are comparatively more robust and toned than grain-fed chickens. The number of eggs produced from compost-fed chickens is the same, if not more (by up to 1/3), than that of grain-fed chickens. The protein content in the chicken feed is high and very good quality compost is made from this system. The system explained in this technology employs a trailer that provides housing for protection of predators, collection of eggs, and capture of feces of the chicken to enrich the compost. An automatic watering system ensures that there is always enough water for the birds to keep them hydrated. The resulting compost is rich in nutrients and is recycled into vegetable gardens that produce high quality fruits and vegetables. This system is designed for about 36 adult birds because the chicken coop (a repurposed trailer) has six perches; each perch holds six chickens. The chickens have the option to lay their eggs on two different sides of the trailer where they are housed. Depending on the breed and the age of the birds, in four weeks’ time, this system will produce a high amount of quality compost, over 200 eggs, and robust chickens that can continue to produce eggs or be processed for food. Leer más

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Making farm-made fish feed for small-scale farms Fish feed/aquafeed is one of the most expensive inputs for small aquaculture farms. At the same time it is one of the most important components, especially for the whole aquaculture ecosystem. This is also true for aquaponics because the fish feed sustains both the fish and vegetable growth. The technology below provides two simple recipes for a balanced fish feed for use in small-scale fish farms or aquaponic systems. The first formulation is made with proteins of vegetable origin, mainly soybean meal. The second formulation is mainly made with fishmeal. In addition, the technology provides a selection of live fish feed to supplement the pelleted feed. This technology of farm-made aquafeed production is most appropriate for smallscale aquaculture farming, and is best used when commercial feed is difficult or expensive to obtain. Leer más

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Construcción de graneros locales llamados localmente “Colombier” en Haití Tradicionalmente la adaptación de las prácticas agrícolas toma en cuenta las consecuencias de los desastres y fenómenos naturales, su prevención y mitigación. Una de las prácticas que intenta reducir el impacto de las sequías, inundaciones y de los ciclones tropicales y lluvias, es la construcción de graneros llamados localmente “Colombier”. Se trata de una estructura construida con altos postes, donde los granos y las semillas recogidas o cultivadas pueden estar almacenados por periodos extensos, asegurando que no se pierdan cuando se presenten de catástrofes naturales. La siguiente tecnología explica cómo usar y construir un “Colombier”. Leer más

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Livestock refuge mounds to strengthen resilience against natural hazards in Bolivia Livestock refuge mounds (Spanish: Lomas de resguardo ganadero) are small mounds of 1.80 – 2.20 m height covering an area of about 0.5-1 ha. In 11 communities of Beni (Bolivia), a region highly vulnerable to natural disasters, these traditional hills do not only provide shelter for livestock but are also used to safeguard agricultural products in periods of flooding. The mounds are surrounded by water channels with a capacity of 13,000 m3 providing water for livestock during the dry season. In addition, the water channels can also be used for irrigation of horticulture and for fish farming which allow for complementary nutrition. Leer más

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Good Practices of Agro-forestry Systems - The Kuxur Rum System in Guatemala to strengthen resilience to the heatwave season in the Ch'ortí Region, Guatemala This is a translation of the original version in Spanish. In the dry eastern corridor of Guatemala the rural population is highly vulnerable to food insecurity. It is characterized by erratic rains, water limitations, and low yields of traditional crops such as basic grains. Fields are located on dry slopes, approximately between 200-800 meters above sea level and are characterized by are shallow, steep, and stony soils, and often degraded by the intensive cultivation of maize, beans and sorghum, which reduces their aptitude for agriculture. The Kuxur Rum agroforestry practice is based on the indigenous knowledge of using the multipurpose species Gliricidia sepium, combining it with the annual crop production systems, which allows to improve soil moisture conservation, especially in the drought or heatwave period. The practice, called Kuxur Rum, which in the Ch'ortí language means "my wet land", has been promoted in the context of the Special Program for Food Security (known in Spanish as PESA) in the department of Chiquimula, Guatemala. This program was funded by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID). This document describes step by step how to establish a Kuxur Rum Agro-forestry system. Leer más

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Construction of traditional granary locally called "Colombier" in Haiti Traditional agricultural adaptation practices in Haiti address the consequences of natural disasters, preventing and mitigating them. One such practice, intended to reduce the impact of droughts, floods and tropical cyclones and storms, is the construction of a granary called “Colombier”. It is a structure built on high posts where grains and beans may be stored for extended periods of time. This secures them from being washed away or otherwise damaged by catastrophic events. This technology explains how to use and construct a “Colombier”. Leer más

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Increasing yield of mango with selective harvest Due to inaccurate methods of harvesting, farmers tend to destroy the quality of the mangoes and obtain reduced yields of the fruit which results in a loss of income of the farmers. Through selective harvesting techniques, mangoes are harvested in three stages from the trees based on their maturity level. Also, proper picking poles are used to harvest the mangoes in order to avoid dropping them on the ground causing subsequent damage. This technique explains how to properly harvest mangoes and how the mango harvest can be planned in order to reduce post-harvest losses. Leer más

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Technologie de la ruche FONGE Cette fiche, présente la ruche FONGE qui est un modèle de ruche intermédiaire entre la ruche à barrette modèle Kenyane et la ruche à cadres modèle Dadant. Ce modèle a été mis en place et expérimenté sur le terrain par le Groupe d'Initiative Locale Camerounais « Apiculture Lumière du Cameroun » (GIC LUMICAM). Le modèle ayant fait ses preuves, il a commencé à être vulgarisé au Cameroun par le GIC LUMICAM et Christophe Fonge a le plaisir de vous la présenter à travers cette fiche technique. Celle-ci reprend une comparaison entre différents modèles de ruche, les plans et les détails de fabrication de la ruche FONGE. Bonne découverte. Leer más

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Comment récolter la propolis brute d'une ruche La propolis, parfois comparée à de la « colle d'abeille », est une mixture résineuse que les abeilles récoltent sur les bourgeons des arbres et des résines végétales. La propolis est utilisée par les abeilles dans la ruche comme un matériel de construction ainsi que pour protéger la colonie contre les maladies. Les propriétés antimicrobienne et antivirale de la propolis ont été prouvées par de nombreuses études durant les dernières années. De plus, la propolis constitue une source de revenus supplémentaires pour qui souhaite l'extraire et la valoriser dans les domaines de la santé et du bien-être. Cette technologie explique comment collecter la propolis de la ruche des abeilles. Leer más

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Simple non-circulating hydroponic method for vegetables Hydroponics is the most common method of soil-less culture (growing agricultural plants without the use of soil), which includes growing plants either on a substrate or in an aqueous medium with bare roots. Non-circulating hydroponic methods, importantly, do not require electricity or a pump. With the method presented in this document, the entire crop can be grown with only an initial application of water and nutrients. No additional water or fertilizer are needed. The crop is normally terminated when most of the nutrient solution is consumed. This document provides two detailed step-by-step description of simple, non-circulating hydroponic growing kits for growing vegetables at a small scale, one for short term vegetables (e.g. lettuce or kai choy) and the other for long-term vegetables (e.g. cucumber or tomato). Leer más

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Comment fabriquer de l'extrait de propolis à base de propolis brute La propolis, ou «colle d'abeille », est un mélange résineux que les abeilles récoltent sur les bourgeons des arbres et des résines végétales. La propolis est utilisée par les abeilles dans la ruche pour ses propriétés antimicrobiennes et anti-virales. Les humains peuvent également bénéficier des propriétés de la propolis. En raison de son pouvoir de guérison, la propolis devient une matière très utile (et pas chère) pour le traitement et la prévention de nombreux problèmes de santé chez les humains et d'autres animaux tels que les bovins, les chiens, les chats ou les oiseaux. La propolis peut être utilisée brute ou sous forme d'extraits. Cette technologie explique comment fabriquer des extraits de propolis à base d'alcool, d'eau ou d'huile à partir de la propolis brute. Leer más

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Elaboración de velas de cera de abejas estampada Una alternativa para la elaboración de velas con las características que posee la cera de abeja es utilizándola cómo cera estampada. Esta cera puede ser la misma que se utiliza para los marcos o bien puede ser teñida con algún colorante para proporcionar mayor cantidad de alternativas de mezclar colores. Los colorantes se utilizan en ocasiones para otorgar un valor y simbolismo diferente a cada vela. Estos colorantes deben ser solubles en grasa. Las velas de cera estampada son una alternativa para el diseño de estos elementos decorativos y otra fuente de ingreso para quienes utilizan la cera de abejas para la generación de estos productos. Esta tecnología explica cómo elaborar velas a partir de cera estampada. Leer más

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Elaboración de velas con molde de plástico o silicón En la siguiente tecnología se describen los pasos para confeccionar velas en un molde (de silicón u otro) en base de cera de abejas. Esta tecnología proporciona una nueva forma de ingreso de recursos donde se utiliza la cera de abejas que recicla el apicultor. Esta manera de confeccionar velas requiere un poco más de trabajo que las tecnologías de velas por inmersión y de cera estampada, pero es totalmente complementaria para proporcionar más alternativas de uso y decoración de las velas que se pueden elaborar, lo cual queda sólo sujeto a las habilidades, necesidades y disponibilidad de los materiales para elaborar cualquiera de las alternativas ya mencionadas. Leer más

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Elaboración de figuras de cera de abejas La cera de abejas puede ser también utilizada para la confección de diferentes accesorios decorativos muy llamativos dentro de los hogares, como velas y figuras. Las figuras de cera de abejas son una forma de dar uso a los excedentes de cera más vieja utilizada en las colmenas, que también permite la utilización de estos insumos como otro ítem de ingreso de recursos. Esta tecnología describe cómo confeccionar figuras decorativas. Leer más

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Elaboración de velas de cera de abeja En la siguiente tecnología se detalla una simple forma mediante la cual se puede dar uso a la cera de abeja de forma diferente a su habitual utilización en los apiarios, también esto permite que el apicultor pueda generar una nueva alternativa económica como fuente de ingresos, y además en estas prácticas se fomenta la generación de trabajo familiar. Esta tecnología proporciona una manera simple para confeccionar velas artesanales, ya que existen muchas variables que se pueden ir adoptando y perfeccionando por quien las produce. Leer más

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How to collect drone larvae from the bee hive Drones are male honey bees. Unlike the female worker bee, drones do not have a stinger and do not participate in nectar and pollen gathering. A drone's primary role is to mate with an infertile queen. The value of drone larvae as a nutritional supplement has been proven in many studies conducted over the years and drone larvae have been used as food for thousands of years by the most ancient civilizations such as Chinese, Egyptian, Mayan, etc. Drone larvae therefore offer the opportunity to the beekeeper to generate extra income from the extraction and processing of drone larvae and to use drone larvae for improved health and wellbeing. This technology explains how to collect drone larvae from the hive. Leer más

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How to process raw drone larvae into value added products Drones are male honey bees and their primary role is to mate with an infertile queen. The value of drone larvae as a nutritional supplement has been already proven and drone larvae have been used as food for thousands of years by the most ancient civilizations. Drone larvae can also be used as food for animals as they are very rich in nutrients. Drone larvae therefore offer the opportunity to the beekeeper to generate extra income from the extraction and processing of drone larvae and the consumption of drone larvae can contribute to improved health and well-being. This technology explains how to process drone larvae into value added products. Leer más

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Les virus des abeilles Les maladies virales des abeilles sont répandues à travers le monde. Elles sont généralement sous-évaluées par les apiculteurs: elles peuvent causer de graves pertes économiques si elles sont associées à d'autres maladies des abeilles. L'acarien Varroa destructor a grandement contribué à augmenter l'incidence des maladies virales. Varroa est un support passif de virus d'abeilles qui sont transmis aux abeilles à travers la salive de l'acarien. En outre, le varroa affaiblit le système immunitaire des abeilles, ce qui peut permettre la réactivation d'infections virales latentes déjà présentes dans le corps de l'abeille.' maladies d'abeilles qui créent les conditions pour l'apparition de maladies virales sont la nosémose, la loque européenne et l'amibiase. La transmission du virus se produit généralement horizontalement (par exemple à travers les excréments d'abeilles, la gelée royale, la salive du varroa, l'apiculteur), mais la transmission des principaux virus d'abeilles se produit verticalement (de la reine au couvain). Cette fiche décrit les causes et les symptômes des virus chez les abeilles, comment ces maladies se propagent, et la façon de les aborder et d'empêcher leur diffusion. Leer más

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How to make added value products with dead bees Honey bees bodies have important healing properties and dead bees have been used for treating and/or curing diseases for thousands of years. The oldest civilizations like Chinese, Egyptian, Maya and Romans, used dead bees in extracts to keep healthy and to treat diseases. Dead bees can also be used in agriculture as compost for the soil. This technology explains how to collect dead bees and how to make value added products with dead bees. Leer más

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Improved rainwater harvesting for fodder shrub production and livestock grazing: the Vallerani micro-catchment system in the Badia of Jordan The Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region is characterized by a wide variability in rainfall and temperature. In these areas, evapotranspiration largely exceeds the amount of rainfall, leading to droughts with low forage production and water availability. The concurrent increase in human population with the growing demand for meat has led to increased grazing pressures on rangelands and the exhaustion of their potential productivity. The Badia in Jordan constitutes the largest part of the country. It encompasses approximately 72 thousand square kilometers, corresponding to 81 % of the total area of the country. Increased grazing pressure and cultivation of traditional and fragile grazing lands has led to severe degradation of the Badia rangelands. Since the main limiting factors to growth of plants in the Badia are low precipitation, and poor soil quality, the little precipitation water can be collected by establishing micro catchments on the rangelands. The Vallerani System is an intervention strategy for soil regeneration that integrates technology, traditional techniques and the application of good cultural practices adapted to the local reality, to restore big surfaces of degraded arid and semi-arid rangelands. Its application allows pasture improvement, reforestation and the establishment of agro-forestry sites, thus also enhancing the socio-economic development of the local communities affected. This practice explains the Vallerani System and highlights its benefits and limitations. The practical implementation of the system is described on the basis of an example of the Badia rangeland rehabilitation project, implemented by ICARDA within the first decade of the new millenium. Leer más

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How to process the raw beeswax into value added products Beeswax is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. The worker bees produce wax to use it for comb structural stability, to form cells for honey-storage and larval and pupal comfort and protection within the bee hive. Beeswax offers the opportunity to the beekeeper to generate extra income from the extraction and processing of the wax into added value products. This technology explains how process the bee wax into added value products. It also includes some indications for buying beeswax and storing it and some information about the composition of wax. Leer más

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Supplemental irrigation for improved water use efficiency and productivity of wheat in rain fed agriculture, Morocco Climate Change has had negative effects on the water availability for agriculture in Morocco within the last few decades. Generally, the amount of rainfall declined while at the same time temperatures increased, putting pressure on water supplies for agriculture. Throughout the Central and West Asia and North Africa region (CWANA) fluctuations and reductions in annual rainfall are provoking frequent droughts. But, not only climatic factors led to a more severe water scarcity, also the increased demand of available water for municipal and industrial purposes, has resulted in perpetually decreasing allocations for water in agriculture. However, a large part of the agricultural water use in Morocco is reserved for irrigated agriculture purposes. 70% of the total cropping area in Morocco is used for cereals, amounting to a total of about 5 million hectares. More than half of the area is used for the production of wheat as the main cereal crop, most of it bread wheat varieties. The growing season consists of up to 160 days of cultivation between November and June, depending on the date of planting (usually between November and January). During these months, most of the precipitation needed for wheat production occurs. Thus, wheat crops usually do not suffer from moisture deficits before the month of March. However, rainfall rates usually drop in early spring (March-April) and most of the stored soil moisture is lost through evapotranspiration (ET). This is when a stage of increased soil moisture deficit begins. The uneven distribution of rainfall causes that the crop suffers from water deficit in later stages of growth, leading to reduced production due to terminal moisture stress. This phenomenon not only occurs in Morocco, but throughout the entire CWANA region. Gemerally, the actual productivity of rain fed systems throughout the region remains below the potential rain fed productivity. This practice presents a way to increase the efficiency of water use by supplemental irrigation (SI) in rain fed wheat production in Morocco. Emphasize is given to the different crop growth stages of wheat and the approach of supplemental irrigation (SI). The different stages of wheat growth are explained, outlining the most appropriate approach of SI. When, how and how long should be supplemental irrigation applied to ensure a higher yield for wheat in a rain fed system in Morocco? The practice aims at answering these principal questions, next to an explanation of the basic concept of supplemental irrigation. The practice has been tested and validated by a research campaign, conducted within the project: “Community-Based Optimization of the Management of Scarce Water Resources in Agriculture - Improving water and land productivities in rain fed systems in CWANA”. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) conducted various onfarm trials in the Tadla region of Morocco for the identification of the best approach of supplemental irrigation for the production of the major crops. Leer más

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Raised beds for improving crop water productivity and water efficiency in irrigated dryland agriculture, Egypt Egypt has been suffering from severe drought and is going to face an even stronger scarcity of water resources used for agricultural production. Nowadays, 80% of the available water in Egypt is provided to the agricultural sector. Within the prospect of ongoing horizontal and vertical expansion of irrigated agriculture in Egypt and the challenges faced by dry climatic conditions, the focus should ly on the improvement of the efficincy of water use in irrigated agriculture. The benefits of each drop applied could be maximised by adopting appropriate irrgation scheduling and adapted irrgation practices. This practice shows the raised-bed technology for improving water use efficiency and increase crop water productivity in the context of irrgated agriculture in Egypt. It has been tested and validated within a research project between 2004-2008 with winter and summer crops (wheat, berseem & maize, cotton). The application of this technique with the main winter crops has shown that up to 25% of water could be saved, while crop production increased by 10%. Net benefits increased by 40% in the studied governorates in Egypt, and additionally, it reduced variable costs by 30%. Thus, it enhances the efficiency of water use, while at the same time increasing farm income, especially beneficial to poor farm households. Additionally, it is a simple practice that is easy to implement by farmers. Leer más

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Green manuring in sugarcane production for soil improvement and water efficiency, Tamil Nadu, India Sugarcane production requires frequent irrigation, for the crop needs a lot of water in the production cycle. It is very difficult to raise it in sandy soils, as they are generally low in organic matter content and therefore not retaining soil moisture very well. Hence, sugarcane production on sandy soils is generally water-inefficient. However, sugarcane can be raised successfully on arenosols and other soils consisting of mainly sandy soil texture by enhancing the soil organic matter content. This can be done in form of green manuring with the subsequent incorporation of the remnants of the green manure crops in the soil through successive mulching. This practice presents a row-intercropping system with two different green manure crops for soil improvement in sugarcane production in Tamil Nadu, India. By improving the soil, sugarcane can be raised as ratoon crop for several years without much loss of yield. It explains a water efficient way for raising sugarcane on poor sandy soils, by increasing the organic matter content. Next to enhancing the water holding capacity of the soil, it additionally benefits soil fertility and thus potentially increases sugarcane production, especially when legumes are used as green manure crops. Leer más

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Innovations developed in Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree, horseradish tree) propagation for enhancing nursery income in Tamil Nadu, India Air layering is a technique followed in the nursery of ornamental/horticultural crops to promote vegetative propagation. This practice explains how the propagation process can be accelerated by a so-called “double-layering method”. This allows the nursery to use air-layering in a more efficient way and increase the nursery’s income. The double pit planting with two trees planted next to each other allows to nearly double the productivity of trees. The application of double pit planting together with the double air-layering practice contributes to the improvement of the efficiency of used resources for the propagation and production of moringa and indirectly to poverty reduction by enhanced income of the nursery. Leer más

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How to collect the raw wax from the hive Beeswax is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. The wax is formed into "scales" by eight wax-producing glands in the abdomen of worker bees. The worker bees collect and use it to build combs and to form cells for honey-storage. The eggs, larvae and pupae also develop in the wax cells into adult bees. Bees wax offers the opportunity to the beekeeper to generate extra income from the extraction and processing of the wax. This technology explains how to collect bees wax from the hive. Leer más

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Innovations for raising Malabar Neem (Melia dubia) in Tamil Nadu, India This practice focuses on facilitating the nursery germination and plantation of the “Malabar Neem” (Melia dubia), which is locally known as “Malaivembu”. The tree is found in forest plantations in India and is a fast growing tree crop with up to 20 meters height. It produces greater bio-mass in relatively shorter period. As the seed has a tough seed coat, that does not allow water to penetrate easily, the germination becomes rather difficult. By softening the coat of the seed, the germination difficulties can be solved and enable fast germination. This practice presents valuable cost-effective methods for small-scale farmers to raise their own Melia dubia seedlings and establish a plantation independently from seedling suppliers. Leer más

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Intensive stall-fed system for rearing goats, Tamil Nadu, India Indoor housing is a convenient practice for raising livestock. If stalls are constructed in an appropriate way, they can fulfil several functions. By avoiding wastage of feed, they allow the keepers to have an enhanced fodder use efficiency. In addition goat droppings can be collected underneath the shed, enabling easily disposal as manure for crops. This hygienic practice keeps the animals healthy, preventing the excessive application of medicine. Small-scale farmers and agricultural labourers can easily construct such a wooden stall-fed system. The construction materials are locally available and the stalls can be easily constructed with the help of local carpenters and/or skilled labourers. Construction of such a wooden stall can be completed quickly and at a lower cost compared with the construction of usual pucca shed (solid, permanent houses or huts that are made of concrete, clay tiles and/or stones). This practice describes the construction of a low cost housing system for rearing goats in case of shortage of labor and/or nonavailability of sufficient grazing area or absence of grazing area. The practice derives from a farmer-led innovation in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. There, it has been successfully adopted by 16 farmers in the Coimbatore district. Leer más

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Traditional feeding of cattle with intercropped forage Sorghum, Tamil Nadu, India Fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is used for feeding animals in the dry lands of India. The forage crop is sown in an intercropping system along with staple crops. The intercropping of the forage sorghum between other crops additionally improves the land use efficiency, providing diversified yields within a specified area of cropping. Eventually, the harvested forage is cut from the intercropped fields and manually fed to the cattle by the farm members. The present practice builds on the experiences of local people in the Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu. It is suitable mainly for small family farms, with small amounts of cattle. In the local language, the associated feeding practice is called “Thattu Koduthal” (hand feeding of fodder for animals). Hand feeding offers the advantage that wastages of forage can be avoided. Cattle prefer the panicles, and often the stems of forage sorghum are not fed along with the panicles. Manual feeding however, allows for the whole sorghum stems to be fed to the cattle. Leer más

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Aquaponics in Indonesia: Bumina and Yumina systems as an integrated farming technique combining vegetables, fruits and fish Fish farming is an important commercial as well as subsistence activity for many households in Indonesia. Many families have small fish ponds or concrete fish tanks for raising tilapia, catfish, gourami, snakehead and eels which are used for the family’s own consumption and sales to markets. Bumina and Yumina, a form of aquaponics, uses the water from these fish tanks to irrigate and fertilize vegetables in a recirculating system. Water is pumped from the fish tank into planters (without soil) and the water returns to the fish. The farmer is able to add a secondary crop (vegetables/fruits) and also the fish have cleaner water so they can grow faster and denser. This is a sustainable technology highly recommended for areas with restricted water provision and land availability. Aquaponics is an efficient use of limited resources. Aquaponics is conducted around the world, but the specific practice of Bumina and Yumina was developed by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in Indonesia. The information of both technologies was taken from the book: “Yumina and Bumina: Innovation for Household Food Security”. Leer más

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How to process raw honeybee pollen into food for humans Pollen is one of the products of the beehive that the beekeeper can collect to increase his/her income from beekeeping. Pollen is often called the "super food". High performance athletes are quoted as eating pollen because of its high energetic power. Each pollen grain carries a variety of vitamins, proteins and minerals, making pollen a very important source of nutrients for us. Pollen also contains the 22 essential amino acids that the human body needs every day. This technology explains how to process raw pollen into ready food for humans. Leer más

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Practices for occupational health and safety in forestry Forestry is one of the most dangerous of all occupations; it is sometimes called a “3D” job – dirty, difficult and dangerous. Occupational health and safety in forestry can be greatly improved, however, through adequate worker training and supervision and the use of safety equipment, among other things. This article gives a short overview of major health and safety issues in forestry – especially in the harvesting, extraction, loading and transport of logs – and effective ways of addressing them. Healthy and safe working conditions are prerequisites for sustainable forestry management. This article shows the dangers to human health and safety posed by forest activities and identifies measures that can be taken to mitigate these. Leer más

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How to collect raw honeybee pollen from the hive Pollen is collected by the honeybees from the anthers of flowers while they visit them. Pollen is stored in the pollen baskets on the posterior legs of the bees and brought to the hive. To make the pollen stick together, the bees add some saliva and nectar. In the hive, it is stored in the honey combs, and used as food for the bees. Bee pollen is the primary source of protein for the hive. Pollen pellets can be harvested as food for humans because of their rich content in vitamins, proteins and minerals. This technology explains how to collect raw pollen from movable frame hives. Leer más

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Comment capturer une colonie sauvage souterraine Il existe différents moyens pour augmenter le nombre de colonies dans son rucher. Attirer un essaim dans une ruchette d’appât est le plus simple. Cependant, en tant qu’apiculteur, vous serez parfois appelé par le voisinage afin de récupérer une colonie naturelle installée à un endroit qui dérange. La capture d’une colonie sauvage est une opération délicate. Cette fiche vous présente un exemple concret et illustré pas à pas, de comment capturer une colonie sauvage souterraine. Celle-ci est également accompagnée de vidéos à la fin de la fiche. On vous invite à les regarder. Leer más

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Comment fabriquer une vareuse En tant qu’apiculteur, les vêtements de protection sont indispensables pour travailler dans de bonnes conditions et se protéger des piqures d’abeilles. Il existe différents types de tenues de protection. Cette fiche décrit la fabrication d’un modèle qui est une blouse de protection qui vous sera bien utile. Elle a été écrite par BNNS en collaboration avec les couturières de la Plateformes des Associations des Apiculteurs des Cataractes (PLAAC), basée à Mbanza-Ngungu en République Démocratique du Congo. Leer más

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Comment fabriquer une ruche a barrettes en Nkoko Voici le modèle de ruche à barrettes « la Grande » fabriqué en palmier raphia. Ce modèle est fabriqué en bois par la Plateforme des Associations des Apiculteurs des Cataractes (PLAAC), en République Démocratique du Congo (voir la technologie TECA «Comment fabriquer une ruche a barrettes « la grande » »). Le palmier raphia est un matériel naturel pouvant être utilisé pour fabriquer tout type de ruche là où il est présent. Cette fiche fût réalisée par BNNS en collaboration avec des apiculteurs de la PLAAC. Leer más

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Comment fabriquer une ruche a barrettes « la grande » Cette fiche présente un modèle de ruche à barrettes fabriqué par la Plateforme des Apiculteurs des Cataractes, en RDC. Vous y trouverez des schémas bien détaillés, des photos et conseils permettant à tous de se lancer dans des essais de fabrication de ce modèle de ruches à barrettes utilisées par de nombreux apiculteurs en RDC et de par le monde. Cette fiche a été écrite par BNNS en collaboration avec André Makenbo de la Plateforme des Associations des Apiculteurs des Cataractes (PLAAC), en RDC. Leer más

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Postharvest handling and utilization of Cactus fruits Cactus is a plant cultivated in several countries, where it is eaten as it is or processed into different products at household or small scale level. Furthermore, the cactus fruit could be used as a raw material for agri-industrial food processing purposes. This practice provides a description of the post harvest handling for processing the cactus fruits at small scale. Leer más

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Rice-Fish Culture System (RFC) Rice-Fish Culture System is an aquaculture system that integrates growing fish in flooded paddy fields. In general, RFC systems could include not only fin-fish but also other aquatic animals. Rice-fish farming is practiced in many countries around the world, particularly in Asia and has great potential in countries with vast areas of irrigated rice fields. This practice shows the main topics to keep in mind for developing a good Rice-fish system and the application of low cost technology for the production of fish in irrigated rice fields. Leer más

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Fish Powder Fish is a good source of micronutrients, essential omega 3 fatty acids and high quality protein. Apart from processing fish fillets, many fish processing companies dispose of the fish byproducts (fish head, bones, viscera, frames and skin). Development of low cost, nutrient dense and safe fish products from byproducts is gaining in popularity. In Uganda and Ghana, fish byproducts are dried and milled to create a powder. Such powder has high levels of micronutrients, particularly calcium, phosphorous, zinc, iron as well as vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids. Micronutrient deficiencies are a problem in Uganda and Ghana and thus enriching staple foods with nutrient dense fish powder offers an opportunity for combatting malnutrition amongst various populations at a relatively minimal cost. The following practice demonstrates the product of powder fish by-products. Leer más

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Diseño de un sistema aquapónico Un sistema aquapónico es la integración de un sistema de recirculación en acuicultura con hidroponía en un sólo sistema de producción. En un sistema acuapónico, los efluentes de la acuicultura no se liberan en el medio ambiente, sino que se redirigen a las raíces de las plantas, al mismo tiempo que los nutrientes suministrados a las plantas provienen de una fuente sostenible, rentable y no química. Esta integración elimina algunos de los factores no sostenibles presentes en la hidroponía y acuacultura como sistemas independientes. La tecnología presentada en este documento tiene como objetivo proporcionar los conceptos básicos de acuiponía y, describe tres métodos de acuiponía en los cultivos actuales más comunes. La siguiente descripción también detalla los factores a considerar, al elegir dónde instalar el sistema de acuiponía y los elementos esenciales que deben tenerse en cuenta para implementar esta instalación, con independencia del tipo de acuiponía. Leer más

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Apiculture: utilisation d'un enfumoir metallic a soufflet L'enfumoir est un élément indispensable au travail de l'apiculteur. L'envoi de fumée perturbe les abeilles qui diminuent leurs tendances à piquer ce qui permet aux apiculteurs de travailler dans de bonnes conditions. Cette fiche explique le fonctionnement d'un enfumoir, les effets de la fumée sur les abeilles ainsi que l'importance du choix du combustible à utiliser. Leer más

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Fish and their Byproducts Fish is a unique source of micro-nutrients. However, many parts of larger fish, such as the head and the bones, are discarded during fish processing despite the high levels of nutrients, and particularly micro-nutrients found in these parts. Thus the promotion and use of fish byproducts to create low-cost, high-quality food could help reduce malnutrition. This practice illustrates the nutritional benefits of incorporating fish byproducts in the diet and suggests recipes to guide their preparation. Leer más

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Los virus de las abejas Las enfermedades de virus de las abejas se extienden por todo el mundo. Por lo general son infravaloradas por los apicultores: pueden causar graves pérdidas económicas si se asocian con otras enfermedades de las abejas. La Varroa destructor ha contribuido en gran medida a aumentar la incidencia de enfermedades virales. La varroa, de hecho, es un portador pasivo de virus de las abejas que se transmiten a las abejas a través de la saliva del ácaro. Además, la varroa debilita el sistema inmunológico de las abejas, que puede permitir la reactivación de infecciones virales latentes que ya están presentes en el cuerpo de las abejas. Otras enfermedades de las abejas que establecen las condiciones para la aparición de enfermedades virales son la nosemosis, la loque europea y la amebiasis. La transmisión de los virus por lo general ocurre en horizontal (por ejemplo, a través de las heces de abeja, jalea real, saliva de la varroa, apicultor), pero la transmisión de los principales virus de abejas producen verticalmente (de la reina a la cría). En esta práctica se describen las causas y síntomas del virus de abejas, cómo estas enfermedades se propagan y la forma de enfrentarlas y prevenirlas. Leer más

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How to collect raw propolis from the hive Propolis or “bee glue” is a resinous mixture that honey bees collect from tree buds and plant resins. Bees collect propolis to use it in the hive as a building material and also to protect the colony against diseases. The value of propolis as an antimicrobial and anti-viral agent has been proven in many laboratory tests over many years. Propolis therefore offers the opportunity for beekeeper to generate extra income from the extraction and processing of propolis and to use propolis for improved health and wellbeing. This technology explains how to collect propolis from the hive. Leer más

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How to process raw propolis into propolis extracts Propolis or “bee glue” is a resinous mixture that honey bees collect from tree buds and plant resins. Propolis is used by the bees in the hive for its antimicrobial and anti-viral properties. Humans can also benefit from these properties of propolis. Because of its healing power, propolis becomes a very useful (and cheap) tool for the treatment and prevention of many health problems in humans and other animals like, for example, cattle, dogs, cats or birds. Propolis can be used raw or in its extracted form. This technology explains how to process raw propolis into proplis extracts (alcohol, water and oil extracts). Leer más

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Les principales maladies des abeilles Les abeilles sont sensibles à diverses maladies, dont certaines sont très contagieuses et se répandent facilement. Il est très important que l'apiculteur soit capable de reconnaître les premiers signes de maladie ou d'infestation dans les ruches et sait comment procéder. Cette fiche expose les facteurs qui jouent un rôle important dans l'apparition d'une maladie et décrit la classification des maladies des abeilles. Leer más

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Varroase (varroa) Varroa destructor est un acarien responsable de la varroase, une maladie parasitaire externe qui attaque les colonies d'abeilles. V. destructor provoque des pertes économiques importantes pour le secteur apicole, car il est très répandu et il a une forte capacité d'adaptation aux traitements. Ce parasite affecte à la fois le couvain et les abeilles adultes. Il affaiblit les abeilles adultes en suçant leur hémolymphe et en conséquence elles deviennent plus susceptibles à d'autres maladies, en particulier les pathologies virales. Les premières à souffrir sont les colonies plus fortes avec plus de couvain où l'acarien se reproduit. Leer más

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Fabrication d'une ruche Kenyane trapézoidale à barettes La ruche à barrettes dite Kenyane rencontre un grand succès en Afrique et devient populaire sur les autres continents. Ce modèle permet le passage de l'apiculture traditionnelle utilisant des ruches à rayons fixes à une apiculture plus sophistiquée tout en restant simple à vulgariser. En effet, elle possède l’avantage d’être plus facile à fabriquer et à gérer que les modèles de ruches dits « modernes » à cadres et hausse tels que la Dadant, la Langstroth,... Cette fiche, vous permettra dans un premier temps, d'avoir un petit aperçu des points forts et des points faibles de ce modèle. Elle vous servira ensuite de guide pour vous permettre de fabriquer ce type de ruche. NB: Cette technologie a été écrite par BNSS en collaboration avec Daniel Mathieu. Les photos et schémas retrouvés dans la fiche ont été réalisés par Daniel Mathieu Leer más

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Varroa (Varroosis) Varroa destructor es el ácaro responsable de la Varroosis, una enfermedad parasitaria externa que ataca a las colonias de abejas (abejas adultas y especialmente la cría). V. destructor causa las más grandes pérdidas económicas en el sector apícola, ya que está muy extendido y tiene una fuerte capacidad de adaptación a los tratamientos. Este ácaro afecta tanto a la cría como a las abejas adultas. Debilita las abejas adultas chupando su hemolinfa. Las abejas debilitadas están más susceptibles a otras enfermedades y especialmente a las patologías virales. Las primeras en sufrir son las colonias más fuertes con más cría, debido a la mayor posibilidad del ácaro de replicarse a nivel de cría. Leer más

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Loque Americana La loque americana es una enfermedad bacteriana de las abejas que afecta a la cría. Es considerada la enfermedad de las abejas más extendida y destructiva y puede causar graves pérdidas económicas a la apicultura. El término "americana" no se refiere al hecho de que la enfermedad fue importada de los Estados Unidos de América, más bien porque fue estudiada e identificada en este país. Esta práctica describe las causas y los síntomas de la loque americana, cómo se propaga y como enfrentar y prevenir esta enfermedad. Leer más

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Loque europea La loque europea es una enfermedad bacteriana que afecta a la cría de abejas. La resistencia genética de algunas especies de abejas a esta enfermedad puede permitir, especialmente en condiciones ambientales favorables, superar la infección sin sufrir daños graves. Sin embargo, debe señalarse que, aunque se caracteriza por un mejor pronóstico de la loque americana, en algunas zonas, la loque europea tiene una manifestación más maligna, dañando seriamente también colonias de abejas muy fuertes. Esta práctica describe las causas y los síntomas de la loque europea, como se propaga la enfermedad y como abordar y prevenir la enfermedad. Leer más

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Principales enfermedades de las abejas melíferas Las abejas son susceptibles a diversas enfermedades, algunas de las cuales son muy contagiosas y difusivas. Es muy importante que el apicultor sea capaz de reconocer los primeros signos de la enfermedad o infestación en las colmenas y sepa cómo proceder. Esta práctica describe los factores que desempeñan un papel importante en el estallido de una enfermedad y describe la clasificación de las enfermedades de las abejas. Leer más

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Abono en verde/cultivos de cobertura en Agricultura de Conservación en pequeñas granjas en Paraguay La Agricultura de Conservación (AC) es una estrategia para gestionar agro-ecosistemas para mejorar y mantener la productividad, aumentar los beneficios y la seguridad alimentaria a la vez que se preservan y refuerzan la base de recursos y el medio ambiente. AC se caracteriza por 3 principios relacionados (www.fao.org/ag/ca): 1. Laboreo mínimo del suelo de manera continuada. 2. Cobertura orgánica del suelo permanente. 3. Diversificación de las especies de cultivo por medio de secuencias y/o asociaciones. La AC es más que no laboreo, es un sistema con una aplicación universal a los ecosistemas agrarios a través de prácticas adaptadas localmente. La AC refuerza la biodiversidad y los procesos biológicos naturales sobre y bajo la superficie del suelo. El laboreo mecánico se reduce a un mínimo absoluto o se evita, y los insumos externos como fitosanitarios, abonos de origen mineral u orgánico se aplican de una manera óptima y de foma y cantidad que requieren un nuevo tipo de técnicas y tecnologías. Ejemplos son la siembra directa en suelos no labrados con cubierta vegetal, la gestión de malas hierbas y de cultivos de cobertura y de residuos vegetales. La Agricultura de Conservación, comparada con el laboreo tradicional, puede ser más rentable para los agricultores, tiene menor huella ambiental y es útil en la adaptación contra el cambio climático y la reducción de riesgos de catástrofes, como se ha comprobado en varios huracanes y situaciones similares. La resiliencia del agrosistema y del modo de vida de los agricultores se beneficia a largo plazo debido a la mejora de las condiciones del suelo y del potencial para conseguir mejores rendimientos y de la disminución del impacto de los desastres naturales en las condiciones del suelo. Leer más

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Tecnologías para el ahorro de mano de obra: Limpiadores de malas hierbas y pulverizadores de mochila Esta entrada contiene características de las herramientas agrícolas mencionadas en el título y también justifica cuándo su uso es recomendable. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Tecnologías para el ahorro de mano de obra: tracción animal y procesado mecánico de cultivos Este artículo incluye algunos ejemplos de uso de la tracción animal como fuente de energía para operaciones de postcosecha.© Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Prácticas de conservación del suelo y el agua para la reducción de la erosión del suelo y reforzar la conservación de agua en Santa Lucía La isla de Santa Lucía es un pequeño país en vías de desarrollo en la región del mar Caribe. Las estrategias de desarrollo del país tratan de equilibrar el desarrollo económico y la conservación ambiental. Uno de los retos principales para la agricultura del país es la degradación del terreno y las condiciones de sequía que se dan en algunas partes de la isla. Debido a los patrónes climáticos en el Caribe Este, la isla tiene una estación seca que dura normalmente desde Enero a Abril-Mayo, con variaciones anuales. Durante la estación seca, la escasez de agua aumenta de forma regular y amenazan a los cultivos de regadío. Esto ocurre particularmente en las zonas montañosas de Santa Lucía con fuertes pendientes, que normalmente se usan normalmente para cultivo, hay una gran necesidad para conservación sistémica del agua y la reducción de la erosión del suelo. Por lo tanto es clave el establecimiento de prácticas integradas de conservación de agua y suelo. La instalación de un depósito de agua elevado en una plataforma cimentada, combinado con sistemas de recolección de agua en tejados, riego por gravedad controlado, el establecimiento de caballones de piedra y el uso de mulching crean una combinación de prácticas exitosas para combatir la exposición frente a la sequía. También ayudaron a reducir el volumen de escorrentía y las pérdidas de suelo, a la vez que conservan mejor la humedad de las parcelas. El conjunto de medidas se probó dentro del proyecto de la FAO ´Enhance capacities for disaster risk management in agriculture, fisheries and forestry´ (TCP/SLT/3202), que se implementó para Reducción de Desastres y Riesgos entre 2009 y 2011. El proyecto demostró que bajo una gestión adecuada, se puede conservar suficiente agua durante la estación de lluvias para permitir un cultivo más en la estación seca, y de esta manera, aumentar los ingresos y contribuir a la mejora del modo de vida de las personas. Leer más

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Beneficial insects and the cotton pests they control This small booklet comment gives an overview of beneficial and non-beneficial insects that might appear in cotton fields in Western Africa. Knowing the pest and beneficial insects present on a cotton plant is a crucial decision making tool for applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Leer más

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Tecnologías para el ahorro de mano de obra: Agricultura de Conservación Este documento incluye aspectos de la agricultura de conservación, laboreo de conservación, aperos para laboreo de conservación incluyendo la plantadora manual (jab planter) y de los cultivos de cobertura. ©Labour saving technologies and practices CD-ROM , FAO 2007 Leer más

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Tecnologías para el ahorro de mano de obra: tracción animal e implementos Este artículo tiene algunas nociones básicas para el uso correcto de tracción animal, incluyendo enganche e implementos. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Enfermedades de las abejas: Nosemosis La nosemosis es una enfermedad de las abejas adultas causada por hongos unicelulares pertenecientes a la Clase: Microsporidia, Familia: Nosimatidi, Género: Nosema. Existen dos subespecies diferentes de Nosema que afectan a Apis mellifera con diferente prevalencia dependiendo de la zona: Nosema apis y Nosema ceranae, responsables de dos formas diferentes de la enfermedad. Ambos N. apis y N. ceranae tienen una etapa latente con esporas de larga vida. Las esporas se distinguen apenas morfológicamente entre las dos especies y representan la forma de resistencia y de propagación de la enfermedad (Fig. 1). Las esporas pueden permanecer infecciosas desde unos días hasta cinco años a bajas temperaturas. El calor, así como la radiación solar ultravioleta, pueden matarlas en pocas horas. Esta práctica describe cómo reconocer las dos formas de la enfermedad causada por estos tipos de patógenos. Leer más

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Propagación de las abejas sin aguijón usando cáscaras de coco Las cáscaras de coco se utilizan para hacer la cosecha de miel más fácil y disminuir la mortalidad de las abejas jóvenes o cría. La forma más habitual de recolección de miel de las colonias salvajes destruye una gran parte de la colmena. Las abejas necesitan mucho tiempo para reparar el nido dañado. Este problema se minimiza mediante el método descrito aquí, donde la cáscara de coco sirve como “cámara de miel” equivalente a las alzas que actúan como mielarios en las colmenas modernas. Una ventaja importante de este método es que no hay necesidad de reubicar los nidos, y por lo tanto se conservan las poblaciones silvestres de abejas. Simplemente se añade una cáscara de coco a una colonia ya establecida. Esta tecnología es una adaptación de Abejas para el Desarrollo de 2003 (Bees for Development), volumen 67. Leer más

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Las buenas prácticas en apicultura La apicultura es la práctica de la gestión de las abejas en las colmenas para la polinización, la producción de miel y otros productos como la cera, la jalea real, el propóleos y el polen. Además, un aspecto importante de la apicultura es la producción de abejas, reinas, paquetes de abejas, etc. Las buenas prácticas apícolas implican una gestión adecuada de los colmenares que pueda prevenir enfermedades de las abejas y, al mismo tiempo, permita obtener productos de alta calidad que respeten la salud del consumidor.. Leer más

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Bonnes pratiques apicoles L’apiculture est la pratique de la gestion des abeilles dans les ruches pour la pollinisation, la production de miel et d'autres produits tels que la cire, la gelée royale, la propolis et le pollen. En outre, un aspect important de l'apiculture est la production d’abeilles, de reines, de paquets d'abeilles, etc. Les bonnes pratiques apicoles impliquent une bonne gestion du rucher ce qui peut prévenir les maladies des abeilles et, au même temps, permet d'obtenir des produits de haute qualité. Leer más

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Cómo Cosechar Miel, Polen y Propóleos de las Abejas sin Aguijón A parte del papel de las abejas sin aguijón en la polinización de los cultivos, podría haber un beneficio adicional a partir de los valiosos productos producidos por la colmena: miel, polen y propóleos. Esta tecnología estudia el procedimiento para la recolección de miel, polen y propóleos de abejas sin aguijón en colmenas de cáscara de coco y cajas de madera. Leer más

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Los insectos benéficos que controlan las plagas de algodón Este folleto da una visión general de los insectos benéficos y no benéficos (plagas) que pueden aparecer en los campos de algodón en África occidental. El conocer las plagas y los insectos beneficiosos en el cultivo de algodón es una herramienta fundamental para la toma de decisiones para la aplicación del manejo integrado de plagas (MIP) Leer más

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Les insectes bénéfiques et les ravageurs de coton qu’ils contrôlent Ce petit livret donne un aperçu des insectes bénéfiques et des insectes ravageurs qui peuvent apparaitre dans les champs de coton en Afrique de l’ouest. La connaissance des insectes bénéfiques et ravageurs présents sur le cotonnier est un outil crucial de prise de décision pour l’application de la gestion intégrée des ravageurs (IPM) Leer más

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Uso de Abejas sin Aguijón para la Polinización Si bien la tecnología de cáscara de coco es la forma más fácil y más barata para propagar las abejas sin aguijón, puede que no sea práctica para el transporte entre las islas para la polinización de los grandes cultivos de plantación como el mango. Por lo tanto, se diseñó una colmena de madera adecuada para este propósito. Esta tecnología explica cómo construir la colmena de madera, así como los requisitos para la utilización de las abejas sin aguijón para la polinización. Leer más

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Apicultura: la colmena cesta Kamara: una colmena tradicional mejorada El rediseño de la colmena original utilizada por los apicultores tradicionales del Distrito de Koinadugu en Sierra Leona ha permitido a los apicultores cosechar panales de miel de una manera sostenible sin destruir la totalidad de la colmena. El rendimiento en miel y cera de las abejas han mejorado sustancialmente. La nueva colmena Kamara tiene una cámara de cría con ranuras que dan a un mielario, y permite la recolección con poca perturbación de la colonia. El mielario se retira, y se extraen los panales de miel, después de lo cual, el mielario se coloca de nuevo sobre la cámara de cría, que permanece intacta. Los apicultores ahora montan estas nuevas colmenas en plataformas o las colocan bajo cobertizos, en lugar de colocarlas en las ramas de los árboles, para un mejor manejo. Leer más

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Apicultura: desarrollo de familias a partir de un núcleo (pequeña familia) Una de las formas mediante las cuales los apicultores aumentan la cantidad de familias es comprando núcleos, los cuales consisten en una pequeña familia de abejas que puede estar formado por 4 o 5 marcos. También muchas veces aumentan el número de familias cuando reciben enjambres desde sus mismas colmenas u otras, los manejos para el desarrollo de la familia, siendo su origen un núcleo comprado o un enjambre que arribó son bastante similares. Los pasos para desarrollar un núcleo a una familia completamente desarrollados son variados entre los apicultores, ya que se depende bastante del tipo de abeja que se posea y de las condiciones del entorno que también influyen fuertemente en el tiempo que tarda una familia en desarrollarse. En la siguiente tecnología se describe una herramienta guía, que permite ver paso a paso como desarrollar un núcleo de abejas a una familia completamente desarrollada para su etapa productiva. Leer más

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Apicultura: registros básicos de producción En la apicultura actual con las nuevas variables que se incorporan, se requiere de la sistematización de los procesos y manejos para ordenar, además de realizar la toma de decisiones en base a información clara y objetiva. Para lo cual el apicultor debe decidir en base a sus líneas productivas cuales son los registros que le prestan mayor utilidad. Los ordenamientos de los procesos de producción deben realizarse en consecuencia a una planificación previa, y entonces se torna fundamental la toma de registros para poder visualizar y evaluar los diferentes manejos realizados y el efecto que estos causaron en las colmenas. Además, la existencia de registros obligatorios, como los voluntarios son una base importante para respaldar cada uno de los manejos y procesos que se realizan dentro de cualquier sistema productivo y generar la trazabilidad de los productos que se obtienen de la colmena. En la siguiente tecnología se dispondrán algunos formatos para registrar manejos y procesos productivos dentro de un apiario. Un concepto importante de incorporar en los registros, es que estos deben ser acordes a la producción que lleva el apicultor, lo cual quiere decir que se registre de forma simple y clara las variantes más importantes, sin enlentecer ni complejizar las anotaciones ni el posterior análisis para tomar las decisiones. Leer más

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Método para determinar niveles de varroa en terreno La situación actual de la apicultura se encuentra bastante condicionada por la presencia del acaro varroa. Este parásito ha sido el causante de muchas pérdidas económicas en el rubro. Mediante diferentes métodos y principios activos, los apicultores buscan mantener bajos los niveles de varroa en sus colmenas, algunos métodos utilizados son la selección hacia líneas genéticas más higiénicas, otras medidas profilácticas, medicamentosas, entre otras. Una de las medidas más útiles para la toma de decisiones respecto de cómo actuar frente a este parasito, es realizar muestreos que cuantifiquen los niveles de varroa en las colmenas. En la siguiente tecnología se describen dos vías mediante las cuales los apicultores pueden realizar una medición en terreno de la cantidad de varroa forético (adulto) presente en las colmenas. Leer más

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Confección de trampa de cartón para captura de enjambres de abeja africanizada La abeja africana Apis mellífera scutellata (o A.m.adansonii, según otros autores) continúa su avance migratorio por el continente americano. Por el comportamiento que estas abejas han mostrado, se considera que al dispersarse paulatinamente en el continente americano, ocasionarán un gran impacto; principalmente porque originarán una reducción en la producción de miel, importante en los aspectos comerciales y su consecuente repercusión social al afectar el ingreso de la población rural dedicada a la apicultura, ademas de dificultar el emplazamiento en espacios agricolas para la polinización, ya que su agresividad genera temor en los trabajadores agricolas. La abeja africana ingresa a el continente Latinoamericano en 1956 desde Brasil, y se dispersa por gran parte de Sudamérica y el Caribe cruzándose con la abeja de origen europeo existente desde el siglo XVII, y dando origen a la “abeja africanizada“. Este híbrido además de la merma productiva, tiene un impacto importante sobre la salud pública que se genera a partir de la conducta defensiva que desarrolla esta abeja. Bajo ese peligro inminente, se considera una medida importante para reducir la probabilidad de accidentes sobre personas o animales, la captura de enjambres de abeja africanizada, con lo cual además se reduce su avance y reproducción sin control. En la siguiente tecnología se describe la forma de construcción de una trampa de carton para capturar enjambres de abejas, que puede ser utilizando para abejas africanizadas y europeas. Leer más

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Confección trampa de saco de azúcar para captura de enjambres de abeja africanizada La abeja africana Apis mellífera scutellata (o A.m.adansonii, según otros autores) continúa su avance migratorio por el continente americano. Por el comportamiento que estas abejas han mostrado, se considera que al dispersarse paulatinamente en el continente americano, ocasionarán un gran impacto; principalmente porque originarán una reducción en la producción de miel, importante en los aspectos comerciales y su consecuente repercusión social al afectar el ingreso de la población rural dedicada a la apicultura, además de dificultar el emplazamiento en espacios agrícolas para la polinización, ya que su agresividad genera temor en los trabajadores agrícolas. La abeja africana ingresa al continente Latinoamericano en 1956 desde Brasil, y se dispersa por gran parte de Sudamérica y el Caribe cruzándose con la abeja de origen europeo existente desde el siglo XVII, y dando origen a la “abeja africanizada“. Este híbrido además de la merma productiva, tiene un impacto importante sobre la salud pública que genera la conducta defensiva que desarrolla esta abeja. Bajo ese peligro inminente, se considera una medida importante para reducir la probabilidad de accidentes sobre personas o animales, la captura de enjambres de abeja africanizada, con lo cual además se reduce su avance y reproducción sin control. En la siguiente tecnología se describe otra forma de construcción de una trampa para capturar enjambres de abejas a partir de un saco de azúcar. Leer más

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8 Reglas de oro para el desarrollo sustentable de lácteos Este documento presenta las 8 reglas de oro para los pequeños productores de lácteos en los trópicos. A través de la aplicación de estas Reglas de Oro los productores serán capaces de mejorar la gestión en salud, crianza y alimentación del ganado vacuno lechero. Leer más

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8 Golden rules for sustainable development of dairy This document presents 8 golden rules for smallholders dairy farming in the tropics. Through the application of these Golden Rules, farmers will be able to improve the health, husbandry and feeding management of dairy cattle. Leer más

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Guía para la construcción y el mantenimiento de un túnel de red para proteger la calidad del material de siembra del camote de los virus transportados por insectos Esta guía presenta los pasos a seguir para la construcción de un práctico túnel cubierto con red para uso agrícola y las instrucciones sobre como manejar los cultivos de camote dentro del túnel para asegurar la provisión de material base de siembra de alta calidad, con baja o nula infección por virus, como multiplicadores de material de siembra para ser renovados continuamente en campos de camotes. Esto permitirá a los agricultores mantener las productividad de la producción de camotes a través de los años. En Kenia, el beneficio neto promedio fue de $720 por túnel en los 3 años. Leer más

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A guide to construct and maintain net tunnels to protect quality sweetpotato planting material from viruses carried by insects This guide provides the steps for constructing a practical net covered tunnel at the farm level and instructions on how to manage the material in the tunnel to ensure a supply of high quality foundation planting material, with little or no virus infection, for farmer planting material multipliers to use to continually renew the planting material in their sweetpotato fields. This will enable farmers to maintain their sweetpotato yields over time. In Kenya, the average net benefit was $720 per tunnel over 3 years. Leer más

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Gestion des systèmes aquaponiques L’aquaponie correspond à la production intégrée d’unités aquacoles et de cultures hydroponiques en utilisant un système de recirculation de l’eau. Dans un système aquaponique, la production de denrées alimentaires (poissons et légumes) est certes le principal bénéfice, mais il est cependant essentiel de comprendre que cette production repose surtout sur la gestion équilibrée de l’écosystème qui vit au sein de l’unité aquaponique et qui est constitué de trois principaux organismes : les poissons, les végétaux et les bactéries. La technologie suivante fournit les principales recommandations pour réussir une gestion appropriée d’une unité aquaponique et décrit également les étapes importantes du fonctionnement d’un tel système, de son démarrage à la récolte des cultures et à la pêche des poissons. Leer más

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Unité aquaponique: Technique de culture en eau profonde - Description détaillée L'aquaponie correspond à la production intégrée d'unités aquacoles et de cultures hydroponiques en utilisant un système de recirculation de l'eau. Les unités aquaponiques constituées de cultures en eau profonde (Deep Water Culture ou DWC, aussi appelées cultures sur radeaux ou système flottant ou encore culture flottante sur raft) sont l'une des 3 méthodes d'aquaponie les plus couramment utilisées aujourd'hui, et sont particulièrement élaborées pour une production et/ou un commerce à grande échelle. La technologie suivante explique en détail les principes de la technique de culture sen eau profonde et fournit un guide, étape par étape, pour la construction d'une telle unité aquaponique. Leer más

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Alternative fodder production to increase profitability of livestock production in the West Bank This practice describes the use of hydroponic technology (soil-less plant propagation) as an alternative method of sustainable feed production, in the form of green fodder, in order to address decreased access to grazing land. This provides herders and their cooperatives with a low-cost, high quality, sustainable source of fodder which is available year-round. The approach increases the profitability of livestock production and helps herders stay in business. Leer más

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Manejo de plagas y enfermedades en la agricultura orgánica El manejo de plagas y enfermedades se hace posible a través de muchas acciones que se complementan entre sí. La mayoría de las prácticas de gestión son de largo plazo y están destinadas a prevenir el ataque de los cultivos por plagas y enfermedades. Las prácticas de gestión (manejo) se enfocan en mantener una baja población de plagas y enfermedades existentes. En cambio, el control es una acción a corto plazo que tiene como objetivo matar y destruir las plagas y enfermedades. El enfoque general en la agricultura orgánica sobre combatir las causas de un problema preferible a tratar los síntomas, se aplica también al manejo de plagas y enfermedades. Debido a esto, las prácticas de gestión son de mayor prioridad que las de control. Este documento describe prácticas preventivas, así cómo también, prácticas de control, usando control biológico y mecánico, y pesticidas naturales. Leer más

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Unité aquaponique : Technique de culture sur film nutritif - Description détaillée L’aquaponie correspond à la production intégrée d’unités aquacoles et de cultures hydroponiques en utilisant un système de recirculation de l’eau. Les unités aquaponiques constituées de cultures sur film nutritif (Nutrient Film Technique ou NFT) sont l’une des 3 méthodes d’aquaponie les plus couramment utilisées aujourd’hui, et sont particulièrement adaptées pour une production et/ou un commerce à petit échelle. Les systèmes NFT sont surtout utilisés pour les cultures verticales, dans le cas où la surface d’exploitation est très limitée. La technologie suivante explique en détail les principes de la technique de culture sur film nutritif et fournit un guide, étape par étape, pour la construction d’une unité aquaponique utilisant cette méthode. Leer más

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Unité aquaponique : Technique du lit de culture à substrat - Description détaillée L’aquaponie correspond à la production intégrée d’unités aquacoles et de cultures hydroponiques en utilisant un système de recirculation de l’eau. À l’heure actuelle, les unités aquaponiques constituées d’un lit de culture à substrat (Media Bed Technique ou MBT, aussi appelée technique du flux-reflux) sont les plus utilisées, notamment pour les installations de petite échelle. La technologie suivante explique en détail les principes de la technique du lit de culture à substrat et fournit un guide, étape par étape, pour la construction d’une unité aquaponique utilisant cette méthode. Leer más

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Conception et installation d’un système aquaponique L’aquaponie est un système de production intégré, souvent en circuit fermé, qui associe l'aquaculture (élevage de poissons ou d’organismes aquatiques) et la culture hydroponique (cultures de plantes sur un lit d’eau enrichie en éléments nutritifs) en eau douce. Dans ce type de système aquaponique, les effluents issus de l'aquaculture ne sont pas rejetés dans l’environnement mais sont redirigés vers les racines des plantes. Les éléments nutritifs fournis aux plantes sont donc issus d’une source durable, productive et non chimique. L’association de ces deux systèmes de production permet d’intégrer et de rendre complémentaires de nombreux facteurs non viables liés au fonctionnement indépendant d’un système aquacole ou hydroponique. La technologie présentée dans ce document vise à fournir les notions de base de l’aquaponie et donne un aperçu des trois méthodes de culture aquaponique les plus courantes à l'heure actuelle. La description suivante détaille également les facteurs à considérer lors du choix du site d’installation du système aquaponique et les éléments essentiels à prendre en compte pour réussir cette installation, quel que soit le type d’aquaponie. Leer más

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Lomas de resguardo ganadero con parcelas de cultivos aledaños para épocas de inundación y de sequía, en Bení, Bolivia Las lomas de resguardo ganadero son montículos o plataformas altas de tierra construidas a pulso y se utilizan para resguardar al ganado y salvaguardar productos agrícolas en tiempos de inundación. También permiten enfrentar tiempos de sequía, porque están rodeadas periféricamente por un canal con capacidad de almacenamiento de alrededor de 13,000 m3 de agua. En tiempos de sequía el canal se usa para abastecer de agua al ganado. El canal permite a su vez, generar una estrategia de alimentación complementaria: producción de horticultura y de piscicultura. Leer más

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Construcción de cobertizo para llamas en Bolivia en situaciones de olas de frio El cobertizo tiene como objetivo la protección de animales contra las olas de frio, con la finalidad de evitar o disminuir los impactos negativos de las enfermedades y los predadores que afectan a las llamas y provocan una alta incidencia de mortalidad neonatal. Leer más

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Buenas prácticas de Sistemas Agroforestales - El Sistema Kuxur Rum en Guatemala para fortalecer la resiliencia a la época de canícula en la Región de Ch’ortí, Guatemala En el corredor seco oriental de Guatemala la población rural es altamente vulnerable a la inseguridad alimentaria. Se caracteriza por la irregularidad de lluvias, limitantes hídricos, y bajos rendimientos en cultivos tradicionales de granos básicos. Los terrenos se encuentran sobre laderas secas, aproximadamente entre unos 200-800 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Son suelos poco profundos, escarpados y pedregosos, degradados por el uso intensivo de los cultivos maíz, frijol y sorgo, lo cual reduce su aptitud para la agricultura. La práctica de agroforestería Kuxur Rum se basa en el conocimiento indígena de aprovechar la especie de árbol multiusos Gliricidia sepium combinándola con los sistemas productivos de cultivos anuales, lo que permite mejorar la conservación de humedad en el suelo, especialmente en la época de sequía o canícula. La práctica se llama Kuxur Rum que en lengua Ch’ortí significa “mi tierra húmeda”, ha sido promovida en el contexto del Programa Especial de Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA) en el departamento de Chiquimula el cual fue financiado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Este documento describe paso a paso como establecer un sistema Agro forestal Kuxur Rum. Leer más

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Mutual benefits through the cultivation of Swamp Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla): Preventing peatland degradation and creating income by an endemic latex producing tree of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Brunei and Malaysia) Swamp Jelutung is a tree member of the periwinkle family (Apocynaceae) and largely restricted to peatlands of Sumatra and Borneo islands. It is a large tree that can reach heights of 35(-50) m. Due to over–harvesting of latex and the loss of peat swamp forest habitat, the species is listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Since 2009, The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) (http://teca.fao.org/partner/world-agroforestry-centre-icraf) and the Jambi Forestry Department have begun replanting degraded peatland with swamp Jelutung as they help stopping peat oxidation, simultaneously providing sustainable harvests from peatlands and providing livelihood opportunities for local communities. This technology aims to provide information on the establishment of swamp Jelutung plantation on degraded peatlands. Leer más

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L'élevage en agriculture biologique L'un des derniers principes de l’agriculture biologique repose sur l’intégration de l'élevage dans les exploitations agricoles. Dans les zones tempérées et arides, l'élevage joue un rôle important pour le recyclage des nutriments, alors que ses bienfaits sont moins soulignés dans les zones tropicales humides. Dans le monde entier, soigner, nourrir et dresser les animaux d’élevage font partie de la culture locale de nombreuses communautés d’agriculteurs et constituent un savoir traditionnel précieusement transmis et protégé. Leer más

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La conservation et la multiplication des cultures en agriculture biologique En agriculture biologique, la sélection et la multiplication de semences et/ou de plants, de qualité et issus d’espèces et de variétés végétales performantes, répondant aux attentes de l’agriculteur et adaptées aux conditions locales, sont également deux éléments très important pour la réussite des récoltes. En souhaitant conserver, sélectionner et multiplier ses semences, un agriculteur (ou un groupe d’agriculteurs) permet ainsi d'améliorer le rendement et la qualité des récoltes, d’encourager la résilience des cultures, de choisir les plants les plus résistants et les moins exigeants, et enfin d'accroître la diversité génétique. Ce chapitre décrit les principes de la multiplication des cultures en agriculture biologique, et souligne l'importance de l'utilisation des variétés traditionnelles et de leur conservation. Leer más

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La préparation et le travail du sol en agriculture biologique Le travail du sol comprend toutes les mesures mécaniques qui servent à décompacter, aérer, retourner, émietter le sol ou le préparer à recevoir une nouvelle culture (ex. labour, déchaumage, binage, hersage, etc.). Un travail du sol approprié peut contribuer à la structure des sols superficiels et améliorer la capacité d’infiltration et de rétention de l'eau, l’aération, le réchauffement et permet de limiter les pertes d’eau par évaporation. À l’inverse, un travail du sol non adapté peut nuire à la fertilité des sols car il accélère l'érosion et la décomposition de l'humus. Il n'y a pas une seule bonne manière de travailler le sol, mais une grande variété de techniques qui permettent, selon le système de culture et le type de sol, de développer et d’adapter les pratiques culturales aux besoins du sol. Leer más

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in the quality control for the production of extra virgin olive oil in the Canino city hall, Italy The safeguard of the environment and human health pass through a complex system of interconnected techniques for a better management of agricultural production. in Canino, a little town near Viterbo in the region of Lazio, Italy more than 30 years ago a defense technique against harmful insects to grow olives for the production of extra virgin olive oil was implemented. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) is a mix of agricultural techniques such as pesticides reduction, use of natural enemies, agronomic techniques, etc., to have a better control of the whole agricultural system. In 1996 they obtained the PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) certification as an acknowledgement of the work carried out from 1979. After 35 years in Canino they still use IPM for the management of harmful insects in the olive plantation and today the cooperative of farmers has an international visibility. This technology aims at giving a quick introduction on IPM principles, i.e.: (1) what is IPM and what are the different IPM methods and (2) what are the benefits of using it. Here, this technology is specific to olive plantation, but the principles of IPM could be thought, adapted and used for any other kind of plantations/crop production systems, and not only for the olive cultivar. Note that in the text the word cultivar is related to the variety of plant, in this case olive plants, and in this case Canino is both the municipality and the cultivar. Leer más

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Beje aquaculture and inland fishery in tropical peatland of Indonesia Fishers in tropical peat swamp forests in Indonesia use a traditional fishing method known as “beje”, This method is used in order to provide a source of food from traditional fisheries, relying on fluctuations in the movement of water or overflow of river water during the rainy season (from November to March). By using a trap in the form of an artificial pond or containers, the beje method allows fish to breed in the pond and later harvested during the dry season when the water recedes (from April to October). This technology provides information on the beje fishery practice, what are its characteristics, how to implement it and what are the social and environmental advantages. Leer más

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La gestion des mauvaises herbes en agriculture biologique L’une des priorités en agriculture biologique, est d’empêcher l'introduction et la multiplication des mauvaises herbes (ou adventices) au sein de l’exploitation. Les pratiques de gestion agricole visent alors à maintenir la population de mauvaises herbes à un niveau faible, afin d’éviter les pertes de rendements et la diminution de la qualité des récoltes. Cependant, l'objectif n’est pas d’éradiquer complètement toutes les mauvaises herbes, car elles ont aussi un rôle à jouer pour les cultures. Par exemple, les mauvaises herbes fournissent une couverture pour les sols et servent d’habitat pour la majeure partie de la diversité biologique présente sur l’exploitation. Ce sont notamment les organismes bénéfiques qui profitent de ces mauvaises herbes comme sources de nourriture (nectar, pollen, etc.) et comme abri. Grâce aux mauvaises herbes, de nombreux ennemis naturels peuvent maintenir leur population et ainsi lutter efficacement contre les ravageurs. Leer más

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La gestion des ravageurs et des maladies en agriculture biologique La gestion des ravageurs et des maladies est rendue possible grâce à de nombreuses actions qui se complètent mutuellement. La plupart des pratiques de gestion sont à prévoir sur une longue période et visent à prévenir l’attaque des cultures par les ravageurs et les maladies, et donc à empêcher leurs populations de se développer. Au contraire, le contrôle (ou lutte) est une action à court terme qui vise à tuer et détruire les ravageurs et les maladies. Étant donné qu’en agriculture biologique il est envisagé d’agir sur la cause du problème plutôt que sur le problème en lui-même, il est donc recommandé d’agir en priorité sur la gestion appropriée des ravageurs et des maladies plutôt que sur leur contrôle. Ce chapitre détaille les différents modes de gestions et de préventions et vise à décrire quelques pratiques de luttes biologiques et mécaniques. Leer más

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Conversión de la agricultura convencional a la agricultura orgánica paso a paso Por lo general, la conversión de la producción convencional a la agricultura orgánica se divide en tres etapas. El primer paso es recopilar toda la información relacionada con las prácticas orgánicas que podrían aplicarse en las condiciones de producción. Luego, en una segunda etapa, estas prácticas deben ser probadas en algunas parcelas, y el agricultor debe familiarizarse con su uso. Por último, a modo de espera del agricultor, durante una tercera etapa, debe usar sólo las prácticas orgánicas para la gestión de sus operaciones. El apoyo de un extensionista agrícola o un agricultor orgánico experimentado puede ayudar a guiar a una conversión exitosa. Leer más

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La gestion des éléments nutritifs en agriculture biologique Le sol est un système vivant et la productivité agricole des cultures dépend considérablement de la bonne santé et de la fertilité des sols. Afin d’optimise le système d’exploitation et d’obtenir de bons rendements, il est essentiel à l’agriculteur de maintenir et d’entretenir la fertilité de ses sols. Les micro-organismes du sol participent en grande partie à sa fertilité. Présents en grande quantité dans les sols, ils assurent le fonctionnement du cycle des éléments nutritifs et participent à décomposer les gros morceaux de matière organique en minuscules particules, qui peuvent alors être assimilées par les racines des plantes. Il est donc important que les agriculteurs aident à maintenir la fertilité des sols en refournissant aux sols les éléments nutritifs perdus ou exportés hors des parcelles, lors des récoltes ou lors du pâturage du bétail. Ce ré-apport de nutriments peut se faire grâce à la culture d’engrais verts, à l’épandage de fumier (brut ou composté) ou de fertilisants naturels (ex. phosphate naturel). Leer más

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Fabrication d’une ruche traditionnelle Rwandaise longiforme Le Rwanda possède un climat favorable, une flore mellifère riche et variée propice au développement de l’apiculture. La présente fiche explique comment construire une ruche modèle traditionnelle qui se compose d’un cylindre allongé fabriqué avec des tiges de Pennisetum (Urubingo), de bamboo ou de papyrus. Ce modèle longiforme est très adapté à la région, facile à reproduire et à vulgariser chez les petits producteurs souhaitant se lancer dans l’apiculture traditionnelle. De plus, elle demande peu d’investissement financier car elle est fabriquée à base de matériaux naturels disponible localement. Cette technologie est également disponible en format pdf. Leer más

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La gestion et la planification des cultures en agriculture biologique Dans de nombreux systèmes agricoles traditionnels, on peut encore trouver une grande diversité de cultures à échelle du temps (selon les saisons) et de l’espace (selon le relief, les types de sol, etc.). Étant donné que les plantes ont des exigences différentes en éléments nutritifs, il est donc nécessaire de planifier et de gérer les cultures afin d'optimiser l'utilisation des nutriments du sol. La rotation des cultures, les cultures intercalaires et les cultures de couverture sont les principales alternatives que possèdent les agriculteurs pour gérer la santé et la fertilité des sols. Ces trois pratiques sont décrites dans ce chapitre. Leer más

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La gestion de l’eau en agriculture biologique Les manques d'eau en agriculture est chose courante dans de nombreux pays du monde. Dans certaines régions, il est presque impossible de cultiver sans irriguer. Même pour les régions qui reçoivent de grandes quantités de précipitation lors de la saison des pluies, les cultures subissent souvent de sérieuses sécheresses pendant les saisons sèches. L'agriculture biologique vise à optimiser l'utilisation de toutes les ressources de l’exploitation et cherche à utiliser de manière plus durable les ressources naturelles disponibles. Les pratiques de rétention, de récupération et de stockage de l’eau sont très importantes, en particulier pour les agriculteurs biologiques. En agriculture biologique, il est avant tout primordial de travailler à améliorer la rétention de l’eau sur les parcelles et de favoriser son infiltration dans les sols. Leer más

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Le paillage (ou mulching) en agriculture biologique Le paillage (ou mulching) est le processus de recouvrement de la terre arable avec du matériel végétal tel que des feuilles, de l'herbe, des brindilles, des résidus de récolte, de la paille, etc. La couverture de mulch (ou paillis) accroît l'activité des organismes du sol et surtout celle des vers de terre. Les vers de terre contribuent à la bonne structure des sols car ils forment de nombreux tunnels de différentes tailles au travers desquels peut facilement s’infiltrer l’eau de pluie, réduisant ainsi les ruissellements de surface. De plus, étant donné que le paillis est issu de matière végétale, il est décomposable et il permet donc d’augmenter la teneur en matière organique des sols. Cette matière organique contribue à créer une bonne terre avec une structure stable. En conséquence, les particules fines du sol ne sont pas (ou peu) emportées par l'eau. Le paillage joue donc un rôle crucial dans la prévention de l'érosion des sols. Leer más

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La conversion étape par étape à l’agriculture biologique Habituellement, la conversion à l’agriculture biologique d’une exploitation se décompose en trois étapes. La 1ère étape consiste à collecter toutes les informations relatives aux pratiques biologiques qui pourraient être appliquées dans les conditions de l’exploitation. Puis, dans une 2ème étape, ces pratiques doivent être testées sur quelques parcelles, et l’agriculteur doit se familiariser avec leur utilisation. Enfin, l’agriculteur veille lors d’une 3ème étape à n’utiliser que des pratiques biologiques pour la gestion de son exploitation. Le soutien d’un spécialiste de la vulgarisation agricole ou d’un agriculteur expérimenté en agriculture biologique peut aider à guider et à réussir la conversion. Leer más

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Éléments à considérer pour la conversion à l’agriculture biologique La conversion à l'agriculture biologique correspond à une période de transition au cours de laquelle les changements de gestion de l’exploitation sont progressivement appris et mis en œuvre afin de produire d’une manière plus durable et plus naturelle. Le mode de conversion dépend des circonstances locales, de la prédisposition de l'agriculteur ou de la communauté, et il varie d'une ferme à l'autre. Plus l'agriculteur a de connaissances sur les concepts et les pratiques de l'agriculture biologique, plus la conversion sera facile. Bien que la mise en place d'une gestion biologique ne dépende pas des conditions territoriales particulières, il est important de prendre en compte, au cas par cas, les facteurs qui peuvent ralentir le succès de la conversion. Par exemple, si les sols sont pauvres et épuisés en nutriments, il faudra redoubler d'efforts et de patience pour mettre en place un système de production durable et pour avoir des récoltes satisfaisantes. Ce chapitre présente les facteurs à prendre en considération lors de la conversion à l'agriculture biologique et apporte quelques recommandations pour mener à bien ce changement de système de production. Leer más

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Introduction à l’agriculture biologique L'agriculture biologique correspond à un système de gestion intégrée de la production, visant à favoriser la santé des écosystèmes agricoles (ou agro-écosystèmes), y compris de la biodiversité, des cycles biologiques et de l'activité biologique des sols [Commission du Codex Alimentarius, FAO et OMS, 2007]. Ce type d’agriculture met l'accent sur l'utilisation des intrants naturels (minéraux et/ou produits dérivés de plantes), dont l’utilisation est préférable à l’usage d’engrais et de pesticides de synthèse. Leer más

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Bacterial Black Spot (BBS) Identification and Control for Mango Farmers in Ghana Growing mango is full of challenges and farmers should know about them to succeed in the mango production. The more farmers know, the better they will succeed. This short film (and its description) is dealing with a disease called Bacterial Black Spot (BBS). In 2010 it was first identified in West Africa and is now a major threat for mango growers. It weakens branches and causes fruit drop. If not treated, it can devastate an entire plantation. Once the disease breaks out in a certain area, it spreads further and further every year. This video (and the description below which summarize the video) aims to provide some advices on how to recognize the disease and stop it. Leer más

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Anthracnose Control for Mango Farmers in Ghana Growing mango is full of challenges and farmers should know about them to succeed in the mango production. The more farmers know, the better they will succeed. This short film (and its description) is dealing with a disease called Anthracnose. It is a very wide spread disease in humid environments like in the tropical parts of Ghana. Once the disease infects the mango trees, most of the harvest can be lost. This video (and the description below which summarize the video) aims to provide some advice on how to recognize the disease and stop it. Leer más

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Fruit Fly Control for Mango Farmers in Ghana Growing mango is full of challenges and farmers should know about them to succeed in the mango production. The more farmers know, the better they will succeed. In this short film four farmers from the Eastern Region of Ghana share their experiences with fruit fly control in mango plantation. They explain us 1) How to build a fruit fly trap to keep the number of fruit flies under control 2) How to install a fruit fly trap in the tree, 3) How to use a protein bait to control fruit flies, and 4) The role of farm hygiene in fruit fly management. The description below is the written text (script) of the video. Leer más

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Semoirs attelés aux animaux ou aux tracteurs à un essieu en agriculture de conservation Cette technologie explique l'utilisation de la traction animale et des tracteurs à essieu unique pour le semis direct. En particulier les différents instruments ou outils pour le semis direct sont décrites et illustrées avec une gamme de photos. Les principaux éléments de travail des semoirs directs sont: (1) un disque pour couper à travers le paillis de surface et ouvrir une fente dans le sol, (2) un ouvre- sillon pour placer l'engrais et la semence, (3) des roues pour contrôler le la profondeur de plantation et finalement appuyez sur la ligne de semis, et (4) des roues de presse pour fermer la fente afin d'assurer un bon contact entre le sol et les semences. Cette technologie fait partie d'une série sur l'agriculture de conservation. Leer más

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La gestion des mauvaises herbes en agriculture de conservation Cette technologie décrit comment mieux préparer la plantation de cultures et comment gérer les mauvaises herbes, de sorte qu'ils ne peuvent pas interférer avec le développement des cultures. Dans les systèmes d'agriculture de conservation, cette gestion devrait faciliter la pénétration des équipements de semis direct dans le sol et créer un environnement favorable à la germination des graines. La gestion des résidus de la culture de couverture peut être fait soit mécaniquement(en utilisant des machettes, des couteaux ou des faucilles, des rouleaux de couteaux, broyeurs, tondeuses,etc.) ou chimiquement par la pulvérisation d'herbicides, pour dessécher ou " brûler" la couverture végétale et donc faciliter la plantation ultérieure de la culture commerciale. Cette technologie fait partie d'une série sur l'agriculture de conservation . Leer más

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Preparación de colmenas para entrar en invernada - Chile La etapa posterior a la cosecha y de paso el cambio de estación son generalmente el momento en que apicultores ven un aumento en las labores productivas y de comercialización, pero también es importante no descuidar la preparación de las colmenas para entrar a la etapa de invernada, preparando de buena forma las abejas más longevas, especialmente en las zonas donde los periodos de escases de alimento y las condiciones climáticas adversas son prolongadas y no permiten a las abejas desarrollar su funcionamiento normal fuera de la colmena. La proporción de las medidas preventivas y recursos en la medida adecuada son factores importantes que llevan al éxito para tener una buena invernada. Leer más

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Good beekeeping practices Apiculture (beekeeping) is the practice of honeybee management in hives for pollination, production of honey and other products such as wax, royal jelly, propolis and pollen. In addition, an important aspect of beekeeping is the production of bees, queens, package bees, etc. Good beekeeping practices involve proper management of the apiary that can prevent bee diseases and, at the same time, allow to obtain high quality products respecting the consumer’s health. Leer más

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Main diseases of honey bees Honeybees are susceptible to various diseases, some of which are very contagious and diffusive. It is very important that the beekeeper is able to recognize the first signs of disease or infestation in hives and knows how to proceed. This practice outlines the factors that play an important role in the outbreak of a disease and describes the classification of bee diseases. Leer más

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Varroa mites (Varroatosis or Varroosis) Varroa destructor is the mite responsible of Varroatosis (or Varroosis), an external parasitic disease that attacks honeybee colonies (adult bees and especially the brood). V. destructor causes the major economic losses to the beekeeping sector because it is widespread and it has a strong adaptability to the treatments. This mite affects both the brood and the adult bees. It weakens the adult bees by sucking their hemolymph. The weakened bees are more susceptible to other diseases, especially viral pathologies. The first to suffer are the stronger colonies with more brood because of the higher possibility of the mite to replicate at the brood level. Leer más

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Nosemosis Nosemosis is a disease of adult bees caused by unicellular fungi belonging to the Class: Microsporidia, Family: Nosimatidi, Gender: Nosema. There are two different sub-species of Nosema that affect Apis mellifera with different prevalence depending on the area: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, responsible for two different forms of the disease. Both N. apis and N. ceranae have a dormant stage, a long-lived spore.The spores are hardly morphologically distinguishable between the two species and represent the resistance and propagation form of the disease (Fig.1). Spores can remain infectious from a few days up to five years at low temperatures. Heat, as well as solar ultraviolet radiation, can kill them in a few hours. This practice describes how to recognise the two forms of the disease caused by these pathogen types. Leer más

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EFB (European Foulbrood) The European Foulbrood (EFB) is a bacterial disease that affects the honey bee brood. The genetic resistance of some species of bees to this disease may allow, especially in favourable environmental conditions, to overcome the infection without suffering serious damage. However, it should be noted that, even if characterised by a better prognosis than the American Foulbrood, in some areas the EFB has a more malignant manifestation, seriously damaging even very strong bee colonies. This practice describes the causes and symptoms of EFB, how the disease spreads, and how to address and prevent the disease. Leer más

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Bee viruses Virus diseases of bees are spread throughout the world. They are usually undervalued by beekeepers: they can cause serious economic losses if associated with other bee diseases. Varroa destructor has greatly contributed to increase the incidence of viral diseases. Varroa, in fact, is a passive carrier of bee viruses that are transmitted to the bees through the mite’s saliva. In addition, varroa weakens the immune system of the bees, which can allow the reactivation of latent viral infections already present in the body of the bees. Other bee diseases that set the conditions for the onset of viral diseases are Nosemiasis, European Foulbrood and Amebiasis. The transmission of the viruses usually occurs horizontally (e.g. through the bee feces, royal jelly, varroa saliva, the beekeeper), but the transmission of the main bee viruses occur vertically (from the queen to the brood). This practice describes the causes and symptoms of bee viruses, how these diseases spread, and how to address and prevent them. Leer más

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Management of the Aquaponic Systems Aquaponics is the integration of recirculating aquaculture and hydroponics in one production system. Although the production of fish and vegetables is the most visible output of aquaponic units, it is essential to understand that aquaponics is the management of a complete ecosystem that includes three major groups of organisms: fish, plants and bacteria. This document provides recommendations on how to keep a balanced system through the proper management of these three organisms. It also lists all the important management phases from starting a unit to production management over an entire growing season. Leer más

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Deep Water Culture Aquaponic Unit – Step by Step Description Aquaponics is the integration of recirculating aquaculture and hydroponics in one production system. The Deep Water Culture (DWC) is one of the three common methods of aquaponics being utilized at the present, generally implemented at large-scale operations. This technology provides a detailed explanation of the main components of this method and a step by step guide to construct a Deep Water Culture. Leer más

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Nutrient Film Aquaponic Unit – Step by Step Description Aquaponics is the integration of recirculating aquaculture and hydroponics in one production system. The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is one of the three common methods of aquaponics being utilized at the present, suitable especially for small–scale commercial environments. It is often utilized in vertical growing systems where floor space is limited. This technology provides a detailed explanation of the main components and a step by step guide to construct a small–scale aquaponic unit using this method. Leer más

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Media Bed Aquaponic Unit - Step by Step Description Aquaponics is the integration of recirculating aquaculture and hydroponics in one production system. The Media Bed or EbbFlow is the simplest of the three common methods of aquaponics being utilized at the present, mainly at the subsistence level. This technology provides a detailed explanation of the main components of this method and a step by step guide to construct a media bed unit. Leer más

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Designing an aquaponic unit Aquaponics is the integration of recirculating aquaculture and hydroponics in one production system. In aquaponics, the aquaculture effluent is diverted through plant beds and not released to the environment, while at the same time the nutrients for the plants are supplied from a sustainable, cost-effective and non-chemical source. This integration removes some of the unsustainable factors of running aquaculture and hydroponic systems independently. The technology presented in this document, provides a description of the concept of aquaponics and an overview of the three most common methods of aquaponics being utilized at present. In addition, the factors to consider when selecting a site for an aquaponic unit and the components essential for any method of aquaponics are described in details in this document. Leer más

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Strategy for integrated varroa management: healthier colonies through brood removal This technology describes a technique developed by Dr Ralph Büchler to control varroa populations in bee colonies. It proposes an alternative approach for keeping varroa under control and is based on the natural swarming behaviour of the bees. Swarming is nature’s way to deal with diseases in the hive and keep the colony healthy. During swarming, bees leave the hive with old combs behind to make a “fresh new start” in a new place, where they build new combs. In the colony that is left behind, the brood production is interrupted for 3 – 4 weeks until the new queen starts laying eggs. In both cases, the varroa development cycle is interrupted, and the bee population is renewed which favours the health of the bees. The brood removal technique has been tested in Germany since 2007 and positive results were obtained in terms of colony development, disease management and honey yield. No significant differences were observed in terms of colony strength before the winter and similar yields were obtained compared to the control group. In terms of colony health, an effective reduction of Varroa infestation was observed, and less Nosema and other bee viruses were detected in the samples of the hives where comb was removed with respect to the control group. Leer más

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Preparación de alimentos para abejas Para mantener una colmena con buen estatus sanitario y con buenos índices productivos es fundamental la evaluación nutricional y suministro de recurso en caso de ser necesario. Bajo las actuales condiciones climáticas y disminución de recursos entre algunas floraciones se hace necesaria la alimentación artificial de las familias. La alimentación artificial corresponde al suministro de alimentos nutritivos para las abejas en alguna temporada o periodo en el que lo necesiten. La lectura de las variantes climatológicas y el consecuente suministro de recurso alimenticio a las abejas son fundamentales para planificar la intervención del apicultor sobre estas. La lectura de piquera es el primer indicio para saber sobre el funcionamiento de la colmena, por ejemplo es una piquera a la que entran abejas con polen indica la presencia de cría que está siendo alimentada con este recurso. En la siguiente tecnología se describen tres preparaciones de insumos para alimentar y/o tratar colmenas con problemas nutricionales: 1. Una torta proteica 2. Un jarabe de incentivo y uno de apoyo 3. Un producto natural que permite disminuir los niveles de nosemosis en las abejas Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de enfermedades que afectan hojas y vainas en el cultivo de frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las enfermedades que afectan hojas y vainas del frijol. Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de enfermedades que afectan las raíces en el cultivo de frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las enfermedades que afectan las raíces en el frijol. Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de enfermedades que causan crecimientos anormales en hojas y vainas en el cultivo de frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las enfermedades que causan crecimientos anormales en hojas y vainas en el frijol. Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de enfermedades que causan malformaciones y distorsiones de hojas y vainas en el frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las enfermedades que causan malformaciones y distorsiones de hojas y vainas en el frijol. Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de plagas alimentadoras de vainas y semillas en el cultivo de frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las plagas que se alimentan de las vainas y semillas del frijol. Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de plagas de almacenamiento en el cultivo de frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las plagas que afectan en el almacenamiento del cultivo del frijol. Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de plagas en flores en el cultivo de frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las plagas que afectan las flores del frijol. Leer más

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Manejo e identificación de plagas en plántulas en el cultivo de frijol. La producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) es influenciada por muchos factores bióticos y abióticos que interaccionan durante su ciclo de crecimiento. Las enfermedades son uno de los mayores factores bióticos que afectan la producción de frijol. Muchos de los organismos que causan estas enfermedades son portados por las semillas derivadas de la contaminación externa o por las propias semillas. La utilización de semillas portadoras de enfermedades resultan en una germinación pobre, poco vigor de las plantas, bajas producciones y baja calidad de las semillas. Algunas plagas de insectos también afectan la calidad de las semillas y la germinación de las plantas debido al daño que causan en la semilla en campo y el almacenamiento. A continuación una breve descripción y estrategias de manejo para algunas de las plagas que afectan las plántulas del frijol. Leer más

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Elaboración de pesticidas eco-amigables para el control de plagas y enfermedades. La combinación de estrategias de control conocida como Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Enfermedades (MIPE) ofrece un acercamiento integral a los problemas de un cultivo a diferencia de las estrategias de control individuales. Esta técnica pretende minimizar el uso de pesticidas mientras se obtienen los beneficios complementarios de las prácticas culturales, especialmente. Los pesticidas son conocidos por tener algunos efectos adversos en el medio ambiente y la salud humana, si no son bien utilizados. No obstante, su uso puede ser minimizado y económicamente asequible, integrando su uso con hospederos resistentes y prácticas culturales. Los agricultores que pueden afrontar la compra de pesticidas deberían adherirse a las tasas de aplicación recomendadas como también al monitoreo de las poblaciones de plagas para que los pesticidas solo sean aplicados cuando sean requeridos. Los pesticidas bilógicos a diferencia de los pesticidas químicos, son pesticidas que naturalmente tienen sustancias que controlan plagas por mecanismos no tóxicos. Estos incluyen componentes de origen natural, incluyendo a hongos y extractos de plantas. A continuación una breve descripción de los procedimientos para la elaboración de algunos de estos pesticidas eco-amigables. Leer más

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Animal Husbandry in Organic Agriculture Integrating animal husbandry into crop producing farms is one of the principles of organic farming. In temperate and arid zones, animal husbandry plays an important role in the recycling of nutrients, while it is less emphasised in the humid tropics. The caring, training, and nurturing of animals is considered an art in many farming communities. Leer más

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Plant Propagation in Organic Agriculture The choice of high quality organic seed and plant propagation material of suitable varieties is an important key to successful organic farming, allowing for improved yield and product quality, for crop resilience, considerate use of non-renewable resources and for increased genetic and species diversity. This practices describes the principles of plant propagation in organic farming, as well as the importance of the use of traditional varieties and their conservation. Leer más

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Soil Cultivation and Tillage in Organic Agriculture Soil cultivation includes all mechanical measures to loosen, turn or mix the soil, such as ploughing, tilling, digging, hoeing, harrowing etc. Careful soil cultivation can improve the soil‘s capacity to retain water, its aeration, capacity of infiltration, warming up, evaporation etc. But soil cultivation can also harm the soil fertility as it accelerates erosion and the decomposition of humus. There is not one right way to cultivate the soil, but a range of options. Depending on the cropping system and the soil type, appropriate soil cultivation patterns must be developed. Leer más

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Weed Management in Organic Agriculture Organic farmers give first priority to prevention of the introduction and multiplication of weeds. The management practices aim at keeping the weed population at a level that does not result in economic loss of the crop cultivation or harm its quality. The goal is not to completely eradicate all weeds, as they also have a role to play on the farm. For example, weeds provide cover that reduces soil erosion. In addition, most of the biological diversity in our crop fields comes from the presence of weeds. They provide habitat for both beneficial biocontrol insects and mycorrhiza fungi. Because weeds offer pollen and nectar they allow biocontrol insects to maintain their populations and, therefore, serve as a valuable instrument in controlling pests. Leer más

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Pest and Disease Management in Organic Agriculture Pest and disease management consists of a range of activities that support each other. Most management practices are longterm activities that aim at preventing pests and diseases from affecting a crop. Management focuses on keeping existing pest populations and diseases low. Control on the other and is a short-term activity and focuses on killing pest and disease. The general approach in organic agriculture to deal with the causes of a problem rather than treating the symptoms also applies for pest and diseases. Therefore, management is of a much higher priority than control. This document describes preventive practices, as well as control practices using biological, mechanical control and natural pesticides. Leer más

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Nutrient Management in Organic Agriculture Soil is a living system and soil fertility is the key to agricultural productivity. The maintenance of the fertility of the soil is the primary step in any agricultural system. The plethora of microorganism inherent in any soil system ensures that nutrient cycle is in place and the large substrate is broken down to minute particles that can be easy assimilated by the plant’s root system. Therefore farmers should maintain the inherent soil fertility by replacing the nutrients removed by the crops or livestock grazing by using green manures, animal manures (raw or composted) and other natural fertilizers (e.g. rock phosphate). Leer más

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Crop Planning and Management in Organic Agriculture In many traditional agricultural systems a diversity of crops in time or space can be found. Knowing that different plants have different requirements for nutrients, a good crop planning and management is required in order to optimise the use of nutrient in the soil. Crop rotation, intercropping, cover crops and green manures represent the main alternatives to the farmers to manage soil health and fertility. The first three practices will be described in this section. Leer más

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Water Management in Organic Agriculture Scarcity of water for agriculture is a common phenomenon in many countries. In some regions it is almost impossible to grow crops without irrigation. Even in areas with large amounts of rainfall in the rainy season, crops may get short of water during dry periods. Organic farming aims at optimising the use of on-farm resources and at a sustainable use of natural resources. Active water retention, water harvesting and storing of water are important practices, especially for organic farmers. Organic farmers know that it is more important to first improve the water retention and the infiltration of water into the soil. Leer más

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Mulching in Organic Agriculture Mulching is the process of covering the topsoil with plant material such as leaves, grass, twigs, crop residues, straw etc. A mulch cover enhances the activity of soil organisms such as earthworms. They help to create a soil structure with plenty of smaller and larger pores through which rainwater can easily infiltrate into the soil, thus reducing surface runoff. As the mulch material decomposes, it increases the content of organic matter in the soil. Soil organic matter helps to create a good soil with stable crumb structure. Thus the soil particles will not be easily carried away by water. Therefore, mulching plays a crucial role in preventing soil erosion. Leer más

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Step by Step Conversion to Organic Agriculture The procedure of conversion of a farm commonly consists of three steps. In a first step, it is recommended to collect information on appropriate organic farming practices. In a second step, the most promising organic practices should be tried out on selected plots or fields to get familiar with. In a third step, only organic procedures should be implemented in the entire farm. Support from an experienced extension officer or a farmer is usually very helpful to give guidance in the process. Leer más

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Considerations for Conversion to Organic Agriculture Conversion to organic agriculture describes the process of learning and implementation of changes on the farm towards a more sustainable and natural way of farming. The form the process takes depends on the local circumstances and the predisposition of the farmer or the community, and it varies from farm to farm. The more knowledge a farmer has about the concepts and practices of organic farming, the easier conversion process to organic farming will be. Even if organic farming does not depend on specific land conditions to start with, if soils are depleted for example, it may need greater efforts and require more patience to establish a sustainable production system and realize satisfying harvests. Here, you will find the factors to be considered during conversion to organic agriculture and some recommendations to succeed during the process. Leer más

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Introduction to Organic Agriculture Organic agriculture is an integrated production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity (FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2007). It emphasizes the use of natural inputs (i.e. mineral and products derived from plants) and the renunciation of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Leer más

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Uso de la harina de ortiga y de aceto balsámico en apicultura En esta tecnología se explica paso a paso como elaborar y usar la harina de ortiga y el aceto balsámico para diversas amenazas a las que se ven enfrentadas las abejas. La harina de ortiga es una planta rica en ácido fórmico un componente también presente dentro de la colmena, que es indicativo de una colmena fuerte y bien desarrollada, por otra parte el aceto balsámico se obtiene del exudado de manzanas en una tacho diseñada para esto. Ambos son manejos que se desarrollan para combatir de forma complementaria los ataques de avispa y los dañinos aumentos de nosema en las abejas (la nosema es una enfermedad producida por el parasito Microsporidio Nosema Apis, que afecta el aparato digestivo de las abejas obreras). Leer más

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Confección de blusa con velo integrado para apicultores En la siguiente tecnología se detallan los métodos y materiales necesarios para realizar la confección de una blusa con velo integrado. Esta vestimenta es fundamental para la protección de los apicultores cuando estos realizan los manejos habituales en las colmenas. La blusa con velo es una protección de medio cuerpo para los apicultores, que los protege desde la cabeza a la cintura. La confección de este elemento es de mediana facilidad, y los materiales para su confección también son fáciles de conseguir. La fabricación de indumentaria para apicultores como lo son la blusa con velo y overol con velo en una alta frecuencia son labores que desempeñan pequeños negocios de emprendimiento local lo que potencia y fortalece a los pequeños productores cercanos y las cadenas de comercio locales asociados, por lo cual estos conocimientos proporcionan una útil herramienta para el sustento familiar. Leer más

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Réduction des risques liés à l’utilisation de pesticides Le terme "pesticide" désigne au sens large tout produit utilisé pour tuer les nuisibles (parasites, ravageurs…) et inclut les insecticides, les herbicides, les fongicides et les rodenticides. Ces pesticides sont toxiques et peuvent être très dangereux pour votre santé et pour l’environnement (notamment pour les abeilles). Mais l’usage excessif des pesticides n’est pas seulement dangereux pour la santé et l’environnement; cela engendre aussi des pertes d’argent et le développement de résistance de la part des nuisibles. Ici sont présentés quelques explications et conseils sur la façon d'utiliser en toute sécurité les pesticides et comment vous protéger contre les effets nocifs des pesticides lors de leur application. Si vous utilisez des pesticides, faites-vous conseiller sur les moins dangereux à employer et comment vous protégez de leur impact. Leer más

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Reducción de los riesgos durante el uso de pesticidas "Pesticida" es un término amplio que abarca una gama de productos que se utilizan para matar plagas, incluyendo: insecticidas, herbicidas, fungicidas y rodenticidas. Estos pesticidas son tóxicos y pueden ser muy perjudiciales para la salud del usuario y la del medio ambiente (especialmente para las abejas). Pero el uso excesivo de pesticidas no es sólo peligroso para su salud y la del medio ambiente; también desperdicia dinero y crea resistencia a las plagas. Aquí se pueden encontrar algunas explicaciones y consejos sobre cómo utilizar de forma segura los pesticidas y cómo protegerse de sus efectos nocivos durante su utilización en los campos. Si usted decide usar pesticidas, obtiene consejos sobre los menos peligrosos de usarlos y cómo protegerse de sus efectos. Leer más

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Construcción de lagunas, cisternas y pozos para el abastecimiento seguro de agua en épocas de sequía para el consumo animal La crianza de ganado bovino, ovino y caprino requiere de agua para el abastecimiento de los animales. Las fuentes de agua más usadas por los pequeños productores pecuarios son manantiales, arroyos y pequeños ríos. Con el cambio climático, las sequías son más prolongadas y frecuentes provocando el agotamiento de las fuentes naturales de agua. Esto ha producido, en muchas ocasiones, muerte de animales por falta de agua para su abastecimiento, pues animales con nutrición deficiente, sumada a largas caminatas en busca de agua, provoca pérdidas importantes del ganado. El objetivo de esta práctica es asegurar el agua de consumo de los animales y evitar pérdidas en la producción por falta de la misma. La construcción de lagunas, cisternas y pozos son una fuente confiable de agua para los prolongados periodos de sequía que se presentan en zonas de baja pluviometría y limitadas fuentes de agua para el ganado, que se adaptan a las diferentes condiciones de cada predio. Leer más

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Risk reduction while manipulating pesticides “Pesticide” is a broad term covering a range of products that are used to kill pests, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and rodenticides. These pesticides are toxic and can be very harmful to your health and the environment (especially for bees). But overuse of pesticides is not just dangerous for your health and the environment; it also wastes money and encourages pest resistance. Here are some explanations and advices on how to safely use pesticides and how to protect you from the harmful effects of pesticides when applying them on the fields. If you decide to use pesticides, get advice about the least hazardous ones to use and how to protect yourself from their effect! Leer más

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Renovación de plantaciones de plátano cambiando la época y sistema de siembra Los Ciclones Tropicales y la ocurrencia de considerables volúmenes de precipitaciones, se encuentran entre los eventos meteorológicos más importantes que afectan las provincias de Barahona y Bahoruco entre los meses de junio a octubre. En estas zonas, cuando la siembra se realiza durante los meses de junio y julio, la etapa de floración a cosecha del cultivo, ocurre durante los meses en que usualmente se presentan fuertes vientos y exceso de lluvia, ocasionando la caída y el anegamiento de las plantaciones. Además, en Barahona y Bahoruco, el sistema tradicional de producción de plátano, se caracteriza por el uso de bajas densidades de siembra, manejado como cultivo perenne, exponiendo el cultivo a los efectos negativos de los fenómenos naturales que regularmente ocurren, lo cual ha contribuido con los bajos volúmenes de producción, y la creciente incidencia de plagas y enfermedades, como Sigatoka negra. Tomando en consideración que el plátano se puede sembrar en cualquier época del año, el cambio de época de siembra, utilizando alta densidad de población a un ciclo de producción, es una alternativa para reducir el grave deterioro que se registra permanentemente en las unidades de producción. La siembra durante los meses de febrero a abril, ha resultado ser la de menor riesgo a desastres naturales, de acuerdo a testimonios de productores de la zona. Ya que de esta manera la etapa de floración a cosecha del cultivo, ocurre fuera de los meses en que usualmente se presentan estos fenómenos. La alta densidad se refiere a siembras mayores de 2500 plantas por hectárea. Sin embargo, esta práctica resulta exitosa cuando el sistema de producción se maneja a un solo ciclo de producción, donde obtienen alto rendimiento y una menor incidencia de plagas y enfermedades, lo cual se refleja en mayores ingresos para los productores. Leer más

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Traslado de animales a lugares elevados para proteger el ganado en zonas afectadas por inundaciones. La ocurrencia de inundaciones en zonas bajas de la República Dominicana, como es el caso de localidades de la Región Sur (Barahona, Neiba, Jimaní, San Juan, otras) y la Región Noroeste (Monte Cristi, Valverde), provoca daños considerables a la producción pecuaria. Dentro de los efectos negativos más comunes causados por inundaciones se encuentran: el ahogamiento de animales por crecidas de ríos y cañada, la escasez de forrajes para alimentación animal, debido a inundaciones de potreros y la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas que provocan la muerte de un gran número de animales. Esta realidad ha obligado a los productores a implementar medidas que sean de fácil implementación y de bajo costo, orientadas a reducir las pérdidas de animales como consecuencia de las inundaciones, desbordamiento de ríos y huracanes. Una de las prácticas implementadas para mejorar esta situación lo constituye el traslado de animales a lugares elevados para alojar y proteger el ganado de las especies bovino y ovino-caprino, de los fenómenos naturales mencionados. Esta práctica se ha convertido en una alternativa preventiva para evitar pérdidas de animales y sus producciones, ya que los ganaderos trasladan sus animales a lugares estratégicos con cierta elevación, aprovechando áreas donde exista disponibilidad de forrajes para la alimentación de los animales, durante el tiempo que permanezcan afectados por la inundación. Leer más

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Construcción de corrales en lugares elevados para proteger el ganado, en zonas afectadas por inundaciones. Los fenómenos naturales (inundaciones, huracanes) causan daños importantes en los sistemas de producción pecuarios de las zonas vulnerables, tales como: las regiones suroeste, noroeste y nordeste de la República Dominicana. La pérdida de animales, ocasionadas por desbordamiento de ríos, cañadas y presas, así como el incremento en la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas, provocan la muerte de animales y genera pérdidas económicas cuantiosas para los productores. Una de las prácticas implementadas para mejorar esta situación, lo constituye la construcción de corrales en lugares elevados, con la finalidad de alojar y proteger el ganado de las especies bovino y ovino-caprino de los huracanes e inundaciones. Esta práctica es tradicional, siendo utilizada hace más de 25 años en las comunidades de Villa Elisa y Palo Verde en Monte Cristi; Jaquimeyes y el Peñón en Barahona y Neiba en Bahoruco en la República Dominicana. Dicha práctica es de fácil implementación y constituye una buena alternativa, ya que se pueden utilizar materiales disponibles en las zonas ganaderas (postes, varas, madera). Los corrales deben ser construidos en lugares donde exista disponibilidad de forrajes para la alimentación de los animales, durante el tiempo que permanezcan afectados por la inundación. Con la construcción de corrales en lugares elevados se reducen la pérdida de animales por ahogamiento en 100%, la mortalidad disminuye en 80% y la producción se mantiene más estable en el año. Leer más

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Material de siembra de alta calidad en la en renovación de plantaciones de plátano y banano En la República Dominicana la ocurrencia de fenómenos naturales tropicales cuyas principales manifestaciones consisten en vientos huracanados, lluvias torrenciales e inundaciones, entre otras, se torna cada vez más errática e intensa. Estos fenómenos, producidos por lo general en la denominada “época ciclónica, causan daños muy importantes en los sistemas de producción de las musácea en las provincias de Barahona y Bahoruco. Se destacan como daños muy importantes la caída y pudrición radicular de las plantas de plátano y banano. Además, en estas regiones, el sistema tradicional de producción de musáceas comestible, se caracteriza por el uso de material de siembra de baja calidad, esto hace que estos cultivos sean más susceptibles a los efectos negativos de los vientos y a lluvias torrenciales e inundaciones. Esta situación requiere de medidas que sean de bajo costo, funcionales y de fácil implementación, orientadas a la rehabilitación y/o renovación de las plantaciones destruidas por los fuertes vientos y prolongadas inundaciones. En vista de que el material de siembra para estos cultivos es escaso y de baja calidad, unas buenas prácticas para mejorar esta situación, lo constituye la producción rápida de plántulas de plátano y banano bajo sombra controlada a partir de cormitos (cormoplantas). Esta práctica asegura plantaciones vigorosas, uniformes, sin mezcla varietal y libre de plagas y enfermedades. Leer más

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Prácticas de protección de plantas de banano (Musa AAA) en su fase productiva en la República Dominicana Las plantas de banano en su fase productiva deben soportar un determinado peso ejercido de forma gradual sobre el pseudotallo y en su parte basal a nivel del suelo proporcionado por el racimo, desde su ubicación y durante su proceso de llenado en la parte superior de la planta. Existe una amenaza de manera permanente y en especial en las épocas de incremento de los vientos, de que ocurran desbalances de posicionamiento en plantas paridas en relación a su gravedad con el suelo y en consecuencia, pérdidas de racimos por caída o doblez de éstas antes de la cosecha si no se realizan labores de apoyo físico que contrarresten las fuerzas en torno a su cuerpo, que precisa permanecer relativamente firme hasta el momento de la recolección de los frutos. Para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de las plantaciones de banano en la fase productiva, cuya salida de floración y de racimos en las plantaciones es continuo en las diferentes épocas del año, se recomienda establecer un sistema de labores de protección física sobre la propia planta, que disminuye la posibilidad de pérdida de unidades productoras y de sus racimos que afectan el retorno económico de la inversión de los productores. Las prácticas a implementar son: el desmane del racimo, incluida la eliminación de la manzana o bellota y el apuntalamiento de la planta parida. Estas labores se deben realizar oportunamente en todos los sistemas de producción para exportación o para el mercado nacional. Leer más

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Équipements de semis direct pour tracteurs (agriculture de conservation) Cette technologie explique et illustre quel équipement est nécessaire d'utiliser pour les tracteurs et comment l'utiliser pour le semis direct. En particulier, il examine le disque nettoyeur, le disque de coupe et le disque ouvre- sillon. Le nettoyeur de ligne est utilisé pour enlever l'excès de paillis de la rangée de plantes. Le disque de coupe est nécessaire pour faire une coupe nette à travers la couverture de résidus et éviter la collecte de résidus autour des éléments de planteur ou le pressage des résidus dans la ligne de semis. Divers outils pour ouvrir le sillon utile à l'ensemencement, différant en fonction de la forme et du type, sont présentés en détail: une dent ou une houe ciseau, des disques simples à un angle dans le sillon, des disques doubles ainsi que le T inversé et la fente en croix. Cette technologie fait partie d'une série sur l'agriculture de conservation. Leer más

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Uso de barreras muertas en terrenos de laderas para control de erosión Las zonas de laderas o montañas de la región sur de la República Dominicana, resultan muy afectadas periódicamente por los efectos negativos de los fenómenos naturales (precipitaciones abundantes, huracanes y vientos), por esta razón, esta región ha sido considerada de alta vulnerabilidad; ya que no se cuenta con instrumentación ni medidas apropiadas para responder a los desastres naturales o reducir sus efectos negativos. Las montañas de la región sur están desnudas o desprovistas de árboles, por esta razón la caída de las gotas de lluvias, no amortiguan antes de llegar al suelo; provocando grandes escorrentías y por ende la erosión de los suelos, dejándolos inservibles para desarrollar actividades agrícolas; ya que la capa vegetal se ha perdido y con ella la fertilidad. Las lluvias de acuerdo a la intensidad (100 mm o más), duración y frecuencia, es el fenómeno natural que afecta con más agresividad los suelos de laderas, por los grandes volúmenes de sedimentos que arrastra. La degradación de los suelos, ha motivado a los agricultores de las laderas a implementar la construcción de barreras muertas en sus fincas y de esta forma reducir las pérdidas por erosión que causan las lluvias. Leer más

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Uso de variedades de batata como alternativa para control de vientos Las provincias de Barahona y Bahoruco están localizadas en zonas de depresión que frecuentemente son atacadas por fenómenos naturales, que ocasionan fuerte vientos e inundaciones, ocasionando grandes daños a los sistemas de producción por su vulnerabilidad a estos fenómenos. En los últimos años el cambio climático ha expuesto esta región a huracanes más violento, sobre todo en los meses de agosto, septiembre y octubre. La batata es un cultivo, que por su naturaleza rastrera de su crecimiento la convierte en un cultivo potencial para mitigar riesgos antes estos desastres naturales. En el país se siembran alrededor de 7,000 ha de batata y es necesario incrementar la capacidad para afrontar las adversidades agrícolas a fuerte vientos e inundaciones, a través de la adopción de nuevas variedades y la introducción de prácticas de manejo agronómico. La incorporación de esta tecnología consiste en nuevos cultivos de batata y la incorporación de prácticas agrícolas que permitan prevenir y mitigar la resiliencia de los sistemas agrícolas en caso de fuertes vientos e inundaciones. Leer más

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Uso y manejo de leguminosas como cobertura de suelos para reducir la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas de producción agrícola en República Dominicana. En la República Dominicana los suelos dedicados a la producción de cultivos tales como plátano, banano, maíz, habichuelas, yuca, batata, vegetales de varios tipos y frutales, durante un periodo largo de tiempo han provocado la degradación de los suelos. Como resultado de esta acción la productividad de mucho de los cultivos indicados se ha visto reducida y el deterioro del suelo por causa de la erosión se ha incrementado. Alternativas que se han estado implementando con cierto nivel de éxito en el país es el establecimiento de cultivos de coberturas de leguminosas. Cultivares necesarios a establecer para validar y transferir esta tecnología a técnicos y productores son: Pueraria phaceoloides, Desmodium ovalifolium, Arachis pintoi, Canavalia ensiformis, Stylosantis sp, Neonotonia wightii y Mucuna diringiana. Para su implementación es necesaria, primero la siembra de los cultivos alimenticios a establecer por los productores, aplicando a éstos las labores culturales propias de cada tipo de cultivo y posteriormente ejecutar la siembra de las diferentes especies de leguminosas que se seleccionen para cada sistema de producción agrícola. Estas prácticas tienen como objetivo reducir los niveles de erosión mediante el uso y manejo de coberturas de leguminosas en los sistemas agrícolas de República Dominicana Leer más

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Uso de alternativas forrajeras para mitigar las deficiencias nutricionales en rumiantes durante épocas de sequía o inundación Un buen programa de alimentación de rumiantes en el trópico, debe estar fundamentado en los pastos y forrajes, siendo los mismos el alimento más económico. Los pastos de corte como son: Merker (Pennisetum ssp.), Tanzania (Panicum máximum Cv. Tanzani), Caña de Azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) y Sorgo Forrajero (Sorghum vulgare) poseen la capacidad de producir mayor cantidad de biomasa, resultando en mayor producción de carne y leche; en el caso de excedentes, se procede a conservarlos en forma de ensilaje y la Transvala (Digitaría decumbes Cv.Transvala) en forma de heno, para ser posteriormente utilizados en los momentos y situaciones críticas. Con esta práctica se reduce las deficiencias nutricionales del ganado en la época de sequía o en momentos de inundaciones de los potreros de pastoreo. Leer más

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Uso de variedades de guandul tolerante a sequía En las regiones de laderas de la República Dominicana se cultiva guandul en forma de monocultivos desde la época del descubrimiento de América. Sin embargo, los cultivares tradicionalmente cultivados (Puerto Rico, Kaki, Blanco, Barrosial, Enerito, Haitiano y Mena), presentan serios problemas cuando hay excesos de lluvias o cuando los períodos de sequía son muy prolongados.Los agricultores demandan de nuevas variedades con mayor rango de tolerancia a estrés por sequía y a excesos de humedad. El Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IDIAF), para dar respuesta a las inquietudes de los agricultores de zonas de laderas ha desarrollado la variedad de guandul IDIAF Navideño, que puede tolerar sequía por un período de 40-50 días durante la fase vegetativa y puede resistir la humedad del suelo por 30-35 días, sin encharcamiento y estas condiciones no afectan de manera significativa su producción. Además, esta variedad tiene la particularidad de que, es la única variedad de guandul sensible al fotoperíodo que hay en el país, que puede producir dos veces sobre la misma planta, de manera continua; por tal razón, ofrece mayor productividad que las demás variedades cultivadas en el país y un por un período de tiempo más prolongado. Esta variedad puede producir desde noviembre hasta febrero si las condiciones de humedad y de clima son favorables. El objetivo de esta tecnología es introducir la variedad de guandul IDIAF Navideño en regiones con problemas de sequía y excesos de humedad. Leer más

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Roya del café: utilización de variedades tolerantes En esta práctica se describe cómo reducir los daños producidos por la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br) con la sustitución de variedades actuales, por variedades tolerantes a la enfermedad como son las líneas seleccionadas de las variedades Catimor y/o Sarchimor. Leer más

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Guantes de protección para apicultor El guante es un equipo de protección para los apicultores que trabajan con abejas agresivas, es generalmente construido de pieles lisas y suaves (cuero) de gran resistencia, con el objetivo de proteger las manos y antebrazos de los apicultores de las picaduras de las abejas, a fin de que los aguijones no puedan traspasarlos. Estos deben de ser flexibles y duraderos. Leer más

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Banquillo individual para colmenas El banquillo para colmenas es una estructura utilizada para alzar las colmenas y evitar que ingrese agua y humedad adentro de las colmenas, para que no ingresen plagas que se encuentran en el suelo, para cuidar el material del cual está construido la colmena y para permitir un manejo más cómodo para el apicultor. La altura recomendada es de 30 cm cómo mínimo y con ligera inclinación hacia adelante para evitar la acumulación de agua dentro de las colmenas. Una condición importante para la fabricación de un tipo de banquillo es que este sea estable, resistente y de fácil traslado si se desea realizar trashumancia. Leer más

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Alimentador externo e interno para colmenas En la siguiente tecnología se detalla cómo construir dos tipos de alimentadores para colmenas. Uno es el alimentador externo que tiene la principal ventaja que es de fácil visualización por el apicultor y el otro es un alimentador interno que permite mantener el alimento a una temperatura similar a la que se encuentra la colmena, con lo cual la abeja tiene una más rápida asimilación del alimento. Leer más

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La technique FAO-Thiaroye de Transformation du Poisson ou le FTT-Thiaroye: comment l'utiliser Le FTT-Thiaroye est une technique née des efforts collaboratifs entre la FAO et l’institut de formation CNFTPA du Sénégal. Son développement répond au besoin d’améliorer les opérations de séchage et de fumage de poisson à petite échelle. La clef de son adoption repose sur ses avantages propres. Tout d'abord, le FTT permet la commercialisation de produits de meilleure qualité et plus sûrs (notamment grâce à l'absence d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques/HAP), fournissant en même temps un rendement plus élevé et des pertes après-capture marginaux. Deuxièmement, il réduit le ratio bois ou charbon/poissons, et sa structure facilite l'utilisation de sous-produits agricoles (épis de maïs ou mil, coques ou bourres de coco, etc.) et le gaz de cuisine comme combustibles. L'impact environnemental et les coûts d'exploitation sont ainsi diminués. En dernier et non le moindre, le FTT réduit la pénibilité du travail des femmes opératrices de pêche, avec une moindre exposition des transformateurs à la fumée et la chaleur. Leer más

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Conservación de forrajes ante sequías prolongadas e inundaciones La sequía, al igual que las inundaciones son fenómenos eventuales que provocan importantes pérdidas económicas y enfermedades que afectan las actividades agropecuarias de República Dominicana a nivel nacional. Entre estas se destacan la reducción de la disponibilidad y calidad de los pastos, causando además la pérdida de peso del ganado por la escasez de pastos y forrajes. Una manera de reducir el impacto negativo de la baja disponibilidad de pastos por sequía o inundación es mediante prácticas de conservación de forrajes para heno y ensilajes, utilizando caja empacadora manual para la fabricación de pacas de heno y bolsas plásticas para conservar el forraje en forma de silo. Estos implementos son de fácil manejo para los productores principalmente para el transporte y almacenamiento en áreas pequeñas de sus fincas. Leer más

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Buenas prácticas para la prevención y control de la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix) en la República Dominicana. La roya del cafeto (Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br) es la enfermedad foliar más importante del cultivo del café. A pesar de estar presente en casi todas las zonas cafeteras de República Dominicana, su importancia es mayor en las zonas de altura media y baja, donde se ve favorecida por las temperaturas cálidas y ambientes húmedos y lluviosos. Por lo tanto, la aplicación adecuada de las prácticas culturales para el manejo integrado de la roya (MIR), no solo ayudará al manejo de esta plaga sino también al incremento de la productividad de los cafetales. Leer más

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Manejo de Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) en plantaciones de plátano y banano En la República Dominicana, la ocurrencia de altas precipitaciones e inundaciones propias de la época ciclónica, causan daños muy importantes en los sistemas de producción de plátano y banano. Entre ellos, el incremento en la presencia de enfermedades como la Sigatoka negra. Esta enfermedad produce necrosis y muerte acelerada de las hojas, provocando madurez prematura, reducción del tamaño del fruto y bajo peso del racimo, ocasionando una reducción significativa en el volumen de producción. Esta situación requiere de un manejo integrado, funcional y de bajo costo, que incluya prácticas culturales orientadas a reducir las condiciones favorables para el establecimiento y desarrollo del patógeno, inducir el vigor de las plantas y eliminar fuentes de inóculo dentro de la plantación. Leer más

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The FAO-Thiaroye processing technique - How to use and operate it The FTT-Thiaroye is a technique drawn from the collaborative efforts between the FAO and the CNFTPA training institute in Senegal. Its development addresses the need to improve small-scale fish drying and smoking operations. The key to its adoption rests upon its benefits. Globally, the main condition required for the FAO-Thiaroye to be successfully applied is the know-how of its construction, use and maintenance. This technology describes how to use and operate the FTT-Thiaroye. Leer más

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The FAO-Thiaroye processing technique- How to construct it and assemble its components The FTT-Thiaroye is a technique drawn from the collaborative efforts between the FAO and the CNFTPA training institute in Senegal. Its development addresses the need to improve small-scale fish drying and smoking operations. The key to its adoption rests upon its benefits. Globally, the main condition required for the FAO-Thiaroye to be successfully applied is the know-how of its construction, use and maintenance. This technology describes step by step how to construct and assemble a FTT-Thiaroye unit. Leer más

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Introduction à l'Agriculture de Conservation Le labour constitue la principale opération dans l'agriculture conventionnelle. La charrue, l'équipement le plus usité pour réaliser cette opération, est devenue un symbole de l'agriculture. Par le passé, le labour était considéré comme le gage de l'amélioration de la fertilité des sols, en raison de la minéralisation des éléments nutritifs du sol qu'elle favorise. L'agriculture de conservation (AC) est une méthode de gestion des agro-écosystèmes qui a pour but une amélioration soutenue de la productivité, une augmentation des profits ainsi que de la sécurité alimentaire tout en préservant et en améliorant les ressources et l'environnement. L'agriculture de conservation se caractérise par trois principes reliés, à savoir: 1- Un travail minimal du sol(allant jusqu`à son absence totale, cas des systèmes de semis direct) 2- La couverture permanente du sol par un mulch végétal vivant ou mort (paille) 3- La diversification des espèces cultivées, en association et/ou dans la rotation. Cette technologie est une introduction qui présente les concepts de base de l'AC. Leer más

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Confección de ahumador para apicultor El ahumador es una herramienta imprescindible para todo apicultor. Desde tiempos inmemoriales se ha utilizado el humo para disminuir la agresividad de las abejas al momento de realizar manejos en las colmenas. En esta tecnología se detallan los materiales, herramientas y procedimientos con los cuales se puede fabricar un ahumador para manejo de colmenas. Leer más

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Propagation of Stingless Bees Using Coconut Shells Coconut shells are used to make honey harvesting easy and to decrease mortality of young bees or brood. The usual way of harvesting honey from wild colonies destroys a large portion of the nest. The bees spend long time to mend the damaged nest. This problem is minimized by the method described here, where the coconut shell serves as the “honey chamber” equivalent to the honey super in modern bee hives. A major advantage of this method is that there is no need to relocate the nests, thus wild populations of bees are conserved. A coconut shell is simply added to an already established colony. This technology is adapted from Bees for Development 2003, volume 67. Leer más

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Harvesting honey from giant honey bees in the Philippines Harvesting honey from colonies of giant honey bees, Apis breviligula and Apis dorsata can be a profitable village enterprise. Smoke is used to drive away the bees from their nest. The honey comb is cut and separated from the pollen and brood. The comb is processed in a honey house to limit contamination. Dehumidification is done when necessary to lower the moisture content to at least 23%. Extracted and dehumidified honey is bottled in glass jars. Leer más

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Fundidor de cera de abejas a vapor artesanal La cera es un producto que se obtiene de las colmenas mediante el recambio natural de los marcos que se encuentran deteriorados u oscuros o de la cera de opérculo. La cera es generada por las abejas jóvenes que desarrollan labores de construcción dentro de la colmena. Cómo para ayudar a las labores de construcción, el apicultor puede entregar marcos con cera estampada o estirada para que la abeja tenga algo de labor adelantada. Para obtener cera estampada se debe extraer la cera, fundirla y luego estamparla, lo cual puede hacerse en base a la cera que produce el apicultor o bien por la compra de cera a otros productores. Lo ideal siempre es conocer la procedencia de la cera, el apiario del cual viene, la forma de la cual se obtiene, etc. Todos estos antecedentes son importantes de conocer pues la cera es la estructura donde se desarrollarán los estados de crías de todos los individuos que habitan la colmena, además de ser la cera el primer envase de la miel, por ello si se utiliza una cera contaminada con fármacos u otros agentes, las crías que se desarrollan en ella están en contacto con estos compuestos al igual que la miel, la que incorpora estos contaminantes en su estructura, lo cual puede generar problemas para los consumidores, por ello la importancia de utilizar cera de procedencia conocida y producida bajo un plantel que realice buenas prácticas. Leer más

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How to Harvest Honey, Pollen and Propolis from Stingless Bees On top of the role of stingless bees in crop pollination, additional income could be derived from the valuable hive products they produce: honey, pollen and propolis. This technology discusses the simple procedure for gathering honey, pollen and propolis from stingless bees in coconut shells hives and wooden boxes. Leer más

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Use of Stingless Bees for Pollination While the coconut shell technology is the easiest and cheapest way to propagate stingless bees, it may not be practical for inter-island transport for pollination of large plantation crops like mango. Thus, a suitable wooden hive was designed for this purpose. This technology explains how to build the wooden hive as well as the requirements for utilizing stingless bees for pollination. Leer más

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Confección de overol con velo integrado para apicultores En la siguiente tecnología se mencionan los materiales y los procedimientos para confeccionar un traje de apicultor completo que está conformado por un overol y un velo desmontable. El traje completo con velo brinda gran seguridad al apicultor durante el manejo de abejas de mediana a alta agresividad, protegiendo la totalidad del cuerpo del apicultor facilitando el trabajo. Leer más

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Well dried maize benefits all – the solar maize dryer The solar maize dryer is a construction that dries maize through solar energy. It takes three days to reduce the moisture content of maize from 24% to 14%. Drying maize reduces the risk of mold and aflotoxins and helps farmers to achieve good market prices. Leer más

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Confección de pinza para extracción de marcos con espátula integrada La pinza para extracción de marcos es una herramienta de gran utilidad para el apicultor, ya que permite extraer los marcos de la colmena sin necesidad de emplear ambas manos en esta labor, con lo cual se agiliza el manejo. Generalmente los marcos están pegados con propóleos entre sí. Los propóleos son sustancias resinosas que dificultan la separación y movilización de los marcos, por este motivo se hace uso de una espátula para facilitar el manejo y poder separar marcos. Además ésta herramienta permite la extracción del propóleo de raspado de los bordes superiores de los marcos e interiores de la colmena. Leer más

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Sago plantations on undrained peatland in Indonesia Sago (Metroxylon sagu) is an Indonesian indigenous plant species. The tree needs periodical inundation for better performance, so it is highly suitable to be cultivated on tropical peatlands. Sago palms can be planted on slightly drained or even undrained peatland. Sago flour is a well-established nationally and internationally traded material. This practice describes how to establish sago plantations. The practice is derived from a study case in Meranti Island district and Riau Province, Indonesia. Leer más

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Peatland restoration in China This practice gives an overview of activities for restoring the degraded peatlands in the Ruoergai plateau in China, including the blocking of canals and re-establishing vegetation. The water table was raised to rewet adjacent areas and vegetation was regrown in their natural state. The peatland restoration improved grazing land and water quality. Additionally, rewetted peatlands mitigate the effects of climate change by increasing carbon sequestration and decreasing carbon dioxide emissions. Leer más

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Illipe nut plantation on undrained peatland in Indonesia Illipe species (Shorea spp.) are Southeast Asian forest trees that are highly suitable to be cultivated on tropical peatlands. The nuts and timber of these trees have a high commercial value. At the same time illipe plantations conserve peatlands. Peatlands not only hold a large pool of carbon, but also play an important role in the retention, purification and release of water and in the mitigation of droughts and floods. Therefore a sustainable management of peat ecosystem is needed to improve the resilience and capacity of a community to adapt to climate change. This practice describes how to establish an illipe plantation and is derived from a study case in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Leer más

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Tensor de alambres de bastidores o marcos Los bastidores o marcos que se utilizan en la apicultura poseen alambres tensos en los que va incrustada la cera de abejas, donde estarán ubicados las crías, el polen y la miel. Para que la cera no se deforme los alambres de los bastidores deben estar correctamente estirados y tensados, y de esta forma evitar que los marcos se desarmen en el transcurso de la temporada o en la centrifuga cuando se realiza la extracción de la miel. En esta tecnología se explica cómo confeccionar un tipo de tensor de alambres con materiales de fácil obtención. Leer más

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Marketing animals and milk This practical guide helps pastoralists understand markets for animals and milk. It explains the market chains for milk and animals and the types of markets where pastoralists can sell their products. Leer más

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Producing animals and milk for market This short practical guide describes how pastoralists can produce strong, healthy animals and good-quality milk that will fetch a good price. Leer más

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Organising to market animals and milk Pastoralists need certain skills and have to be organized to market animals or milk successfully. This practical guide tells you what types of groups you can form and which skills you need. Leer más

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11 ways to improve animal marketing This practical guide presents 11 ways that pastoralists can improve the marketing of their livestock. Leer más

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Services for marketing animals and milk This practical guide describes services that pastoralists need to market their animals, milk and hides effectively. It covers market information, financial services, transport, market facilities and processing plants. Leer más

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10 ways to improve milk marketing This practical guide presents 10 ways how pastoralists can make more money from milk. Leer más

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How to measure soil pH value Most soils in Ghana are too acidic, limiting the nutrient uptake of plants. The following video presents one easy way to measure a soil’s pH value using pH indicator strips. Knowing your soil's pH value helps to take action to improve your soil quality. Leer más

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Video on how to build a fruit fly trap Fruit flies are a common pest damaging fruits and vegetables. This video explains how to build a safe, simple and cost effective fruit fly trap with a plastic bottle, a pheromone and an insecticide. Leer más

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Video on how to prune a mango tree This video explains how to do maintenance pruning of mango trees. Pruning is a very effective way to enhance the quality of mangos. At the same time production costs are reduced. Leer más

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Video on how to defeat the mealy bug Papaya mealy bugs (Paracoccus marginatus) are a pest infesting papaya trees (Carica papaya) and were accidentally introduced into Ghana. Biological control of papaya mealy bugs is possible with the help of Acerophagus papayae wasps. These predators lay their eggs into the mealy bugs, killing them. The short video shows how Acerophagus wasps can be bred and multiplied in a small laboratory at low cost in order to be released into the orchard. This video was made on Tropigha Farms in the Volta Region. Leer más

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How to make good, hot compost This video explains the process of making good, hot compost from green leaves, woody material, rock phosphate and animal manure. Leer más

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Dispositivo para atrapar enjambres Construcciones urbanas son en reiteradas ocasiones el hogar de familias de abejas que buscan un lugar donde vivir, generando gran inquietud o malestar de los vecinos quienes en ocasiones incurren en practicas como eliminarlas con insecticidas o tapar el orificio por el que se les ve entrando, ambas practicas no recomendables. Mediante el empleo de este dispositivo por un apicultor capacitado, se puede extraer la totalidad de la familia sin matar ninguna abejas y de forma rápida y segura. En esta tecnología se muestra una interesante herramienta para capturar enjambres que no se encuentran de fácil acceso para ser extraídos fácilmente por el apicultor. El dispositivo se confecciona con materiales de fácil acceso y de bajo costo. Leer más

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Buenas Prácticas Apícolas - Chile En esta tecnología se explican los conceptos básicos a considerar al momento de iniciar una producción de miel de abejas. Es muy importante conocer conceptos básicos de la apicultura antes de iniciar una explotación, ya que mediante la implementación de estas buenas prácticas se pueden obtener los productos deseados en inocuidad y calidad para el consumo de la población. Leer más

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Increasing flexibility in crop production through DAPOG nursery to reduce the impact of droughts and floods in Cambodia Cambodia is highly vulnerable to natural hazards such as droughts and floods, which annually occur and often significantly affect the agricultural sector as crops are damaged or destroyed. To reduce these adverse impacts flexibility in crop production is essential. Adopting the practice of Dapog nursery has helped to increase farmers’ flexibility in crop production and has reduced losses in both wet and dry conditions. The Dapog nursery can be constructed on various surfaces, such as in the fields, on small portions of land, or even on concrete floors as long as there is a reliable water source nearby. It allows seedlings to grow quickly in a relatively small space. Furthermore, the strength of young seedlings (10 to 14 days old) is improved. Consequently, they suffer less from the transplanting shock and are more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses like pests, floods, droughts and storms. This method takes less time to construct than conventional seedbeds and reduces the amount of labor needed as the pulling of seedlings is eliminated. As a result and due to the flexibility of this method, the Dapog nursery proves to be a good practice to potentially increase yield and additional income as well as to contribute to people’s food and nutrition security. Leer más

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Construction of raised drying racks for fish – the experience from Burundi Fisheries play an important part in the economic and social life of people in Burundi. One third of the animal protein consumption in the country stems from fisheries, and the sector employs over 100,000 people. Yet, about 10 to 15% of the harvest is lost in the process. Fish drying, which is the most common processing technique in the country, is done generally on bare ground. This can lead to partial or total alteration of the products, and can considerably reduce both income and livelihoods all along the value chain. In response to these issues, FAO (the Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations) and the Burundi Fisheries Directorate started a project to improve fish processing methods and reduce losses. Specifically, the use of raised racks for fish drying was promoted. This technology shows how to build and use raised racks for fish drying, which can ensure a higher level of productivity. Leer más

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Mechanical soil conservation strategies to reduce soil erosion in Dominica Due to its location and geology, Dominica is highly vulnerable to a large number of hazards, such as hurricanes, storms, heavy rainfalls, and landslides. These hazards directly affect agricultural productivity and production and increase the potential for soil erosion, which leads to a loss of productive top soils. Therefore, careful soil management practices in crop production are required in order to strengthen farms’ resilience to disasters. Mechanical soil conservation strategies help to protect the soil from the impacts of heavy rain and wind, prevent soil erosion, and conserve soil moisture. They comprise different structures, such as bunds, terraces, or vegetative barriers, which can be made of plants, rocks, or a mixture of live and dead material. Leer más

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Mulching to control soil erosion in Dominica In Dominica, natural hazards, such as storms and hurricanes regularly occur and directly affect agricultural productivity and production. Heavy rainfalls, especially in the late summer and autumn months from August to December, significantly increase susceptibility to landslides and soil erosion and lead to a loss of productive top soils, among others. Therefore, careful soil management practices in crop production are required. Mulching is an on-farm soil conservation strategy to protect the soil from the impacts of heavy rainfalls, storms, and droughts. Besides preventing soil erosion, mulching also reduces weed growth, and increases soil moisture, microbial action, and soil fertility. Leer más

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Composting to improve soil fertility in Dominica Dominica is highly vulnerable to a large number of hazards, such as storms, hurricanes and landslides, which regularly affect its agricultural sector. The arrival and introduction of various invasive pest and disease species has also created a major impact on agricultural productivity and production. To reduce the adverse impacts of these disasters, composting can be used to improve the physical soil condition and structure, which helps to make crops less susceptible to pests and diseases and protects against erosion. Composting is one method, which effectively adds organic material and limited volumes of nutrients to the soil. It is a low-cost fertilizer, which can be produced with organic or plant refuse and residues from the farm. The practice of adding compost to the soil is well entrenched into the local production methodology in Dominica, with many producers utilizing tea compost through irrigation systems. Leer más

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Confección de materiales para la cría de reinas y extracción de jalea real En esta tecnología se explica paso a paso como elaborar insumos de utilidad para realizar la cría de reinas y la extracción de jalea real. Los materiales para la crianza de reinas son comúnmente vendidos en el mercado apícola, pero también se pueden confeccionar a partir de elementos de fácil obtención. La crianza de reinas es un manejo donde se requiere un conocimiento relativamente avanzado para su éxito. Dentro de los sistemas de crianzas de reina, el sistema Doolittle es uno de los más utilizados. El sistema Peckchacec es un fácil sistema, por el cual se puede realizar cría de reinas y/o se puede extraer jalea real. En esta tecnología se enseña a como confeccionar algunas herramientas para realizar la cría de reinas y extracción de jalea real usando estos dos sistemas. Leer más

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Construcción de una trampa y un secador de polen En esta tecnología se explica paso a paso como construir una trampa de polen con pocos materiales y de fácil obtención para los apicultores. Esta trampa no captura la totalidad del polen que llevan las abejas, permitiendo que las abejas ingresen algo de polen a la colmena. Además se muestra la forma de construcción de un secador de polen artesanal para cerrar el proceso de cosecha y maduración o secado del polen antes de ser almacenado. Leer más

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Siembra de arroz por el sistema de trasplante: una alternativa de producción para el agricultor de subsistencia El arroz se comporta como una planta acuática, debido a que en condiciones de alta humedad o riego permanente, expresa su mayor potencial de rendimiento. Esta tecnología de siembra, permite un uso racional del suelo, lograndose alcanzar rendimientos promedios hasta 6819 kg/ha. Sin embargo es imprescindible disponer de una fuente de agua por gravedad para desarrollar el sistema. Leer más

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Plátano FHIA-21, un plátano para mercados nacionales Es un híbrido producido por el Programa de Banano y Plátano. Es un plátano tipo francés ideal para mercados nacionales, es resistente a la Sigatoka negra y con altos rendimientos. Se encuentra actualmente en producción en Cuba, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, Colombia y Honduras. Se consume verde ya sea hervido o frito, o maduro. Leer más

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Banano FHIA-03 La planta mide entre 2.5 y 3.7 m, con hojas decumbentes y tallo opaco. El racimo es cilíndrico y cuelga verticalmente a la planta. Tiene porte bajo y sostiene racimos de hasta 50 kg sin soporte. El tiempo de la siembra hasta la floración es entre 271-307 días, el primer ciclo productivo (de parición a cosecha) es de 100-110 días. La segunda floración se presenta a los 430-530 días después de la siembra. El peso neto del racimo sin raquis está entre 30-40 kg con 198-226 unidades. El peso de cada una de estas unidades oscila entre 155 y 179 gramos. Leer más

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Banano FHIA 18, ideal para procesamiento El híbrido FHIA 18 es un banano con sabor a banano manzano, agridulce, similar al Prata Ana de Brasil. Lo siembran comercialmente en Cuba y Perú. Es rústico y resistente a enfermedades por lo que puede cultivarse en forma orgánica, siendo también una alternativa para la agricultura de subsistencia, ya que no requiere de aplicaciones de fungicidas. Se consume fresco y procesado. Leer más

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Weed Management in conservation agriculture This technology describes how to better prepare the area for planting crops and manage weeds, so that they cannot interfere with crop development. In conservation agriculture systems, this management should facilitate the penetration of direct seeding equipment into the soil and into a favourable environment for seed germination, without obstructing the implement. Residue and cover crop management can be done either mechanically which can be done by using machetes, knives or sickles, knife rollers, crushers, mowers, etc. Or chemically by spraying herbicides, to desiccate or "burn" the vegetative cover and thus facilitate the subsequent planting of the commercial crop. This technology is part of a series on conservation agriculture. Leer más

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Manejo de malezas en agricultura de conservación Esta tecnología describe cómo preparar el área antes de la siembra y cómo manejar las malezas de modo que no interfieran con el desarrollo del cultivo. En los sistemas de agricultura de conservación este manejo facilita la penetración del equipo de siembra directa sin obstruir los implementos y favorece la germinación de las semillas. El manejo de los residuos de cultivos y cultivos de cobertura pueden se hecho mecánicamente usando machetes, cuchillos, rodillos cortadores, aplastadores, cortadoras, etc. o químicamente a través de la aplicación de herbicidas para desecar o “quemar” la cobertura vegetal y de este modo facilitar la siembra del cultivo comercial. Esta tecnología es parte de una serie de prácticas en Agricultura de Conservación. Leer más

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Hay Box Brooder: A Milestone to Increase Rural Households Poultry Production Using the hay-box chick brooder is a simple technique which conserves the metabolic heat produced by the chicks and thus keeping them warm. Unlike other brooders, this device does not require coal, oil, or electricity for heating. The following description gives detailed information on how to build and manage the hay-box, in addition to tips on how to preserve the Box and the chicks during the different seasons and how to maintain the required temperature based on experiences in Ethiopia. The hay-box chick brooder which is not using any artificial heat is an ESTC (Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission) award winning technology developed by Prof. Solomon Demeke at Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM) (Solomon, 2003). Leer más

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Animal traction and single-axle tractor drawn planters in conservation agriculture In this technology description the use of animal traction and single-axle tractors for direct seeding is explained. In particular different instruments or implements for direct seeding are described and Illustrated with a range of Pictures. The main working elements of the direct seeders are: (1) a disc to cut through the surface mulch and open a slot in the soil, (2) a furrow opener to place the fertilizer and the seed, (3) wheels to control the planting depth and eventually press the seed row, and (4) press wheels to close the slot in order to secure a good contact between soil and seed. This technology is part of a series on conservation agriculture. Leer más

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Sembradoras a tracción animal y para tractor de un eje en agricultura de conservación En la descripción de esta tecnología se explica el uso de tracción animal y tractores de un eje para la siembra directa. En particular, se describen e ilustran los diferentes instrumentos o implementos utilizados para siembra directa. Los elementos principales para el funcionamiento de sembradoras directas son: (1) un disco para cortar los cultivos de cobertura y abrir una ranura en el suelo, (2) un abridor de surcos para colocar la semilla y/o fertilizante, (3) ruedas para controlar la profundidad de siembra y eventualmente presionar el surco sembrado, y (4) ruedas para presionar y cerrar la ranura a fin de asegurar un buen contacto entre el suelo y la semilla. Esta tecnología es parte de una serie de prácticas en Agricultura de Conservación. Leer más

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Equipos de siembra directa para tractores (agricultura de conservación) Esta tecnología explica e ilustra con fotos qué equipos son necesarios para el uso de tractores en siembra directa y cómo deben ser usados. Se discute, en particular, el limpiador de surcos, el disco de corte y el abresurcos. El limpiador de surcos es usado para remover el exceso de residuos o cobertura (mulch) de los surcos de cultivo. El disco de corte es necesario para hacer un corte limpio a través de la cobertura de residuos y evitar su recolección alrededor de los elementos de siembra o la compresión de los residuos dentro del surco para las semillas. Varias herramientas para abrir los surcos durante la siembra, diferentes en forma y tipo, son presentados en detalle: abresurcos de tipo de disco sencillo angulado, de azada, en T invertida, de ranura cruzada y de cuchillos rotativos motorizados. Esta tecnología es parte de una serie de prácticas en Agricultura de Conservación Leer más

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Direct seeding equipment for tractors (conservation agriculture) This technology explains and illustrates with a range of Pictures which equipment is needed to use tractors with, and how to use it for direct seeding. In particular, it discusses the row cleaner, cutting discs and the furrow opener. The row cleaner is used to remove excess mulch from the plant row. The cutting disc is necessary to make a clean cut through residue cover and avoid residue collection around the planter elements or the pressing of residues into the seed row. Various tools for opening the furrow for seeding, differing in shape and type, are presented in detail: a chisel tine or hoe, single discs at an angle to the furrow, double discs as well as the inverted T and cross slot. This technology is part of a series on conservation agriculture. Leer más

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Des vidéos de formation sur l’aviculture familiale L’aviculture est importante pour les moyens d'existence de nombreux petits agriculteurs. Ces modules se composent de six courtes vidéos éducatives portant sur des questions majeures concernant l'aviculture familiale. Ces vidéos s'occupent des aspects théoriques de la production de volaille, y compris l'alimentation dans quatre différents systèmes de production et, la prévention et le contrôle des maladies. Les vidéos sont faites pour l'auto-étude et pour une utilisation dans la formation du personnel de vulgarisation. Les vidéos ont été élaborées par l'Organisation des Nations pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture des Nations Unies en collaboration avec le Réseau international pour le développement de l’aviculture familiale dans le cadre du "Programme de développement des petites exploitations de volaille" financé par le FIDA. Les vidéos ont été testées au cours de la mise en œuvre de ce programme comme matériel pédagogique dans la formation des conseillers associés en aviculture associés provenant de différents pays (Kenya, Tanzanie, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Swaziland, Cambodge, Guatemala). Leer más

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Soaking Seeds (Seed Priming) to Improve Crop Yields Crop establishment is often poor in the semi-arid tropics. However, good crop stand establishment is essential for the efficient use of water and light, and a uniform stand is a pre-requisite for cropping success. Seeds that germinate quickly produce viable seedlings that are not dependent on rapidly declining moisture in the soil that may occur in rain fed systems. Soaking seeds in water before sowing gives the germinating seeds a head start and speeds up seed establishment with a corresponding increase in survival rates and yields. This practice explains as well how farmers can improve the nutrient supply to crops at a low-cost and effective way . Leer más

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Plátano FHIA-20 un plátano resistente a la Sigatoka negra. Este plátano es un híbrido producido por la FHIA con el propósito de dar solución a los problemas que genera la enfermedad conocida como Sigatoka negra, cuyo control eleva los costos de producción de este importante rubro. Puede ser utilizada en diferentes partes donde se cultiva el plátano tradicional. El híbrido FHIA-20 es un plátano tipo francés que se encuentra en producción comercial en Honduras y varios otros países del mundo. Se consume verde hervido, frito o maduro. Es un plátano resistente a la Sigatoka negra y al Mal de Panamá, pero susceptible a los dos nematodos de mayor importancia: Radopholus similis y Pratylenchus coffeae. Leer más

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Producción de cormos de plátano y banano para siembra directa en campo. Fue adaptada por la FHIA y es aplicable en los lugares donde se siembra plátano. Tradicionalmente el productor de plátano realiza la siembra de áreas nuevas con cormos obtenidos de las plantaciones destinadas a la obtención de fruta; esta práctica debilita las plantas y reduce los rendimientos. La multiplicación rápida consiste en desarrollar aceleradamente yemas basales de plantas jóvenes de plátano mediante el bloqueo de la dominancia apical de las plantas madres. Leer más

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Training videos for family poultry production Poultry production is important for the livelihoods of many smallholder farmers. This training kit consists of six short educational videos that address major issues relevant for the development of family poultry production. These videos cover the theoretical aspects of poultry production including the feeding in four different production systems and the prevention and control of diseases. The videos are made for self-study and for use in training of extension staff. The videos were developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in cooperation with the International Network for Family Poultry Development as part of the IFAD-funded “Smallholder Poultry Development Program”. The videos were tested as training material during the implementation of that program in the training of Associate Poultry Advisers from different countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Swaziland, Cambodia, Guatemala). Leer más

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Clay incubator: A Pro Poor Initiative to incubate eggs for inclusive Guinea Fowl farming This practice is describing the preparation and use of a clay incubator, that helps hatching Guinea fowl eggs. The incubator is simple and doesn’t require sophisticated or expensive materials to build.. The materials used are clay bricks, sand, a thermometer, a kerosene lamp, black plastic, iron roof, and a grid rack with wooden edges. The description gives detailed information and images that show how to build the Clay incubators. Leer más

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Rubber/banana intercropping Plantation tree crops, such as rubber, play an important role in income generation for small-scale farmers in the humid and sub-humid tropics. The efficiency of land-use is low, however, during the establishment phase of the plantation with rubber occupying only about one-fifth of the planted area under normal spacing. Intercropping with shorter duration annual and perennial crops such as banana offers one means of improving both land-use and income generation during the unproductive immature stage of rubber, which lasts about six years. Leer más

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Cero Labranza; Chile La práctica de cero labranza consiste en el establecimiento de un cultivo sin preparar el suelo, así las semillas se dejan en surcos que tengan el ancho y la profundidad suficiente sin remover el suelo. En el mismo proceso de trabajo se pueden aplicar fertilizantes y otras enmiendas para mejor el suelo. En este ejemplo, en la comuna de San Ignacio, la cero labranza se utilizó para establecer praderas. Esta práctica funciona, principalmente, como defensa de la erosión hídrica aumentando la cobertura del suelo, especialmente durante los meses de invierno. La cero labranza está considerada como un sistema económico pero con el riesgo de generar compactación del suelo. La disponibilidad de maquinaria puede ser una limitante para implementar esta práctica. Leer más

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Mejora de la producción agrícola y optimización del uso del agua mediante la tecnificación del riego en Ecuador Una forma de garantizar la producción de alimentos limpios y suficientes para las familias agrícolas es optimizar el uso del agua, en ese sentido, la modernización del riego es una opción atractiva. Para lograr un mejor uso del agua se debe optimizar su captación y conducción mejorando la infraestructura de almacenamiento y distribución. Estas medidas permiten hacer un uso más eficiente del recurso y reducir las pérdidas de suelo por erosión hídrica. Dado que esta medida tiene un fuerte componente técnico, se requiere una alta inversión y una adaptación a una nueva cultura del riego. Leer más

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Uso de enmiendas orgánicas en el suelo; Chile La práctica de uso de enmiendas orgánicas en el suelo es una alternativa a los fertilizantes inorgánicos. La adición de materia orgánica es una práctica sostenible y una alternativa útil para el cultivo, que permitan mejorar la calidad nutricional y conservar la humedad del suelo. El aumento de la materia orgánica en el suelo mejora la disponibilidad de nutrientes y la infiltración de la lluvia, controlando la escorrentía y reduciendo la erosión hídrica. La principal ventaja de esta práctica es que la frecuencia de riego puede ser reducida, disminuyendo los impactos negativos de la aplicación intensiva de agroquímioas, no obstante, el uso de enmiendas orgánicas está asociado con altos costos de mano de obra. Leer más

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Micro-tranque; Chile La construcción de un micro-tranque facilita la acumulación del agua de la lluvia y la pone a disposición para riego. Con la captura de agua, mejora el abastecimiento para uso agrícola y para enfrentar mejor las temporadas de sequía. Gracias a la disponibilidad regular de agua para el riego, la producción agrícola pude ser diversificada y se reduce el riesgo de fracaso de la producción. Sin embargo, la construcción y mantenimiento requiere de bastantes recursos, especialmente mano de obra y mecanización. Leer más

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Zanjas de infiltración; Chile La región experimenta largos períodos de sequía y la mayoría de las precipitaciones ocurren en invierno, cuando el suelo está descubierto, haciendo que la erosión hídrica sea la causa más importante de degradación. La implementación de zanjas de infiltración permite cultivar los campos de la zona de forma más sostenible. Las zanjas ayudan a controlar la escorrentía al colectar el agua de lluvia, y permite la recarga de acuíferos, todo lo que permite incrementar el crecimiento y rendimiento de los cultivos, aunque el establecimiento y mantención de las zanjas es laborioso y puede ser costoso para pequeños productores. Leer más

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Recuperación de prácticas tradicionales de producción, como estrategia productiva con resiliencia; Argentina Lugares con poca capacidad natural productiva requieren estrategias especiales para convertirse en sistemas productivos agropecuarios. En la zona de Yavi el uso de cultivos locales, el trabajo con abonos compuestos y las prácticas ancestrales permiten aumentar la resiliencia productiva. El objetivo es cuidar de la biodiversidad, diversificar la producción en el predio y utilizar productos biológicos para tratar los cultivos. La utilización de abonos químicos es inadecuada, principalmente por problemas económicos y riesgo de contaminación de las aguas. Por ello, se planteó la estrategia de rescatar tecnologías tradicionales y transferir tecnología con el enfoque agroecológico, que priorice la utilización y reciclado de materiales locales y el uso de estrategias para potenciar el control biológico. En la zona de Humahuaca la comunidad organiza la construcción y mantenimiento de infraestructura productiva, la biodiversificación de la producción y la fertilización orgánica como estrategias para mejorar la situación agropecuaria y la situación social local. Fortalezas de estas tecnologías son la recuperación de la identidad y capacidad de autogestión comunitaria y la recuperación de tecnologías ancestrales adecuadas para los ambientes andinos. Impactos positivos de la estrategia son: mejoramiento de la cobertura del suelo, aumento de la materia orgánica, mejoramiento de la calidad del agua y disponibilidad de nutrientes, promoción de especies y variedades vegetales, y diversificación del uso de la tierra. Leer más

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Uso de llantas en la agricultura urbana; Honduras El establecimiento de huertos familiares en el área periurbana se realizó a partir de llantas considerando el limitado espacio existente en las casas para implementar un huerto. La agricultura urbana y periurbana requiere siempre del uso de tecnologías apropiadas para desarrollarse en espacios pequeños y reducir impactos ambientales. Como una medida para enfrentar la falta de espacio, agua y buen suelo, la agricultura urbana utiliza diversos recipientes para sembrar. La tecnología que aquí se presenta utiliza llantas o neumáticos con este fin, ya que son fáciles de implementar, de bajo costo y desarrolladas con insumos locales. La producción es posible en suelos pobres y con poca disponibilidad de agua porque la tecnología facilita prácticas como riego y/o fertilización, y es fácil a controlar las plagas. Leer más

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Banco de forrajes; Colombia El establecimiento de bancos forrajes en el área rural de Pasto tiene importancia fundamental, dado que la alimentación de animales y productividad de las fincas tiene un alto costo, que se busca reducir junto con mejorar la productividad. Los bancos forrajeros son cultivos intensivos para la producción de grandes volúmenes de tallos y hojas para alimentación animal. Los objetivos de los bancos forrajeros en esta práctica son: producir forrajes frescos en la finca para alimentación de animales de manera sostenible; mejorar de la cobertura y estructura del suelo; y aumentar la materia orgánica y disponibilidad de nutrientes en el suelo. La práctica se puede realizar en tierras de cultivos anuales, y se rotan con cultivos para la producción de forraje de corte usados para la alimentación de cuyes. Posterior a la cosecha del cultivo de papas se establece el cultivo forrajero para corte. La fertilización se realiza cada dos cortes con abono orgánico. El primer corte se inicia al cuarto mes desde su establecimiento y el pasto se mantiene por aproximadamente tres años. Leer más

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Bonnes pratiques d’utilisation des pesticides Conçue au Benin par le projet ‘Programme de Promotion de l’Agriculture (ProAgri, Bénin) dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du programme COMPACI chargé de la promotion du secteur cotonnier en Afrique, la présente technologie illustre les bonnes pratiques de gestion intégrée des pesticides. La boite explique les grandes étapes à suivre pour l’établissement d’une parcelle, les précautions à suivre lors du transport, le stockage, et l’utilisation des substances utilisées pour le traitement – les dispositions à prendre depuis le point de vente jusqu’à la destruction des vieux emballages en passant par les lieux de stockage, les facteurs à considérer lors de la sélection des parcelles à cultiver, les équipements à utiliser lors des traitements, la préparations de la bouillie de traitement, les personnes autorisées à préparer et à appliquer le traitement, les bonnes pratiques à observer lors des traitements, les habitudes à éviter lors des traitements, l’entretien des équipements après les traitements, et les soins à apporter à un victime en cas d’intoxication. Leer más

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Commercial Scale Community Bamboo Harvesting Traditional vegetation based bamboo production of four villages of Meung districts in Lao PDR are being shifted to industrial processing oriented bamboo production with technical and operational support from ForInfo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. The project could have assured improve management practice, participatory decision making, smooth beneficial opportunity for villagers and private sectors and finally, reduce the CO2 emission. Leer más

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Contract Farming Handbook Published by the 'Competitive African Cotton Initiative' (COMPACI) in collaboration with other partners (GIZ, AISPII etc.), the technology is a powerful tool for linking farmers to buyers in an increasingly concentrated agri-food sector, and buyers to supply sources in ever-more competitive agricultural markets. The purpose of this guide is to provide a practical and processoriented approach for a sound planning and implementation of contract farming (CF) schemes. This guide has been developed to serve practitioners involved in starting up and managing or supporting the initiation and implementation of contract farming schemes. The guide provides a hands-on and process-oriented approach for the development of contract farming schemes. Following the logic stages of starting up a business, the overall structure is easy to capture. And, while giving orientation for a focused approach, the guide remains flexible leaving the selection of tools and sequencing of activities to the discretion of users according to the reality on the ground. The proposed approaches in this guide are applicable to any type of product and situation provided that users are capable of using it in a flexible way and adapting the tools and recommendations to the specific local situation and the ever-faster changing production and market contexts in developing countries. Leer más

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Production of tree seeds for Agroforestry: Seed sourcing A seed source is a group of trees growing together from which one can collect seed for multiplication. This may be an identified number of trees in a landscape-farmland / natural forest or a group of trees from which you obtain seeds. A good seed source for trees should provide fast growing healthy, genetically diverse planting material. Selecting good seed sources results in high quality seeds and therefore superior end products. It is good to note that not every seed source will provide good quality seeds. The genetic quality of the seed source is the decisive factor for the success of any tree planting programme hence seed sources have to be carefully identified and selected. The selection of seed sources is based on the assumption that the characteristics of the seed trees are likely to be transmitted to their offspring’s. Farmers commonly plant trees on farms or community lands to grow products' that satisfy household needs and market demands. Tree seed, a key input that determines the success of any tree planting activity, is often in short supply. Smallholders and NGOs collect or produce most of the seed used in their tree planting programs. Unfortunately, experience shows that smallholders and NGOs have limited knowledge concerning proper tree seed collection and handling procedures. As a result, most of the seed collected by smallholders and NGOs is of questionable genetic and physical quality. Leer más

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Les Préalables à la Lutte Etagée Ciblée "LEC" Conçue au Benin par le projet Programme de Promotion de l’Agriculture (ProAgri) dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du programme COMPACI chargé de la promotion du secteur du coton en Afrique, la présente boîte illustre les différentes étapes préalables à la lutte étagée ciblée (LEC). La technologie expose les différents ravageurs du cotonnier ciblés par la lutte étagée et les dégâts causés par ces ravageurs. La boîte classifie les ravageurs en deux principaux catégories: les destructeurs des feuilles d’une part et les destructeurs des organes reproducteurs d’autre part. Elle décrit également comment peut-on distinguer les ravageurs les uns des autres et les dégâts qu’ils causent. La technologie souligne que les ravageurs peuvent être identifiés par leur forme, leur dimension, leur couleur, leur taille. Elle soutient aussi que les dégâts qu’ils causent varient d’un ravageur à un autre. Enfin, elle décrit les étapes nécessaires à suivre pour mieux traiter ces ravageurs. Leer más

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Cricket Farming for Human Consumption Cricket farming is a popular activity for farmers in Thailand and started in 1998. Currently around 20.000 farmers raise crickets for human consumption. Cricket farming contributes to the livelihood and nutrition base of farmers and a value chain has established through which the crickets are marketed around Thailand. The technology presented is aimed at small scale producers in Thailand and neighboring countries, in which these species are also available in nature. Small scale producers can be farmers, but also other people and even groups, who see a business opportunity in selling crickets. The technology describes some of the common species used, and how a cricket farm is set up. It further describes daily management of a cricket farm, including processing for sales and important risks to be taken into consideration. Leer más

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Aerobic Rice This practice explains where and how to manage ”aerobic rice”. Aerobic rice is a production system in which rice is grown under nonflooded, nonpuddled, and nonsaturated soil conditions. Because aerobic rice needs less water at the field level than conventional lowland rice, the system is targeted at relatively water-short irrigated or rainfed lowland environments. Irrigation can be applied through flash-flooding, furrow irrigation (or raised beds), or sprinklers. Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM; www.irri.org/irrc/ssnm) can be used to determine the optimal management of fertilizers. This growing system experiences more weed growth and more species of weeds, therefore there is a need to control weeds. Soil-borne pests and diseases such as nematodes, root aphids, and fungi are known to occur more in aerobic rice than in flooded rice, especially in the tropics. It is recommended to grow aerobic rice in rotation with upland crops suitable in the area. Leer más

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Rice farming: Saving water through Alternate Wetting Drying (AWD) method Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) is a water-saving technology that lowland (paddy) rice farmers can apply to reduce their water use in irrigated fields. In AWD, irrigation water is applied to flood the field a certain number of days after the disappearance of ponded water. Hence, the field is alternately flooded and non-flooded. The number of days of non-flooded soil in AWD between irrigations can vary from 1 day to more than 10 days. Leer más

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Comment Créer Un Nouveau Verger d’Anacardiers L'application de bonnes pratiques agricoles est une base essentielle pour la mise en place d'une nouvelle plantation de cajou performante et prospère. La boite à images contenant des images très détaillées ainsi que des rubriques de questions et réponses, décrit la meilleure méthode de préparation de terrain pour l`installation d'une plantation performante de cajou. Cette boite est conçue pour une bonne initiation des producteurs débutants de cajou ou de ceux qui veulent élargir leurs activités à la production de cajou. Elle est utilisée comme matériel de formation par le projet Initiative de Cajou Africain (iCA) et est destinée à l`usage des agents de vulgarisation dans le cadre de l`animation des séances de groupe pour la formation de ces producteurs. La boite peut également être consultée par toute personne désireuse d'établir une plantation de cajou. Cet outil de vulgarisation basé sur image fait partie d'une série qui couvre la phase d'établissement, les bonnes pratiques agricoles de gestion des plantations de cajou, la récolte et post-récolte ainsi que des aspects lies a la qualité du cajou. Leer más

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Les bonnes pratiques d’obtention du riz étuvé La présente technologie illustre les étapes essentielles pour l’étuvage du riz paddy. L’illustration part de la sélection des outils nécessaires pour réaliser l’étuvage et couvre les conditions hygiéniques à mettre en place, le kit amélioré à utiliser pour une bonne étuvage, le choix, le vannage et le triage du riz paddy, le lavage et l’égouttage du riz paddy, le préchauffage, le trempage, le lavage et l’égouttage, le chargement du riz égoutté dans le bac d’étuvage, l’étuvage proprement dit, le séchage au soleil et à l’ombre du riz paddy étuvé, le décorticage au moulin, le tri du riz, l’emballage du riz étuvé jusqu’au stockage du riz obtenu après étuvage. La technologie a été conçue au Bénin par le Programme de Promotion de l'Agriculture au Bénin (ProAgri) en partenariat avec le projet Competitive African Cotton Initiative - COMPACI. Leer más

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Bonne Pratique de Récolte et Post-récolte des noix de cajou La production de noix de cajou de haute qualité dépend de l'application adéquate de bonnes techniques et pratiques de récolte et post-récolte. Cette technologie est utilisée comme matériel de vulgarisation dans le cadre de L'initiative de cajou Africain (iCA) au Benin et Burkina Faso.Elle sert de support pour les agents de vulgarisation pour faciliter aux producteurs de cajou la compréhension des activités à mener au cours de la période juste avant le démarrage de la récolte et celles qu’ils doivent faire après avoir récolté les noix de cajou. Il s'agit de s'assurer que leurs produits finaux sont de la plus haute qualité possible. Leer más

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Les bonnes pratiques de production du riz de bas-fonds La présente technologie illustre les étapes requises pour la production du riz de bas-fonds. L’illustration couvre la sélection du bas-fond approprié jusqu’au stockage du riz paddy en passant par la sélection et l’usage des semences certifiés d’une part ou le traitement des semences auto produites d’autre part, la préparation du bas-fond sélectionné, le semis direct du riz d’une part ou la réalisation de la pépinière pour le semis indirect, le repiquage des plantules, la protection des semis contre les ravageurs, le contrôle des adventices en prélevée, la fertilisation, le désherbage en post-levée, la protection contre les oiseaux, l’épuration, la récolte et les traitements post-récolte, le battage, le vannage et le séchage. La technologie a été conçue au Bénin par le Programme de Promotion de l'Agriculture au Bénin (ProAgri) en partenariat avec le projet Competitive African Cotton Initiative - COMPACI. Leer más

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Collective Action to Reduce Goat Mortality - A Case Study of interventions supported by PRADAN in District Kandhamal, Odisha, India. This case study is the result of field visits undertaken by the South Asia Pro Poor Livestock Policy Programme (SA PPLPP) in District Kandhamal, Odisha, India, where PRADAN (Professional Assistance for Development Action) has supported goat based livelihood interventions in five of the fourteen gram panchayats of the Balliguda block. ( Gram Panchayats are local self-governments at the village or small town level in India, and are the foundations of the Panchayati Raj System. Panchayats where re-introduced as institutions of local self-governance in 1992. As of 2002, there were about 265,000 gram panchayats in India.) These interventions were designed with the twin objectives of increasing household income from goat rearing by reducing mortality and morbidity, improving management and rearing practices and facilitating the establishment of community institutions and processes to ensure sustainability of these interventions. The case study details the implementation strategy of this innovative community-centric model, with Self Help Groups (SHGs) as the foundation, to facilitate access to preventive health, vaccination services and knowledge sharing on improved rearing and husbandry practices. It also documents the major challenges and learning gained, which further contributed to modifying and strengthening the implementation approach. Leer más

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Scolarisation des enfants dans les zones cotonnières "CmiA" Conçue par le projet Programme de Promotion de l’Agriculture au Bénin (ProAgri) dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du programme COMPACI chargé de la promotion du secteur du coton en Afrique, la présente boîte illustre les conseils pratiques à suivre pour l’émancipation sociale et éducative des enfants des producteurs de coton dans les zones cotonnières "CmiA". Elle est destinée à former et à sensibiliser les parents producteurs sur les droits des enfants à l’éducation, à l’alimentation, à la santé et à l’épanouissement nécessaire au développement harmonieux des enfants. La boîte met aussi en exergue les avantages que les parents peuvent tirer de l’éducation de leurs enfants au cours et après les études. La boîte défend le travail des mineurs dans les exploitations agricoles et expose les dangers que peuvent courir ces mineurs. Elle expose également les pertes que peuvent enregistrer les parents à ne pas donner l’opportunité de scolarisation à leurs enfants. Enfin la technologie montre également le soutien qu’apporte l’équipe CmiA aux élèves des écoles CmiA en matière de conseil et d’encouragement aux parents et de distribution de fourniture et tenue scolaire aux enfants. Leer más

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La fabrication et l’utilisation du compost dans les exploitations cotonnières La technologie a été conçue par le Programme Promotion de l'Agriculture (ProAgri) au Bénin dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre du programme COMPACI chargé de la promotion du secteur du Coton. Elle illustre les procédures de production du compost pour améliorer la fertilité du sol dans le cadre de la production de l’or blanc. Elle décrit les étapes à suivre strictement sur appui et conseil du conseiller agricole. Les directives du conseiller agricole mettent un accent sur le choix du site et la délimitation de la fosse, la construction de la fosse, la récolte et la préparation de la biomasse, l’arrosage de la fosse, l’épandage et l’arrosage des ingrédients constitutifs du compost, la répétition de la superposition des couches des ingrédients, la protection de la fosse et le contrôle de l’évolution de la décomposition, le vidange de la fosse, le retournement périodique des tas, la préparation et le transport des sacs de compost au champ. L’épandage du compost dans le champ suivi d’un labour de la parcelle fumé au compost. Elle expose aussi l’impact de l’utilisation du compost sur le rendement de la production cotonnière. Leer más

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Planting of KS Kuroda variety Carrots to withstand heavy and prolonged rainfall, Philippines Climate change increases uncertainties in the agriculture sector and directly impacts agricultural production. In the Cordillera region of northern Philippines, erratic precipitation patterns affect water availability during important crop growth stages while drought in some areas make it extremely difficult for farmers to grow crops. Local agriculture workers and farmers in this region have also reported increased occurrence, intensity and length of rainfall events, which increase erosion rates, trigger landslides and make certain crops more susceptible to diseases. The planting of KS Kuroda variety carrot is a good practice option that can prevent production loss due to heavy and prolonged rainfall. An important characteristic of KS Kuroda identified by the project stakeholders in the Cordillera region is the ability of the roots to withstand rotting (as compared to other less tolerant varieties) during heavy and prolonged precipitation. Rotting of the roots can make the carrots more susceptible to microbial and fungal infections. Planting KS Kuroda carrots can enhance overall resilience in terms of: a) addressing slow onset climate change impacts such as shifting precipitation patterns; and b) reducing risk and impact of current climate variability and extreme weather events such as heavy and erratic rainfall. Leer más

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Les bonnes pratiques de production du soja Conçue au Bénin par le Programme de Promotion de l'Agriculture au Bénin (ProAgri) en partenariat avec le projet COMPACI, la technologie illustre les étapes nécessaires requises pour la production du soja. L’illustration couvre la sélection du sol approprié jusqu’à la conservation des graines de soja en passant par la semi, le démariage des plants, la protection des plants contre les ravageurs, la fertilisation, le sarclage après la semi et la floraison ou l’usage d’herbicide comme le Cotodon, la récolte à des heures précises, le séchage, le battage et le vannage. Leer más

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Soil and water conservation practices to reduce soil erosion and enhance water conservation, St. Lucia The island of Saint Lucia is a small island developing country in the Caribbean. The country’s development strategies try to balance economic development and environmental conservation. One of the key challenges for agriculture is land degradation as well as drought-like conditions in some parts of the island. Due to natural climate patterns in the Eastern Caribbean the island has an annual dry season usually lasting from January to April/May, with some annual variation. During the dry season water shortages regularly increase regularly and threaten cropping under rain fed conditions. Particularly in the hilly areas of St Lucia with steep slopes, which are often used as farmlands, there is a strong need for systemic conservation of water, and reduction of soil erosion. Integrated soil and water conservation practices are therefore key. The installation of an up hill water tank on a cemented platform, combined with roof water collection, controlled gravity irrigation, and the establishment of counter stone bunds, and mulching created a very successful combination of farming practices to counteract exposure to drought and dry spells. It further helped to reduce water runoff and soil losses, while conserving soil moisture on the farm plot. The package was demonstrated under the an FAO project ‘Enhanced capacities for disaster risk management in agriculture, fisheries and forestry’ (TCP/SLT/3202), which was implemented for DRR in Agriculture in from 2009- to 2011. It demonstrated that, if managed well, sufficient water can be conserved during the rainy season to allow an additional cropping cycle in the dry season, thereby increasing income and contributing to people’s livelihoods. Leer más

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Transformation du soja en fromage Conçue au Bénin par le Programme de Promotion de l'Agriculture au Bénin (ProAgri) en partenariat avec le projet Competitive African Cotton Initiative - COMPACI, la technologie illustre les étapes nécessaires requises pour transformer le soja en fromage. L’illustration met en exergue deux étapes principales à savoir la production du lait de soja et ensuite la production du fromage à base du lait de soja. Ces deux grandes étapes sont subdivisées respectivement en cinq et quatre rubriques énumérés dans la scène introductive du document. La technologie décrit également les outils appropriés à utiliser et les conditions hygiéniques adéquates à mettre à l’œuvre, de la préparation du lait jusqu’à la conservation du fromage. Leer más

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Evergreen Agriculture: The use of fertilizer trees in maize production in Malawi. Agroforestry is a set of tools which farmers can use to increase yields, build soil fertility, raise their income, and boost their food security. ICRAF and its partners have worked closely with farmers for decades to promote and develop simultaneous intercropping practices to address the challenges in soil fertility facing smallholder farmers. As supplementary technology in evergreen agriculture, agroforestry technology will focus on the concept of simultaneous intercropping of proven fertilizer trees in replenishing soil fertility and increasing crop yields. Simultaneous intercropping is an agroforestry technique whereby nitrogen-fixing woody trees are simultaneously grown with annual crops on the same piece of land at the same time. This is done in order to improve soil fertility and increase yields. While the trees are on the land throughout the year, the crops planted at the beginning of the rainy season dominate during the growing season. Leer más

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Evergreen Agriculture: Conservation Agriculture in maize production in Malawi. Evergreen Agriculture is a combination of conservation agriculture and agroforestry practices within the same spatial and temporal dimensions. In other circles, evergreen agriculture is referred to as agroforestry based conservation agriculture or Conservation Agriculture With Trees (CAWT). Evergreen agriculture is being tested by ICRAF in conjunction with partners in Malawi and across Africa as the means for enhancing soil fertility, increasing crop productivity and increasing food production. This section will focus on the principles and practices of Conservation Agriculture (CA) as applied in maize production in Malawi. Conservation agriculture also improves the soil health and productivity as well as improves the crop production. ICRAF envisages that a combination of these two technologies together with other technologies will improve soil health and improve crop production and finally improves food security in Malawi. Leer más

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Establishing a tree nursery At present the need to plant trees on farms is on the increase. It is difficult, however, for smallholders to access – at the right time, in the right quantities and of high quality – the trees that they want to plant. In order to meet present and future demand for planting materials, there is a need to promote on-farm and community tree nurseries. Such nurseries can be owned and managed by individual farmers, by self-help groups, by schools, by churches and/or by a range of other local institutions. They provide income-generating opportunities, act as models for further nursery development, provide seedlings more cheaply to planters, and can raise the particular species that local people are interested in. The practice describes the various steps involved in the establishment of a tree nursery. Leer más

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Vegetative tree propagation in Agroforestry This technology describes the various stages in the vegetative propagation of trees (from tree nursery management to cuttings, grafting, and layering). It is targeted at helping field technicians and nursery managers active in tree propagation research or development. The concept of vegetative propagation is that an exact copy of the genome of a mother plant is made and continued in new individuals. This is possible because plants have meristematic, undifferentiated cells that can differentiate to the various organs necessary to form a whole new plant. A piece of plant shoot, root, or leaf, can therefore, grow to form a new plant that contains the exact genetic information of its source plant. Vegetative propagation aims at the identical reproduction of plants with desirable features such as high productivity, superior quality, or high tolerance to biotic and/or abiotic stresses, and as such, plays a very important role in continuing a preferred trait from one generation to the next Leer más

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Seed propagation of Allanblackia spp. This technology describes the various processes of propagating the seeds of Allanblackia.. Allanblackia seeds do not germinate easily. The use of growth promoters to break dormancy has been explored, but does not promote seed germination. The storage of fruit for 6 weeks before seed extraction and/or removal of the whole testa do however enhance germination. Incubation of coatless seed (seeds with testa removed) in black or transparent plastic bags also enhances germination, and this method is widely used in West and Central Africa. Following the steps described should lead to good quality root and shoot development. Leer más

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Grafting Techniques of Allanblackia spp This technology describes various stages of propagating Allanblackia species by grafting. Grafting is a technique widely used in horticulture and forestry for the mass production of selected plants, and is one of the most successful methods for propagating Allanblackia vegetative. The technique involves formation of a union between scions taken from desirable mother trees and rootstocks that are normally young or healthy seedlings established in the nursery. By grafting, the period between field establishment and when a tree flowers and fruits is generally shorted. This means that farmers can realize revenues more quickly. Leer más

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Enhancing climate resilience through cultivation of Rambutan for Forest Enrichment, Philippines For disaster prone countries like the Philippines affected by landslides, mudslides, widespread flooding, forest enrichment is a good practice option, especially for mountainous regions, to enhance resilience to climate change and livelihood security. Cultivation of Rambutan for forest enrichment addresses slow on setting climate change impacts. The practice has co-benefits to reduce risk and impact of climate variability and extreme weather events with additional potential to contribute to mitigation by reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks. Rambutan is indigenous to the Malay Archipelago and has been widely cultivated throughout the region in Thailand, South Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka. Planting Rambutan is a forest management strategy to improve the present stock of a logged-over forest to improve the density, volume, and species composition using high value producing fruit trees species. Enrichment planting can be successfully used to increase the value of secondary forests and prevent their conversion to other land uses, thus reducing deforestation. Additionally it helps to stabilize slopes and therewith reduce damages through erosion after heavy rainfall. While reducing the pressure on the forest ecosystem Rambutan is high value fruit tree with promising economic returns. Leer más

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Improved Fallows Natural fallow is land resting from cultivation, usually used for grazing or left to natural vegetation for a long period to restore soil fertility lost from growing crops. Improved fallow is also land resting from cultivation but the vegetation comprises planted and managed species of leguminous trees, shrubs and herbaceous cover crops. These cover crops rapidly replenish soil fertility in one or at most two growing seasons. They shorten the time required to restore soil fertility; they help to improve farmland productivity because the plant vegetation that follows them is superior in quality; and they increase the range of outputs, because the woody fallow species can also produce fuel wood and stakes. This practice aims to describe how to establish and manage improved fallow as an innovative agroforestry technology that can meet the different needs of the farmers and improve the natural resource base. It is intended to serve as a useful guide for extension staff, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations and farmers. Leer más

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Small Ruminant Rearing - Product Markets, Opportunities and Constraints This report aims to place the economic context of small ruminant rearing within broader policy and institutional frameworks, and studies the value chains of goat and sheep meat and skin, and sheep wool. The objective of the report is to establish the macro market picture vis-à-vis small ruminant rearers through analysis and documentation of approaches and practices related to market prospects. In addition, the report identifies opportunities for facilitating access of small-holder livestock owners to more remunerative markets. The report successfully attempts to construct the value chains of three important products of the small ruminant sector - meat, leather and wool. It also documents grass-root initiatives on small ruminant rearing and their impact on the livelihoods of rearers. Leer más

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Warehouse receipt systems: lessons from Niger This documentation provides a summary experience of a microfinance system called the “warrantage system“ in which farmers access small loans to finance their house income generating activities from banks and microfinance institutions. The practice recognises the role of micro credit to smallholder farmers‘ success and provides an appropriate response. Farmers store their end of season surplus produce in a secured storage facility owned by the farmers‘ cooperative. The cooperative retains one of the keys to the storage facility while the bank/micro finance institution keeps the other key. The bank then issues farmers who have surplus produce in the storage facility with loans to finance their household Commercial activities and pay back latter. Leer más

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Small Ruminant Rearing - Breed Conservation and Genetic Improvement The report documents approaches, interventions and good practices related to small ruminant breed conservation and improvement in India, and their impact on the livelihoods of smallholder livestock rearers. The documented approaches include promotion of indigenous breeds, traditional systems for sharing small ruminant assets and cross-breeding programmes. The report also includes a comparative assessment of small ruminant breed populations in the country. In addition, the report compiles information on a range of small ruminant breed improvement projects implemented in tropical developing countries other than India. Most importantly, the report identifies and describes issues for policy advocacy related to small ruminant breed conservation and improvement with the objective of securing sustainable livelihoods for small ruminant rearers as also facilitating their participation in the expanding market for small ruminants. Leer más

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Risk reduction through the control of the Curly Leaf Virus in tomatoes, St. Lucia In Saint Lucia, farmers are facing increasingly the yellow curly leaf virus as an emerging hazard among others affecting their livelihoods. Pests and diseases can seriously damage farmers’ crops and reduce their yields. Farmers were getting apprehensive about continuing with tomato production in the way they did in the past, due to the increasingly high cost of chemical treatment against the virus and the uncertainty of crop yields. The integrated pest management method introduced by the project in both open fields and in a greenhouse showed that when exact chemical application schedules and quantities were applied and recommended crop husbandry practices were followed, the incidence of tomato curly leaf virus was reduced and crop yield as well as quality could be improved. Leer más

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Construction of a concrete floor and foot bath within an existing poultry pen to reduce the risk of infection and disease in poultry, St. Lucia Traditionally poultry production (both broiler and layer) has played an integral part of small farming systems and for food security throughout rural and suburban communities in Saint Lucia. The construction of a concrete floor within an existing 4000 sq. ft. poultry pen as well as the construction of a footbath at the entrance of the pen ensure increased bio-security for the poultry farm. These disease control measures are risk reduction strategies, which will increase the production of healthy stock to be sold at the market, thereby generating income and contributing to people’s livelihoods and food security. Leer más

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Construction of a hurricane-resistant small ruminant shelter, St. Lucia Saint Lucia as an island in the southeast Caribbean basin lies within the hurricane belt. As such, the agriculture sector, among others, is highly affected by the impact of windstorms and hurricanes. In addition, the sector is also facing water shortages during the dry season (variable, but typically from January to April/May), lack of improved forage species for maximizing production and unavailability of improved housing for livestock. The construction of a hurricane-resistant small ruminant housing unit incorporates rain water harvesting and bio-security features, such as the construction of a footbath, a slatted wooden floor and concrete base beneath the pen to facilitate efficient manure handling and disposal. As a result, this technology ensures that small ruminant housing meet adequate construction and safety standards to reduce damage by hurricanes and windstorms and reduce the risk of infection and diseases among animals. Small ruminants are an important livelihood asset of farmers. Leer más

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Revitalizing rice ratooning to reduce risk and impact during hazard-prone months in the Bicol region, the Philippines The Philippines, due to its geographical location and physical environment, is among the world’s most disaster-prone countries including floods, typhoons, monsoon storms and drought. The country experiences an average of 20 typhoons yearly. Natural hazards severely affect people’s livelihoods as they trigger landslides, flashfloods, mudslides, widespread flooding and cause damage to homes, community buildings, communications, infrastructure, and agriculture. Within the Philippines, Bicol is one of the most hazard prone regions and agriculture is regularly among the most effected sectors. Weather impacts cause variations in production and seasonal price fluctuations significantly affect the income of farmers. Climate change will further exacerbate the regions’ exposure to climate–induced risks, which challenges farmers to adapt their farming systems to the different conditions. Timing of planting coupled with complementary practices, like rice ratooning and the use of suitable rice varieties, can enhance resilience of farmers to climate change and extreme weather events in particular in typhoon prone areas. This good practice option can reduce crop production losses during typhoon months and difficulties of seedbed preparation and transplanting during turn-around period. Leer más

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Rice and Duck farming as means for contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation, in the Bicol region, Philippines Integrating ducks in rice farming have been proven to increase 20% higher yield with about 50% higher net return. The same cultivation area can be used for not only rice production but also subsidiary products like meat and eggs. At the same time it reduces labour inputs through control of weeds and insects by ducks. Beside its economic benefits this technology is especially environmental friendly. The application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides can be reduced thereby improving soil quality and pest control. The additional benefits of this Good Practice Option are a higher food security to small farming households in times of calamities and on long-term basis the contribution to reduce methane emission. Hence, integration of duck in lowland rice production is recommended as climate adaptation and mitigation option. This technology describes how to implement the rice and duck farming system. Leer más

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Use of submergence rice variety NSIC Rc-194 to counteract impacts of flooding in the Bicol region, Philippines The Philippines are particularly prone to natural disasters due to its geographical location and physical environment. The country experiences an average of 20 typhoons yearly, which trigger landslides, flashfloods, mudslides, widespread flooding, and cause destruction and damages to homes, community buildings, communications, infrastructure, and agriculture. Within the Philippines, Bicol is one of the most hazard prone regions and agriculture is regularly among the most effected sectors. About 42% of the region’s workforce depends on agriculture production. Because it is expected that the impacts of climate change will further exacerbate the regions’ exposure to climate–induced risks, farmers need to adapt their farming systems to the new conditions. Cultivation of flood-tolerant varieties is a potential adaptation option in flood affected rice areas. For floodprone areas, the cultivation of NSIC Rc194, can be an appropriate submergence rice variety and a cost-effective coping mechanism. The practice has been recommended by the farmers and local experts and approved by the scientists as a suitable technology to be tested. Leer más

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Use of Salt-Tolerant Rice Varieties (e.g., NSIC Rc-108 and NSIC Rc-188) to counteract impacts of sea surges and saltwater intrusion, Philippines The Philippines are among the most disaster prone countries in the world. More than 200 climate-related natural disasters were recorded in the last two decades. Alone in 2011, the country was hit by 33 disasters, claiming 1,430 lives. Agriculture is the sector most affected by tropical cyclones causing a decline in production and productivity which will possibly threaten the country's food security. Due to the climate variability and other environmental changes, rice cultivation especially in the typhoon prone areas are facing some challenges for farmers to adapt to saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. Salinity became one of the major soil problems in many rice-growing areas in the world. About 48 million hectares of land in the humid regions of South and Southeast Asia are technically suited to rice production but remain idle or are grown with poor results due to salinity. Studies show, however, that sustained and profitable production of crops specifically rice on saltaffected soils is possible, if appropriate farm management practices are implemented. Leer más

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Use of Early-Maturing Rice Variety (EMRV) to reduce typhoon impacts in Bicol Region, Philippines The Philippines are among the most disaster prone countries in the world. More than 200 climate-related natural disasters were recorded in the last two decades. Alone in 2011 the country was hit by 33 disasters, claiming 1,430 lives. Typhoons trigger landslides, flashfloods, mudslides, widespread flooding and cause significant destruction and damages. Agriculture is the sector most affected by tropical cyclones causing a decline in production and productivity which will possibly threaten the country's food security. The use of early-maturing rice varieties (EMRV) was tested to improve the production of transplanted rice in typhoon-prone Bicol Region. EMRVs can improve food security, reduce farmers’ vulnerability from adverse climatic events during the months of June to December (wet season cropping), and prevent high production loss due to damages to standing rice crops brought by typhoons. Leer más

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Risk diversification and climate hazard resilience building through homestead gardening, Philippines Increased climate variability affects farm activities and traditional planting schedules have to be adjusted to changing conditions. Many small-scale farmers nowadays cannot rely on their main crop alone, since the income would hardly compensate the farm inputs. Homestead Gardening is the usual farmer’s practice to grow vegetables for daily home consumption. The cultivation of vegetables, especially those that can be grown off season or require less water, is a good practice option which can address both quick and slow onset climate change impacts. Additionally, it reduces the risk and impact of climate variability and extreme weather events. This practice recognizes the key role of women (who usually stay at home) in farm activities and provides them with an opportunity to generate additional income and better nutrition for the family. Growing vegetables in backyards also allow close and proactive production management and enables farmers to respond to impending hazards that could cause crop damages. For instance, farmers can quickly decide to harvest if rainfall levels are nearing a threshold or a typhoon changes its course and may pass over their area. By encouraging women involvement and augmenting household nutrition, this practice contributes to enhancing livelihood security. Leer más

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Coconut leaf pruning in Bicol region, Philippines The Philippines are regularly exposed to extreme weather events. Due to its geographical location and physical environment Bicol Region is particularly prone to meteorological hazards such as typhoons, floods, drought, and high magnitude rainfall and related hazards such landslides. Agriculture is one of the most affected sectors especially in the rain fed and upland agroecological zones, which largely dependent on climatic conditions. The many resource-poor farmers in the Bicol Region are made even more vulnerable to the dangerous impacts of climate change to their livelihood. This necessitates putting in place adaptation strategies to reduce their vulnerability and enhance their adaptive capacities. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a traditional plantation crop grown in the Bicol Region. A large portion of area under coconut, representing over 20% of the available arable land in most producing countries, can be use more productively with either a single intercrop or a multi-storey cropping system. Coconut leaf pruning (CLP) is a simple, practical and environment-friendly practice that allows the planting of intercrops with high sunlight requirement such as vegetables. This intercropping practice requires short period of planting time, smaller area (using vacant spaces between coconut trees), and less capital requirement while at the same time it provides additional income and improved food security to the farming households. Leer más

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Fallow Cropping: Garlic after Rice, Philippines The Philippines, due to its geographical location and physical environment, is among the world’s most disaster prone countries. The country regularly experiences floods, typhoons, monsoon storms and rains, and drought. The country is visited by an average of 20 typhoons yearly. These weather events have serve impacts on the agriculture sector, increasing the need for more resistant, sustainable and efficient production systems. Garlic cropping in the fallow period after rice was identified as a good practice option (GPO) as it can reduce the impacts of climate variability and risks associated with extreme weather events such as droughts, enhance livelihood security by augmenting household incomes, and promote crop diversification. Garlic is a cash crop with a quick return on investment. It requires minimal labor input so that on a small plot, a family household member can provide the labor. Fallow cropping of garlic after rice is thus considered as a GPO that can both increase the ecological (e.g. improved soil quality) and socioeconomic (e.g. source of additional income) resilience of farming households, especially in disaster-prone countries like the Philippines. Leer más

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Improving farmers’ resilience and income diversification in flood and typhoon prone areas through backyard Tilapia farming, Philippines Fisheries is of paramount importance in the Bicol region in the Philippines, with its 3,100 km of coast line of various fishing grounds. The region is, however, flood and typhoon-prone and as in most areas in the Philippines, fishing in Bicol region is characterized by declining fish catch. Backyard tilapia farming provides an option to improve farmers resilience and income, because Tilapia is a fast growing and disease resistant species; prolific, able to breed in captivity. Due to these characteristics and by stocking bigger size fingerlings the culture period can be shorted, which will reduce the impact from hazards such as from floods and hurricanes. This farming practice is suitable for lowland and wetland areas that are frequently flooded for several months. Leer más

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Soil property and fertility improvement through composting using Trichoderma, Philippines Composting improves the physical soil condition and can thereby reduce the risk and impacts of climate variability and extreme weather events such as droughts, dry spells and heavy rains. Healthy soil systems can better respond to temperature increases, changing rainfall patterns, increase evapotranspiration rates, alter pest and disease cycles, etc. Composting improves soil quality by promoting soil aggregation and preventing surface crusting, which enhances water infiltration, plant root penetration and soil aeration. This also prevents surface run-off and erosion. It also conserves the nutrients contained in animal manure, sewage sludge, and similar materials. Further, it supplies the plant growth hormones not found in inorganic fertilizers. Composting likewise increases the buffering capacity of soils and minimizes the adverse effects of soil acidity and alkalinity. These result in reduced farm input costs because less chemical fertilizer is needed. The application of Trichoderma accelerates composting of organic materials available in vegetable farms. For disaster prone countries like the Philippines, soil property and fertility improvement through rapid composting is therefore seen as a good practice option to enhance overall resilience and prevent high production losses due to degraded or eroded soils. Leer más

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Enhancing climate resilience in mountainous regions through coffee intercropping for forest enrichment, Philippines For disaster prone countries like the Philippines affected by landslides, mudslides, and widespread flooding, forest enrichment is a good practice option especially for mountainous regions to enhance resilience to climate change and livelihood security. Cultivation of coffee for forest enrichment addresses slow on setting climate change impacts. Climate control is obtained by moderating the effects of sun, wind, and rain. The practice helps to stabilize slopes and therewith reduce damages from erosion after heavy rainfall. Radiant energy from the sun is absorbed or deflected by leaves on trees in the summer. As a forest management strategy it improves the present stock of a logged-over forest by increasing the density, volume, and species composition. Enrichment planting can be successfully used to increase the value of secondary forests and prevent their conversion to other land uses, thus reducing deforestation. Additionally, coffee is a high value cash crop with promising economic returns. Leer más

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Enhancing climate resilience through cultivation of pomelo for forest enrichment, Philippines For disaster prone countries like the Philippines affected by landslides, mudslides, widespread flooding which are causing significant destruction and damages to homes, community buildings, communications, infrastructure, and agriculture, forest enrichment is a good practice option, especially for mountainous regions. Cultivation of pomelo for forest enrichment addresses slow on setting climate change impacts. The practice has co-benefits to reduce risk and impact of climate variability and extreme weather events with additional potential to contribute to mitigation by reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks. Trees, such as pomelo, intercept water, store some of it, and reduce storm runoff and the possibility of soil erosion. Radiant energy from the sun is absorbed or deflected by leaves on deciduous trees in the summer. It is also a strategy of improving the present stock of a logged-over forest to improve the density, volume, and species composition using high value producing fruit trees species. Leer más

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Integrating lemon trees in vegetable farms for slope protection, Philippines The Philippines are particularly prone to natural disasters due to its geographical location and physical environment. The country experiences an average of 20 typhoons yearly, which trigger landslides, flash floods, mudslides, widespread flooding, and cause destruction and damages to homes, community buildings, communications, infrastructure, and agriculture. To address these hazards and slow on setting climate change impacts the integration of lemon trees in vegetable farms can be a suitable option for slope protection. Planting of trees such as Calliandra reduces weed growth, conserves soil moisture, and improves soil structure and fertility. It is planted in contour hedge-rows to decrease erosion on steep slopes, acts as windbreaks and as an understory component. The introduction of a tree crop that helps minimizing erosion and providing additional income is a measure that increases the resilience of the community against the common natural hazards that occur in the location. Leer más

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Diversifying risk exposure to reduce impacts of typhoons through squid pot fishing, Philippines Devastating typhoons make frequent landfall in Bicol region in Philippines, damaging crops, livestock and fisheries. The region has four major fishing grounds, which measure a total of over 1,666 square kilometers. Squid pot fishing enables fishermen to diversify their livelihoods, generating income and contributing to food security in the context of reducing the impact of typhoons. The benefits of this technology is that there are low investment costs and that it is relatively cheap to implement, as well as that the return on investment can be realized within a few days and thus provides a stable way for fisher folk and their families to earn additional income during the whole year. Leer más

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Strip intercropping to reduce climate hazard impacts in Bicol region, Philippines The Philippines are among the most disaster prone countries in the world. More than 200 climate-related natural disasters were recorded in the last two decades. Alone in 2011, the country got hit by 33 disasters, claiming 1.430 lives. These typhoons trigger landslides, flashfloods, mudslides, widespread flooding and cause significant destruction and damages. Agriculture is the sector most affected by tropical cyclones causing a decline in production and productivity which will possibly threaten the country's food security. Strip intercropping is a good practice option to reduce the impacts of climate hazards on the agriculture sector. The practice involves on-farm alteration of crop mixes and/or the introduction, addition or substitution of new crop varieties. A mix of crop types with different climate-related characteristics can have several advantages in comparison to plant a single crop over the same area of land: it is expected to enhance the resilience of the production system, to reduce the risk of income loss during inclement weather (such as long dry spell, heavy rainfall, typhoon, etc.), to increase the biodiversity and to diversify the family’s nutrition and food security. Leer más

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Slope Agriculture Land Technology (SALT) in the mid-hills of Nepal The Argha Khanchi District, located in the mid hill region in Nepal is an area characterized by natural slopes and ridges, prone to landslides and slope instability due to intensive cultivation and cropping without any terrace and bunds. This situation adds to increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, causing landslides and severe soil erosion among others. In this context, there is a need for appropriate agricultural practices, such as the Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) that is cost effective and simple option to increase productivity in the area. SALT is a package of technologies for soil conservation, crop cultivation and sustainable food production that includes hedge row contour planting, allay cropping and terrace improvement through formation of bunds and contour planting among others. Leer más

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Zero/Minimum tillage in rice-wheat system in Nepal Growing of rice and wheat in sequence in Nepal is common, it constitutes the major cropping system in the Terai region of Nepal. The average yields of rice rarely exceed 3 t ha-1 and wheat yields invariably remain within 1–2 t ha-1. These yields are low in comparison with other parts of south Asia where the rice-wheat system is practiced. In general, one of the major difficulties for this system is to plant wheat in marshy or wet lands after rice, as land preparation is very difficult under such conditions. Wet and marshy lands need more time to come to good tilth and thus wheat cannot be planted in time. In this context, zero or minimum tillage practice constitutes a feasible solution with minimum disturbance to the soil by simply placing the seeds in furrows opened or scraped by the tines. Zero-tillage wheat allows for a drastic reduction in tillage intensity, resulting in significant cost savings as well as potential gains in wheat yield through earlier planting of wheat. Leer más

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Tunnel farming for off-season vegetable cultivation in Nepal Nepal ranks among the most vulnerable countries to extreme climate events. In general, rural areas where the population heavily depends on agriculture are the most vulnerable. High temperature during summer months and foggy weather combined with prolonged cold temperature spells during winter months often affect vegetable cultivations, such as tomato and onion. The protection of crops against adverse weather conditions becomes a priority to meet the household requirements especially in mid-hills region in Nepal. In this context, tunnel farming is a simple and low cost practice to control the micro-climate surrounding crops by reducing the impacts of temperature fluctuations. It consists in the building of greenhouses-hut-like structures swathed in plastic that serve as cocoons, making it possible to grow vegetables off-season, securing the provision of food supplies throughout the year. Leer más

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Potato production from True Potato Seed (TPS) for cold-tolerant and late blight resistant in Nepal Potato is a major food crop in the mid-hills and mountains in Nepal. Traditionally, most farmers use small tubers as seed, to grow potato with the minimum input. Although seed tubers are easy to plant and plants grow quickly, they are expensive and may account for more than half the total production costs. Also, seed tubers are the main carriers of diseases and pests, they are perishable, bulky and difficult to transport. In addition, seed tubers require costly refrigerated storage facilities to prevent rotting in storage and to keep them in adequate physiological conditions until the next planting season. Conventional varieties grown by local farmers, such as Kufri, Cardinal, Kufri jyoti, Kufri Sindhuriare susceptible to late blight and vulnerable to low temperatures, leading to poor yields. Potato production from True Potato Seed (TPS) is more advantageous than using “seed potatoes”. By planting true potato seeds, farmers maintain genetic diversity that will protect the production from any new pest or disease, or changes in climate or cultural practices. Leer más

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Improved Pit Storage Method for ginger rhizomes in Nepal Farmers in the Mahintada village, in the Surkhet District cultivate ginger as a major income generating cash crop to be used as food or medicine. Ginger rhizomes selected for seed purposes are stored in pits to be used in the next season. It has been observed that around 25-30% rhizomes rot in the pit itself and about 10-15% rhizomes sprout in the pit and are rendered useless for sowing due to a build-up of pathogenic inoculums. Therefore, there is a need to improve storage conditions. The pit storage method, with some improvements, constitutes an eco-friendly and less expensive method in respect of tradition and local knowledge. Leer más

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Multi-storied Agroforestry cropping systems for micro-climatic modification and erosion control in Nepal Natural hazards such as floods, landslides and drought occur frequently in different parts of Nepal with varying dimensions and magnitude. These hazards constitute the major causes of land degradation and deterioration of natural ecosystems. The introduction of multi-storied agro-forestry cropping system ensures use of the best combination of crop-tree intercropping to reduce the impacts of floods, landslides and droughts. In addition, multi-storied agro-forestry systems ensure a more evenly distribution of income and employment throughout the year from harvesting different tree crops in different seasons. This variety of agro-forestry is characterized by the micro-climatic conditions created by the taller trees that benefit. crops underneath. Leer más

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Community based landslide treatment in Nepal Frequent landslides in mid-hill districts have caused damage to productive land at the lower basin and affected human settlements and agriculture activities both upstream and downstream. Extensive areas of productive land were left fallow because of their vulnerability to landslides, and many settlements were displaced, mostly to the Terai region from the midhills. The communities in the mid-hills practice an integrated approach for landslide treatment, which includes a series of conservation practices strategically planned along the river. Leer más

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Strengthening of Community Seed Production Groups (CSPG) in Nepal The seed replacement rate in Nepal is very low and this should be increased to at least 25-33% from the current level of 4.7% in the country. Farmers have been growing deteriorated seeds of crop varieties for many years without replacement. Farmers prefer local varieties in rainfed areas due to low input and low management requirements and low risks compared to improved varieties. So, for successful production of quality seeds, farmers need to be organized in community-based seed production groups (CBSPG). The programme also provides production inputs, credit, training and technical know-how on seed production, storage and marketing. Leer más

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Community Action Planning (CPA) to promote adaptation to Drought and Flood Risks in Nepal In Nepal, monsoon rains start around July and end between October and November. Livelihoods of rural populations heavily rely on monsoon rains. However, highly variable and erratic rainfall pattern often causes droughts and floods. To manage the risks of these climate extremes community action planning are being developed to promote the development of hazard specific alternative plans for various crops, providing farmers with faster and more efficient tools to adapt to the impacts of adverse climate conditions. The action plan is developed mainly by the community members. It is location specific and considers environmental, climatic, social and economical factors. Leer más

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African leafy vegetables for urban supply and sustainable diets. Local leafy vegetables have long been an important part of people's diets in Africa - nutritious, affordable and adapted to local growing conditions and cultural traditions. They are cheap, readily affordable and rich in different micro-nutrients and are therefore crucial for the food and nutrition security of poor families in rural, peri-urban and urban areas. However, they became neglected by consumers because of their association with poor rural lifestyles and low-status foods, thus putting at stake the dietary diversity, nutrition and health of local populations. Research on, promotion and consumption of ALV has been going on in Kenya for many years. Increasing the presence of ALV in local food chains (in production, transformation, transport, commercialization and consumption) can tackle nutrition-related health issues, improve sustainable diets and contribute to the economic empowerment of women. The increase of ALV in food chains supplying cities, ensuring for example their availability in supermarkets, is key to improve urban diets. Leer más

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Herbal de-worming for lower goat mortality Baif is an NGO that works across 60,000 villages in 16 states of India, reaching out to over 4.5 million farmers. In BAIF’s programme area in the Dharwad district of India, high mortality among goat kids in the rainy season was reported as a major constraint by goat rearers. Following discussions with goat rearers in three villages’ of the district (Nigadi, Devarhuballi and Benkaiikatti) the high mortality was attributed to nematode infestations in both pregnant does and their kids. Members of the Kuruba community, a traditional pastoral community in the area, were reported to use a locally available herb for regular deworming of their livestock. In collaboration with goat rearers, BAIF’s research team conducted trials to study the comparative efficacy of this herb with a commercial de-wormer Fenbenzadole. Leer más

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A study on the comparative efficacy of herbal and chemical de-wormers SEVA (Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Voluntary Action) is an NGO involved in documenting and disseminating indigenous knowledge and grassroot innovations in Tamil Nadu, India. In 2008, SEVA initiated a study on the comparative efficacy of herbal and chemical de-wormers on sheep flocks. The cost of the herbal de-wormer is comparable to that of the chemical de-wormer Fenbendazole, however the herbal de-wormer can also be prepared by livestock rearers on their own as the ingredients are easily available around homestead areas unlike the chemical de-wormer which has to be purchased from a chemist. Leer más

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SMS for Good Shepherding – Providing Information When and Where it is needed Anthra, a non-profit organization working primarily on issues of livestock development in the wider context of sustainable natural resource use, worked with migratory shepherd communities in Maharashtra, India. Access to information on disease occurrence and remedial measures emerged as a constraint for shepherds on the move. Keeping in mind that many shepherds carried with them mobile phones as they migrated with their sheep in search of grazing, Anthra developed an innovative and simple SMS service to disseminate information regarding current diseases and remedial measures, including herbal and ethno-veterinary medicines that shepherds could easily access. Shepherds wishing to receive this information register their mobile numbers at the Anthra office, which thereafter sends fortnightly updates on probable seasonal diseases, symptoms, remedies and precautions that shepherds can take to prevent the out-break and spread of disease amongst their flocks. Information is sent out in the local language, making it easy for shepherds to understand and share the information among their groups. Leer más

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Making Modern Poultry Markets Work for the Poor Formation of the Kesla Poultry Cooperative Society links small-holders to fast growing broiler markets by building a collective, filling skill gaps, addressing production efficiency, providing support services and inputs and marketing of live broilers. These efforts effectively removed rigid entry barriers and allowed the poor to access market opportunities. This cooperative today comprises 459 women members (from tribal and dalit families) across 18 villages. Each member owns backyard production units of a minimum of 300-400 broiler birds and sells under the ‘Sukhtawa Chicken’ Brand and through wholesalers. The Good Practice shows: The success of a cooperative model; The importance of a collective wherein the Kesla Cooperative produces 125,000 birds every month and is one of the largest poultry production houses in Madhya Pradesh; An increase in the monthly supply of broiler chicks from 2,500 in 1998 to over 7.14 lakh (A lakh is a unit in the South Asian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand) chicks in 2008, resulting in an average income of Rs 9,000 – 15,000 per year to each member; Notwithstanding the Bird Flu scare (Dec. ’05 – June ’06) which wiped out many small poultry producers in the state, the cooperative members could stay in business, among others, due to the Cooperative’s mitigation fund. Leer más

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Securing Community Tenure Over Common Lands This good practice is aimed at addressing the growing degradation of common land in India. By controlling the use of communal lands through community participation, discussion and the creation of self-governing rules, many benefits have been noted. Leer más

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Enriching Community Pastures This good practice shows how “Protection of Commons” has led to not only increasing the output of grasses and thereby promoting livestock development, but the renewal of hydrology has led to significant increases in acreage as well as production of various crops. This has resulted in enhancement of food security amongst the small farmers. Leer más

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Community Ownership and Institutional Mechanisms to Develop Common Property Resources and Enhance Livelihoods This good practice shows that community led development of Common Property Resources through local ownership and institutional mechanisms greatly enhances livelihoods of livestock keepers especially the poor, landless and Below Poverty Line families. The practice helped improve the environment by reducing soil degradation and increasing soil moisture and vegetation.In succession, this resulted into increased biomass in terms of quantity and quality and thus the overall year around fodder situation improved. The improved fodder situation led to more output per animal and subsequently more animal products for home consumption and sales.Overall, it also contributed to an improved nutritional status of village communities. Leer más

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Building Fodder Security in Rural Areas This note highlights the importance of engaging members of the community in documenting the wealth of traditional knowledge regarding feed and fodder systems across different agro-ecological regions. This process enhanced their self respect and dignity in terms of their heritage and inspired them to revitalise and reintegrate some of these practices into their ongoing livelihoods strategies. The good practice also focuses on the necessity of developing synergies between scientific and community validation methods regarding nutritive value of traditional species in comparison to improved varieties of grasses and fodder. The similarities in the findings have helped to break the myth regarding the fodder value of traditional species. Leer más

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Innovations in Common Land Development Increased availability of fodder biomass – grasses, shrub and tree leaves – is possible through protected commons. This increased availability of biomass has in turn directly resulted in improved livelihoods. This Good Practice reveals how management of village dynamics, building awareness, finding local solutions and building technical acumen can create ownership and equity in Common Property Resource management. Leer más

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Mitigating Diseases and Saving Valuable Assets - Poultry Vaccinators Delivering Services to the Doorstep of the Poorest in Bangladesh This Good Practice shows: The value of a decentralised service delivery model wherein about 19,900 trained women vaccinators, provide services to all 50 districts of Bangladesh, reaching out to over 2.47 million women poultry rearers; Marked reduction in poultry mortality from an average of 40% to 15%, resulting in an increase in average annual income from sales from TK 400 to TK 2919 (and an increase in family consumption of eggs from 43 to 186 and meat from 1.6 to 16.7 chickens per year); The cost–benefit analysis of doorstep poultry vaccination; And the sustainability of women poultry vaccinators wherein annual dropout rate is around 2% and attendance in monthly refresher training is more than 90%. Leer más

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Women Resurrecting Poultry Biodiversity and Livelihoods A federation of 1800 women across 80 villages resurrected the local Aseel poultry population by building local disease management and feeding strategies, promoting traditional asset sharing to preserve the Aseel biodiversity and lobbying for timely vaccination with government agencies. This Good Practice shows a remarkable reduction in chick mortality from 70% in 1997 to 25% in 2008, a threefold increase in income from poultry, comparing the pre-intervention (1998) and actual situation (2008), the efficacy of a mass vaccination drive reached out to 12,000 birds in 45 villages, the value of indigenous Aseel, the importance of traditional practices with Aseel having major cultural significance and local market demand, and the lack of poultry feed/ scavenging material which led to a shift in cropping systems. Leer más

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Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups in West Bengal This good agricultural practice reviews the family-based poultry scheme of the government of West Bengal and shows that backyard poultry farming contributes to household food security, generates self-employment, empowers rural women as well as bridges the gap between demand and supply of eggs and poultry meat in rural areas of West Bengal. Leer más

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Replicas of Native Chicken in Rural Poultry Production - The Satpuda More than 40,000 households have benefitted from rearing Satpuda birds, in a span of 9 years. It has not only withstood the Bird Flu outbreak in 2006, but has grown steadily to produce 14,00,000 DOC per annum. It has provided a means of complementary livelihood to marginal farmers and a source of supplementary income to women backyard poultry rearers. Best practices like after sales services in form of free advisory services, knowledge exchange through informal meetings and marketing support has enhanced incomes of the rearers and led to community empowerment as well. Leer más

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Government-Led Integrated Approach for Delivery of Services to Smallholder Poultry Farmers This Government initiated good practice showcases how simple cost effective interventions - low cost protein rich feeding, deworming, vaccination, low cost housing, egg-candling, use of bamboos as feeders and waterers aimed to strengthen household poultry production with adequate extension and support systems through creation of village facilitators (paravets) at village/hamlet level to deliver regular, economically sustainable animal health service within the villages contributed to the improvement of poultry and farm management capabilities of tribal farmers in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh in India. These interventions facilitated increased health awareness in beneficiaries regarding poultry and have contributed to reducing mortality leading to three fold increase in flock size, with a resultant positive effect on the livelihoods of the rural population, many of whom comprise the poorest communities in these tribal regions. Leer más

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Linking Business with Pro-Poor Development: A Backyard Poultry Value Chain Increases Assets, Income and Nutrition There is growing evidence to demonstrate the role of rural family poultry in enhancing food and nutritional security of the poorest, reducing their livelihood vulnerability and insecurity, and promoting gender equity. This good practice showcases how an innovative private-community partnership transformed the livelihoods of highly vulnerable families in far flung regions of West Bengal. It is based on the success of a rural poultry value chain that delivers 3 week old chicks to the doorstep of women rearers. As a result of this, small poultry assets, which were otherwise deemed as unproductive, have transformed into profits, nutrition, food security and empowerment for ultra poor poultry rearers. Leer más

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Rainwater harvesting for schools Women and children are usually the main household collectors and users of water. Long walking distances from households to improved water sources make it difficult for them to access safe water. As a result, they resort to using inadequate and unsafe water sources such as unprotected self-dug wells and water holes, exposing themselves to diarrhea and other infectious water borne diseases. The water tanks ensure availability of safe water within communities, thus reducing the prevalence of infectious diseases such as diarrhea. Leer más

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Tip-Taps for improved hygiene and water management A Tip-Tap is a simple water conserving hand-washing device, which helps to diminish the risks of infection contamination, to improve hygiene, reduce disease spreading. Tip-Taps reduce water usage and can be operated by foot, avoiding the risk of picking up germs from tap handles. It is used to clean hands after using a latrine or working in a garden and before cooking, eating or caring for young children, elderly or ill persons. Improved hygiene reduces the incidence of infectious disease and thereby contributes to better nutrition. In target communities, the incidence of infectious diseases, such as cholera and dysentery, has diminished since the use of Tip-Taps has been introduced. Leer más

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Building life skills for youth Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools (JFFLS) are designed to empower orphans and vulnerable children aged approximately 12 to 18 years. JFFLS target communities where HIV/AIDS, conflict, displacement or other crises have interrupted the generational transfer of agricultural knowledge and life skills, and thereby threaten food and nutrition security.A JFFLS seeks to improve the livelihoods of vulnerable boys and girls, and to provide them with renewed self-esteem and opportunities for the future, while minimizing the risk of adopting negative coping behaviors. Agriculture is used as a basis for this programme and social as well as health and nutrition related skills are integrated according to the different phases of the crop cycle. Children thereby acquire technical and social skills at the same time. The knowledge and skills empower the children economically and also help them to become responsible citizens with positive values regarding gender and human rights, and a better understanding of their country’s relevant legislations. JFFLS were successfully implemented in many countries such as Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo DRC, Kenya and Mozambique. Leer más

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Fuel-saving stoves for health, better nutrition and livelihoods Fuel-saving stoves have many advantages: they save wood resources, time, money, and improve health conditions by reducing fumes in homes. Foods that are not adequately cooked can transmit food-borne diseases. Families that cannot purchase sufficient fuel might be even unable to consume their food. Farmers can increase household incomes by building and selling the fuel-saving stoves they build. Compared to traditional stoves the energy-saving stoves reduce deforestation: they use a third of the fuel. Therefore they decrease smoke from cooking, thus diminish respiratory problems. Many African families cook on open fire, which uses lots of wood and creates unhealthy smoke, causing respiratory problems. Traditional open-air stoves are fuel consuming and slow in reaching appropriate cooking temperatures. The energy-saving stoves improve food processing and provide a good heat source in cool areas. Leer más

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Sack gardens for improved urban diets and livelihoods The problems related to the lack of land and money to buy agricultural inputs especially in slums can be solved by using sack gardens. Earth-filled sacks are placed on doorsteps and used to grow vegetables in. Sack gardens do not require agricultural land or much water; they are easy to prepare (there is no need for any specific technical knowledge) and require simple and inexpensive materials (sack, stones, soil and manure). Therefore they are easily replicable. Vegetables produced in sack gardens allow to diversify diets and thereby help prevent micronutrient deficiencies. Leer más

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Agriculture support to nutrition services Malnourished children are such because their families are not able to feed them properly, in most cases. Poor families lack financial means to buy adequate foods in proper quantity, quality and diversity, thus adopting diets that lack protein, vitamins and other micro-nutrients in particular. The most affected are those family members whose needs are higher but whose social status is lower: women and children. Health centers and Nutrition Rehabilitation Units (NRUs) provide clinical treatment to malnourished children. Yet, if the root causes of malnutrition, at family and community level, are not tackled, treated children, once back home, will soon fall back again in malnutrition. Thus, clinical treatment of malnutrition should be complemented with interventions that support dietary diversification through the establishment of vegetable gardens. Leer más

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Traditional foods: better livelihoods, dietary diversity and health Local foods (such as leafy vegetables, berries, small animals, or any other traditional food source from local biodiversity) have long been an important part of people's diets - nutritious, affordable and adapted to local growing conditions and cultural traditions. They are cheap, readily affordable and rich in different micro-nutrients and are therefore crucial for the food and nutrition security of poor families in rural, peri-urban and urban areas. However, they became neglected by consumers because of their association with poor rural lifestyles and low-status foods, thus putting at stake the dietary diversity, nutrition and health of local populations. In cities, increasing the presence of local foods in local food chains (in production, transformation, transport, commercialization and consumption) can tackle nutrition-related health issues, improve sustainable diets and contribute to the economic empowerment of women. Encouraging the increased presence of local foods in food chains supplying cities, ensuring for example their availability in supermarkets, is key to improve urban diets. Leer más

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Keyhole gardens for better nutrition and livelihoods A keyhole garden (so-called because of its shape) is a round raised garden, supported with stones. Keyhole gardens are built in places where it is difficult to build normal gardens (rocky areas, shallow arid/or compacted soils, etc), near the entrance of dwellings to facilitate their watering with household waste water. Keyhole gardens are made with low-cost locally available materials. The production of a keyhole garden can be enough to feed a family of 8 persons. Such gardens can produce food all year round even under harsh temperatures and can support the production of at least 5 varieties of vegetables at a time thus supporting dietary diversity. Compared to regular vegetable gardens, keyhole gardens require less labor (ideal for elderly, children or sick persons), less water and no costly fertilizers or pesticides. They act like an organic recycling tank, using your food and garden waste as fuel to grow vegetables! Crop rotation and growing of insect-repellent plants are important to balance nutrient demands, fight insects and plant diseases, and deter weeds. When a project introduced keyhole gardens in Lesotho, neighbouring villages outside the project intervention area were reproducing keyhole gardens on their own initiative, clearly indicating the success of the intervention and its potential sustainability. This technology gives a detailed step-by-step description of the building process of a keyhole garden. Leer más

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Intensive Rice Cultivation Demand for rice on the global market is on a constant rise. Yet despite the Green Revolution, production levels are unable to keep up with demand. Irrigated rice production is practised by millions of farmers around the world. The technique is based on an almost permanent flooding of the paddy-fields, which is an enormous source of methane production. As a result of population pressure and frequent shortages of land and water, other methods of cultivation should be used in order to improve rice yields. Intensive Rice Cultivation developed in Madagascar in 1983 by Fr. Henri de Laulanié, is an innovative cultivation method that can increase yields considerably without the need for inputs that are often costly and hard to access for smallscale farmers. Leer más

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Pratiques Améliorées d'élevage des poules indigènes Les poules indigènes jouent un rôle important dans la vie des familles rurales en Afrique orientale. Malgré l’usage accru des races commerciales par de gros éleveurs, près des trois quarts des poules de la région sont de races indigènes. Cette pratique explique des méthodes pour améliorer l’élevage des poules indigènes. Leer más

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Système de Riziculture Intensive La demande en riz sur le marché mondial ne cesse de progresser. Cependant, et malgré la révolution verte, la production ne suit pas la demande. La riziculture irriguée est pratiquée par des millions de paysans à travers le monde. Cette riziculture repose sur une inondation pratiquement permanente des rizières, qui est source énorme de production de méthane. Le repiquage est tardif et avec des densités trop importantes de plants. En raison de la pression démographique et souvent du manque de terre et d’eau, d’autres méthodes culturales doivent être utilisées pour améliorer les rendements rizicoles. Le Système de Riziculture Intensive (ou SRI), mis au point à Madagascar en 1983 par le Père Henri de Laulanié, fait partie de ces méthodes culturales innovantes et qui permettent d’améliorer considérablement les rendements, et sans avoir besoin de recourir à l’achat d’intrants souvent onéreux et difficilement accessibles aux petits paysans. Leer más

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Fabrication de cossettes et de farine de patate douce La patate douce est appréciée dans beaucoup de régions d’Afrique orientale. Elle résiste à la sécheresse, elle est robuste et peut se cultiver dans des zones marginales, contribuant ainsi à l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire. Les jeunes feuilles et les cordes peuvent servir de légumes ou de fourrage pour le bétail. La variété à chair orange est riche en bêta-carotène, qui renforce le système immunitaire. Au plus fort de la récolte, les paysans vendent souvent les patates douces à des prix sacrifiés. Les pertes post-récolte dues à leur caractère périssable sont élevées. Chez quelques communautés d’Afrique orientale, la patate douce est conservée pour la saison sèche en la faisant sécher au soleil, ou en la transformant en cossettes sèches – amukeke. Les cossettes sont soit bouillies puis réduites en purée après les avoir mélangées avec des haricots, soit moulues ou pilées pour en faire de la farine qui peut être mélangée aux farines d’éleusine ou de manioc, pour préparer une bouillie concentrée. Ce dépliant sert de guide sur la façon dont vous pouvez gagner de l’argent avec la patate douce en fabriquant et en vendant des cossettes et de la farine de haute qualité. Leer más

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Conservation des légumes feuilles et des fruits Les feuilles de manioc, de patate douce, de papaye et de citrouille sont largement consommées en Afrique. Elles sont nutritives (riches en bêta-carotène et en sels minéraux), délicieuses et bon marché. Elles peuvent ainsi contribuer à réduire la faim et la malnutrition. Les légumes feuilles et les fruits frais commencent à perdre leurs qualités dès qu’ils sont récoltés, étant ensuite endommagés, flétris et éventuellement pourris. Le stockage des légumes feuilles et des fruits au frais leur permet de se conserver plus longtemps. Le séchage des légumes feuilles et des fruits frais réduit leur volume et leur poids, facilitant ainsi leur stockage et leur transport, et évitant leur gaspillage. Le stockage et le séchage des fruits et légumes peuvent assurer à votre famille un meilleur régime alimentaire tout au long de l’année, permettant également de gagner plus d’argent. Leer más

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Fabrication d’une farine de manioc de haute qualité Le manioc n’est pas pleinement utilisé en Afrique de l’Est en comparaison de l’Afrique occidentale (Nigeria, Ghana). Le manioc peut vous procurer des revenus supplémentaires, créer de l’emploi et servir de réserve alimentaire pour les périodes de pénurie. Le manioc tolère la sécheresse, résiste aux parasites et maladies, et il est facile à cultiver et à récolter. Toutes les parties de la plante de manioc peuvent être valorisées. On peut utiliser les feuilles de manioc pour faire du potage ou comme fourrage pour le bétail. Les tiges peuvent être utilisées pour planter plus de manioc, pour cultiver des champignons comestibles ou comme combustible. La racine peut se manger cuite ou crue, ou bien transformée en farine. Le manioc peut également satisfaire des besoins industriels tels que la production de biocarburant et d’amidon utilisé en papeterie et en pharmacie. La farine de manioc de haute qualité est fabriquée dans un délai d’un jour après la récolte de la racine. Elle est très blanche, avec une faible teneur en graisse, elle n’est pas amère comme la farine traditionnelle de manioc fermenté. Elle ne transmet pas de mauvaise odeur ou de mauvais goût aux produits alimentaires et se mélange très bien avec la farine de blé pour la fabrication de pain ou de gâteaux. Leer más

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Fabrication de cossettes et de farine de banane Les bananes sont l’aliment de base des populations dans de nombreuses régions d’Afrique de l’Est. Elles constituent une bonne source de potassium, lequel intervient dans l’équilibre des fluides du corps et un aliment idéal pour les enfants en bas âge, les invalides et les personnes atteintes par le VIH/sida. Actuellement, la transformation commerciale de la banane est très limitée. La plupart des gens consomment les bananes fraîches, cuites à la vapeur ou bouillies. Au pic de la récolte, les paysans vendent souvent leurs bananes à perte. Mais saviez-vous que les bananes peuvent être transformées en cossettes sèches et en farine ? Les cossettes et la farine peuvent être stockées jusqu’à six mois. Elles peuvent être vendues ou utilisées pour fabriquer des produits à valeur ajoutée afin d’accroître votre revenu. Ce dépliant vous montre comment vous pouvez fabriquer des cossettes et de la farine à partir de la banane. Leer más

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Élevage des chèvres laitières Dans toute l’Afrique orientale, on observe une pression croissante sur les terres. La taille moyenne des exploitations diminue à mesure que les parcelles se morcellent et que les paysans se débattent pour trouver de l’espace tant pour produire des cultures de subsistance et de rente que pour élever du bétail. La plupart des paysans souhaiteraient élever des vaches laitières mais ils ne possèdent pas assez d’argent pour se procurer les animaux, construire des étables pour la stabulation permanente ou assez de terre pour produire le fourrage nécessaire. Mais avez-vous déjà songé à élever des chèvres laitières en considérant qu’il s’agissait là d’une option abordable et avantageuse ? Leer más

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Lutter contre les parasites du mouton Les moutons qui broutent dans les pâturages peuvent être infestés par plusieurs types de parasites. Le niveau d’infestation parasitaire doit faire l’objet d’un contrôle. Dans le cas contraire, l’infestation peut entraîner des saignements, l’amaigrissement et même la mort de l’animal. En cas d’hydatidose (maladie due à l’infestation par un ténia), le cycle biologique devra être surveillé pour éviter que ne surgisse un problème de santé publique entraînant la mort des personnes infectées. Ce dépliant explique comment lutter contre les parasites du mouton. Leer más

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Du compost enrichi pour des rendements plus élevés En Afrique orientale, la baisse de la fertilité des sols a entraîné une chute des rendements des cultures dans la plupart des petites exploitations agricoles, menant à l’insécurité alimentaire et à une pauvreté accrue. À travers toute la région, les sols sont généralement déficients en azote et en phosphore, qui sont des éléments indispensables pour une bonne croissance des plantes. La fertilité du sol peut être augmentée par l’utilisation d’engrais chimiques, mais ceux-ci sont trop chers pour beaucoup de paysans et ils ne sont pas toujours disponibles. Une autre option plus abordable est de produire soi-même un compost de bonne qualité, à partir des déchets provenant de votre exploitation et de votre ménage. Leer más

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Comment lutter contre la mouche des mangues Le manguier doit faire face à de nombreux problèmes phytosanitaires que ce soit d’ordre physiologique, hytopathologique ou entomologique. En Afrique de l’Ouest, l’importance économique des dégâts causés par les mouches des fruits (Diptera Tephritidae) s’accroît aussi bien au niveau des manguiers de case, que des vergers de petits producteurs ou des vergers à vocation industrielle. L’introduction et la dispersion en Afrique d’une espèce de mouche originaire du Sri Lanka, Bactrocera invadens, découverte en Afrique de l’Ouest par l’IITA au Bénin en 2004, pourrait remettre en question les succès commerciaux engrangés récemment par cette filière. Les mouches des fruits étant classées « insectes de quarantaine », aucun fruit piqué renfermant une larve ne peut être exporté sous peine du rejet et de la destruction totale du lot de mangues par les services phytosanitaires européens. Les fruits portant des traces de piqûre doivent donc être impérativement repérés, écartés et éliminés lors de la récolte et du tri en station. Ce dépliant explique les genres différents de mouches des mangues et les méthodes de lutte contre ces mouches. Leer más

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Using Eucalyptus Leaves to Preserve Maize and Bean Seed This technique aims at preserving the quality of seeds of maize and beans by using Eucalyptus leaves. It is a simple, cost effective and safe method of keeping away common grain pest, particularly weevils in this case, in order to improve storing activities. Leer más

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Making Banana Wine at Home Banana has a long history in Uganda and is a staple food in most communities in which it is grown. It is both a cash and food crop and most of it is consumed by the local market especially by the large populations in Kampala, the capital city. On a daily basis, large trucks of fresh banana are transported from the western region to Kampala due to high demand. Because of the bulky nature and perishability of the fresh banana and the long distance to the market, the margin between farm gate and the Kampala retail price is usually very high, most of the times being beyond 50%. In the western districts, it is common for farmers to discard or feed banana to animals during the pick harvest season due to lack of market. There is urgent need for interventions to add value to banana to overcome these challenges. Value addition can help to reduce bulk, increase shelf life and incomes earned by farmers and other players in the value chain. This document describes a local wine making process used by a farmer group, the Bushenyi Banana Wine Makers Association. The association started with four members in February 2011 and has grown to 12 members in September 2012 all involved in wine making using the procedure described below. The description has been prepared by one member of the farmer group with support of members of the Technologies and Practices for Small Agricultural Producers (TECA) Uganda exchange group. Leer más

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The Li Seeder The Li Seeder is a seeder that has the ability of planting single seeds per station in one operation. It was developed by China Agricultural University the 2BS-C manual was developed by Lin Yingqing, the manager of Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County Yunfan machinery manufacturing Co., LTD. Attached is the manual of the seeder Leer más

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Comment inspecter une ruche en toute sécurité L’apiculteur doit régulièrement visiter son rucher pour observer l’activité des abeilles, sans qu’il soit nécessaire d’ouvrir la ruche. Il peut observer si une ruche vide a été occupée par un essaim, si la colonie est forte et il y a beaucoup de « trafic » autour de la ruche. En observant la ruche, il est également possible de comprendre ce que les abeilles sont en train de faire : est-ce que les abeilles apportent beaucoup de pollen ? Y-at- il beaucoup de bourdons ? L’apiculteur peut également observer si la ruche est à l’abri du soleil et de la pluie, et si la ruche est dérangée par des fourmis, ou autres insectes. Pendant la période de la fleuraison, l’apiculteur devrait ouvrir les ruches pour s’assurer que (i) les abeilles construisent les rayons correctement (un rayon par barre), (ii) la reine pond assez d’œufs, et (iii) que la colonie n’a pas été affectée de maladies Cette technologie explique, méthodiquement, comment inspecter une ruche. Leer más

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Establecimiento de un cerco eléctrico en el área de Yapacaní y Norte Integrado en Bolivia El cerco eléctrico es una barrera que no deja salir a los animales que están encerrados pastoreando en una parcela debido a que el alambrado que rodea la parcela efectúa una descarga eléctrica que asusta el animal y lo hace retroceder. Los cercos eléctricos portátiles proveen una flexibilidad en el manejo de los pastos y es ideal para el control del pastoreo en diversas zonas en un periodo reducido, son fáciles de transportar, instalar y mantener. Comparado con el alambrado de púa los costos del alambrado eléctrico es mucho menor además que requiere menos trabajo para su instalación en los potreros. Facilita la división del potrero permitiendo controlar la rotación dirigida para asegurar la regeneración adecuada de los pastos, lo cual influye en el aumento de la producción de leche en el ganado. El alambrado eléctrico se puede utilizar con postes móviles que permite variar la división de los potreros y mejora el manejo del pasto en general o para trabajos con maquinaria. También evita el ingreso de otros animales extraños al potrero que afectan el normal desarrollo de la producción de leche del ganado. La instalación del cerco eléctrico esta explicado en esta tecnología. La tecnología está desarrollada en el Módulo de Conocimiento y Comunicación (MCC) “Establecimiento y manejo de pasturas para ganado tipo lechero” dirigida a pequeños productores, implementada en el área de Yapacaní y Norte Integrado en Bolivia. El MCC fue elaborado en el marco del Plan Nacional de Comunicación para el Desarrollo de Bolivia establecido entre el Ministerio Boliviano de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras (MDRyT), el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF) y la FAO con el apoyo del Proyecto Iniciativa de Comunicación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ICDS). Leer más

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Comment établir un bon rucher Cette technologie décrit méthodiquement comment établir un bon rucher. Un rucher est l’endroit où l’on garde un groupe de ruches. Pour commencer un bon rucher, il faut choisir un bon site qui est facile d’accès, éloigné du bruit, des villages et des animaux et prêt de fleurs et d’arbres. Il est indispensable que près du rucher, il y a de l’eau disponible. Le rucher doit être dégagé de mauvaises herbes pour faciliter les mouvements autour de la ruche. Les ruches peuvent être placées sur un tréteau de ruche ou suspendues avec des câbles ; les deux techniques sont expliquées dans cette technologie. La technologie décrit aussi différentes méthodes pour attirer les abeilles dans les ruches. Leer más

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Comment récolter la cire d'abeille La cire d’abeille est une marchandise de valeur qui peut être utilisée pour faire toute sorte de produits comme par exemple des bougies, de la crème de corps, du cirage, etc. Cette technologie présente , méthodiquement, trois méthodes différents, pour récolter la cire d’abeille. La première méthode décrit utilise des matériaux locaux, tels qu’un sac de tissu, une casserole, et un t-shirt. La deuxième méthode utilise un extracteur de cire solaire qui peut être fabriqué aussi avec des matériaux locaux, tels qu’une feuille d’étain, un couvercle en verre et une langue de métal. La troisième méthode, l’extracteur de cire à vapeur, consiste à pendre un sac de cire au dessus d’un récipient qui flotte au dessus d’eau bouillante. Leer más

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Comment récolter et extraire du miel de bonne qualité Une bonne récolte de miel est importante puisque du miel de bonne qualité se garde bien et se vend au meilleur prix. Plusieurs récoltes de miel par an sont possibles, quoique la période de récolte puisse varier d’un endroit à un autre. Cette technologie explique comment récolter du miel d’une ruche à barres supérieures mobiles tout en garantissant sa qualité. Faire la fumée calme les abeilles et il est conseillé de récolter le miel dans la fraicheur du soir. Le rayon de miel doit être coupé de la barre et conservé dans un seau propre avec couvercle pour empêcher les abeilles de voler le miel récolté et pour garder le taux d’humidité du miel bas. Cette technologie décrit également comment extraire du miel de bonne qualité avec deux seaux, et un tissu filtrant propre. Il est également expliqué comment faire un pressoir à miel. Leer más

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Cultivating lotus on raised beds in flood prone areas, Vietnam The north central region of Vietnam lies on the regular pathway of cyclonic storms and is therefore particularly prone to extreme weather events. Typhoons, flash floods and water stagnation are common. During the rainy season, between September and December, small farmers in this region usually leave their land fallow due to excessive water stagnation. Communities presently practice lotus cultivation during the rainy season by sowing lotus seeds on raised beds, a practice which creates favorable conditions for cultivation. Lotus seeds are high value products and can be sold on local markets. The seeds are used in confectioneries. The practice of cultivating lotus on raised beds provides additional income to poor households and employment opportunities for farm women. Leer más

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Improved domestic stoves to enhance energy efficiency and reduce consumption of wood & organic matter, Bangladesh In Bangladesh every year more than 39 million tons of traditional fuel e.g. wood, straw, leaves, dried cow dung etc. are used for cooking and other purposes, and the figures are rising due to population growth. The traditional stoves used in rural Bangladesh however are very inefficient devices. Experiments have shown that these stoves only use 5-15 % of the total heat energy, while the rest goes wasted. Furthermore, they emit poisonous gases, creating health hazards to users, especially children and elders, and polluting the environment. To stop inefficient use of valuable fuels and to create healthy and pollution-free environment, the Institute of Fuel Research and Development (IFRD) of the Bangladesh Council for Science and Industrial Research (BCSIR) has developed improved stoves suitable for household level use. These types of stoves can save 50-70 percent fuels compared to traditional ones, thereby increasing their energy efficiency. The broader use of improved stoves is a critical contribution to also save on wood and organic matter otherwise used for cooking. Leer más

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Alternative seedbed methods for t. aman rice under drought prone conditions, NW-Bangladesh The agriculture sector in Bangladesh is highly sensitive to climate variability and climate change. Agriculture-based subsistence economy employs almost two thirds of the population, and adaptation to climate change is vital to maintain sustainable development. In Northwestern Bangladesh adaptation practices need to target transplanted aman rice, the most important crop in the Barind Tract under rain fed situations. In order to improve its resilience to increased drought frequencies and to inadequate availability of water for irrigation at critical cropping stages, alternative seedbed methods have been developed. Leer más

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Farm yard manure and water hyacinth compost applications to enhance organic matter and water holding capacity of soils in drought prone areas of Bangladesh The impacts of climate variability and change are critical in Bangladesh. The northwest of Bangladesh is recurrently exposed to high risks of drought and drought spells. The vulnerability of the sector is high, and is further increasing due to constantly increasing water requirements, growing cropping intensity and high population pressure. One strategy to strengthen the resilience of farming systems to drought is to enhance the organic matter levels in soils for better soil moisture retention and water infiltration. The preservation and increased application of farm yard manure, which is organic matter prepared from various kinds of locally available animal excreta mixed with other organic materials is a suitable technology to augment the organic matter content in soils. It also enhances the water holding capacity and fertility of soils whose productivity has been negatively affected by recurrent exposure to droughts. Leer más

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Risk diversification through taro (Colocasia esculenta) cultivation in areas prone to floods and water logging, Bangladesh Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to water related disasters particularly during the monsoon season. Most climate models predict that precipitation levels will increase significantly during summer monsoon. During exceptionally severe seasonal floods water can stay on the ground for more than a month, destroying and damaging tens of thousands of hectares of cultivated land, and ultimately resulting in food shortages that may threaten lives of millions of people. Many of the poor people who live in rural areas and depend on agriculture are highly exposed to severe flooding. Growing crops with high potentials to withstand flood impacts and survive in water logged conditions, such as the aroid Mukhi kachu (taro), is a crucial risk diversification strategy. The Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) has developed three suitable cultivars, namely 'Latiraj' (pani kachu), 'Bilashi' and 'Dowlatpuri', in collaboration with Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI). Leer más

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Establishing block and polybag mini nurseries in drought prone areas of NWBangladesh In areas of Bangladesh where floods and/or droughts regularly lead to serious crop losses, mini-nurseries can contribute to risk spreading through crop diversification and additional returns obtained from small scale marketing of commercial vegetable seedlings, tree saplings etc. The components of a nursery include, among others, seedbed, production area, shed area for sapling production, and sale centre etc. Leer más

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Applying flexible cropping schedules for rice (t. aman) production in Bangladesh Transplanted aman (t. aman) rice is the major crop usually grown throughout Bangladesh during the kharif-II season (JulyOctober), but in some years and in certain parts of the country floods hinder timely transplantation and production of this rice. Early floods delay t. aman transplantation and sometimes late floods inundate fields and cause huge damage to the standing crop. According to the circumstances and the flood forecast in a given area, farmers may decide whether to go for varieties of t. aman suitable for early or late transplantation. This practice describes how cropping can be adjusted to the flood schedule by using early or late varieties of t. aman in order to avoid loss of crops due to flood, and eventually take advantage of the early production of rice to grow further additional crops. Leer más

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Using residual soil moisture after monsoon rice crop for Mung Bean production in drought prone areas, Bangladesh Disaster Risk reduction and adaptation practices in drought-prone northwestern Bangladesh need to target T.aman (transplanted aman) rice, the most important and predominant crop in the Barind tract under rainfed situations. Adjustment of cropping systems by involving pulses and oilseeds is recommended to exploit residual moisture after the T.aman rice crop. The most suitable crops to grow after T.aman are mustard, chickpea and mung bean, which are already grown in this region, but only to a small extent. Mung bean cultivation may be one of the most important long term adaptation options for drought prone areas in the northern and northwestern parts of Bangladesh, since mung beans require minimum moisture. Nodules in the roots of mung bean plants fix atmospheric nitrogen, so this crop’s fertilizer requirements are very low. The wider dissemination of these crops and the proposed cropping sequence however requires careful analysis of rainfall patterns and soil properties. The wider introduction of these pulses and oil seeds in previously mono-cropped (rice) areas would ultimately increase the nutritional security of local people. This technology describes how to implement the cropping system of T.aman rice with pulses (chickpea, mung bean) and mustard, respectively. Leer más

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Comment faire un simple voile qui protège le corps des piqures d’abeilles Le vêtement de protection est un élément important de l’équipement d’un apiculteur parce qu’il protège le corps des piqures d’abeilles et rend la récolte du miel plus simple. Il peut éviter l’usage du feu pour chasser les abeilles pendant la récolte du miel. Le vêtement de protection peut être un simple voile. Le voile ne protège que le visage et le cou. Il peut être fabriqué avec du matériel disponible localement, tel qu’un sac de mais. Il est important que les matériaux soient forts et que les abeilles ne puissent pas piquer à travers le matériel. Leer más

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Mini ponds for resource poor households to provide supplementary irrigation during drought spells in rainfed areas of NW-Bangladesh The drought-prone areas of western Bangladesh are characterized by high rainfall variability, with different types of seasonal droughts (initial, mid and terminal) posing regular threats to rice production. During monsoon season in wide areas of NW Bangladesh t. aman rice is cropped on rainfed basis. Risk management options need to include rainwater harvesting, recycling and conservation, essential to counteract seasonal drought spells, which are common also during monsoon season through supplemental irrigation. But huge amounts of the water available during high intensity rainfalls run-off unused, due to non-availability of proper water storage structures. The excavation and/or re-excavation of mini ponds is a simple but most feasible adaptation option, which can be realized with low investment, in particular in clayey soil. Adequate awareness of the utility of these structures must be raised at community level. Obstacles to the practice which is not yet widely spread in northwestern Bangladesh are most commonly the lack of investment capital and of organization among poor farmers. Leer más

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Intercropping drought tolerant fruit trees (Mango and Jujube) in rice based farming systems in NW-Bangladesh Fruit trees such as mango and jujube thrive in drought prone environment. The cultivation of these tree species is recommended for the uplands of the Barind tract, recurrently exposed to drought. Mango and jujube trees are suitable to be intercropped with transplanted aman (t. aman) and boro rice as well as with vegetables, allowing for a diversification of the household diet. Fruit trees serve also as cash crops that can generate alternative income sources and may thus help households bridge moments of crisis. In addition they are a source of wood fuel. An extended coverage with trees contributes to decreasing temperatures and may induce increasing rainfall, and helps counterbalancing the negative environmental impact of deforestation. Leer más

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Homestead gardens in drought prone areas in NW-Bangladesh Homestead gardening is a well known practice in the rural areas of Bangladesh, creating opportunities for year-round income, even when other income sources fail particularly due to water scarcity and drought. Homestead gardens use the small raised areas (chalas) around the homesteads. The management of close by homestead gardens benefits from using homestead wastes, sweepings and debris as organic matter, as well as from roof collection of irrigation water. Selecting vegetables and varieties which require less irrigation water enhances drought resilience. Homesteads gardens are a good practice for women in particular, who can manage activities and earn income with minimum support from their male counterparts. Leer más

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Comment faire une ruche à barres supérieurs mobiles (modèle du Kenya) Cette technologie décrit méthodiquement comment faire une ruche à barre supérieures (modèle du Kenya). Une ruche à barres supérieures, ou une ruche à barres mobiles, est une caisse rectangulaire couverte avec des barres d’une largeur fixées. Les abeilles commenceront la construction de leurs rayons à partir du centre des barres supérieures. Pour attirer un essaim à la ruche et pour « guider » les abeilles à la construction les rayons le long de la barre, une bande de démarrage en cire doit être mise sur le centre de la barre supérieure. Les ruches mobiles permettent l’inspection de la ruche en soulevant les barres supérieures, et de remplacer les rayons matures (le rayon sellé) avec une barre vide, pour que les abeilles continuent à collecter du nectar. Leer más

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Soil conservation through multi-purpose wind breaks/shelter belts in Vietnam Properly spaced trees help provide many of the same benefits of a complete perennial cover: fine soil particles contain most of the humus and nutrients in the soil, and if lost, soil fertility is reduced, while windbreaks help protect cropland by reducing wind velocities for a distance approximately 15 times the height of the tallest trees, thus providing significant reductions in the rate of soil loss over large areas. Establishing wind breaks is a practice that is highly suitable for degraded soils in the coastal regions of Vietnam prone to water erosion and to the winds accompanying typhoons during the rainy season. Eucalyptus and cashew, the tree species that have been identified to break the cycle of land degradation, are also suitable for moderately saline soils. Leer más

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Reducing natural hazard impacts on bananas: integrated practices, Haiti Farmers in Haiti traditionally apply a number of actions, before and after natural hazards hit in order to reduce the impacts particularly on high-market value crops like banana. Actions include leaf removal and staking of the bananas and towards the end of the cropping cycle anticipated harvesting of marketable fruits, which are then either stored or immediately sold. The ultimate benefit of these actions is that farmers secure at least parts of their harvest against the destructive impacts of hurricanes, winds or flash floods and thus some income. Leer más

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Establishing grass barriers along the contour to reduce water runoff and erosion during heavy rainfall, Grenada The agricultural sector in Caribbean islands such as Grenada is extremely vulnerable to storms and hurricanes. The destructive effects of these natural phenomena on the agricultural sector and the livelihoods of rural populations call for the implementation of culturally appropriate mitigation practices. One such consistently implemented soil conservation practice suitable to most micro-climatic and topographical zones in Grenada consists in the establishment of grass barriers along the contour in areas that need stabilization. It is a highly sustainable and effective technology, easily replicable in other contexts. Leer más

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Double transplanting of (t. aman) rice to reduce impacts of drought spells during monsoon (Kharif II) season in Bangladesh Farmers in the Barind tract of Bangladesh heavily rely on rice yields for their livelihoods. The rice crop they rank as most affected by climate-related problems is t.aman (transplanted aman), grown during the wet kharif II season on about 70 percent of the rice area in the Barind tract. In dry years t.aman crops suffer from high yield reduction if transplantation is delayed due to drought. Besides, delayed transplantation leaves no time or no land to grow short duration vegetables, oil seeds (mustard) and pulses (chickpea), before the next boro rice cultivation. In the event of heavy rain the main field may be flooded and not ready for the sowing of transplanted seedlings. A solution is to temporarily plant them on high land with drainage facilities before finally transplanting them onto the main field, once it has dried out. Leer más

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Diversifying cropping patterns in drought prone areas in Bangladesh Due to the natural climatic conditions in northwestern Bangladesh small-holder farming systems are always exposed to the risk of recurrent droughts. Critical reductions in crop yields occur regularly due to inadequate rainfall. In recent years, however, increasing climate variability has caused even more serious and frequent drought spells, which influence agricultural systems in all stages of growth and consequently the crop yields. The livelihoods of two thirds of the population depending on agriculture and allied sectors are increasingly endangered. Diversification and adjustment of cropping patterns are a way to reduce losses, thus mitigating the impact of droughts on the lives of the rural poor. Leer más

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Community seedbed for rice in drought prone areas of Bangladesh Timely transplantation of rice is essential to ensure optimal growth of plants and to increase the yields, besides getting the land vacant on time for the next crop. In the northwestern regions of Bangladesh, though, land often remains fallow for extended periods due to prolonged drought periods. Once the rice crop has been planted late (particularly in kharif I season March to June -) it suffers from water stress during the flowering and grain formation stage, resulting in lower yields than if rice had been planted on time. Establishing a community seedbed next to a local water body is a local adaptation strategy that helps farmers to jointly produce seedlings on time to ensure early transplanting, effectively managing scarce water resources and mitigating the impact of drought. Leer más

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Using urine and ash to control crop pests and diseases Pests and diseases cause a substantial economic loss to crop farmers. Other than reducing yield and lowering harvest quality, pest and disease control increases production costs in terms of buying the chemicals to control them. Besides chemicals being expensive and not readily available, they also have adverse effects on the environment, humans and nontarget organisms if not used properly, and as such, farmers prefer to use locally available materials (traditional methods) to mitigate pests and diseases which are cheaper, environmentally friendly, easily available and less harmful to humans and non-target organisms. As one of the traditional practice in Uganda, farmers use ash and urine to control a wide range of crop pests and diseases. This document provides a description of how different farmer apply this practice. Leer más

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El banco proteínico-energético en el área de Yapacaní y Norte Integrado en Bolivia El banco proteínico-energético es un área destinada al cultivo de pasto de corte y de leguminosa, los mismos que se emplean para corte o pastoreo directo de las vacas, como un complemento al pastoreo de gramíneas. Las leguminosas se desarrollan bien en suelos neutros o ligeramente alcalinos. Pero no resiste el exceso de humedad ni se desarrollan bien en suelos extremadamente ácidos. Los bancos a ser usados bajo corte deberán establecerse en aéreas adyacentes a potreros que deben suplementar. Incluso puede ser parte del potrero lo que ayuda a reducir costos y labores de corte-acarreo. Las especies que contemplan como banco proteínico-energético en la propuesta técnica son el pasto de corte Taiwán y la leguminosa Kudzú. La tecnología está desarrollada en el Módulo de Conocimiento y Comunicación (MCC) “Establecimiento y manejo de pasturas para ganado tipo lechero” dirigida a pequeños productores, implementada en el área de Yapacaní y Norte Integrado en Bolivia. El MCC fue elaborado en el marco del Plan Nacional de Comunicación para el Desarrollo de Bolivia establecido entre el Ministerio Boliviano de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras (MDRyT) y la FAO con el apoyo del Proyecto Iniciativa de Comunicación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ICDS). Leer más

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Natural vegetative strips Natural vegetative strips (NVS) are narrow live barriers comprising naturally occurring grasses and herbs. Contour lines are laid out with an A-frame or through the ‘cow's back method’ (a cow is used to walk across the slope: it tends to follow the contour and this is confirmed when its back is seen to be level). The contours are then pegged to serve as an initial guide to ploughing. The 0.3–0.5 m wide strips are left unploughed to allow vegetation to establish. Runoff flowing down the slope during intense rain is slowed, and infiltrates when it reaches the vegetative strips. Eroded soil collects on and above the strips and natural terraces form over time. The vegetation on the established NVS needs to be cut back to a height of 5–10 cm: once before planting a crop, and once or twice during the cropping period. The cut material can be incorporated during land preparation, applied to the cropping area as mulch, or used as fodder. NVS constitutes a low-cost technique because no planting material is required and only minimal labour is necessary for establishment and maintenance. As an option, some farmers plant fruit and timber trees, bananas or pineapples on or above the NVS. The trees and other cash perennials provide an additional source of income. Leer más

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Gagner sa vie avec la pisciculture Le poisson représente une source de protéines ainsi que de revenus pour les populations de nombreuses région d’Afrique orientale. Cependant, on observe un écart croissant entre l’offre et la demande de poisson dans l’ensemble du monde. Presque toutes les réserves naturelles dans la région, mais aussi ailleurs, ont été surexploitées, alors que la population et la demande continuent à augmenter. Ce dépliant explique comment on peut gagner sa vie avec la pisciculture, et plus particulièrement en élevant des tilapias. Leer más

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Improved grazing land Improved grazing land management is vital to increase food security and alleviate poverty, as well as to bring environmental rewards. To address these problems, the national Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) rogramme in Ethiopia initiated a grazing land management project in the year 2000. Implementation of the technology includes the initial delineating of the grazing land, and then fencing to exclude open access. This is followed by land preparation, application of compost (and, if necessary, inorganic fertilizers) to improve soil fertility, then planting of improved local and exotic fodder species, grass as well as legumes. Maintenance activities such as weeding, manuring and replanting ensure proper establishment and persistence. Fodder is cut and carried to stall-fed livestock. Once a year, grass is cut for hay, which is stored to feed animals during the dry season. The overall purpose of the intervention is to improve the productivity of grazing land and control land degradation through the introduction of productive techniques and improved fodder species, which consequently improve livestock production. Commercialization of animals and marketing of their products increases the income of farmers. Leer más

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Farmer field schools on integrated plant nutrient systems There are different ways of carrying out agricultural extension. Farmer field schools represent a participatory approach that directly reaches farmers and addresses their day-to-day problems. The concept of farmer field schools builds on the belief that farmers are the main source of knowledge and experience in carrying out farm operations, in contrast to conventional topdown approaches that place most value on scientists’ findings. It is a group based learning approach, which brings together concepts and method of agro-ecology, experiential education, and community development. Several consultation meetings and workshops were held at national level to put the integrated nutrient management concept into practice. These meetings led to farmer field schools being recognised as an appropriate approach for putting this concept into practice. The Government of Nepal’s National Fertiliser Policy now recognises integrated plant nutrient systems as a concept to improve the efficient use of different nutrient inputs, and farmer field schools as an appropriate technology and extension approach for soil and plant nutrient management in Nepal. Leer más

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Training, information and awareness raising The Cape Verde government initiated in collaboration with its international partners an unprecedented campaign of afforestation. Its main goal consists of fighting desertification and the drought impacts. Among the specific objectives are reduction of soil erosion, firewood production improvement for rural families, better land production and land user vulnerability mitigation. To achieve this objective, the Cape Verde government was in need of labour provided by the population, which was easily accepted. With the financial and technical support of the government, municipalities, international projects of rural development (FAO, GTZ, etc.), NGOs (Platforms of Local and National Associations,), the technical assistance of the Rural Development Ministry (MDR) and the help of the local population, nowadays, more than 20% of the surface area of the archipelago is planted with trees. Several steps have been reached: - the population has been prepared (information, awareness raising and training) - reconnaissance, topographical surveys and treatments of watershed were carried out where plantations were established - It was also necessary to import seeds from many countries, to create nurseries, to treat seeds and to train Cape Verde technicians. The role of the population was to participate in field work, to work in collaboration with the technicians, to operate the nursery and finally to transport the seedlings to the field and plant them. Leer más

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Composting associated with planting pits Compost is produced in shallow pits, approximately 20 cm deep and 1.5 m by 3 m wide. During November and December layers of chopped crop residues, animal dung and ash are heaped, as they become available, up to 1.5 m high and watered. The pile is covered with straw and left to heat up and decompose. After around 15–20 days the compost is turned over into a second pile and watered again. This is repeated up to three times – as long as water is available. Compost heaps are usually located close to the homestead. Alternatively, compost can be produced in pits which are up to one meter deep. Organic material is filled to ground level. The pit captures rain water, which makes this method of composting a valuable option in dry areas. The compost is either applied immediately to irrigated gardens, or kept in a dry shaded place for the next sorghum seeding. In the latter case one handful of compost is mixed with loose soil in each planting pit (zai). These pits are dug 60 cm by 60 cm apart. Three to four grains of sorghum are planted in each pit. Compost in the pits both conserves water and supplies nutrients. The planting pits also help by harvesting runoff water from the microcatchments between them. Boulgou experiences erratic and variable rainfall with frequent droughts. Leer más

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Better quality farmyard manure through improved decomposition Farmyard manure – a varying mixture of animal manure, urine, bedding material, fodder residues, and other components – is the most common form of organic manure applied in the midhills of Nepal. Farmyard manure has a high proportion of organic material which nurtures soil organisms and is essential in maintaining an active soil life. The high organic matter content and the active soil life improve or maintain friable soil structures, increase the cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity, and infiltration rate, and reducing the risk of soil pests building up. A prerequisite for the manure having a positive impact on soil fertility is that it is properly decomposed. Decomposition is enhanced and the time it takes to happen is reduced if the manure is kept warm and moist (but not wet) at all times. Heaping the manure up or storing it in a pit helps. Leer más

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Improved trash lines Trash lines of organic material across the slope constitute a traditional land husbandry practice in south-west Uganda. Improved trash lines are smaller, closer spaced, and of longer duration than the traditional type. They are more effective in controlling runoff and maintaining soil fertility. All trash lines (improved and traditional) are composed of cereal stover (straw) and weeds that are collected during primary cultivation (hand hoeing), and heaped in strips along the approximate contour. The recommended spacing between the improved trash lines is 5–10 m, depending on the slope: the steeper the closer. Improved trash lines are left in place for four seasons before they are dug into the soil. Much of the material used has, by this time, decomposed or been eaten by termites. Through incorporation into the topsoil, they improve soil fertility acting effectively as ‘mobile compost strips’. Improved trash lines are multipurpose in retarding dispersed runoff while, as discussed, maintaining soil fertility. They are a low-cost option for soil and water conservation. Leer más

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Establecimiento y Manejo de Pasturas Mejoradas: la Briachiaria brizanta La Brachiaria Brizanta es un pasto permanente y amacollado, con tallos vigorosos que alcanzan alturas de 1,5 a 2 metros. El valor nutritivo se considera entre moderado y bueno, si se compara con otras especies de Brachiarias, en relación con su palatabilidad, consumo, digestibilidad y composición química. Por eso, el objetivo de esta tecnología es que el productor tenga conocimientos sobre el establecimiento y el buen manejo del pasto mejorado Brachiaria brizanta. La tecnología explica las prácticas para la preparación del terreno, el establecimiento del pasto mediante la siembra de semillas, y la división y rotación de potreros. El objetivo final de un potrero establecido, es el de su uso como pastura o semillero. La presente tecnología da consejos sobre la capacidad de carga, que se define como el número de animales por hectárea que puede sostener un potrero. La tecnología está desarrollada en el Módulo de Conocimiento y Comunicación (MCC) “Establecimiento y manejo de pasturas para ganado tipo lechero” dirigida a pequeños productores, implementada en el área de Yapacaní y Norte Integrado en Bolivia. El MCC fue elaborado en el marco del Plan Nacional de Comunicación para el Desarrollo de Bolivia establecido entre el Ministerio Boliviano de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras (MDRyT), el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF) y la FAO con el apoyo del Proyecto Iniciativa de Comunicación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ICDS ). Leer más

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La Alimentacion del Ganado Lechero en el área de Yapacaní y Norte Integrado en Bolivia La alimentación adecuada del ganado es muy importante para obtener la máxima producción de leche. Las vacas, a través de la acción de comer, ingieren alimentos que están compuestos por nutrientes, encargados de mantener sus actividades rutinarias como caminar, comer, beber, rumiar, parir o producir leche. Los alimentos para el ganado se dividen en energéticos y proteínicos. La alimentación puede ser divida en cuatro categorías: (1) las forrajes, (2) los concentrados y los subproductos industriales, (3) el agua y (4) los minerales. Además, la cantidad de alimentación es esencial para lograr el máximo nivel de producción de leche. La tecnología explica cómo pesar a la vaca y determinar las diferentes cantidades de alimentao necesario durante los periodos de crecimiento, gestación y producción. La tecnología está desarrollada en el Módulo de Conocimiento y Comunicación (MCC) “Establecimiento y manejo de pasturas para ganado tipo lechero” dirigida a pequeños productores, implementada en el área de Yapacaní y Norte Integrado en Bolivia. El MCC fue elaborado en el marco del Plan Nacional de Comunicación para el Desarrollo de Bolivia establecido entre el Ministerio Boliviano de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras (MDRyT), el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal (INIAF) y la FAO con el apoyo del Proyecto Iniciativa de Comunicación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ICDS). Leer más

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Aloe Vera living barriers Aloe Vera living barriers - a technique which uses the structure of a cross-slope barrier of Aloe vera to combat soil erosion by decreasing surface wash and increasing infiltration. Aloe vera is a durable herbaceous plant which is planted in the form of living barriers to recover degraded slopes on the Cape Verde Islands. The plants are closely planted along the contour to build an efficient barrier for retention of eroded sediments and superficial runoff. The living hedges of Aloe vera stabilize the soil, increase soil humidity by improving infiltration and soil structure. Groundwater is recharged indirectly. Soil cover is improved, and thus evaporation and erosion reduced. Implementation is relatively simple. The contour lines are demarcated using a water level. Seedlings are planted along one line at a distance of 30-50 cm between plants; spacing between the rows varies between 3-5 m according to the slope. On slopes steeper than 30% the living barriers are often combined with stone walls (width 40-50 cm; height 80-90 cm). The plants stabilize the stone risers, making this combined technology one of the most efficient measures for soil erosion control on the Cape Verde Islands. Leer más

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Vegetated earth-banked terraces Earth-banked terraces in cereal and almond cropland covered with drought-resistant shrubs. Earth-banked terraces are constructed by carefully removing a superficial soil layer (~10-20 cm) from one part of a field, concentrating it on the lower end of that field in order to reduce slope gradient and length. Another terrace is created directly downslope to form a cascade of terraces. Stones from the fields can be used to reinforce the terrace ridge. Terraces reduce the formation of gullies and retain water from upslope. The terrace ridges are optimal locations to plant olives, almonds or fruit trees. Moreover, to be most effective, the terrace ridges are vegetated with shrubs and grasses adapted to semi-arid conditions and with a good surface cover (>~30%) throughout the year. This technology reduces flooding, damage to infrastructure and siltation of water reservoirs, while maintaining (or slightly increasing) crop productivity. This is achieved by reducing runoff, soil erosion and hydraulic connectivity through a decreased slope gradient and an increased vegetation cover. The terrace ridge functions as a sink for runoff within fields and reduces runoff velocity. The vegetation leads to increased soil organic matter content below plants, producing an improved soil structure and a higher infiltration capacity. Leer más

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Small level bench terraces Terraces with narrow beds, used for growing tea, coffee, and horticultural crops on hillsides cleared from forests. The main aim of the terraces is to facilitate cultivation of tea or coffee on sloping land: erosion control is secondary. After clearing natural and secondary forests by slash and burn, terraces are constructed by hoe. The width of the bed is 1.0–1.5 m. The length of each terrace can be up to 25 m. Down the slope, after every 3–4 terraces, there are lateral drainage channels. Situated at the foot of a riser, each channel has a gradient of 0.5% or less. Excess water – some of which cascades over the terrace risers, with some draining through the soil – is discharged through these channels, generally to natural waterways. Natural grass cover develops on the risers. After harvest (of annual crops), the land is left until immediately before the next rainy season. The terraces at this stage are covered by weeds and grasses. Land is then tilled by hoe. The weeds and grasses are removed and heaped in piles outside the cropped area. They are not composted or used for mulching – and here an opportunity is missed. Leer más

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Pepsee micro-irrigation system A grassroots innovation that offers most of the advantages of conventional micro-irrigation at a much lower establishment cost. Pepsee micro-irrigation systems slowly and regularly apply water directly to the root zone of plants through a network of economically designed plastic pipes and low-discharge emitters. Technically speaking pepsee systems use low density polythene (65–130 microns) tubes which are locally assembled. Being a low pressure system the water source can be an overhead tank or a manually operated water pump to lift water from a shallow water table. Such a system costs less than US$ 40 per hectare for establishment. But the tubes have a short life span of one (or two) year(s). The critical factor is the low entry cost. Pepsee systems thus act as ‘stepping tones’ for poor farmers who are facing water stress but are short of capital and cannot afford to risk relatively large investment in a technology which is new to them, and whose returns are uncertain. Leer más

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Comment lutter contre Striga et les foreurs de tige du maïs Le maïs est l’aliment de base le plus important en Afrique orientale. Cependant, les rendements de cette culture sur de petites exploitations restent souvent très faibles et représentent seulement un quart de ce qui pourrait être produit. Selon les paysans, les trois principales contraintes qui limitent leurs rendements en maïs sont la faible fertilité du sol, les foreurs de tige et enfin, tout particulièrement, le striga (également appelé herbe des sorcières). Plusieurs technologies simples et efficaces ont été mises au point pour aider à surmonter ces problèmes. Ce dépliant explique comment vous pouvez lutter à la fois contre le striga et les foreurs de tige, sans recourir à des produits chimiques onéreux. Leer más

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Récupération des eaux de pluie pour accroître la production fourragère Il s’agit du captage et de la concentration des eaux de ruissellement à la surface du sol avant qu’elles ne s’écoulent dans un ruisseau ou une rivière. L’eau de pluie ainsi collectée sert pour des travaux agricoles, des besoins ménager ou autres. Ce dépliant (document joint ci-dessous) introduit des méthodes de la récupération des eaux de pluie, en particulier les demilunes. Il explique ce que sont les demi-lunes, l’endroit où elles peuvent être installées et une description des six étapes pour les construire. Il offre aussi quelques problèmes potentiels et les solutions pour la construction et l’utilisation des demi-lunes ainsi que une étude de cas de la région de Makueni, Kenya. Leer más

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Mise en place d'une pépinière d'arbres En Afrique orientale, beaucoup des gens dépendent des forets et des arbres pour satisfaire divers besoins. Avec des populations croissantes, ces ressources sont en train de s'épuiser. De nombreux paysans souhaiteraient planter des arbres, mais il leur est difficile d’obtenir des plantules de haute qualité. La mise en place d’une pépinière d’arbres peut aider à résoudre le problème lié à cette demande et servir aussi de source de revenus supplémentaires. Leer más

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Planting pits and stone lines Rehabilitation of degraded land through manured planting pits, in combination with contour stone lines. Planting pits, which are used for millet and sorghum production on gentle slopes, are holes of 20–30 cm diameter and 20–25 cm depth, spaced about 1 m apart in each direction. The excavated earth is formed into a small ridge downslope of the pit and manure is added to each pit. At the start of the rainy season, millet or sorghum is sown in these pits. Stones are positioned manually along the contour. Stone lines are intended to slow down runoff. They thereby increase the rate of infiltration, while simultaneously protecting the planting pits from sedimentation. Often grass establishes between the stones, which helps increase infiltration further and accelerates the accumulation of fertile sediment. Wind-blown particles may also build up along the stone lines due to a local reduction in wind velocity. The accumulation of sediment along the stone lines in turn favours water infiltration on the upslope side. This then improves plant growth, which further enhances the effect of the system. The overall aim of the system is to capture and hold rainfall and runoff, and thereby improve water infiltration, while increasing nutrient availability. The technique is favourable to spontaneous adoption, as construction does not require heavy machinery. Leer más

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Furrow-enhanced runoff harvesting for olives in Syria Runoff harvesting through annually constructed V-shaped microcatchments, enhanced by downslope ploughing. To achieve self-sufficiency in olive oil production, several farmers have developed orchards in this area – which is generally considered too dry for olives. Trees are spaced at 8 m apart, within and between rows. Traditionally, farmers prefer to till their orchards by tractor in order to keep them weed-free (weeds may attract sheep, lead to fires and compete for water with the olive trees). As this tillage operation is usually practiced up and down the slope, the resulting furrows stimulate runoff and erosion. However, when this is combined with Vshaped and/or fish-bone shaped microcatchments around individual trees, the furrows created can be used to harvest runoff water for improved production. The V-shape earthen bunds (reinforced with some stones) are constructed manually, by hoe, around each tree. The furrows then divert runoff systematically to the microcatchments where it concentrates in basins around the trees. This technology saves irrigation water during the dry season, enhances soil moisture storage, and stimulates olive tree growth. Furthermore, fine particles of eroded soil are captured in the microcatchments. While these may be nutrient rich, they also tend to seal the surface. Labour input for establishment and maintenance is low, the technology is easy and cheap to maintain, and there is enough local skill to sustain and expand the system. Leer más

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Sunken streambed structure Excavations in streambeds to provide temporary storage of runoff, increasing water yields from shallow wells for supplementary irrigation. Dohs are rectangular excavations in seasonal streambeds, which are intended to capture and hold runoff to enhance groundwater recharge, thus increasing water for irrigation from nearby shallow wells. They also collect and impound subsurface flow. Dohs are built in semi-arid areas where rainfall is low and seasonal. The dimension of a typical doh is 1.0–1.5 m deep with variable length (up to 40 m) and width (up to 10 m) depending on streambed section, with an average capacity of 400 m3. The excavated material is deposited along the stream banks as a barrier against siltation from surrounding areas. The slopes of the excavation are gentle so that water flows into it, and excess water out again, carrying silt rather than depositing it. The technology is used in conjunction with shallow wells (odees), which enable farmers to harvest the increased groundwater for supplementary irrigation of annual crops . In summary, dohs are low cost water recharge alternatives for poorer communities, and in this case study, the extra area brought under production has meant that all families now have access to some water for irrigation. Leer más

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Roof top rainwater harvesting – Concrete Tank Roof top rainwater harvesting – Concrete Tank - The roof top rain water harvesting system using a concrete tank was designed to improve household access to water for irrigation of kitchen garden plots during the hot and dry summer months. A 16 cubic metre concrete tank situated in the shadow of the house constructed to retain rainwater that collects in the roof guttering. The purpose of the tank is to retain water to be used for drinking, sanitation and irrigation during the hot and dry summer months. The retained water allows for the irrigation of kitchen garden plots and more diverse crops, and hence should improve the livelihoods of households involved. There are three main elements to the construction of the rainwater harvesting system: - the construction of a metal gutter on wooden supports around the perimeter of the roof - the construction of a concrete pool in the shadow of the house; - the provision of a connection pipe between the gutter and the pool. Leer más

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Water harvesting from concentrated runoff for irrigation purposes in Spain Water harvesting from intermittent streams to nearby fields and terraces during runoff events. Water shortage is one of the most limiting factors for sustainable agriculture in large parts of SE-Spain. Part of the solution of this problem may come from the restoration of traditional water harvesting structures. This technology contains of a small earthen- or stone- built bund that diverts flood water from intermittent streams towards cultivated fields. The diverted water will temporarily flood the fields and provide the crops with water. Depending on the slope gradient and the amount of water to be harvested, the fields are organised as single terraces, or as a staircase of terraces. On fields with gradients above ~3%, terraces are necessary to reduce the gradient and to retain the floodwater as long as possible. Water is diverted from one terrace to the next through small spillways in the terrace. The spillways can best be fortified with stones to prevent bank gully formation. The extra input of surface water can double the yield. With these systems, water can be harvested up to 8 times per year, mostly in spring and autumn during high intensity rainfall events. The goal of this technology is to increase crop yield. In addition, these structures help to reduce the intensity of floods and reduce the damage caused by them by reducing runoff volume in intermittent streams. Leer más

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Shade-grown coffee Shade-grown coffee - An agroforestry system which combines coffee with shade trees – including fruit, timber and leguminous species – in a systematic fashion. Shade-grown coffee is a traditional and complex agroforestry system where coffee is associated with various other species in different storeys (or ‘levels’). This provides ecologically and economically sustainable use of natural resources. While based on a traditional system the shade-grown coffee technology has a specific layout, and a reduced number of intercropped species. It comprises - Coffee (Coffea arabica) planted on the contour at approximately 5,000 plants per hectare; - Associated trees: fruits, most commonly oranges (120 trees/ha), cedar (Cedrela odorata) or caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) for timber (60 trees/ha) and also two legumes, poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) and chalum (Inga sp.) which act as shade trees and at the same time improve the soil by fixing nitrogen (60 trees/ha). Farmers often include bananas or avocados in the system, which command good market prices and do not compete with labour needed for harvesting and other activities; - Supportive soil conservation measures on steep slopes to avoid soil erosion, predominantly strips of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) on the contour, retention ditches and soil cover improvement; - Fertilizers: both organic and inorganic combined. Full establishment of a shaded coffee plot can be achieved in two years. The trees grown in association allow more efficient cycling of nutrients (because of deep rooting and nitrogen fixation) and provide a favourable microclimate for coffee. Leer más

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Intensive agroforestry system Intensive agroforestry system - A protective and productive high-input agroforestry system comprising multi-purpose ditches with bunds, live barriers of grass, contour ridging, annual crops and fruit trees. The idea is to concentrate cropping on a limited area, in a highly integrated, intensive and diversified continuous land use system, thereby integrating soil and water conservation – specifically avoiding traditional slash and burn practices. Each ‘agroforestry plot’ comprises four to five 50 cm wide and 40 m long multipurpose ditches that are excavated along the contour, 6 to 12 m apart, depending on the slope. The ditches retain runoff water which infiltrates the soil, thus reducing erosion and improving soil moisture. They also act as compost ditches for all types of organic residues on the farm. Residues, enriched with manure (from chickens and guinea pigs) are tipped into the ditches, and within 8 to12 months this decomposes into a fertile medium for the cultivation of vegetables and other crops. Grass strips are planted on the earth bund on the upper side of the ditch for stabilisation of the structure, retention of runoff and capture of eroded sediment. The grass is cut several times a year to feed guinea pigs, which in turn recycle this into manure. On the lower side of the contour ditches, fruit trees and bananas are planted. Rows of multipurpose trees (mainly indigenous species) are planted around each agroforestry plot as a windbreak and for economic reasons: yielding fruit and timber. Between the structures, annual (and semi-perennial) crops are grown on hand-dug micro-terraces/ridges, again sited along the contour. The main purpose is to increase and diversify production, and at the same time to protect natural resources and regenerate degraded areas. Leer más

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Small-scale conservation tillage - Ripping of soil using oxen-drawn implements, to improve water storage capacity and cropland productivity on small-scale farms in Kenia The form of conservation agriculture described in this case study involves the use of ox-drawn ploughs, modified to rip the soil. Ripping is performed in one pass, to a depth of 10 cm, after harvest. The aim of ripping is to increase water infiltration and reduce runoff. In contrast to conventional tillage, the soil is not inverted, thus leaving a certain amount of crop residue on the surface. As a result, the soil is less exposed and not so vulnerable to the impact of splash and sheet erosion, and water loss through evaporation and runoff. In addition, there are savings in terms of energy used for cultivation. In well-ripped fields, rainfall from storms at the onset of the growing season is stored within the rooting zone, and is therefore available to the crop during subsequent drought spells. Ripping the soil during the dry season combined with a mulch cover reduces germination of weeds, leaving fields ready for planting. Yields from small-scale conservation tillage can be more than 60% higher than under conventional ploughing. Leer más

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No-till technology - A no-till system with crop residue management for mediumscale wheat and barley farming A special no-till drill was developed to simultaneously seed and fertilize annual crops: the drill cuts through residue, opens a 20 cm wide slot which, after seed and N/P-fertilizers are dropped into it, is closed firmly to encourage contact between seed and soil. Application of special herbicides replaces tillage for weed control, and enables the farmer to have an 18-month fallow period (a ‘chemical fallow’) after two crops have been taken over a 6-month period. Fallowing is essential for water conservation in this semi-arid area. NTT reduces passes with heavy machines to three times per year. Overall, yields are higher and costs are lower than under conventional tillage. NTT reduces soil erosion and soil compaction while conserving water in the soil. The use of the special no-till drill ensures both minimal working of the soils, and precise incorporation of phosphate fertilizer beneath seeds. Erosion and evaporation suppression/control are the main impacts of the system: runoff and concentrated flow in watersheds are reduced. Maintaining crop residues in the fields increases soil organic matter and thus the amount of carbon sequestered, as well as nutrient levels. Hence application of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced. Leer más

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Small-scale rainbow trout farming This technical paper is a basic guide to the starting and successful practice of small-scale trout farming. It summarizes all the technical information that it is important to know for small-scale trout production. In mountainous regions, where water resources could support profitable trout farming, protection of the environment is also important. Therefore, this technical paper contains sections with information about the basics of efficient treatment of trout farm effluents. The concept of this technical paper is to guide the reader through the necessary technical information, related practical solutions and the steps of preparation of both investment in and day-to-day operation of a small-scale rainbow trout farm. In order to satisfy interest for specific details, a glossary has been compiled and tables and annexes attached. Explanations are short but together with their illustrations they should be informative. Hence, it is hoped that this combination will facilitate easy understanding and learning of rainbow trout farming. Leer más

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Guia para colheita e manuseio pós-colheita da castanha de caju Produção de castanha de caju de alta qualidade é dependente da aplicação de técnicas excelentes e completas de colheita e pós-colheita e práticas. Esta foto gráfico baseado aleta é usado como parte do material da Iniciativa Caju Africano de extensão. Ele é usado por treinadores e qualquer um que trabalha em fazendas, no campo, diretamente com os agricultores, ensinando e orientando sobre as boas práticas agrícolas recomendadas para o desenvolvimento e manutenção de colheita produtiva e operações pós-colheita. É desgined para ajudar os agricultores de caju entender como abordar o período antes da colheita começa eo que é que depois de terem colhido suas fazendas de caju. Isso é para garantir que seus produtos finais são de extrema qualidade Leer más

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How to estimate the quality of cashew nuts (RCN) The quality of Cashew produced from country to country and region to region determines the reputation as well as competitiveness of the product on the international market. The price farmers may expect is directly linked to the quality of their produce. It is important therefore to teach farmers who may not have any or limited knowledge about how to assess the quality of nuts about exactly what determines whether their product is of high quality, meeting the demands of what consumers want. This simple, well-illustrated technical manual is used as training material by the African Cashew initiative and functions as a tool via which farmers may be taught how to assess and recognize good quality nuts. Not only does it demonstrate how to do this, it displays which tools and mechanisms may be used to implement this, provding information on the physical criteria used worldwide, across the cashew producing industry. Leer más

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Guide to harvesting and post-harvest handling of cashew nuts Production of high quality cashew nuts is dependent on the application of excellent and thorough harvest and post-harvest techniques and practices. This picture based leaflet is used as part of the African Cashew Initiative’s extension material. It is handed out to cashew farmers to help them understand how to approach the period just before harvesting begins and what do after they have harvested their cashew farms. This is to ensure that their final products are of the utmost quality. Note: This Leaflet is accompanied by a guide for “Field Staff” on harvest and post harvest operations” which is available on this site. Leer más

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Good Practices for the Establishment of a New Cashew Farm Application of good practices is an essential foundation for the establishment of a new functional, thriving cashew farm. This flip-chart (picture bloc), with its very comprehensive pictures as well as question and answer sections, describes how to better prepare an area for the establishment of a thriving cashew farm. It is designed to help introduce novice cashew farmers or those who want to expand their cashew farming endeavors. It is used as training material by the African Cashew Initiative and is intended to be used by extension agent to animate group sessions to train such farmers or can be consulted by someone who has the intention of establishing a cashew plantation. This picture based extension material is part of a series which covers the establishment phase, good agricultural practices of cashew plantation management, harvest and post-harvest operation as well as quality issues. Leer más

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Cultivos de cobertura y manejo de residuos en agricultura de conservación Las prácticas de agricultura de conservación requieren un nivel crítico de cultivos de cobertura y manejo de los residuos de cultivos para mantener o mejorar las propiedades químicas, físicas y biológicas del suelo y prevenir la degradación del mismo. En muchas partes del mundo, la producción de cultivos y la ganadería compiten por los mismos recursos, lo cual require de un manejo adecuado para cumplir con los objetivos de la agricultura de conservación. El manejo general de los residuos de cultivos y especialmente de mucuna y rábano son discutidos con mayor detalle en este documento. Esta tecnología es parte de una serie de prácticas en agricultura de conservación. Leer más

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Cover crop and residue management in conservation agriculture in East Asia and Pacific regions Conservation agriculture practices require a critical level of crop residues and cover crops to maintain or enhance soil chemical, physical and biological properties and prevent land degradation. In many areas of the world, crops and livestock compete for the same resources, and require proper management to meet conservation agriculture objectives. Management of cover crop residues in general and of specific species like mucuna or horse radish particulars is discussed in details. This technology is part of a series on conservation agriculture. Leer más

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Rotación de cultivos en agricultura de conservación La descripción de esta tecnología introduce la rotación de cultivos como el principio fundamental de la agricultura de conservación. A la vez se discuten los principios básicos y aspectos a considerar en la transición a la rotación de cultivos. La rotación de cultivos es la alternancia de cultivos de subsistencia, comerciales y abonos verdes/cultivos de cobertura (AVCC); los cuales presentan diferentes características, son cultivados en la misma area durante años sucesivos y siguen una secuencia previamente establecida. Esta tecnología es parte de una serie de prácticas en Agricultura de Conservación. Leer más

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Crop rotation in conservation agriculture This technology description introduces crop rotation as a fundamental principle of conservation agriculture. The basic principles and aspects to consider when transitioning to crop rotation are discussed. Crop rotation is the alternation of subsistence, cash and green manure/cover crops (GMCCs) with different characteristics, cultivated on the same field during successive years, and following a previously established sequence. This technology is part of a series on conservation agriculture. Leer más

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Especies de cultivo de cobertura, con especial énfasis en leguminosas Varias especies de cultivos pueden ser usadas como cobertura vegetal (cereales, leguminosas, raíces y tubérculos y cultivos de oleaginosas) en agricultura de conservación (AC) y ser de gran beneficio para el suelo. En el presente documento se disctute en particular el uso de leguminosas como cobertura vegetal en la rotación de cultivos. Provee a la vez recomendaciones detalladas de cuando introducir cultivo de leguminosas, así como los criterios para la selección de la especie más apropiada. Con este propósito, se agrega una lista de aproximadamente 180 leguminosas para cobertura vegetal ordenadas de acuerdo a las condiciones ambientales y climáticas donde pueden ser usadas (e.g. humedad, incendios, sequía, sombra, suelos fértiles, áreas inundadas o condiciones frías). Esta tecnología es parte de una serie de prácticas en Agricultura de Conservación Leer más

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Cover crop species, with a special focus on legumes Various crop alternatives can be used as vegetative cover (grains, legumes, root crops and oil crops) in conservation agriculture (CA) and are of great benefit to the soil. This entry discusses in particular the use of leguminous crops as vegetative cover in crop rotation. It provides detailed advice on when to introduce legumes and provides criteria for the selection of the most appropriate legumes. For that purpose a list of almost 80 leguminous cover crops is attached ordered according to the environmental and climatic conditions they can be used under (e.g. humidity, fire, drought, shade, fertile soils, flooded area or cold conditions). This technology is part of a series on conservation agriculture. Leer más

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Introduction to conservation agriculture (its principles & benefits) This entry gives an overview of the concept, the fundamental principles and the benefits of conservation agriculture (CA). CA is an approach to managing agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. CA is characterized by three linked principles, which are discussed in more detail: (1) Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance; (2) permanent organic soil cover and (3) diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or associations. This technology is part of a series on conservation agriculture. Leer más

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Introducción a la agricultura de conservación (sus principios y beneficios) Este documento brinda una visión general del concepto, los principios fundamentales y los beneficios de la agricultura de conservación (AC). AC es un concepto para el manejo de agro-ecosistemas para una productividad mejorada y sostenible, mayor rentabilidad económica y seguridad alimentaria, conservando y reforzando al mismo tiempo los recursos naturales y el medio ambiente. La AC se caracteriza por tres principios interrelacionados, los cuales son discutidos en mayor detalle: (1) la perturbación mínima del suelo en forma continua; (2) una cobertura permanente de la superficie del suelo con materiales orgánicos y (3) la diversificación de especies cultivadas en secuencia y/o asociaciones. Esta tecnología es parte de una serie de prácticas en Agricultura de Conservación Leer más

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Promoting drought tolerant wheat varieties, Shandong Province, China The Juye County, an area located in a depression zone, receives 500mm average of annual rainfall. However, during the last decades, the unpredictability of a changing climate has exposed this area to serious droughts almost every year in the past years, especially in winter and spring. On the other hand, China is the largest wheat producer in the world, thus it is very important to increase the agricultural resilience to droughts by introducing practical and advanced agricultural technologies. The introduction of these technologies consists in new, more drought wheat cultivars to promote water-saving agricultural production technology and the introduction of soil improvement practices with the application and extension of 3-D cultivation technology. Leer más

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Promoting drought and water logging tolerant cotton varieties, Shandong Province, China The losses caused by seasonal floods in the agricultural sector in the Juye County, in the southwest of the Shandong Province have increased during the last decade. Juye County is the lowest lying area of a topographical depression zone in the region. Rain water from the nearby other 6 counties flows into Juye during heavy rains. Juye, while having an average of 500 mm of annual rainfall only, is exposed to high annual and seasonal rainfall variability. It is very important to increase agricultural resilience to natural disasters and floods in particular by introducing practical and advanced agricultural technologies. This practice introduces new, more water logging resistant cotton varieties and includes a new transplanting technique. In contrast to traditional transplanting, this technique is not only labor-saving, but significantly improves root development, rendering cotton plants more waterlogging and drought resistant. Leer más

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Promocionando el desarrollo de Cooperativas de Campesinos para la Gestión de Riesgos a nivel local en China Resumen La Gestión de Riesgos a nivel local es un proceso participatorio que empodera a las comunidades para planificar y actuar en modo apropiado en la Gestión de Riesgos. En este contexto, la cooperativas de campesinos puede desempeñar un papel fundamental como asociados locales. El concepto de las cooperativas campesinas en la Gestión de Riesgos a nivel local fue promovido entre el 2007 y el 2009 en 4 áreas piloto del condado de County, frecuentemente sujeto a inundaciones y sequías. Se introdujeron los conceptos principales de la Gestión de Riesgos a las cooperativas, asimismo, se definió y testeó su rol específico en un plan de Gestión de Riesgos más amplio, seguido por la formulación e implementación de los planes de acción comunales para la gestión de riesgos. Estas cooperativas resultaron exitosas para la organización de los campesinos en la construcción, reparación y limpieza de los canales de drenaje, implementando un uso de la tierra menos vulnerable ante riesgos y contribuyendo al proceso de planeación de la gestión de riesgos a nivel distrital. Asimismo, las cooperativas brindaron apoyo tanto para llevar a cabo pruebas en terreno destinadas al aprendizaje sobre sistemas de cultivo nuevos y de mayor resiliencia ante desastres (trigo y algodón), como para facilitar colaboración con institutos reinvestigación y concienciar a los campesinos sobre la importancia de actividades continuas para la gestión de riesgos durante todo el año. Leer más

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Observation of bioindicators as early warning systems to mitigate the impacts of frosts and droughts in Bolivia Access to reliable information that prepares communities to the adverse impacts of extreme climate events are essential for the planning of effective mitigation measures. However, many local communities such as those located in the Andean highplateau often do not have access to agro meteorological infrastructure able to provide forecasts that may help communities mitigate the effects of climate events such as droughts or cold waves. Nonetheless, Andean communities do traditionally rely on the observation and interpretation of animal and plants’ behaviors as part of their decision making processes related to climatic phenomena. The knowledge is inherited from older generations, and has shown effectiveness and accuracy even in the case of unpredictable phenomena. Currently, due to socio–economic problems such as the emigration of younger generations, this valuable knowledge on DRM is at risk of extinguishing. Bioindicators represent a valid alternative for communities with no access to any agro metereological infrastructure, representing an important tool for decisions about crop management in communities. Leer más

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Observación de bioindicadores como sistema de alerta temprana para mitigar los impactos de eventos climáticos en Bolivia Frente a la necesidad de contar con información mínima y accesible para desarrollar un sistema de alerta temprana basada en bioindicadores, es necesario revalorizar el conocimiento y la experiencia local generada a lo largo de generaciones que en muchos casos no son difundidos y transmitidos ni siquiera a la población joven actual. Es así que la cultura andina ha desarrollado importantes estrategias para predecir el tiempo a través de la observación del comportamiento fenológico de la flora, de las conductas de ciertos animales, así como el comportamiento de los astros en determinadas fechas. Estas observaciones siempre fueron relacionadas con el comportamiento climático para el ciclo agrícola en términos de un sistema de alerta temprana para planificar estratégicamente el dónde y cuándo sembrar, así como la orientación de los surcos en las parcelas. El conocimiento del pronóstico ayuda a tomar decisiones a los agricultores en el marco de la prevención al conocer el comportamiento de las lluvias y de la probabilidad de ocurrencia de heladas, los lugares adecuados de siembra (pampas o laderas), la orientación de los surcos, las variedades a utilizar en la gestión agrícola, así como la época de siembra (temprana, intermedia o tardía). Leer más

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Use of bocachi fertilizer to reduce the impacts of frosts in Bolivia The tropical Andes play a fundamental role for the food security of communities in the region. In the past, Andean agriculture could maintain a diversity of crops; however, the effects of climate change added to socio economic pressures have severely degraded these fragile ecosystems, with impacts not only on the communities located above 3000 masl, but also in lower surrounding areas. High-plateau agriculture faces severe climate conditions. In the Bolivian province of Omasuyos, located more than 3800 masl, climatic phenomena such as drought spells, cold waves and hail are frequent during winter, putting at stake crop production. In response to these conditions, communities have developed a practice to ensure crops are more resistant to climate hazards. The bocachi fertilizer is an organic fertilizer based on natural ingredients widely available in the area. Its preparation is easy and relatively quick, it is effective in case of cold waves or hail, considerably securing yields even in extreme conditions. Leer más

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Rooftop rainwater harvesting in Nepal Water in Nepal is not scarce in absolute terms, and most areas receive about 1500mm of precipitation each year, while certain areas may receive up to 5000 mm. However, many parts still experience water shortages, in particular during the premonsoon season (March-May). Sufficient and safe drinking water supply throughout the year is essential to Nepalese rural households. However, communities located higher in the mid hill region do not have access to water either because systems are too expensive or impracticable due to lack of electricity. In this context, rooftop rainwater harvesting provides a local source of water for drinking or kitchen garden irrigation in many areas where conventional water supply systems cannot be provided, with significant impacts on health and livelihood improvement or rural households. Leer más

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Module de formation - Thème : Amélioration de l'apiculture Ce module de formation a été préparé par le Ministère de l’environnement et du tourisme de Burkina Faso dans le cadre du projet « Forêt et sécurité alimentaire en Afrique Sahélienne » de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture. Le module comprend de: (a) 20 dessins noirs et blancs, (b) 18 photos, (c) un exposée audio de 30 minutes dans la langue Mooré et (d) une brochure avec des commentaires détaillés illustrant l'équipement et les pratiques essentielles de l’apiculture. Leer más

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Storage of seed potatoes with the Diffused Light Storage (DLS) principle in Nepal Potato is the second most important staple food in Nepal after rice and it is a source for higher income and a better diet for small-scale rural farmers. Increasing consumption of potato demonstrates its importance for food security; however, seed storage is not easy, especially because temperature fluctuations and excessive light exposure cause its deterioration, jeopardizing availability of quality seed materials. It is crucial to guarantee a good seed storage method for communities that heavily depend on potato production. An efficient practice to overcome the storage problems of potato seed material is the Diffused-Light Storage (DLS) principle, which can be adapted to any existing on-farm storage. If a farmer is able to store his own seed potatoes in good conditions, he enhances the probabilities of a good harvest the following season. This method is based on the use of indirect natural light and good ventilation or air flow instead of low temperature to control excessive sprout growth and associated storage loss. Leer más

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Water conservation ponds in Nepal During the pre-monsoon season, between March-and May, some areas in Nepal experience water shortage. On the other hand, during the monsoon, water excess causes regular floods and landslides. In this situation, activities such as agriculture or livestock, as well as the availability of drinking water and women’s workload are deeply affected. Guaranteeing water availability throughout the year is therefore essential to reduce the vulnerability of Nepalese farmers. Water conservation ponds prove strategic, storing water and replenishing groundwater reserves for the dry season and protecting hillsides from landslides during the rainy season. Conservation ponds are not a new practice in Nepal, as indigenous populations in the mid-hill region had used them in the past, but were lost due to the introduction of piped water supply. Currently, water conservation ponds are being reintroduced as a local adaptation strategy. Leer más

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Bio-engineering practices to control erosion of river embankments in Nepal Heavy rainfall and landslides in the up-streams of the Churia range cause sedimentation of river beds, leading to erosion of river embankments by fast flows of water. This heavily affects the livelihoods of farmers downstream, causing loss of infrastructure, crops and livestock. In addition, the continuous erosion of agricultural lands has led to floods and gradual deposition of sand, silt and boulders in agricultural land. Cultivation of fast-growing live barriers and building of gabion wires are some of the bio-engineering practices promoted in the Terai region of Nepal to control erosion of river embankments by fast flows of water. These activities to control erosion of productive land along the river bank increase agriculture productivity and sustainability, while providing additional income for farmers. These practices are technically sound, as well as economically feasible and socially accepted. Leer más

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Bagar Farming (Baluwa kheti) in river banks of Nepal Farmers located along the river banks in the Kapilvastu district in Nepal face frequent floods and subsequent land degradation that deeply affects their livelihoods, as the sand that deposits in this area makes cultivation of crops unfeasible. The introduction of water melon and sweet potato crops along the river banks, also known as bagar farming protects the land from excessive degradation. In addition, this livelihood activity ensures additional income and benefits not only local farmers, but also some local businessmen of Taulihawa, as well as the local haat bazar. Main advantages of these crops include if paddy crop fails due to floods or droughts, these crops can be cultivated as late season crops, and they do not need irrigation facilities during winter or can be cultivated during summer with some irrigation water. Leer más

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Pineapple as alternate cropping to control soil erosion in Nepal Farmers in hilly areas of Nepal witness high variability in crop yields due to adverse weather conditions and loss of fertile soil because of erosion. Overall environmental degradation constitutes a further hazard for the growth of maize, which is the main crop in mid-hill districts Of Nepal, such as Udaipur. Furthermore, recent experiences have shown a reduction in the yield due to longer droughts even during the monsoon period (between June and September), not only reducing the yield of maize in the hills, but also the productivity of agricultural land in the valley because of sedimentation. In this context, farmers in the region, as in the case of the Bengri village cultivate pineapple instead of maize, in an effort to reduce the rate of soil erosion and improve the use of degraded land for additional income generation Leer más

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Beekeeping: How to Keep Bees and Process Honey Using the story of a beekeeper in South Western Uganda, who started with three traditional bee hives ten years ago and now has more than 100 hives of different types, this brochure introduces to the advantages and the basic techniques of beekeeping and honey processing. It gives an overview of the (dis-) advantages of three different beehives (local woven, top-bar and Langstroth). It gives a detailed description of site selection, population of a hive, honey harvesting and processing. It also summarizes common problems in beekeeping and offers solutions. Leer más

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Preserving Green Leafy Vegetables and Fruits Leaves of cassava, sweet potato, papaya and pumpkin are widely eaten in Africa. They are nutritious, tasty and inexpensive and can help to reduce hunger and malnutrition. Fresh green leafy vegetables and fruits start to lose their quality immediately after harvest, becoming damaged, wilted and eventually rotten. Storing and drying fruits and vegetables can provide a rural household with a better diet year round and a better income. One preservation method using very basic materials and methods for sun-drying are described in detail. Leer más

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Rainwater Harvesting for Increased Pasture Production It is the collection and concentration of runoff water from the land surface before it is lost to a stream or river. Rainwater harvesting makes more water available for agricultural, household or other needs. This brochure (attached document below) introduces rain water harvesting methods, in particular (semi-circular) hoops. It explains what hoops are, where they can be used and describes six steps to construct a hoop. It also offers an overview of potential problems and solutions when building and unsing a hoop as well as a case study from Makueni District, Kenya. Leer más

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Make a Living through Fish Farming Fish are popular sources of protein and white-meat in many parts of Eastern Africa. However, the gap between supply and demand for fish is widening. Almost all natural fish stocks in the region, as elsewhere in the world have been over-exploited yet human populations and hence demand, continue to increase. The best option for producing more fish in Eastern Africa is fish farming. This leaflet explains how you can make a living from fish farming, focusing on rearing tilapia. Leer más

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How to control Striga and stemborer in maize Maize is the most important staple food in Eastern Africa. But yields on smallholder farms are often very low, typically just one quarter of what could be achieved. Farmers report that three main problems limit their maize yields: low soil fertility, stemborer and particularly Striga (also called witchweed). A range of simple and appropriate technologies have been developed to help overcome these problems. This leaflet explains how you can control Striga and stemborer at the same time, without using expensive chemicals. Leer más

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Jab planter user manual This article describes the basic features for operating the jab planter, a labour saving technology promoted by Rural Infrastructures and Agro-Idustries Division FAO and African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT). Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Choosing and rearing a queen This entry introduces the beekeeper to simple techniques for inducing bees to rear queen bees, in order to replace failing queens and expand his operations. It discusses three different ways in which the colony produces queen cells: supersedure, emergency and swarming queen cells. It then goes on to explain how the beekeeper can simulate an emergency or swarming situation to stimulate the production of queen cells and how to use them to rear a new queen. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Responding to common bee diseases This entry gives an overview over common brood (like the American and European Brood Foul) and adult bee diseases (like Nosema and the Acarine disease). It enables the beekeeper to identify them and also provides very practical advice on measures to prevent the spread of bee diseases. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Using bees for pollination The practice of using bees to pollinate fruit crops is as new as the beekeeping industry in most parts of tropical Africa, although the practice has started in a few places in northern and southern Africa. This entry describes how farmers could utilize it to their advantage. The entry introduces the topic and then gives specific advice the issues an agreement between beekeeper and fruit-grower should include. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Honey and bee wax extraction This entry discusses different methods for honey and bee wax extraction. Traditional methods are critically reviewed and contrasted with other easily applicable methods and/ or instruments like the solar wax-melter, the hot bath method and Ocloo's method (named after a Ghanaian beekeeper). In the last section some practical advice on moulding bee wax after extraction and some useful information about different kinds of honey are provided. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Honey harvesting In this entry both the timing, the scope of the harvest, which can be expected, the dangers as well as the procedures for honey harvesting are discussed. It gives detailed information on how to open the hive, identify suitable combs and cut the comb honey. While beekeepers are advised to harvest during the night due to the aggressiveness of the African bee, it also presents a method for daytime harvesting. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Colony management I: examining the colony and controlling swarming A beekeeper with a colonized hive must remember that the success in keeping bees depends on the exercise of his knowledge of colony organization. This entry focuses on practices to examine and control the colony. The first part gives detailed advice on how to inspect a hive and its colony by opening the hive and controlling the individual combs. The second part discusses the phenomenon of swarming and discusses measures to avoid the unwanted separation of a colony. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Colony management III: record-keeping, brood-nest control and preventing robbery A beekeeper with a colonized hive must remember that the success in keeping bees depends on the exercise of his knowledge of colony organization. Three relevant practices of apiary management are discussed in detail. The first section stresses the importance of record-keeping and introduces methods for colony and operational records. The second part provides information and practical advice to assess the development of a colony and its brooding. The final part discusses the problem of robbing, i.e. the stealing of honey by bees from other colonies. It provides very practical advice on how to prevent or at least minimize the problem. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Colony management II: dividing, uniting and feeding a colony A beekeeper with a colonized hive must remember that the success in keeping bees depends on the exercise of his knowledge of colony organization. Three practices of colony management are discussed in greater detail in this entry. The first part gives a step-by-step description of how to divide a very good established colony of 9 or more combs. The second part outlines different methods to unite bees to strengthen a colony or in cases where a queen dies or not enough bee hives are available. In a third part advice is provided for feeding bees during rainy and dry seasons or in the early stages of colony formation. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication Beekeeping in Africa. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Colonization of a bee hive This entry discusses different methods of bee hive colonization. It explains how a baited and installed hive can be selfcolonized by a bee swarm. For cases where self-colonization is unsuccessful, it outlines three different methods to capture a swarm: two alternative ways of catching a swarm (with a bag/box or with paper and brush/quill) as well as the removal of wild bees from their nest. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication “Beekeeping in Africa”. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Site selection for bee hives Identifying an adequate site for an apiary is the first step to successful installation and colonization of a bee hive. This brief entry gives valuable advice on what to take into consideration when choosing a site for a bee hive. This technology is part of a series on hive management derived from the FAO publication “Beekeeping in Africa”. Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Woodlots, agro-forestry and improved fallow This article shows woodlots, agro-forestry and improved fallow features. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Solar drying equipment This documents describes the preservation by solar drying for perishable fruits and vegetable. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Manually operated strippers and shellers This file includes features of groundnut strippers, groundnut shellers or decorticators and maize shellers. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Manual crop processing This paper contains features of grain milling, oil extraction, rice hulling, cassava and coffee processing. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Small-scale motorised transport This file includes the features of single-axle tractors as well as three-wheeled motorised vehicles. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Single axle Tractors This file includes the basic features of single axle tractors. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Motorised single-axle mowers and reapers for harvesting cereals This file explains the basic technical aspects of a motorised single-axle mower/reaper. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Manual and motorised threshers This article shows features of mechanised threshing for small grain crops, hand-fed mechanised threshing, through-flow threshers and straw walkers. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Manual carrying, wheelbarrows, hand carts and bicycles This article contains information about different kind of muscle-powered transport technologies. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Pack animals and animal drawn carts This article contains features of animal power, harnessing and different types of carts. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Manual and motorised cleaning of grains and pulses This article provides features of cleaning grains and pulses, by manual and motorised way. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Draught animal powered groundnut lifter This article explains the basic technical features of the groundnut lifter used with animal power. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Improved storage facilities This document includes features of improved stores facilities for grains in particular. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Draught Animal Powered and motorised crop processing This article includes some examples of the utilisation of animal power as an energy source for post-harvest operations. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Draught animal power and implements This article includes some basics technical notions for the correct utilisation of animal power including harnessing and implements. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Draught Animal Power (DAP) planters and weeders This file includes explains the methodology behind the utilisation of the above mentioned agricultural tools. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Roof water harvesting This article contains roof water systems explanations, features of runoff collection and simple water filters. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Weed wipes and knapsack sprayers This file contains features of the above mentioned agricultural tools but also justifies when its utilisation might be convenient. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Seeds and crops This technology is based on the utilisation of improved seeds and less labour intensive crops. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Row planting, hand seeders and planters This text includes features of hand seeders and planters including jab planters to plant in rows. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Renewable energy resources This paper provides an outlook about the main renewable energy sources: biomass, solar, hydropower and wind. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Raised beds This article includes the features of raised bed cultivation from a practical perspective, including tips and recommendations. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Integrated pest management This technology is based on the utilisation of predator insects to eliminate plagues from the crops without using phytosanitary products. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Fuel efficient stoves This paper contains features about wood burning fuel-efficient stove and of insulated basket/box. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Improved use of hoes for land preparation, planting and weeding This file contains a guideline on how to better use hoes, and how to improve them. © Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO 2007 Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Improved hand tools for harvesting cereals This file includes features of hand tools for harvesting and advise the change from common used hand tools to best fitting ones.. ©Labour saving technologies and practices. FAO,2007. Leer más

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Labour saving technologies and practices: Conservation agriculture This document includes features of conservation agriculture, conservation tillage, conservation tillage equipment including the -hand operated jab planter- and features of cover crops. All those practices are labour saving technologies. ©Labour saving technologies and practices CD-ROM , FAO 2007 Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Installation of bee hives (with particular focus on the top bar hive) This technology describes step by step how to install a top bar hive. It provides an overview of the advantages and use of different baits. Furthermore, it gives clear instructions on how to hang hives in trees and to install them on stands and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both methods. This technology is part of a series on hive management taken from the FAO publication “Beekeeping in Africa". Leer más

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Beekeeping: the Kamara Basket Hive: an improved traditional hive The re-designing of the original basket hive used by traditional beekeepers of Koinadugu District of Sierra Leone has enabled beekeepers to harvest honey combs in a sustainable way without destroying the entire nest of the bees. Honey and beeswax yields have improved substantially. The new Kamara Basket Hive has a brood chamber which slots into a second honey section and allows harvesting with little disturbance of the colony. The honey chamber is taken out and all combs are removed after which it is placed back onto the brood chamber which is left untouched. Beekeepers now mount this new hives on platforms or arrange them under thatch huts for easy management of colonies instead of placing them high up in the branches of trees. Leer más

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Beekeeping: How to make a top bar beehive (Kenyan top bar hive model) This technology describes step by step how to make a top bar hive (Kenyan model). A top bar hive, or moveable comb hive, is a rectangle box covered with bars of a fixed width. Bees will build their combs from the centre of the top bar, hanging down. To attract a swarm to the hive and to “guide” the bees in the construction of the combs, a strip of bees wax can be melted on the centre of the top bar. The moveable combs allow to inspect the hive by lifting up the combs, and to replace a mature honey comb (sealed comb) with an empty bar, for the bees to continue collecting nectar. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Africa: Traditional and modern beehives and beekeeping equipment Honeybees that nest in the open produce far less honey than those confined in enclosures. There are good reasons for this. Colonies in the open are exposed to predators and therefore have to employ numerous workers as guards to fight intruders. They have to consume large quantities of honey, which they use as fuel, to enable them to cluster to stop the wind which cools down their combs and to generate enough heat to maintain the proper temperature for brood development. During severely hot days, more bees have to use honey as fuel to enable them to fan and cool melting combs to avoid disaster. This temperature control can only be quite inefficient, because of the colony's exposed condition. The exposed colony therefore has to keep larger numbers of house bees, and will thus have fewer foraging bees available to bring in the needed nectar and other essentials from the field. It has been seen that the bees' primary natural ranges are in the savannah and semi-arid lands, where temperature variations are extreme. Often the few nesting enclosures available to the bees are in ant-hills and rocks from which honeycombs cannot be easily harvested. Large trees are scarce; few have hollows large enough to house a colony. With the increased interest in beekeeping and the growing demand for bee products and services, bees can no longer be maintained in their few natural dwelling places, but must be provided with special artificial hollows in the form of beehives. Leer más

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Green manure/cover crops and crop rotation in Conservation Agriculture on small farms in Paraguay Soil degradation on small farms in the Eastern Region of Paraguay is the principal cause of a continuous decrease in crop production. The consequences of this are reduced economic income and increased poverty among rural families. The use of green cover with Conservation Agriculture in this area has been documented in a publication that describes the principal species of green manures and, at the same time, informs in detail how to insert green manures into small farm production systems according to soil fertility and major crops. It also deals with the residual effect of green manures on main crops and analyzes the economic implications of these practices. The main features of the use of green manure/cover, its advantages, considerations and examples of species used in Paraguay are presented in this entry. Leer más

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Beekeeping: How to make protective gear The protective gear is an important piece of the beekeeping equipment because it protects the body from bee stings and can make harvesting honey much simplier. It can avoid having to use fire to chase the bees away while harvesting honey. The protective gear can be a bee veil or a bee suit. The bee veil only protects the face and the neck, whereas the bee suit protects the whole body. Both the veil and the suit can be made with locally available material such as a maize flower bag. It is important that the used material is strong and bees cannot easily sting through the material. Leer más

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Management of fish in the pond, Uganda In aquaculture management we talk about managing the pond to be able to hold both the water and the fish in good condition; and managing the fish to be able to survive and grow well to reach harvestable size quickly. Pond management involves maintenance of the pond structures; conditions to hold the fish, to maintain the amount and productive condition of the water. The following technology describes how to better fish in the pond. Leer más

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Alternativas Nutricionales para la Época Seca Para mejorar las fincas, el Proyecto Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA) propone al ganadero atender la nutrición del animal mediante la introducción de tecnologías como pastos de piso (pastoreo directo) y de corte, aprovechándolos cuando disponen de su mejor valor nutritivo o conservándolos para la época de escasez y, de está manera, tener alimento para el ganado durante todo el año. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Manejo de la Babosa del Frijol La correcta realización de las labores del cultivo en el momento adecuado y el manejo integrado de las plagas que pueden dañar los cultivos, garantizan una fuente diversificada de productos alimenticios. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones

del

Programa

Especial

para

la

Seguridad

Alimentaria

(PESA

Centroamerica)

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Comportamiento productivo del ganado alimentado con ensilaje bajo condiciones de trópico seco El Proyecto Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaría (PESA), que constituye una de las iniciativas de alta prioridad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), introduce en las fincas ganaderas prácticas para el mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos locales. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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La regeneración natural en áreas de cultivo La forma de manejo de los árboles que aparecen por germinación de semilla o por rebrote se conoce como regeneración natural. Esta práctica consiste en la asociación de árboles y de cultivo para la conservación de humedad en el suelo y favorecer el desarrollo de la siembra, especialmente en zonas secas de ladera donde se ha reducido la cobertura de árboles. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Manual Práctico para el Diseño de Sistemas de Minirriego Este manual tiene como objetivo proporcionar las herramientas básicas para que técnicos de nivel medio puedan encarar con éxito el diseño de sistemas de minirriego. Es un documento eminentemente práctico sobre diseño agronómico e hidráulico de minirriegos, enfocado principalmente al riego por gravedad y aspersión en parcelas de pequeña superficie. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Guía para el manejo sanitario y reproductivo de cabras En esta publicación se pretende brindar los elementos básicos en el manejo sanitario y reproductivo del ganado caprino criado en condiciones rústicas, específicamente para que los promotores, promotoras y personas que se dedican a la crianza de cabros tengan mejores resultados. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Cabras Lecheras como alternativa para mejorar la alimentación El Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA), Nicaragua, provee de cabras lecheras a familias que viven en zonas rurales, de mayor vulnerabilidad al hambre y la pobreza.Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Concentrados caseros para aves Esta publicación orienta a la familia en la forma de preparar alimentos para tener aves de corral sanas y productivas; utilizando granos como maíz, sorgo o maicillo, los que mezclados y preparados con frijoles, hojas de árboles forrajeros, hojas de leguminosas, sales minerales y cáscaras de huevo, entre otros ingredientes, resulta un concentrado muy barato y altamente nutritivo para las gallinas. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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La producción de hortalizas de traspatio en el oriente de Guatemala El presente documento tiene por objeto dar a conocer los resultados de la sistematización de la experiencia de promoción de huertos familiares, llevada a cabo por el Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA) del Ministerio de gricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación (MAGA), con el apoyo técnico de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO). Para ilustrar el proceso, se ha tomado la experiencia vivida en las comunidades de Candelero y Barbasco, en el municipio de Jocotán, departamento de Chiquimula, situada en la región del Oriente de Guatemala. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Guía Metodológica Patio-Hogar Los enfoques Patio-Hogar, Milpa, Diversificación y Organización conforman una pro puesta metodológica concreta de la FAO para mejorar los sistemas de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional familiar. El enfoque Patio-Hogar está orientado a complementar y, o mejorar los sistemas productivos tradicionales de patio hacia sistemas más equili brados, efi cientes y sostenibles. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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La diversificación de los cultivos El Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA) de Honduras presenta estos estudios de caso basados en las experiencias de las familias Rodríguez Lagos, Cantarero Molina y Sánchez Herrera, con el propósito de que sirvan como ejemplo, especialmente en las áreas rurales, y que crean que es posible mejorar sus condiciones de vida a pesar de los obstáculos que presenta el campo. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Huerto Familiar Integrado La disponibilidad de alimentos es uno los factores que condicionan la cantidad y calidad de productos que consume la familia, donde los niños, niñas y mujeres embarazadas, requieren de una dieta más variada. El huerto familiar integrado constituye una alternativa apropiada para que la familia produzca y consuma a bajo costo productos frescos y saludables para una dieta balanceada. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Guía para el Funcionamiento de Huertos Escolares (Nicaragua) El Programa Integral de Nutrición Escolar (PINE-MINED) en conjunto con el Programa en el marco de la Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional Nacional (FAO/PESANN), Nicaragua, desde junio 2006, han validado la metodología de Huertos Escolares con enfoque educativo de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN), de los escolares y sus familias. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Huertos Escolares En Nicaragua la FAO junto con el sector privado vienen trabajando en la implementación de una Alianza Nacional Contra el Hambre que reúne actores del sector privado, público y organizaciones comprometidas en la lucha contra el hambre; con el propósito de desarrollar con financiamiento de la empresa privada, inversiones en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional a nivel de comunidades y escuelas.Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Plan de Finca - Hogar EL PESA El Salvador aplica la metodología de transferencia conocida como Familia Demostradora, que consiste en enfocar la asistencia técnica a una pareja (hombre - mujer) que toman protagonismo en la comunidad para aprender, experimentar y adoptar tecnologías en la finca e implementar las buenas prácticas en el hogar las cuales las comparte con otras familias cercanas.Por lo anterior, contar con un Plan de Finca-Hogar se hace necesario e indispensable para la planificación de actividades, tanto en la finca como en el hogar, en busca del mejoramiento integral de la vida de las familias participantes. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Fondo Rotatorio comunal En la experiencia del proyecto de Lempira Sur, uno de los resultados de mayor impacto ha sido, sin duda, la labor desarrollada por los bancos comunales y, desde luego, la función del Fondo Rotatorio Comunal(FRC) que ha sido la opción financiera para los productores sin acceso a los servicio de la banca privada y estatal. Estas acciones han sido impulsadas en el marco de la estrategia de reducción de la pobreza y en apoyo a los programas de seguridad alimentaria, con un enfoque de manejo y conservación de los recursos naturales. Esto ha permitido que estas instancias financieras crezcan económicamente y se impulse su propio desarrollo. Leer más

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Rice weed management (Africa Rice Center video on rice advice) As effective weed control may increase yields by more than 50%, it surely is worthwhile taking a closer look. In this video we learn to differentiate between annual and perennial weeds, while farmers in Mali explain us how and when to control weeds most effectively. This video presents the technique of weed management. Leer más

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Rice transplanting, Africa Rice Center video on rice advice “Yields are much higher when rice is transplanted. Compared to broadcasting, yields are two or three times higher.” This video presents the methods of transplanting rice and explains the effect of planting depth, distance and age of seedlings on rice tillering. Leer más

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Rice seed preservation (Africa Rice Center video on rice advice) Based on hard real life experience, the women of Maria village have devised some very effective techniques for seed preservation. The video describes the importance of storing seed in airtight containers, using insecticidal plants and other clever practices that Bangladeshi women apply to preserve rice seeds. This video presents the technique of seed preservation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PYEA6uwFAc Leer más

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Rice seed drying (Africa Rice Center video on rice advice) Farmers face great difficulties with drying their seeds because seed absorbs moisture from the soil. As a result, seed quality deteriorates, and no-one can expect good yields by using poor quality seed. In this video you can see how farmers of Maria village in Bangladesh solved this problem by themselves. Now they are no longer worried about drying seed, even during the rainy season. This video presents the technique of seed drying: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlbkT39etaQ Leer más

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Rice seed flotation (Africa Rice Center video on rice advice) “When the farmers take out their seed from storage and open the lid of the container, they may find flying insects. To confirm if the seed has been attacked, the farmer takes a sample of seed in his hand and on close observation may find holes in the seed. Insects eat the endosperm -the inside of the seed- so these seeds become light and easily float on the water.” This video presents the technique of seed flotation before sowing seed. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6G8bU9OkqE Leer más

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Rice Seed Sorting (Africa Rice Center video on rice advice) There are many problems with poor quality seed, and spotted and discolored seed are some of the major ones. Spotted seeds cannot be removed by winnowing or seed floatation. They can only be removed by manual sorting. By watching this video you will learn how to clean seed as one of the interventions to produce and use healthy seed. This video shows the importance of sorting seeds and explains the difference between spotted seeds and discolored seeds. Leer más

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Organización y Funcionamiento de la Caja Rural Contar con financiamiento oportuno para emprender actividades productivas y económicas, ha sido una de las limitantes de los pequeños productores y productoras rurales. Con el surgimiento de las cajas rurales, cuya misión es contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de sus asociados, se ha estimulado el ahorro local, por lo que muchas familias están mejorando sus hogares y fincas. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Las Escuelas de Campo para Agricultores (ECA) en Nicaragua Las Escuelas de Campo constituyen una de las maneras más efectivas de lograr que las familias rurales sean protagonistas de mejorar sus condiciones de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, en donde cualquier problema puede convertirse en motor del aprendizaje, una oportunidad para cambiar actitudes y alcanzar metas más ambiciosas. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Modelo de Extensión en Nicaragua La extensión permite oferecer herramientas válidas para inducir el cambio de conducta entre los beneficiarios. El objetivo final de la extensión consiste en provocar cambios capaces de reducir la inseguridad alimentaria en las familias rurales. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Técnologías y metodologías validadas para mejorar la seguridad alimentaria en las zonas secas de Honduras Esta documentación de tecnologías priorizadas y validadas es un esfuerzo de las acciones de desarrollo rural. En cada tecnología documentada se presenta una breve descripción con ventajas y desventajas, las condiciones ecológicas y de contexto para su aplicación; así como las posibilidades para adopción y diseminación, considerando factores limitantes y sitios donde se ha tenido una respuesta positiva para su uso y contribución en los procesos productivos de agricultura sostenible y seguridad alimentaria. Leer más

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Establecimiento de Sistemas Agroforestales Los Sistemas Agroforestales son sistemas de producción sostenible con el manejo de suelo, agua y árboles en forma dispersa en el terreno, con diferentes tipos de podas. Los cultivos se manejan mediante prácticas agronómicas, basadas en la no quema, el manejo de rastrojo, la cero labranza y la siembra directa. Su implantación constituye un factor de reducción del riesgo y de la vulnerabilidad de las familias rurales. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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El Sistema Agroforestal Quesungualm, Honduras La presente publicación es el resultado del proceso de sistematización desarrollado por el Proyecto Sistema de Extensión Lempira (SEL), en seguimiento al proceso de desarrollo del Sur del departamento de Lempira. Esta experiencia consiste en el aumento de la productividad del suelo y reducción de la vulnerabilidad ambiental en áreas de inseguridad alimentaria del trópico seco. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Sistemas Agroforestales, Seguridad Alimentaria y Cambio Climático en Centroamérica Los Sistemas Agroforestales (SAF) incorporan un conjunto de tecnologías de manejo de suelo, agua, nutrientes y cultivos agrícolas y forestales. Su implantación constituye un factor de reducción del riesgo y de la vulnerabilidad de las familias rurales: son sistemas que aseguran la producción sostenible de granos básicos y contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (SAN) de la población rural. Este material proviene de los documentos y publicaciones del Programa Especial para la Seguridad Alimentaria (PESA Centroamerica) http://www.pesacentroamerica.org/ Leer más

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Técnicas y metodologías de extensión – Guatemala A continuación se comparten cuatro afiches con información sobre la extensión, metodologías de extensión, medios de extensión en el campo y técnicas de extensión y medios auxiliares pertenecientes todas ellas a la Colección Extensionista. El material ha sido elaborado por el Proyecto Altiplano de la FAO en Guatemala, “Apoyo a la Formación de Grupos y Organizaciones de Desarrollo Local en el Departamento de San Marcos y Municipios de Suroeste de Huehuetenango”. Dicho proyecto tenía como objetivo contribuir a la consolidación de la organización social, el manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales y las economías locales en comunidades rurales de los departamentos de San Marcos y Huehuetenango (municipios del suroeste). Inició en 2007 y finalizó en 2010. Leer más

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Olive Propagation A very important component of the olive sector is the multiplication and certification of planting materials. The traditional methods used for olive multiplication since ancient times are the purely asexual method of propagation (using suckers or cuttings) and later on the method of grafting seedlings. The main techniques which are now used commercially for olive propagation are rooting of cuttings and grafting of seedlings. Leer más

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Processing mango and guava nectar Raw materials are one of the most important aspects to consider in fruit and vegetable processing. The fruit and vegetables themselves are the raw materials, the reason for the development of preservation processes. This technology focuses on mango and guava nectar processing. It has been extracted from FAO's Technical Manual on Small-scale Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, and it briefly presents the necessary raw materials, equipments and stages of the processing to obtain mango and guava nectar. Leer más

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Methods of processing Camel Milk into Cheese Cheese-making technology aims to preserve milk so that consumption can be postponed for periods from a few days to several months. The preservation of the product is obtained mainly through lactic acidification and limited dehydration. These operations take place during the two first steps of processing, the setting (or coagulation) and draining phases. For many cheese types, a third phase known as ripening then takes place. This induces changes in the coagulum, separated during draining, caused by complex microbial and enzyme reactions. Leer más

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Techniques culturales du manioc, Congo (RDC) Le manioc est une plante vivrière, arbustive pérenne pouvant atteindre un à quatre mètre de haut et ayant une ou plusieurs tiges principales avec ou sans ramification. Le mode de propagation par bouture est utilisé couramment, mais la graine (réservé à la recherche). La technique du mode de propagation par boutures, proposée par REAFOR, decrit comment selectionner et planter les boutures de manioc pour obtenir un meilleure rendement. Leer más

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Fry/Seed quality and stocking, Uganda Fry is the young fish that is stocked in ponds to grow; harvested and sold. When the fish is just hatched it is called "fry" when it has grown to a size similar to; human finger, it is called "fingerling".The following technology describes what good quality fry is and what should be done to ensure good quality. Technology provided by the Ugandan Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS-Uganda) Leer más

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Fish harvesting and post harvest handling, Uganda Fish is important for good nutrition and fishery activities generate income and employment in Uganda. The Mission of the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS-Uganda) is to increase farmers’ access to information, knowledge and technology for profitable agricultural production. Therefore, the following technology describes the process of the fish harvesting and post harvest handling. Leer más

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The role of standards in maize, Uganda The National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) aims to enhance the contribution of agricultural research to sustainable agricultural productivity, economic growth, food security and poverty eradication through generation and dissemination of appropriate technologies, knowledge and information. Maize is one of the main crop in Uganda. Therefore, it is important to have some standards regarding the storage and marketing of maize. The following technology describes the promotion of standardization and grading of maize and the essential composition of quality factors. Leer más

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Pests and diseases management in maize, Uganda The following technology describes the common maize insect pests and their characteristics. Technology provided by the Ugandan Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO-Uganda) Leer más

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Maize production, Uganda The National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) aims to enhance the contribution of agricultural research to sustainable agricultural productivity, economic growth, food security and poverty eradication through generation and dissemination of appropriate technologies, knowledge and information.The following technology describes the different steps for the management of the maize production and weed control. Leer más

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Technique culturale de la patate douce, Congo (RDC) La patate douce est une plante à tubercule, cultivée pour l’alimentation de l’homme et des animaux. Elle couvre bien le sol avec son feuillage abondant et ses longues tiges ; elle aide donc à protéger le sol contre l’érosion.La technique proposée par REAFOR (Recherche Agricole et Forestière)decrit les bonnes pratiques à utiliser pour obtenir un bon rendement. Leer más

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Maize harvesting and post-harvesting handling, Uganda The National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) aims to enhance the contribution of agricultural research to sustainable agricultural productivity, economic growth, food security and poverty eradication through generation and dissemination of appropriate technologies, knowledge and information. The following technology describes the different steps for the management of maize before and after the harvesting process. Leer más

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Soil nutrient management, Uganda Soil fertility is defined as the ability of the soil to produce and sustain high yields indefinitely. In farming, soil fertility may be lost through many ways. Some of the ways are as a result of the farmer's activities while others may be out of his control. Therefore, the National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), which aims to enhance the contribution of agricultural research to sustainable agricultural productivity, economic growth, food security and poverty eradication provides the following technology. This technology describes different steps for the management of the soil nutrient to improve its fertility. Leer más

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Producción orgánica de cultivos andinos Este manual es el producto de la sistematización de los saberes ancestrales que aún se practican en el área de la Unión de Organizaciones Campesinas del Norte de Cotopaxi (Ecuador) y de la revisión de otros valiosos trabajos realizados en los Andes ecuatorianos, donde la FAO, contando con la activa participación de indígenas y campesinos de dicho sector, viene ejecutando el Proyecto “Manejo de áreas de alta montaña para el desarrollo sostenible de las cuencas de la UNOCANC¨. El manual contiene información sobre cultivo, condiciones agroecológicas para el cultivo, época de siembras y variedades, tecnología del cultivo, manejo ecológico e plagas, cosecha, postcosecha, almacenamiento y transporte así como costes de producción y análisis económico de diferentes cultivos andinos ( papa, oca, melloco, mashwa, jícama, chocho, haba, fréjol, arveja, quinua, amaranto, maíz y frutales andinos, tales como: tomate de árbol, capulí, babaco, uvilla, taxo, etc. y cucurbitáceas: zapallos y zambos). Leer más

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Abono bocachi para mejorar la resistencia de cultivos ante heladas en Bolivia Los Andes tropicales desempeñan un papel fundamental para la seguridad alimentaria de comunidades en la región. A pesar de que en el pasado la agricultura andina ha permitido mantener una gran diversidad de cultivos, los efectos del cambio climático, sumados a presiones socio económicas de las últimas décadas han degradado estos ambientes frágiles, con efectos no sólo en comunidades sobre los 3000msnm, sino también en zonas bajas aledañas. La agricultura en el altiplano enfrenta condiciones climáticas muy severas. En la provincia de Omasuyos en Bolivia, ubicada a más de 3800m sobre el nivel del mar, fenómenos climáticos como sequías, heladas y granizadas son frecuentes durante el invierno, poniendo en riesgo la producción de los cultivos. Para responder a estas condiciones, las poblaciones nativas han desarrollado una práctica mediante la cual los cultivos son más resistentes a las inclemencias climáticas de la zona, más en particular heladas y granizos. El abono bocachi es un fertilizante preparado a base de materiales naturales ampliamente disponibles en la zona. Su preparación es fácil y relativamente rápida, siendo efectiva en caso de heladas o granizos, aumentando considerablemente las posibilidades de producción aún en condiciones extremas. Leer más

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Cassava brown streak disease: control measures, Uganda Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is a devastating disease that causes loss of cassava root (tuber) production and quality. This document from the National Crops Resources Research Institute reflects some of the symptoms and management of the Cassava Brown Streak Disease in Uganda. For more information please see file attached. Leer más

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Vegetable Growing This is a simple guide on growing vegetables. It is meant to help farmers and it comprises land preparation, fertilizer application methods, weeding and harvesting. Leer más

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Groundnut agronomic and postharvest practices Groundnut is widely grown in Uganda as a food and cash crop. It is one of the highest paying crops with fairly stable prices. It is grown in nearly all parts of the country but especially in eastern Uganda and Northern regions. Household consumption is quite high with preferences to the brown/red-kenneled varieties because of their reputed taste. In addition, there is a huge informal trade at the borders. The Kenyan market demands small-white and big-white varieties. Because of the importance of groundnut, the demand far exceeds output. Thus the need to increase yields and acreages. Well managed plots, and high yielding varieties could go a long way to achieve this. This manual provides information on good agronomic and post-harvest handling practices of the groundnut. Adopting such practices would help increase groundnut crop production considerably Leer más

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Growing fodder for livestock: Calliandra and Elephant grass As improved breeds of livestock become more available, provision of better nutritive management will be more important. Pasture and fodder remain the cheapest form of animal feed available. Good animal production requires pasture and fodder species which give a high yield of palatable and digestive herbage and which contain adequate nutrients. Fodder crops are planted specifically to provide feed for cutting. The following technology explains how to grow and manage calliandra trees and elephant grass and provides information regarding their application as livestock fodder. Leer más

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Improved feeding of diary cattle for increased milk production and income, Uganda Having well nourished and healthy livestock represent a challenge for the farmers in Uganda. Diary cattle in Uganda in most cases produce less milk than expected. This is mainly caused by improper feeding which provides feed in inadequate quantities and of low quantity. It is therefore imperative that feed quantity and quality be improved for diary cows in Uganda to increase milk production and subsequently household incomes. There exist technologies to improve the quality of the fodder e.g. introducing legumes in the cropping system. This has a significant impact on the soil and livestock if introduced to the farming and livestock system following certain criteria. This technology gives some examples of legumes which can be intercropped with grasses to improve the quality of animal fodder. Leer más

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Mejorando la resistencia a sequías de los cultivos de trigo en la Provincia de Shandong, China El Cantón de Juye, un área localizada en una zona de depresión, recibe 500mm en promedio de precipitación anual. Sin embargo, durante las últimas décadas, la imprevisibilidad del cambio climático ha expuesta esta región a graves sequías, sobre todo en primavera e invierno. Por otro lado, China es el mayor productor de trigo en el mundo, siendo muy importante incrementar la resiliencia agrícola a sequías a través de la adopción de tecnologías agrícolas avanzadas y prácticas. La introducción de estas tecnologías consiste en nuevos cultivares de trigo más resistentes a la sequía para promover tecnología de ahorro de agua para la producción agrícola y la introducción de prácticas para el mejoramiento de suelos con la aplicación y extensión de tecnología de cultivo 3-D. Leer más

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Mejorando la resiliencia de drenajes y sistemas de riego para la Gestión de Riesgos en Shandong, China El Municipio Qilin (Cantón Juye) se encuentra al sur oeste de la Provincia de Shandong y cuenta con una población de 65,000 habitantes. Las localidades que se encuentran bajo la jurisdicción del cantón Juye se encuentra en una llanura aluvial, parte sud del Río Amarillo. Las inundaciones y sequías son frecuentes entre los meses de julio y agosto. La falta de mantenimiento y rehabilitación del sistema de drenaje e infraestructura de irrigación se adicionan a las formas de tenencia de tierras, así como las actividades humanas que han causado daños severos a la infraestructura comunal de drenaje. Como consecuencia, la rersiliencia del sistema de drenaje ante inundaciones es baja, con estos fenómenos dejando graves perdidas economicas a los campesinos en las comunidades bajas del municipio Qilin. Leer más

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Cashing in with parboiled rice (demonstration video) Although rice is highly nutritious, a lot of its quality is lost during processing. This results in poor quality rice on the market. Therefore, consumers turn to imported rice. In this video you will learn about parboiling, a way to improve the quality of rice by treating paddy with warm water and steam. There are many good reasons for parboiling rice. The market for quality rice is growing. Food vendors and restaurant owners start to use parboiled rice because it is already clean and easy to cook. Most importantly, parboiled rice is more nutritious than non-parboiled rice. This video presents the technique of parboiling. Leer más

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Improving rice quality: Video from Africa Rice Center “The quality is very important for us to push back the dumping from outside, if we don’t do it; whether its from Africa, whether it’s from my mother’s kitchen, people are not going to buy it, so we have to become competitive, we have to develop competitive advantage and quality is the most important element in competitive advantage and, it’s within our reach, we can do it.” The following video from Africa Rice Center (Africarice) describes how farmers in Benin use various techniques to obtain and maintain a good quality of their locally produced rice. Leer más

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Rice seedbed preparation (Africa Rice Center video on rice advice) In this video, Malian farmers show us how to prepare a seedbed, as establishing a good seedbed is needed to obtain strong seedlings and giving crop a good start. This video presents the technique of seedbed. Leer más

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Land Preparation: Video from Africa Rice Center The following video of Africa Rice Center describes how land preparation and water management affect crop establishment, weed management and rice yields. Farmers in Burkina Faso explain also the importance of collaboration and proper planning. Leer más

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Integrated pest management in vegetable production: A guide for extension workers in West Africa Indigenous and exotic vegetables are central to most nutrition, food security and poverty reduction programmes around the world. However, in most of West Africa, the economic opportunities offered by vegetables are often undermined by production and trade constraints (i.e. pest damage, inappropriate pesticide usage, absence of environmental safeguard policies and/or stringent food safety standards). Extension workers and, in places, farmers groups and local community organizations, are working towards helping farmers to increase their yields in sustainable ways that create wealth and reduce the risks to productivity.This guide is been developped by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Cotonou, Benin, with support from the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM), to improve the quality and usefulness of pest management research. Leer más

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Preservation of fish and meat This Agrodok is intended as a practical manual that reviews the simple techniques used to preserve fish and meat. The booklet gives guidelines for several preservation techniques. The methods described and the results achieved can, of course, differ locally. The general introduction deals with the principles of preventing spoilage. Next, the various methods of preserving foods are explained and the main aspects of spoilage relevant to each method are covered. Special attention is given to the question of which method to choose given the local conditions. The following topics are discussed: salting, drying and smoking of fish and meat; fermentation of fish; canning of fish and meat; and cooling and freezing fish and meat. The authors have endeavoured to describe each method as practically as possible, including descriptions of the required materials and techniques. Agrodok 12 Leer más

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Propagating and planting trees This Agrodok is a companion to Agrodok 16: Agroforestry. Trees and shrubs play important roles on the farm and in the environment. Unfortunately too many trees are lost because of overgrazing, excessive fuelwood collection and deforestation. Agroforestry supports the efforts of people in rural areas to plant more trees and to use them to greater advantage, also because of their favourable interaction with crops and livestock. It is fairly common for farm households to propagate a few trees and shrubs in tins, bowls or other containers under a tree or on the veranda. Where larger numbers of planting material are to be produced, it would be helpful do have a better understanding of: different propagation techniques, how to run a proper farm nursery, and planting out and aftercare of young trees. That is why this Agrodok was written. The emphasis is on propagation from seed or cuttings. The more complicated propagation methods used for horticultural crops, such as budding and grafting, are not dealt with. The Agrodok is written using simple language so that the information can easily be used for extension material. Agrodoc 19 Leer más

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Small-scale freshwater fish farming Since fish farming practices are so diverse, this manual focuses on land based freshwater fish farming. In the tropics, pond fish farming is the most common form of fish farming in the tropics. Therefore, the information provided in this manual concerns pond construction and pond management.This Agrodok aims at providing basic information on how to set up a small-scale fish farm for subsistence purposes with regard to daily protein needs. Leer más

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Preparation and use of compost This booklet has been compiled to give information about how compost can be applied in the tropics and subtropics. It gives a simple description of the processes taking place in the soil and during composting. Practical suggestions are given for constructing a compost heap. A few selected compost methods and applications are given and a literature list has been added for supplementary information. Leer más

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Soya and other leguminous crops Soya is a legume with many good qualities, and it can be used to improve farming systems. It can also be processed into products which contribute to the daily diet and to family income. This Agrodok is based on a previous shorter edition, Soya. The text has been extended to include more practical information on growing and processing soya and other legumes into nutritious food products. We have included other legumes so that the information in the book will be useful in more areas. This Agrodok is intended to help farmers and extension workers to make choices that will work well under local conditions. In this new edition we devote extra attention to this crop. There are also many areas however where soya cannot be cultivated, but other legumes do grow well and have many of the same good qualities. Leer más

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Duck keeping in the tropics Ducks are tough animals and good scavengers. They are easier and cheaper to keep than chickens. This makes duck keeping for the production of eggs and meat an attractive enterprise. Agromisa and CTA have produced this Agrodok in order to support people in improving their daily livelihood. This can be done either through income generation from a small-scale duck keeping enterprise or through improving the daily diet with duck eggs and meat. Leer más

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Try the rabbit: a practical guide Rabbits are prolific breeders, producing large quantities o tasty meat for home consumption. Their rate production is faster than that of pigs, goats or sheep.The attached manual is a practical guide for those intending to start a rabbit farm in the West African region. It attempts to provide most of the information required: rabbit farming, construction rabbit hutches, breeding management, feeding rabbits, selecting breeding stock and diseases and pests. Leer más

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Small-scale chicken production This Agrodok provides a wealth of useful information on how to overcome the main constraints in small-scale poultry production and deal with threats like predation and infectious diseases. It is a practical booklet with chapters on hatching, housing, nutrition and health. I sincerely hope and believe that the knowledge, tools and experiences offered here will be a valuable resource for poultry keepers. Agrodok 4 N. van Eekeren A. Maas H.W. Saatkamp M. Verschuur Leer más

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Newcastle disease: a technology review (special enphasis on its effect on village chickens) This technical review is written by three of the foremost experts in the field of Newcastle Disease control in the developing world. It presents the latest understanding of Newcastle Disease, its characteristics, epidemiology, symptoms and control. It will be of practical value to state and private veterinarians and to all those involved with rural poultry production and wishing to control this disease. Leer más

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Farmers dairy goat production handbook, Kenya This farmers booklet on rearing dairy goats was written and prepared by FARM Africa to aid farmers keep and maximumly benefit from dairy goats. The booklet has been prepared using simple language that farmers can understand. Hence the efforts to avoid technical language. Writers share their project experiences with farmers. The growing demand for dairy goats within and outside Kenya has prompted us to prepare this booklet for farmers who may acquire goats from the FARM Africa project in Meru and need skills for rearing/keeping the goats. Thorough and detailed information for those who may need can be obtained from a book by FARM Africa's chief Executive, Dr. Christie Peacock - Improving Goat Production in the Tropics. Writer's of the booklet are Dr. Bonface K. Kaberia, Mr. Patrick Mutia, Mr. Camillus Ahuya all of FARM Africa - Meru and Tharaka Nithi Dairy Goat and animal Healthcare Project (1996 - 2003). This booklet was produced in collaboration with Mediae. Funded by DFID. Leer más

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The most serious sweet potato diseases in sub-Saharan Africa This factsheet describes the most common diseases attacking sweetpotato in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it will help the farmers to identify them and to treat the plants . Leer más

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Most serious insect pests affecting sweetpotato, Uganda The following factsheet is very important for farmers and extension workers in understanding the most serious insect pests affecting sweetpotato in sub-saharan Africa, the extent of damage they can cause and their management. Leer más

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Enhanced resilience of water drainage and irrigation system for disaster risk management in Shandong, China The Juye County is located in the southwest of the Shandong Province, and the Qilin Township situates in the eastern part of the County, with a population of 65,000. The villages under its administration are located in the alluvial plain, southern part of the Yellow River. Frequent water logging and droughts happen between July and August. The lack of maintenance and rehabilitation of the built drainage and community irrigation infrastructure, added to the newer forms of land tenure as well as human activities have caused severe damages in the community drainage infrastructures. As a consequence, the resilience of the drainage system against water loggings and floods is low, with floods and water loggings causing high economic losses for farmers living in the low lying villages of the Qilin Township. Leer más

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Visual soil assessment (VSA) Field Guides The field guides on Visual Soil Assessment are based on the visual assessment of key soil ‘state’ and plant performance indicators of soil quality, presented on a scorecard. With the exception of soil texture, the soil indicators are dynamic indicators, i.e. capable of changing under different management regimes and land-use pressures. Being sensitive to change, they are useful early warning indicators of changes in soil condition and as such provide an effective monitoring tool. The field guides have been developed for annual crops, olive orchards, orchards, vineyards and wheat. They have been validated with farmers in New Zealand, Nicaragua, Uzbekistan and other countries in tropical and moderate climates. Leer más

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Promotion of Farmers’ Cooperative (FC) Development for Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) in China Community Based Disaster Risk Management is a participatory process empowering communities to properly plan and act on disaster risk management (DRM). In this context, Farmer Cooperatives (FC) can play a key role as local partners. FC development for CBDRM was promoted between 2007 and 2009 in 4 project pilot areas in Juye County which is regularly prone to flood and drought hazards. The concepts of CBDRM were introduced to FCs ; their specific roles in a district wide DRM system were defined and tested, leading to the formulation and implementation thereafter of community action plans for DRM. The FCs proved successful in organizing villagers to participate in the construction, repairing and cleaning of drainage canals, implementing improved disaster-related land use patterns, and in contributing to the district level disaster risk management planning process; The FCs also supported the field testing and learning about new, more hazard resilient cultivation systems (wheat and cotton), in collaboration with a regional research institute; awareness was raised among villagers about the importance of self driven and continued DRM activities throughout the year. Leer más

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Soils rehabilitation in areas exposed to recurrent floods and water logging, Shandong Province, China One severe impact of recurrent flooding and water logging in Juye County in the Shandong Province is the salinization and alkalization of soils. The soil in Juye, mainly Luvisoils, with high salt content due to the water loggings, is rich in Calcium, Magnesium, ions of Chloride, sulfate and carbonate. Salt compounds created by positive or negative ions enhance water salinity in the soil, reducing the roots’ absorptive capacity of soil nutrients. The average annual rainfall in Juye is 500 mm with a concentrated rainfall (more 60% of the annual precipitation) during June, July and August. The good practice strategy consists of a series of interrelated measures for soil improvement, including drainage improvements, land leveling, deep ploughing and most importantly, based on detailed soil testing the application of formulated fertilization, key to rehabilitate local soil conditions. Soil testing focused on nutrition values and salinity. Suitable fertilizer compositions were developed in response to the specific soil conditions and predominant local cropping patterns. Local fertilizer production enterprises were hired to produce the formulated fertilization with the dual objectives of rehabilitating the soils while providing sound fertilization for the main crops used the region, mainly wheat, cotton and maize. Leer más

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Worm control in sheep Every sheep grazing on pasture is infested with one type of worm or the other. Failure to control clinical worm infestation in sheep can result in blood loss, thin animals and death. In case of hydatid disease (a disease related to infestation with tapeworm), failure to control the life cycle can result in a public health problem and deaths in infected humans. Leer más

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Rearing Dairy Goats Throughout Eastern Africa pressure on land is increasing. Average farm size is decreasing as plots are sub-divided and farmers struggle to find space on their farms to grow subsistence and cash crops as well as keep livestock. Many farmers would like to keep dairy cows but do not have the money to buy animals and build zero-grazing units or sufficient land to grow enough feed. But have you ever considered keeping dairy goats as a more affordable and appropriate option? Leer más

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Processing Tomatoes Tomatoes are widely grown and used in Eastern Africa. During the peak season most farmers sell their tomatoes at throwaway prices and substantial quantities go to waste because they are highly perishable. To avoid this, farmers can process tomatoes into various products for storage and use at home or as value-added products for income generation. Information from the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation , CTA Practical Guide 12 Leer más

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Making high-quality cassava flour Cassava is not fully utilised in Eastern Africa compared to West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana). Cassava is drought tolerant, easy to grow and simple to harvest. All parts of the cassava plant are valuable. Cassava leaves can be used to make soup or as feed for livestock, the stems can be used for planting more cassava, for mushroom production or as firewood, the root can be cooked and eaten fresh or processed into flour. High-quality cassava flour is made within a day of harvesting the root. The manual attached gives steps in processing high quality cassava by small holder farmers. Leer más

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Making banana chips and flour Bananas are a staple food in many parts of Eastern Africa. Currently, there is very limited commercial processing of bananas. Most people consume bananas fresh, steamed or boiled. During bumper harvests, farmers sell bananas at give-away prices and many go to waste. A detailed process of making banana chips and flour is explained in the file attached below. Leer más

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Improved practices in rearing indigenous chickens Indigenous chickens play an important role in the livelihoods of most rural families in Eastern Africa. Despite increased use of commercial breeds by large-scale producers, around three quarters of chickens in the region are indigenous breeds. This manual gives information on improved management practices of rearing indigenous chickens. The following technology is from the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) in collaboration with several African institutes ( Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya). Leer más

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Controlling mango fruit fly, Benin The mango tree suffers from numerous physiological, phytopathological and entomological problems. In West Africa, the economic importance of the damage caused by mango fruit flies (Diptera tephritidae) is growing in home garden mango trees as well as in small-scale and industrial mango orchards. The introduction and pan-African propagation of Bactrocera invadens, a fly species from Sri Lanka, first discovered in West Africa in 2004 by IITA in Benin, could jeopardise the recent commercial success of the whole mango sector. Since fruit flies are classified as “quarantine insects”, if a consignment of mangoes containing even a single fruit infested with larvae is exported to Europe, the whole batch may be rejected and totally destroyed by the European phytosanitary services. Fruits showing the slightest trace of a fly bite must be identified, removed, and destroyed during harvesting and in-station sorting. This manual provides information on the types of fruit flies and methods of controlling them Leer más

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Rainwater syringe: Low cost technology for rainwater harvesting in coastal areas Due to saline conditions, drinking and pure water is a major problem in coastal areas. Most of the open wells and tube wells in the coastal areas contain salty water. Rainwater harvesting is a viable option for solving the issue of drinking water. Construction of rainwater overhead tanks is a costly affair and marginal farmers cannot afford it. Moreover the tank has limited capacity for storing water. The method developed by Mr Antoji from Kerala, India is a cost effective method for harvesting rainwater in costal areas. Rainwater is collected from the roof tops of houses and stored in a pressure tank in the ground and with the help of PVC pipes, water is lowered below sea level (up to 16 - 24 feet). The water is retained in the underground water column and this harvested water can be subsequently collected by a simple piston pump or motor by constructing a tube well in the vicinity before mixing with saline water. 500 to 2500 litres of water can be drawn daily. The water thus harvested is used both for drinking and for minor irrigation. He has installed more than 150 tanks in different parts of Kerala including in his home village of ‘chellanum’ in Ernamkulam district. He started the construction of tanks in wide scale from 2000 onwards. The cost of construction or total unit cost is Rs 22,000/- or 500 US $ which includes cost of pump, motor, PVC pipes, labour charges etc. The clients are satisfied with the quality of harvested water. Sample of water collected from the tanks has been tested scientifically in laboratory and approved for drinking. Leer más

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Establishing a tree nursery, East Africa Many people in Eastern Africa depend on forests and trees to meet various needs. With growing populations, these resources are being rapidly depleted. Many farmers want to plant trees but cannot readily obtain high-quality tree seedlings. Establishing a tree nursery can help to meet this demand and provide you with extra income. Leer más

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Enriched compost for higher yields, Kenya In Eastern Africa, reduced soil fertility has led to declining crop yields on many small-scale farms causing food insecurity and greater poverty. Throughout the region, soils are generally low in nitrogen and phosphorus – which are essential for crops to grow well. Soil fertility can be increased by use of chemical fertilizers but these are too expensive for many farmers and are not always available. A more affordable alternative is to make your own good-quality compost using waste materials from your farm and household. This leaflet shows you how to make better quality compost, called enriched compost, which has higher organic matter and contains more nutrients. Use of enriched compost will enable you to increase your crop yields without applying costly chemical fertilizers. CTA Practical Guide Series No.7, www.cta.int Leer más

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Growing soybean and maize in rotation Soybean brings nitrogen from the air into the soil as a free source of urea. You can obtain a good maize yield after harvesting soybean with less inorganic fertilizer application due to soil improvement. Growing soybean before maize reduces Striga infestation in maize. The manual demonstrates how to plant and manage soybean and maize in rotation. Leer más

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Choosing high yielding vegetable varieties, Uganda A smart farmer only sows high yielding varieties with disease resistance to minimize spraying and with tolerance to abiotic stress such as drought. Vegetable remains an important source of income generation and constitutes a key source of micronutrients. The Victoria vegetable hybrids assure farmers of improved nutrition, food and income security because of their high yields and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Leer más

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Making sweet potato chips and flour Sweet potato is a popular food in many parts of Eastern Africa. It is drought tolerant, hardy and can grow in marginal areas, thus contributing to improved food security. The young leaves and vines can be consumed as vegetables or fed to livestock. In some communities in Eastern Africa, sweet potatoes are preserved for the dry season by sun-drying to make amukeke – dried sweet potato chips. Leer más

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Cotton culture, Uganda The National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) aims to enhance the contribution of agricultural research to sustainable agricultural productivity, economic growth, food security and poverty eradication through generation and dissemination of appropriate technologies, knowledge and information. The following technology promotes good practices for cotton culture in Uganda. Leer más

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Groundnuts varieties, management and post harvest, Uganda The following factsheet of SAARI provides information on different groundnuts varieties, management and post harvest in Uganda. Leer más

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Egg marketing: A guide for the production and sales of eggs This guide provides information and advice to those concerned with the production and sale of eggs in developing countries with an emphasis on marketing, i.e. producing in order to meet market demand. Market-led egg production enables long-term business survival, higher profits and a better standard of living for the egg producer. Improvement measures discussed in this publication have been found to be effective in practice. However, as is inevitable with any publication attempting to address such a wide range of conditions, some of the recommendations and observations found herein may be unsuitable to the reader’s particular circumstances. The reader should select what appears advantageous for the solution of his or her own particular problem(s). Leer más

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Improving The Quality of Parboiled Rice in Ghana Parboiled rice is rice that has been boiled in the husk. Parboiling makes rice easier to process by hand, improves the nutritional value of white rice, and changes its texture. Today, it is the preferred rice of many in the southern parts of the Indian subcontinent, and elsewhere. The quality of any manufactured product is only as good as the quality of the raw materials and the controls exercised during processing. The best market price is achieved by a product which has a good colour (white), no odour, few broken grains, free from stones and black grains, no husk well milled and properly dried. The process of parboiling is carried out mainly by women. Leer más

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Treating straw for animal feeding: the Beckmann method The objective of straw treatment is to increase the digestibility of straw and/or the amount of it voluntarily consumed so that digestible energy intake by animals from straw is increased. Methods of treating straw may be classified broadly into physical, chemical and biological categories. Among physical methods of significance are grinding and pressure cooking. Very fine grinding in ball mills and irradiation, while effective in improving digestibility, are so expensive that they are unlikely ever to become commercially significant. Chemical methods currently being developed all employ alkalis. Other chemicals like chlorine can also be used to improve digestibility but are more expensive and more difficult to handle than the alkalis and no technology involving their use has yet been developed. The alkali treatment methods may be classified as follows. One of the method of treating straw to increase the digestibility is the Beckmann method which belongs to the Chemical treatment- wet methods. Leer más

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Sylvi-pastoral and hedgerow systems in integrated farming systems, India Low income farmers in semi-arid tropics, such as in the low rainfall areas of southern India traditionally combine different activities to diversify livelihoods so as to reduce the impact of natural hazards like drought. The Acacia Leucophoea and Cenchrus Ciliaris sylvi-pastoral system is an integrated sylvi-pastoral farming system that provides adequate fodder for goats and sheep, along with firewood to meet household requirements. Annual crops like maize and sorghum can be grown between the tree rows, which helps to protect the soil, reduce soil erosion and diversify livelihoods. Forage grasses are planted between the tree rows to increase total fodder supply to animals. Trees also act as windbreaks. Leer más

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Planning an extended climate & weather forecasting system for hazard preparedness in agriculture, Bangladesh Strengthening resilience and preparedness for climate related disasters on crops is a priority in Bangladesh, where the agricultural sector accounts for 35% of the GDP and 63% of the labor force. The country's high exposure to natural hazards such as droughts, floods and tropical storms often leads to devastating impacts on rural livelihoods. A functioning extended climate and weather forecasting system allows farmers to plan the cropping calendar according to the risks and opportunities that early, timely or late seasonal rains entail. Climate forecast applications tested in Bangladesh may also be adopted and used for disaster preparedness in other countries frequently affected by hydro-meteorological disasters. Leer más

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Raised bed lotus cultivation, Vietnam The north central region of Vietnam lies on the regular path of cyclonic storms and is therefore particularly prone to extreme weather events. Typhoons, flash floods and water stagnation are common. During the rainy season, between September and December, small farmers in this region usually leave their land fallow due to excessive water stagnation. Communities presently practice lotus cultivation during the rainy season by sowing lotus seeds on raised beds, a practice which creates favorable conditions for cultivation. Lotus seeds are high value products and can be sold on local markets. The seeds are used in confectioneries. The practice of cultivating lotus on raised beds provides additional income to poor households and employment opportunities for farm women. Leer más

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Composting: Burrow and pile methods, Bangladesh Northwestern Bangladesh is increasingly exposed to drought, climate variability and slowly increasing temperatures. Strategies enhancing the ability to withstand the negative impact of natural trends and hazards on agriculture are a means to strengthen the livelihoods of the two thirds of the population employed in this sector. One such strategy targets droughtaffected soil quality, and consists in enhancing organic matter levels in soils for better soil structure, moisture retention, erosion stability and water infiltration by preparing compost through pile or borrow methods. Compost application improves soil quality and facilitates soil moisture retention, and thus the capability of reducing the impact of drought. Leer más

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Construction of hurricane-resistant poultry pen, Grenada The impact of the recent severe hurricane seasons on the agricultural sector in the island of Grenada has been devastating, resulting in a scale of destruction that seriously affected the livestock sector. In fact, hurricane Ivan caused damages estimated at EC$ 9,338,117 to the livestock industry, because of the destruction of animal shelters and loss of livestock. A disaster mitigation measure that livestock holders implement is the construction of low cost hazard-resistant farm structures and of hurricane resistant poultry units in order to build farmers’ resilience. The construction of hurricane resistant farm structures was recommended during a national workshop in Grenada, because it is easily replicable, effective, affordable and sustainable. Leer más

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Routine tree management practices: Pruning and Cutting tree tops, Grenada The devastations caused by the extremely severe hurricane seasons in Grenada in the past few years highlighted the great vulnerability of its agricultural sector. In 2004, the total direct and indirect costs to the agricultural sector, including the cropping, livestock and fisheries sub-sector were 55 million and 46 million EC$. . Routine tree management practices are applied on the island to mitigate the impacts of storms on the cropping sub sector by producing shorter trees that are more resistant to hurricanes. The benefits of this technology are the ease of implementation, its sustainability and effectiveness in reducing the impact of hurricanes and strong winds and contributing to soil fertility. Leer más

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Hedgerows/alley cropping to control soil erosion, Jamaica Jamaican small farmers implement hedgerow/alley cropping to mitigate the impacts of hydro-meteorological hazards. The hedgerows/alley cropping system is an agroforestry practice, where fast-growing nitrogen fixing trees are planted in rows, and food or cash crops are planted in the space (‘alley’) between the rows. This practice helps to control soil erosion, increases the water-holding capacity of the soil, reduces deforestation, generally improves soil fertility and productivity and diversifies agricultural production. There has been a high acceptance level of this technology in Southern Trelawny, Jamaica where it has been implemented, due to the ease of implementation, its effectiveness in controlling soil erosion and the low financial cost. Leer más

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Enhancing drought resistance through guinea grass mulching, Jamaica Jamaica is highly exposed to hydro-meteorological hazards, such as hurricanes, floods, drought, high magnitude rainfall and landslides.. Drought has become more frequent in some areas of Jamaica, which increases the vulnerability of farmers whose livelihoods mainly depend on agriculture. In those areas the identification of agricultural practices, which help to reduce the adverse impacts of natural hazards is critical to long-term sustainable development. Guinea grass mulching is one of the local drought-mitigation strategies adopted in the low-rainfall areas of Jamaica. After the land preparation dried guinea grass is applied in a matted form over the area to be cultivated. This is undertaken before sowing and helps to control soil erosion, increases the water retention capacity of the soil and improves the soil structure. Leer más

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Diversified cropping system: Strip cropping, Grenada Grenada is vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes. Appropriate disaster risk reduction technologies are critical to mitigate the impacts of these natural. A local coping practice is strip cropping, which helps to reduce runoff velocities, transport water-borne contaminants, increase and prolong infiltration rates, protect water quality in adjacent water bodies, protect growing crops from wind-borne soil particles and protect water quality. Strip cropping involves the crops to be arranged so that strips requiring intense cultivation with less protective cover are alternated with more permanent crops offering greater protective cover during times when erosion is expected to occur. Generally the strips are spaced equally across the field. This local technology is highly effective and sustainable. Leer más

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Soil conservation: Contour ploughing, Grenada Natural disasters in particular the recurrent hurricane seasons seriously impact its agricultural sector, to which the island's economic fortunes are historically linked. The island's vulnerability is further aggravated by its mountainous terrain: over 50 percent of the lands are over 20 degrees, and only 6 percent of the lands are considered flat. One of the local agricultural practices to mitigate the negative consequences of hazards is contour ploughing. Crop row ridges are built by tilling and/or planting on the contour creating hundreds of small dams. These ridges or dams slow water flow, increase infiltration and reduce erosion. Contour ploughing is a highly cost effective and sustainable practice. Leer más

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Conservation agriculture for smallholder farmers in dryland areas, Kenya The Laikipia district, in the Rift Valley of Kenya, is located on the plateau north west of Mount Kenya. Due to its leeward position, the district is significantly dry, with aridity increasing from the slopes of the mountain to the dry lowlands. Inadequate rainfall and periods of drought have caused land degradation and soil erosion, affecting the productivity of agriculture and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in these arid and semi arid areas. Two Farmer Field Schools established in the district introduced Conservation Agriculture principles and techniques which mitigated the impact of drought on farm production and on the environment. Leer más

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Light attraction method to catch Mukene fish on Lake Victoria Mukene, also called Dagaa or Omena, is found in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo and in the Victoria Nile. It is among the three most important commercial fish species in Lakes Victoria and Kyoga. The Mukene fish is fished by light attraction. Compared to gillnetting, light fishing is relatively new in Uganda. Therefore, the National Fisheries resources research institute (NaFIRRI), as one of the established public agricultural research institutes, provides the following technology for a better understanding of the light attraction method. Leer más

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Fish pond lay out and construction Fishponds are not just a hole in the ground containing water. They are unnatural water environments that farmers must manage in order to produce profitable fish harvests. Ponds should provide a good environment for fish to live in, all requirements for fish to live a healthy life, grow well and reproduce well. The pond water must be free from diseases, toxic chemicals and other fish enemies; and ponds fish should get sufficient fresh air and food. Physical characteristics of fishponds affect water quality and influence their production potential for the farmers. They have to be sited in locations where they can be managed well to achieve the highest production potential. The following technology from the Aquaculture Technical Manual (see attached) describes how to build a good Fish pond. Leer más

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Selection of site and water quality testing for fishpond, Uganda The fishponds are not just a hole in the ground containing water. They are unnatural water environments that farmers must manage in order to produce profitable fish harvests. Ponds should provide a good environment for fish to live in, all requirements for fish to live a healthy life, grow well and reproduce well. The following technology give advices on the selection of site and water quality. Leer más

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Make bitter Cassava safe for consumption, Uganda Cassava plants contain potentially harmful substances that are dangerous to humans and livestock. Therefore farmers should adopt the processing methods described as a way to manage the bitter Cassava.The National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) has produced 12 improved sweet varieties of Cassava in Uganda. The following technology provides instruction to make bitter cassava safe for consumption. Leer más

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Improved method of preserving hides and skins Hides and skins, if not well preserved, are of very little economic and commercial value. Because of this neglect, hides and skins produced in the country, particularly the Lango Farming System, go to waste. Leer más

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Raising citrus rootstock, Uganda Improved citrus varieties are not resistant to soil borne pests and diseases. However, they can be successfully grown if grafted on resistant rootstocks like rough lemon. Rough lemon is quick growing, drought resistant, shortens maturity period and is resistant to pests and diseases. Leer más

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Raising Calliandra tree seedlings, Uganda The National Forestry Resources Research Institute (NAFORRI)- Uganda generates appropriate technologies for increasing the productivity and supply of forest products on a sustainable basis. The following technology describes how Calliandra tree can increase crop yields and milk yields. Leer más

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Supplementary feeding for farmed fish Most fish farmers believe that fish is a wild animal. They think that once put in pond water, it will survive naturally without adding any food supplement. This has resulted in pond fish taking a long period to reach a reasonable size. Most farmers add manure like cow dung and chicken droppings. This technology focused on supplementary feeding and lists some recommended types of fish for farming in Uganda. Leer más

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Sustainable fishery on Lake Victoria: Exploitation, gears, fishing methods and management Fish is important for good nutrition and fishery activities generate income and employment. However, industrial and intensive fishing and also wrong fishing methods deplete fish stocks. In Uganda, the major fishing activities are on the Lake Victoria, one of the African great lakes and the second largest in the world, and provide employment, income, and export earnings to the communities leaving around. Lake Victoria fishing is a mainly commercial fishery and need to be well managed in order to make it sustainable and preserve the commercial fish species. The National Fisheries resources research institute (NaFIRRI), as one of the established Public Agricultural Research Institutes, generates knowledge base and develop fisheries technologies for increased but sustainable fish production, conservation of the fisheries genetic resources, water quality and fish habitat, and ensures product dissemination and quality, develop and manage research and required linkages with stakeholders. Below are some advices they give for fisher communities and fishery managers for sustainable commercial fishery management on Lake Victoria. Leer más

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The control of common predators of pond fish, Uganda Fish is an important source of food and income for many poor households in Uganda. Fish farming also relieves the fishing pressure on natural water bodies. However, fish in ponds have a lot of enemies called predators which either injure or kill the fish in the pond. This reduces the amount of fish caught at harvest time as well as the quality of the harvested fish as a result of injuries they sustain from these predators. The farmers have complained that predators are mainly responsible for fish losses to their ponds. Leer más

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Post harvest handling and processing of fish, Uganda Fish in the cheapest source of animal protein and contributes 50-100% of animal protein in developing countries and 12% worldwide. Fish is the second earner to national economy in Uganda. It is also the best source of income to the fisherfolks. However, it is a perishable commodity, which deteriorates in quality within a short time if not properly handled and processed immediately. Leer más

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How to produce Mirrow Carp fry (Cyprinus carpio), Uganda The commonly farmed fish in Uganda, the Nile tilapia, grows very slowly in the cooler regions like Kabale, Kapchorwa and parts of Mbale and Kabarole. In 1957, the Mirror carp (simply called Carp), was introduced into Uganda from Asia. Carp unlike tilapia takes 8 months to attain an average weight of 500g. In similar region, the tilapia reaches an average weight of 100g in a year. Therefore Carp is recommended for these regions. However, Carp does not produce fry easily in ponds. This technology explains the process and steps to be followed to produce Carp fry in ponds. Leer más

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Management of cotton bollworns using predators ants, Uganda Insect pest are the most important production constraints in Uganda. American bollworms, Spiny bollworms and Pink bollworms are among the ten insect pest feeding and damaging flower buds, flowers, young and maturating bolls causing abortions amounting to up to 87% resulting to yield reduction and income for the farmer.The following technology from NARO describes using predator ants as a biological mean to suppress bollworms. Leer más

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Grow Epuripur Sorghum, Uganda Sorghum is the third most important staple cereal food crop in Uganda after maize and millet occupying 285,000 ha of arable land. It is mainly used for food and brewing. In an attempt to improve food security and incomes among the rural poor house holds, SAARI (Serere Agricultural and Animal Research Institute) has generated a number of technologies among which are Sekedo and Epuripur improved sorghum varieties released in 1995. Leer más

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Camel milk products: producing butter Camel milk can certainly play a far more important role in the prevention of malnutrition than it does today. Growing and raising foodstuffs for the rapidly increasing human population is especially precarious in the hot and arid zones of the world the very areas where the camel is one of the few animals not only to survive, but also to benefit man. Indeed camels can produce an adequate amount of milk in drought areas where other domestic animals have very low production. The following technology is part from FAO's publication camels and camel milk. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Asia: Examining a bee colony A very important part of the skill of beekeeping is to learn to handle bees with confidence and manage them well. FAO’s publication Beekeeping in Asia discussed Pongthep Akratanakul’s experiences with European honeybees (Apis mellifera) introduced into northern Thailand and on the principal features of beekeeping activities in the other zonal and socio-cultural contexts in Asia at different stages of development. The following technology provides good practices to examine a bee colony. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Asia: Honey flow Although all the colonies of Apis Mellifera in Asia belong to the same racial group, no unified colony-management scheme exists which is suitable for the entire continent. How a beekeeper handles his colonies at a given time of year depends on the bees, their environment and how they react to changes in it. The following paragraph from FAO’s publication Beekeeping in Asia gives guidelines on how to manage the colony during honey flow. Leer más

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Cassava processing: Cassava wet flour Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) is the third most important source of calories in the tropics, after rice and maize. Millions of people depend on cassava in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It is grown by poor farmers, many of them women, often on marginal land. For those people and their families, cassava is vital for both food security and income generation. Cassava is a raw material base for an array of processed products that could effectively increase demand for cassava and contribute to agricultural transformation and economic growth in developing countries. The following technology describes how to obtain cassava flour from cassava tubers. Leer más

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Camarones: Metodo de cultivo La cría de camarones y langostinos en ambientes naturales o seminaturales tiene tres fases principales: Engorde desde postlarva a tamaño comercial Desove y cría desde huevo a postlarva, Maduración y reproducción, Leer más

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Dried meat techniques: Examples from different regions Drying meat under natural temperatures, humidity and circulation of the air, including direct influence of sun rays, is the oldest method of meat preservation. However, various methods, typical for different regions, exist to produce dried meat with or without additional treatment. The following examples of dried meat techniques are part of FAO's publication: Manual on simple methods of meat preservation, which is mainly intended to disseminate information on traditional methods of meat preservation and addresses aspects of hygienic slaughtering under rural conditions in Africa. Leer más

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Rapid composting methods: Vermicomposting The potential of composting to turn on-farm waste materials into a farm resource makes it an attractive proposition. Composting offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health, thereby increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a better environment. While traditional composting procedures take as long as 4-8 months to produce finished compost, rapid composting methods offer possibilities for reducing the processing period up to three weeks. Leer más

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On-farm composting methods: large scale passive aeration Growing concerns relating to land degradation, threat to eco-systems from over and inappropriate use of inorganic fertilizers, atmospheric pollution, soil health, soil biodiversity and sanitation have rekindled the global interest in organic recycling practices like composting. The potential of composting to turn on-farm waste materials into a farm resource makes it an attractive proposition. Composting offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health – thereby increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a better environment. The following technology is part from FAO's publication on-farm composting. Leer más

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Rapid composting methods: Use of cellulolytic cultures The potential of composting to turn on-farm waste materials into a farm resource makes it an attractive proposition. Composting offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health, thereby increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a better environment. While traditional composting procedures take as long as 4-8 months to produce finished compost, rapid composting methods offer possibilities for reducing the processing period up to three weeks. Leer más

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Rapid composting methods: Use of effective micro-organisms (EM) The potential of composting to turn on-farm waste materials into a farm resource makes it an attractive proposition. Composting offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health, thereby increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a better environment. While traditional composting procedures take as long as 4-8 months to produce finished compost, rapid composting methods offer possibilities for reducing the processing period up to three weeks. Leer más

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Cocoa farming: Improving production and quality of cocoa through macropropagation Theobroma cacao (cocoa) is an ecologically beneficial crop in tropical agroecosystems, and can serve as a cash crop for farmers in developing countries. The growing demand for cocoa products coupled with increasing disease pressures has led to the concept that enhanced germplasm with disease tolerance and high yields could dramatically impact the lives of cocoa farmers in a positive fashion. Utilization of such cocoa trees will increase cocoa-farming profitability, promoting expanded and sustainable production. Methods have been developed to enhance the development of cocoa germplasm and its deployment through the combined approaches of biotechnology, applied horticulture and technology transfer. The following paragraph describes the macropropagation method which is a very low cost method with very high multiplication rate. Leer más

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Rapid composting methods: Use of forced aeration The potential of composting to turn on-farm waste materials into a farm resource makes it an attractive proposition. Composting offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health, thereby increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a better environment. While traditional composting procedures take as long as 4-8 months to produce finished compost, rapid composting methods offer possibilities for reducing the processing period up to three weeks. Leer más

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Rapid multiplication of yams This method produces small, whole planting setts, each weighing 200 to 800 g, from minisetts as small as 25 g. The small, whole tuber setts produced by minisett rapid multiplication are excellent planting material for farmers and researchers. Each sett has a head, which means that sprouting is early, strong, and uniform. Also, these small, whole tuber setts have no cut surfaces and therefore rot less easily than cut pieces. Leer más

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On-farm composting methods: Traditional methods (anaerobic decomposition) Growing concerns relating to land degradation, threat to eco-systems from over and inappropriate use of inorganic fertilizers, atmospheric pollution, soil health, soil biodiversity and sanitation have rekindled the global interest in organic recycling practices like composting. The potential of composting to turn on-farm waste materials into a farm resource makes it an attractive proposition. Composting offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health – thereby increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a better environment. The following technology is part from FAO's publication on-farm composting methods. Leer más

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Using plants with pesticidal properties to control insects during on-farm grain storage in Ghana Market liberalisation in Africa has resulted in more commodities being stored in small quantities in on-farm facilities. This has resulted in increased post-harvest losses, especially by storage pest insects of grain and legumes. The use of synthetic pesticides in food stores at the farm level can be considered costly by resource-poor farmers. In northern Ghana locally available plants are cheap and effective alternatives, provided problems associated with their sustainable use are addressed. Leer más

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Producing solar-dried fruit and vegetables for micro- and smallscale rural enterprise development: Business profitability The preservation of fruit and vegetables by simple sun drying is practised widely throughout arid and semi-arid areas, for example in Uganda. The use of low cost, solar drying technologies, can significantly improve product quality thereby providing practical opportunities for developing small-scale enterprise, particularly in rural areas, and creating employment for women's groups. The document highlights the need to make a rigorous cost accounting. Leer más

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Producing solar dried fruit and vegetables for micro- and smallscale rural enterprise development: Processing aspects The preservation of fruit and vegetables by simple sun drying is practised widely throughout arid and semi-arid areas, for example in Uganda. The use of low cost, solar drying technologies, can significantly improve product quality thereby providing practical opportunities for developing smallscale enterprise, particularly in rural areas, and creating employment for women's groups. Leer más

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Management of self-recruiting species in aquaculture In farmer-managed aquatic systems, poor people do not always have the resources to stock ponds with different fish species. Furthermore, in the dry season, water bodies dry out and access to food sources becomes limited. Self-recruiting species (SRS) are animals that do not require repeated stocking in farmer-managed systems and include both indigenous and exotic species. Management strategies for the maintenance and enhancement of SRS include: keeping of breeding stock, restocking of collected juveniles, and screening of pond entrances. These strategies help increase the yield of SRS, without extra financial inputs. This makes them particularly important for poor communities, especially during the dry season when access to other waterbodies is limited. Leer más

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Preparation of urea molasses blocks (UMB) UMB are a high protein concentrated feed source that supplies Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN) to rumen microbes. The blocks also contain important minerals and vitamins. UMB are a good way of providing readily degradable protein and fermentable energy to ruminant animals, and help increase the protein supply to ruminants in situations where this may be limited. Molasses is a source of energy and widely available in concentrated form. Both urea and molasses are industrial or agricultural by-products. This technology describes methods for making UMB that can be carried out on a small scale, either by individual farmers or by smallscale rural industries. Leer más

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Dissemination material for improved productivity: Small livestock keepers in the forest margins of Bolivia Smallstock play a particularly important role in many forest margin farming systems. A range of simple management strategies, techniques and interventions allow improved productivity and better integration of animals into these farming systems. In particular, these interventions benefit poorer farmers. In addition to on-farm participatory research activities, a series of booklets have been produced in Spanish as a means of dissemination of improved techniques, backing up and supporting the work of extension staff. These form a basis for similar extension work in other areas. Leer más

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Tsetse control: How to use Tsetse traps with an odour dispenser Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) infest over 11 million km2 of Africa, and are vectors of Trypanosomosis (or Trypanosomiasis) in both man and domestic livestock. For example, it is estimated that tsetse occur over 7 percent of Zimbabwe and 60 percent of Tanzania and Trypanosomosis has an important negative impact on livestock production in these areas. An odour dispenser is an integral component of tsetse traps. The following technology describes the use of a simple odour dispensers in addition to tsetse traps under practical field conditions. Leer más

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Introducing a mechanical press for making Shea butter in northern Ghana A manually operated press for the extraction of shea butter is successful and popular with rural women in northern Ghana. The production of shea butter is an important income earning activity for women in rural areas and for many their only source of income. Shea butter is used for cooking and for cosmetic purposes, and is increasingly valuable as an export commodity. However, lack of group business and management skills, competition from large-scale enterprises, inflation, and international commodity price fluctuations may hinder successful implementation of the technology. Leer más

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Coconut oil extraction: Intermediate moisture content method Coconut oil (also known as coconut butter) is extracted from coconuts and consists of over 80% saturated fat. It is typically used in cosmetics as well as in baking and cooking. Traditional aqueous coconut processing involves grating coconut into small pieces, adding water, squeezing the mixture by hand, leaving the resulting emulsion to stand, and then scooping off the oil-rich cream. The cream is then boiled to produce oil. The intermediate-moisture content aims to speed up the process by introducing a bridge-press to extract oil directly from partially-dried coconut gratings. Leer más

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Integration of aquaculture into the farming systems, India The development and uptake of recommendations for the integration of fish into smallholder rain-fed farming systems would benefit from farmer participation in the process. Trials in eastern India with small groups within communities demonstrated strong interest in aquaculture, especially in the use of under-utilised community seasonal ponds. The adoption of groupbased aquaculture proved significant, with 57% of all farm groups within the area conducting managed aquaculture by the end of the project. Leer más

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Tsetse and trypanosomiasis control measures: Restricted application of insecticide to livestock Since tsetse flies feed mostly on the legs and mostly on the largest animals in the herd, an application of pour-on insecticides or sprays restricted to the legs of cows, bulls and draught animals has been shown to be effective in controlling tsetse. This also results in a significant cost saving to the farmer, of up to 80 to 90%. Leer más

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Participatory approaches: Client-oriented breeding of rice for rainfed, medium and low lands of Easter India Poor farmers in marginal areas have benefited little from high yielding, "green revolution" varieties that have transformed the productivity of more favourable areas. In the states of northeastern India, farmers who cultivate upland rice on low-fertility, sloping soils continue to grow low yielding landraces that are susceptible to diseases and pests. More efficient plant breeding that is highly client oriented provided a rapid, cost effective solution to these problems by developing new upland rice varieties superior to the landraces. Leer más

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Pheromone traps for the management of the cowpea pest Maruca Vitrata Maruca vitrata is a major pest of cowpea, resulting in 20-80% yield losses in West Africa. A pheromone lure and suitable trap developed and in Benin and Ghana has successfully trapped male moths. From these trappings a threshold has been calculated to provide farmers with the optimum time for spraying in conjunction with locally available pesticides and botanical pesticides. The traps have not been as effective in Nigeria and Burkina Faso suggesting the influence of ecological issues. Leer más

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Improving coastal livelihoods in the Carribean: Red seaweed cultivation and sea urchin management The economic decline of the past ten years in the Caribbean, due largely to the changes in trading arrangements for bananas, has had severe negative impacts. Fishing continues to support a significant number of households, but people have had to seek work in the manufacturing, tourism, commercial and construction sectors. To support opportunities for income generation from the sea, participatory approaches to technology development addressed, among other things, the feasibility of cultivating species of edible red algae that were known to have market potential in the Caribbean and to assess the economic feasibility of its cultivation. The management of marketable sea urchins in the light of declining stocks was also investigated. Leer más

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Management strategies to optimise production of and access to Self Recruiting Species (SRS) Aquatic animals that can be harvested sustainably from a farmer managed system without regular stocking are referred to as self recruiting species (SRS). A range of indigenous and introduced fish species; as well as molluscs, crustacea and amphibians are inevitably present in many rural aquaculture systems, even where attempts have been made to eradicate them. SRS resource systems operate at the interface of capture fisheries and aquaculture, involving active management and private ownership of animals during all or part of their life cycle, but remaining closely linked to the wider, natural aquatic ecosystem. Active management of wild aquatic animals on farms serves not only to increase their availability for harvest, but to conserve the natural aquatic biodiversity of rice based farming landscapes.The technology characterizes the role of selfrecruiting species in different aquaculture systems, and offers management approaches that enhance the production of and access to such resources by the poor. Leer más

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Improved utilization of urban waste, Hubli-Dharwad City Region, Karnataka, India Municipal solid waste (MSW) can be a valuable fertilizer for peri-urban farmers in India. An integrated approach to urban waste management, currently absent, is needed to improve its use, to include segregation of waste materials (removal of plastic and glass), thereby halting the decline in quality, and its management and marketing in an environmentally sustainable way. The addition of night soil would improve the nutrient content of MSW. There is a range of options that could be considered to maintain access to MSW by near-urban farmers, including subsidizing composts produced by the private sector, producing a range of composts at different prices and maintaining access for both farmers and the private sector. Leer más

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Raising rabbits in the tropics The importance of the domestic rabbit as a supplier of meat for human consumption is widely recognised throughout the world. The document 'Rabbit Technology for Warm Climates' is designed as a text for students, teachers, and practitioners. Leer más

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Potential yield of South Asian small reservoir fisheries Lack of assessment methodology for culture-based fisheries has been identified as a major problem in the development of fisheries. The optimal stocking density, size at harvesting and fishing mortality are interrelated. Overfishing is equivalent to understocking, and overstocking is equivalent to underfishing. This model of quantitative population dynamics for culturebased fisheries increases long-term fish production & harvesting efficiency through optimizing stock and harvesting regimes. It is useful even in situations where data is insufficient for a quantitative assessment. Leer más

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Decision making tool: checklist for animal nutrition studies During a series of DFID Livestock Production Programme (LPP) workshops on smallstock it became apparent there was a need to improve the effectiveness of nutritional studies designed to support the contribution of smallstock to the well-being of resource-poor farmers and communities in developing countries. At the 4th LPP workshop on small stock held in Masaka, Uganda the delegates identified the need to produce a precise and easy-to-use aide memoir, or checklist. This checklist, 'A decision-making checklist for animal nutrition studies in livestock is intended to help researchers at the planning stage of a nutrition experiment or feeding trial with farm livestock, especially ruminants. Leer más

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Control of bovine trypanosomosis in Bolivia: fly avoidance strategies Mechanical transmission by tabanid flies, especially Tabanus occidentalis is likely to be the principal method of transmission for trypanosomes in Bolivia. Control regimes based on fly avoidance strategies in particular could result in a significant reduction of the direct effects of tabanid flies, and eventually, of transmission risk. Leer más

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Genetically marked vaccines for improved control or eradication of Rinderpest and antigenically related diseases Rinderpest is a serious contagious disease of cattle, Asian buffalo, yak and many other herbivores both domesticated and wild, including swine, African buffalo, giraffe and lesser kudu. Rinderpest is caused by a virus which is related closely to that of human measles, canine distemper, peste des petits ruminants and other viruses in the morbillivirus subgroup of the paramyxoviruses. Rinderpest, pests de petits ruminants (PRP) and diseases caused by the capripox virus are major and potentially economically crippling diseases of livestock in many parts of the World, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. The need to control these two important groups of diseases was approached through the development and testing of a recombinant capripox virus-rinderpest vaccine. This dual capripox / rinderpest virus vaccine protects cattle against lumpy skin disease and rinderpest and sheep and goats against pox diseases under African conditions. Leer más

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Tsetse control: How to deploy a target Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) infest over 11 million sq km of Africa, and are vectors of Trypanosomosis (or Trypanosomiasis) in both humans and domestic livestock. For example, it is estimated that tsetse occur over 7 percent of Zimbabwe and 60 percent of Tanzania and Trypanosomosis has an important negative impact on livestock production in these areas. Control of Trypanosomosis has been tackled largely by control of the tsetse fly vector and a range of techniques are available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Methods include aerial spraying, sterile insect techniques, insecticide treated cattle, and odour bait tsetse traps and targets. It is considered that deployment of traps and/or targets that destroy a proportion of the tsetse population will lead to a reduction in the incidence of Trypanosomosis. The following technology describes a set of simple step-by-step instructions on how to assemble and deploy a target for tsetse control. Leer más

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Use of sorghum stover as dry season fodder for ruminants, Ethiopia Cereal stovers are widely used for feeding ruminant livestock, and in semi-arid areas sorghum stover may be an important part of livestock diets during the dry season, helping to maintain condition and increase survival. Bird-resistant varieties of sorghum have been bred for use in semi-arid zones to increase yields of grain in areas most affected by birds. However, the same properties that confer bird-resistance, act as anti-nutritive factors for ruminant livestock, and may therefore lower the value of sorghum stover as livestock fodder. Strategies involving feeding of excess stover enables animals to preferentially select leaf material rather than stem, which has greater concentrations of anti-nutritive factors. Leer más

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Development and promotion of wild rice management strategies for the lowlands of southern Tanzania Rice is the second most important cereal crop in Tanzania after maize and the majority of rice farmers depend on it both for food and as a cash crop. However, highly competitive annual and perennial wild rice species have been identified as one of the important constraints to rice production on lowlands in southern Tanzania. In addition to competing with the crop, these weed species are the only known alternative hosts for African Rice Gall Midge (ARGM) and are important hosts for Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV), both of which are major pests of rice in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the Department For International Development from the United Kingdom(UK DFID) developed technologies and promotional materials for optimising the use of herbicides and fertilizer for the control of annual wild rice (Oryza punctata on irrigated land) and perennial wild rice (O. longistaminata) on rainfed fields in Tanzania. Leer más

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Tsetse control: How to make a plastic cage for tsetse traps Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) infest over 11 million sq km of Africa, and are vectors of Trypanosomosis (or Trypanosomiasis) in both man and domestic livestock. For example, it is estimated that tsetse occur over 7 percent of Zimbabwe and 60 percent of Tanzania and Trypanosomosis has an important negative impact on livestock production in these areas. In addition to the use of trypanocidal drugs, control, of Trypanosomosis has been tackled largely by control of the tsetse fly vector and a range of techniques are available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Methods include aerial spraying, sterile insect techniques, insecticide treated cattle, and odour bait traps and targets. Furthermore, it is generally considered that deployment of traps and/or targets that destroy a proportion of the tsetse population will lead to a reduction in the incidence of trypanosomosis. The following technology describes a set of simple step-by-step instructions on how to construct a cage, made from easily available plastic bottles, for use as an Epsilon tsetse trap. Leer más

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Participatory breeding of superior, mosaic disease resistant cassava for Africa Cassava is increasingly the main starch staple eaten in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly West Africa. The crop is attacked by a wide range of pests and diseases. A major constraint to production is cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by various cassava mosaic geminivirus species. Cost-effective participatory plant breeding methods were developed, emphasising farmer inputs, and using cassava as both a target and a model vegetatively-propagated crop. This led to the development of superior, CMD-resistant varieties through the use of seed derived from agronomically superior and CMDresistant parents and by training farmers in selection. Knowledge was obtained on how cassava landraces evolved and spread, particularly CMD resistant ones, so that participatory plant breeding could incorporate farmer methods. Leer más

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Storage and preservation of wet cassava Highest grades of cassava starch are processed from freshly extracted starch. In many cassava processing factories, extracted starch is stored in tanks under wet conditions during the peak harvesting period (2-5 months). Long-term storage of cassava starch under wet conditions results in adverse quality changes which reduce the grade and sale price of the resultant dry starch. The simple technology described here was able to maintain the quality of cassava starch during storage. Leer más

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Development and on-farm evaluation of agroforestry livestock feeding systems in East Africa In the coffee-based land use systems of the East African highlands, farming systems are extremely complex and intensive. Indigenous trees are commonly preserved on or near farms for a variety of purposes. For fodder, the farm is usually planted to Napier or similar grasses for feeding to dairy cattle and small ruminants kept largely under zero-grazing systems. The zerograzing unit is perceived by many farmers as the hub around which the farm revolves. Supplementing with the agroforestry species Calliandra calothyrsus led to better than normal live weight gains with no adverse effects. Leer más

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Participatory approaches: Soaking seeds (seed priming) to improve crop yields Crop establishment is often poor in the semiarid tropics. However, good crop stand establishment is essential for the efficient use of water and light, and a uniform stand is a pre-requisite for cropping success. Seeds that germinate quickly produce viable seedlings that are not dependent on rapidly declining moisture in the soil that may occur in rain fed systems. Soaking seeds in water before sowing gives the germinating seeds a head start and speeds up seed establishment with a corresponding increase in survival rates and yields. Leer más

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Participatory approaches: Client-oriented breeding of maize for western India The centralised plant breeding techniques of the green revolution have yielded good results in the more favourable agricultural environments. However, most low-resource farmers in marginal areas have not benefited from these varieties. As an alternative to centralised breeding, farmer participatory approaches using participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB) can be used. In PPB, farmers are actively involved in the breeding process, from setting goals to selecting variable, early generation material. Moreover, with PVS, farmers are given a wide range of new cultivars to test for themselves in their own fields. Leer más

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Participatory varietal selection: improved maize for western India (ZM-421) The centralised plant breeding techniques of the green revolution have yielded good results in the more favourable agricultural environments. However, most low-resource farmers in marginal areas have not benefited from these varieties. As an alternative to centralised breeding, farmer participatory approaches using participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB) can be used. In PPB, farmers are actively involved in the breeding process, from setting goals to selecting variable, early generation material. In PVS, farmers are given a wide range of new cultivars to test for themselves in their own fields. Leer más

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Participatory varietal selection: improved varieties of blackgram for rainfed conditions in western India (IU8-6) The centralised plant breeding techniques of the green revolution have yielded good results in the more favourable agricultural environments. However, most low-resource farmers in marginal areas have not benefited from these varieties. As an alternative to centralised breeding, farmer participatory approaches using participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB) can be used. In PPB, farmers are actively involved in the breeding process, from setting goals to selecting variable, early generation material. In PVS, farmers are given a wide range of new cultivars to test for themselves in their own fields. This technology describes a case study with blackgram. Leer más

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Participatory varietal selection: Improved varieties of chickpea for rainfed conditions in Western India (ICCV 88202 and ICCV 2) The centralised plant breeding techniques of the green revolution have yielded good results in the more favourable agricultural environments. However, most low-resource farmers in marginal areas have not benefited from these varieties. As an alternative to centralised breeding, farmer participatory approaches using participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB) can be used. In PPB, farmers are actively involved in the breeding process, from setting goals to selecting variable, early generation material. In PVS, farmers are given a wide range of new cultivars to test for themselves in their own fields. Leer más

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Assessing losses in the fish supply chain: Questionnaire Loss Assessment Method (QLAM) Planning and policy-making for the development of the post-harvest fisheries sector has been hampered by the lack of practical tools to understand post-harvest fish losses. The Questionnaire Loss Assessment Method (QLAM) is based on a formal questionnaire survey approach to post-harvest loss assessment. Enumerators interview a population sample using a questionnaire focussed on post-harvest losses. Data are analysed and presented using appropriate biometric principles. The method produces quantitative data on key aspects of loss such as: the type of loss incurred, reasons for loss and the variables which affect loss (such as fishing gear or processing method). It is also used to validate the results of the associated tools Informal Fish Loss Assessment Method (IFLAM) and Load Tracking, over a wide geographical area or within a number of communities. Leer más

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Assessing post-harvest fish losses: Load Tracking method Load Tracking is one of a suite of loss assessment tools, including IFLAM and QLAM. Prior to the research which informed their development, with the exception of work by FAO and NRI, little effort had been made to develop systematic and practical assessment methodologies for generating accurate information on post-harvest fish losses. Load Tracking is used by researchers to assess post-harvest fish losses with communities and people working in small-scale and industrialised fisheries. Losses can be quantified at most parts of the processing or distribution chain. Leer más

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Assessing post-harvest fish losses: Informal Fish Loss Assessment Method (IFLAM) Planning and policy-making for the development of the post-harvest fisheries sector has been hampered by the lack of practical tools to understand post-harvest fish losses. The Informal Fish Loss Assessment Method (IFLAM) is a practical, flexible way to quickly generate qualitative and indicative quantitative data on post-harvest fish losses. This method is based on the tools and principles associated with rapid and participatory rural appraisal (RRA and PRA). Leer más

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Solarisation: reducing insect damage from cowpeas Cowpea is important to rural households in Ghana for its nutritional value and to supplement income. Poorer producers typically have to sell grain legumes soon after harvest, either to meet debts or because they cannot prevent storage losses (weight losses and value reduction) associated with insect damage. Market sellers are also affected. This technology describes a solarisation method for controlling cow pea infestations. Leer más

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Seed priming to improve stand establishment and yield in maize Crop establishment is often poor in the semi-arid tropics. However, good crop stand establishment is essential for the efficient use of water and light, and a uniform stand is a pre-requisite for cropping success. Seeds that germinate quickly produce viable seedlings that are not dependent on rapidly declining moisture in the soil that may occur in rain fed systems. Soaking seeds in water before sowing gives the germinating seeds a head start and speeds up seed establishment with a corresponding increase in survival rates and yields. Leer más

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Seed priming to improve stand establishment and yield in finger millet, India Crop establishment is often poor in the semi-arid tropics. However, good crop stand establishment is essential for the efficient use of water and light, and a uniform stand is a pre-requisite for cropping success. Seeds that germinate quickly produce viable seedlings that are not dependent on rapidly declining moisture n the so that may occur n ra n fed systems. Soak ng seeds n water before sow ng g ves the germ nat ng seeds a head start and speeds up seed estab shment w th a correspond ng ncrease n surv va rates and y e ds. Leer más

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Seed priming to improve stand establishment and yield in sorghum Crop estab shment s often poor n the sem -ar d trop cs. However, good crop stand estab shment s essent a for the eff c ent use of water and ght, and a un form stand s a pre-requ s te for cropp ng success. Seeds that germ nate qu ck y produce v ab e seed ngs that are not dependent on rap d y dec n ng mo sture n the so that may occur n ra n fed systems. Soak ng seeds n water before sow ng g ves the germ nat ng seeds a head start and speeds up seed estab shment w th a correspond ng ncrease n surv va rates and y e ds. Leer más

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Improving the productivity of draught animal power in sub-Saharan Africa The deve opment and mod f cat on of t age mp ement des gns and pract ces su tab e for donkeys and catt e of m ted draught capab ty was undertaken. Th s was accomp shed through the comp at on of a deta ed database of an ma -drawn t age mp ements, an eva uat on of potent a y ow draught mp ements on stat on and on farm, and the deve opment of a ght we ght p ough, now n commerc a product on, as we as a ght cu t vator. Leer más

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Improving sustainable livelihoods in dryland areas, East Africa Part c patory research methodo ogy deve opment n para e w th techno ogy deve opment that responded to the needs of the farm ng commun ty was done n Embu, a sem -ar d area of Kenya. The work nvo ved prob em d agnos s, research des gn, tr a mp ementat on and eva uat on, as we as demonstrat on and d ssem nat on of opt ons and recommendat ons for produc ng new crops and var et es, crop ut sat on, so and water management, too s and t age, an ma hea th and agroforestry. The work contr buted to strateg c soc o-econom c research on part c patory research opt ons w th n nat ona programmes, mproved the capac ty of resource poor commun t es and nat ona research nst tut ons to conduct co aborat ve part c patory agr cu tura research, reduced r sks n dry and farm ng, and ncreased product v ty and crop d vers ty thereby enhanc ng househo d food secur ty. Leer más

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Conservation tillage management for marginal small farm systems, Zimbabwe Mo sture conserv ng t age and weed ng pract ces for a ma ze-based cropp ng system were tested n sem -ar d Z mbabwe, an area character sed by shortage of abour and draught an ma power (DAP), frequent drought, and at t mes excess ve weed growth. Us ng a r pper t ne attached to the ex st ng p ough for p ant ng, and weed ng w th the p ough, pract ces se ected by farmers from on-farm tr a s benef ted househo ds who had access to DAP and abour. However, the 35% of househo ds who had no DAP or mp ements exper enced severe abour constra nts, genera y p anted ate, ach eved ow y e ds, rare y produced a sa eab e surp us and were cash constra ned. A though these househo ds may benef t from more t me y ava ab ty of h red DAP for p ant ng, when DAP owners comp ete the r own p ant ng more qu ck y by the m n mum t age/p ant ng techn que, they were un ke y to re eve the r weed ng constra nt by us ng the abour sav ng weed ng techno ogy, as th s wou d ncur further h re costs for DAP. Leer más

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Post Harvest Fish Loss Model P ann ng and po cy mak ng for the deve opment of post-harvest f sher es has been hampered by a ack of nformat on, or easy access to nformat on, on post-harvest f sh osses and too s to he p p an ntervent ons. The techno ogy s a MS Exce mode (Post Harvest F sh Loss Mode v1) wh ch enab es the user to m m c the effect of oss reduct on ntervent ons at d fferent stages n the f sh supp y cha n. Leer más

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Interventions against intestinal nematodes: Nutritional and chemotherapeutic solutions Nematode worms are s gn f cant hea th prob ems for sheep and goats throughout the wor d. The mpact s seen n a number of ways. Paras t sm causes a reduct on n food ntake and ower we ght ga ns. M k product on can a so be affected, and heav y paras t sed an ma s may d e. The econom c consequences for vestock keepers can therefore be ser ous. Th s techno ogy prov des an mproved understand ng of the re at ve benef ts of nutr t ona and/or chemotherapeut c ntervent on aga nst gastro- ntest na paras t sm by Haemonchus contortus to ass st farmers to opt m se goat product on. Informat on s prov ded on use of the FAMACHA© system for strateg c treatment, and the use of urea-mo asses b ocks (UMB) for supp ementary feed ng. Leer más

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Controlling intestinal nematode infections in ruminants with naturally plants tannins Intest na paras tes are a s gn f cant prob em for a vestock farmers. Infect ons m t product on and a so ncrease the ke hood of add t ona d seases. Poor vestock keepers, both sma ho ders and pastora sts, are for a number of reasons ess ab e to purchase anthe m nt cs or chem ca dewormers. At the same t me there s an ncreas ng prob em of anthe m nt c res stance. Tann ns, wh ch are natura y occurr ng secondary metabo tes n p ants, have the ab ty to reduce worm burdens. Tann n preparat ons, wh ch are cheap and read y ava ab e n the trop cs, cou d be used to supp ement, or as an a ternat ve, to the use of expens ve drugs to contro ntest na nematode nfect ons n sheep. Leer más

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Participatory varietal selection: Improved rice varieties Stud es n Bang adesh found that short durat on r ce var et es bred by c ent-or ented breed ng n Nepa out-performed a other var et es. Part c patory research on transp anted ma n season (T. aman) r ce n the H gh Bar nd Tract of Bang adesh to dent fy farmer-preferred r ce var et es that gave h gh returns, f tted w th oca cropp ng patterns that cou d enhance product v ty and crop d vers ty. E even r ce var et es were ntroduced from Nepa . Part c patory var eta se ect on was used to test the var et es n mother and baby tr a s, by farmers n the r f e ds us ng the r usua eve s of nputs. The r ce var et es were eva uated us ng focus group d scuss on, preference rank ng, househo d eve quest onna res and n depth nterv ews. Leer más

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Participatory varietal selection: Improved chickpea yield R ce fa ows offer a huge potent a n che for egume cu t vat on n South As a. For examp e, ch ckpea y e ds n the H gh Bar nd Tract of Bang adesh norma y rema n be ow 1 tonne/ha-1 due ma n y to crop estab shment prob ems and term na drought and heat stress. At th s eve , the crop rema ns a marg na propos t on for most farmers. Estab shment, ear y v gour, growth and y e d of ch ckpea can be mproved by on-farm seed pr m ng. The seed pr m ng process s mp y nvo ves soak ng the seeds overn ght (for about 8 hr), surface dry ng them and then sow ng w th n the fo ow ng day n r ce fa ows. Seed pr m ng ra sed y e ds by a most 50% and reduced the r sk of crop fa ure by ha f. Leer más

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Transplanting sorghum and pearl millet in semi-arid regions The ma n cha enges for farmers n sem -ar d and ar d areas of the trop cs and subtrop cs are poor food secur ty, y e d nstab ty and r sk of crop fa ure. These are assoc ated w th the b ggest phys ca constra nt to crop product on n these areas: errat c and unre ab e ra nfa resu t ng n shortages of water. Under these cond t ons there s a cons derab e r sk of fa ed crops, patchy stands and h gh re-p ant ng costs. Transp ant ng w th n th s system was a pract ca opt on wh ch enab ed farmers to max m se the grow ng season and m n m se the r sk of fa ed crops, patchy stands and reduce the costs of rep ant ng. Ear y crops are mportant to farmers as they break the hunger gap; transp ant ng ear y crops breaks th s gap two to three weeks ear er, and y e d more (often doub e) than norma d rect-sown crops, prov d ng food when t s n short supp y and very expens ve n the market p ace. Leer más

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Trainer’s guide to controlling blowfly infestation of traditionally processed fish B owf y nfestat on of trad t ona y processed f sh s a ser ous prob em that resu ts n s gn f cant phys ca and econom c osses and the unregu ated use of nappropr ate and hazardous nsect c des by f sh processors n some deve op ng countr es. The manua prov des gu dance on the b o ogy of b owf y nfestat on and ts contro . Emphas s s p aced on the recent y deve oped systems based approach to contro ng nfestat on wh ch engages the f sh processor n dent fy ng those steps n the process where nfestat on occurs and se ect ng appropr ate contro measures. Leer más

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Development and promotion of quality kale seed, Kenya The use of qua ty seeds a ong w th other nputs and appropr ate cu tura management pract ces s recogn zed as the most cost effect ve way of ncreas ng crop product on and product v ty. In cons der ng ntervent ons that are ke y to reverse the trend of recurr ng food shortages, seed secur ty has been recogn zed as hav ng the potent a for ach ev ng s gn f cant advances n food product v ty and product on. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes the dent f cat on of oca andraces of ka e (Brass ca o eracea) w th super or cropp ng and d sease-res stance character st cs, the r deve opment as mproved var et es, and the estab shment and promot on of part c patory seed product on systems by oca farmers. Leer más

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Participatory varietal selection: rice in eastern India (Judi 578, Sugandha-1, Barkhe 3010) Us ng part c patory p ant breed ng, poor and marg na farmers n eastern Ind a who prev ous y grew o d and ow y e d ng andraces produced severa new var et es of up and r ce. Se f-he p groups produced truthfu seed of these r ce var et es, w th product on r s ng from 39 t n 2002-03 to 81 t n 2003-04 and was expected to be near y 300 t of cert f ed seed n 2005-06. Foundat on and breeder seeds were a so produced n 2005. Demand for the seed of up and r ce var et es was very great at about 690 t. Farmers adopted the new var et es on 8 to 63% of the up and areas, mprov ng the food secur ty of househo ds from an average of 7 months to 10 months. The average r ce se ng ab ty of a househo d mproved from 34 kg to 80 kg per year. Near y 80% househo ds reported more than 10% mprovement n the r ncome after grow ng the new var et es. Leer más

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Integrated crop and pest management (ICPM) for smallholder coffee in South Africa Coffee grow ng s an mportant ve hood strategy for sma ho ders n East Afr can countr es, notab y Tanzan a, Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda, where coffee s an mportant agr cu tura export. Sma ho der product on s ess s gn f cant n southern countr es such as Ma aw and Zamb a but a though the sma ho der sector s sma , coffee s a ma or source of ncome for rura househo ds, part cu ar y n p aces that are remote from markets for other farm products. The ob ect ve was to mprove the ncome of coffee sma ho ders n Ma aw and Zamb a through mproved crop and pest management. Th s was done by deve op ng and promot ng ntegrated crop and pest management (ICPM) systems for the two most mportant pest constra nts: wh te stem borer and coffee berry d sease (CBD). Leer más

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Strategies for improved soil and water conservation practices in hillside production systems The use of ve-barr ers has been shown to both ncrease product v ty and contro so eros on at an nd v dua p ot or f e d eve , espec a y n the more ntens ve cropp ng systems of Andean Bo v a, where ve barr ers may encourage further ntens f cat on. Cover crops such as Pha ar s can p ay a s gn f cant ro e n th s process and espec a y n so fert ty enhancement on stab sed h s des. As such, both can p ay a key ro e n mprov ng ve hoods. L ve barr ers are a ready be ng promoted by NGOs and n t a adopt on rates are encourag ng. However, there s now a need for sca ng up p ot eve act v t es to a w der andscape that w nvo ve other natura resource user groups. As such t w be necessary to take nto account potent a conf cts as we as nter-commun ty mp cat ons of watershed management. NGOs and commun ty groups w requ re the appropr ate sk s to fac tate th s. Leer más

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Crop protection: Early warning systems for improved Quelea bird management,Eastern and southern Africa A short-term forecast ng mode (now adopted and mp emented by SADC) to pred ct movements and breed ng of the Redb ed Que ea b rd n southern Afr ca so as to enab e better mob sat on and target ng of contro resources by nat ona and reg ona agenc es; and methods for mon tor ng effects of Que ea contro on the env ronment and non-target organ sms agreed and adopted by reg ona author t es. Leer más

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Participatory crop improvement in salt-affected areas of Patala District in Punjab State, India Farmers part c patory var eta eva uat on of wheat and r ce was conducted for three consecut ve years from 1999 to 2002, n the Pun ab, Ind a. Farmers adopted new var et es that better met the r needs and enab ed them to break the r monocu ture dependence. They a so made use of seed pr m ng and zero t age, a techno ogy w th wh ch they were not fam ar, to mprove y e ds and reduce costs. Leer más

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Method to extract coconut oil: Ram press Coconut o (a so known as coconut butter) s extracted from coconuts and cons sts of over 80% saturated fat. It s typ ca y used n cosmet cs as we as n bak ng and cook ng. The ram press was deve oped n Tanzan a dur ng the 1980s to extract o from sunf ower seed. The techno ogy was taken up and f our shed n Z mbabwe, Kenya, Mozamb que and severa other centra and southern Afr can countr es. The press has been used to expe o from other seeds ( nc ud ng sesame, n ger and rapeseed) as we as dr ed coconut grat ngs from the trad t ona wet process carr ed out n Tanzan a. The press can process around 4 kg/hour of dr ed grat ngs produc ng around 2.5 tres of o . Leer más

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Development of biopesticide legislation in Africa Abuse and m suse of nsect c des s common n Afr ca and, a though the use of pest c des n Afr ca represents ess than 5% of the g oba tota , m suse s d sproport onate y h gh. Use of nsect c des s determ ned arge y by export crops, such as cotton and cocoa, and trends are therefore dependent on wor d pr ces. Therefore, w thout spec f c measures, a cont nued ncrease n nsect c de consumpt on s ke y to be matched by cont nued m suse. Such chem ca s are assoc ated w th the fam ar prob ems of env ronmenta po ut on and human contam nat on, r s ng costs and res stance deve opment. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes methodo og es re at ng to techn ca , regu atory and po cy ssues concern ng the deve opment and mp ementat on of eg s at on for reg strat on of b o og ca pest c des n sub-Saharan Afr ca. Leer más

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Management strategies for new or lightly exploited fisheries New or ght y exp o ted f sher es represent an nva uab e opportun ty for deve op ng countr es. However, there s usua y very m ted data ava ab e for these f sher es upon wh ch to base resource assessments or p an future deve opment. Based on the Nam b an Orange roughy (Hop ostethus at ant cus) f shery, a g oba y app cab e Bayes an stock assessment methodo ogy for new or ght y exp o ted f sher es was deve oped. The methodo ogy accounts for uncerta nty, and makes stat st ca use of a ava ab e nformat on, updat ng and ref n ng t as more nformat on s obta ned from the f shery over t me. Resu ts obta ned us ng th s assessment method are a so su tab e for use n forma dec s on ana yses, n wh ch the r sks assoc ated w th d fferent potent a f shery deve opment strateg es can be proper y assessed. Leer más

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Development and promotion of community-based seed production of groundnut Rosette disease-resistant varieties, Uganda Groundnuts p ay a key ro e as a subs stence food source for poor peop e n the d str cts n northeastern Uganda where the “Teso” system of agr cu ture s pract sed. The crop s a va uab e source of prote n and o and thus makes a s gn f cant contr but on to peop e s nutr t ona requ rements. W th a dec ne n the product on of trad t ona cash crops such as cotton, groundnuts are now a so ga n ng ncreas ng mportance as a cash crop. A needs assessment funded by DFID n February 1998 dent f ed rosette d sease as the most mportant genera or pest and d sease prob em on groundnuts both by farmers and Serere Agr cu tura and An ma product on Research Inst tute (SAARI). Th s techno ogy descr bes ways n wh ch commun ty seed product on of groundnut rosette-res stant var et es were promoted and outsca ed n Uganda through farmer- ed product on groups. Leer más

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Participatory breeding of superior, mosaic disease-resistant cassava The pro ect has va dated a part c patory breed ng approach for deve op ng super or, mosa c d sease-res stant cassava, demonstrat ng that t can prov de a means by wh ch farmers, p ant breeders and p ant patho og sts cou d work together n an effect ve and nc us ve manner. It a so prov ded an env ronment whereby farmers made a s gn f cant and cons stent contr but on to the outcome of se ect on. Fo ow ng mu t ocat ona tr a s w th 35 c ones, 3 "front runners" have been dent f ed and nspect on p ots have been prepared both for nspect on by the Nat ona Var eta Re ease Comm ttee and as future sources of p ant ng mater a n ant c pat on of re ease. Leer más

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Sustainable livelihoods: New market opportunities for cassava In Ghana process ng of cassava was m ted to trad t ona techno og es such as gar , kokonte, agbe ma and tap oca, and m n ma amounts of ow-grade starch and starch b scu ts. However, farmers are now ab e to expand market opportun t es for cassava f our, w th mproved producer pr ces, for use n bak ng, sugar syrups and adhes ves. Re ance on mported wheat f our has been reduced, w th correspond ng sav ngs n costs and mprovements n prof ts from the sa e of oca y produced products for wh ch the use of cassava f our s su tab e. Leer más

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Strategies for Improved Soil and Water Conservation Practices in Hillside Production Systems in the Andean Valleys of Bolivia The use of ve-barr ers has been shown to both ncrease product v ty and contro so eros on at an nd v dua p ot or f e d eve , espec a y n the more ntens ve cropp ng systems of Andean Bo v a, where ve barr ers may encourage further ntens f cat on. Cover crops such as Pha ar s can p ay a s gn f cant ro e n th s process and espec a y n so fert ty enhancement on stab sed h s des. As such both can p ay a key ro e n mprov ng ve hoods. L ve barr ers are a ready be ng promoted by NGOs and n t a adopt on rates are encourag ng. However, there s now a need for sca ng up p ot eve act v t es to a w der andscape that w nvo ve other natura resource user groups. As such t w be necessary to take nto account potent a conf cts as we as nter-commun ty mp cat ons of watershed management. NGOs and commun ty groups w requ re the appropr ate sk s to fac tate th s. Leer más

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Improved cassava fufu processing methods, West Africa The commerc a sat on of trad t ona processed products from cassava, such as fufu, potent a y offers new opportun t es for ncome generat on to rura househo ds n N ger a, Ghana and other parts of West Afr ca. Severa opt ons ex st for the commerc a sat on of fufu, nc ud ng the product on of a she f-stab e product that m n m ses use of scarce water resources but max m ses returns n a grow ng urban market. Therefore, women part cu ar y stand to ga n s nce they use proceeds from fufu sa es as stepp ng stones to other entrepreneur a act v t es. However, nkages between processors and se ers are very mportant. Leer más

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Control of foreign fishing Contro of Fore gn F sh ng (CFF) exp ores opt ons ava ab e to coasta states and seeks to f nd the opt ma comb nat on of fee eve , surve ance expend ture and magn tude of ega pena t es to m n m ze the r sk of ega f sh ng and max m ze the benef ts accru ng to the coasta state. It prov des and econom c mode that fac tates ntegrat on of these comp ex ssues so that costs and benef ts of d fferent MCS strateg es can be assessed. Leer más

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Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) in rice, India and Nepal Drought res stance n r ce s phys o og ca y and genet ca y comp ex, and there are a number of tra ts wh ch are thought to contr bute to drought res stance mechan sms. Drought-re ated tra ts are nf uenced by severa or many genet c oc . Mo ecu ar nkage maps a ow dent f cat on of quant tat ve tra t oc (QTLs) Correspond ng mo ecu ar markers can be used for se ect on n breed ng to mprove var et es for drought res stance. A mo ecu ar nkage map of the Ba a x Azucena F6 popu at on w th 215 oc was produced and QTLs for b ast res stance were mapped. Ka nga III was mod f ed for root growth QTLs and aroma. Segregat ng nes were produced and approx mate y 100 seed from 59 nes were g ven to breeders n Ind a and Nepa . Leer más

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Soil fertility for sustainable vegetable production: Green and animal manures in the humid forest belt, Ghana Dry-season vegetab e farmers n Ghana face ncreased dependency on chem ca fert zer and supp ementary water nputs due to decreased so product v ty caused by pro onged cu t vat on that has m ned the so s prev ous y h gh organ c matter content. Farmers a so comp a n of ncreased nc dence of pests and d seases. These factors ncrease cap ta and abour costs and r sks assoc ated w th product on. Use of green and an ma manures and composts prov des a ow-cost a ternat ve to chem ca fert zers, rep ac ng, or used n con unct on w th purchased nputs. Increased organ c matter content a so mprove onger-term so product v ty, and water-retent on capac ty. These techn ques prov de susta nab e ways of ntens fy ng cropp ng n a reg on where ncreas ng popu at on pressure cha enges the susta nab ty of trad t ona ong durat on fa owbased systems. Leer más

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Incorporation of local knowledge into management interventions to minimize nutrient losses, Nepal Between the e evat ons of 1 000 and 2 000 m n the M d-H s of Nepa , over 12 m

on peop e subs st on and-ho d ngs of ess

than 0.5 hectare. Farmers re y on ra nfa and organ c manures for so fert ty ma ntenance. A dec n ng so fert ty s of ncreas ng concern n the Bar ands (upper s ope ra nfed crop terraces). However, nutr ent osses due to each ng and eros on can be m n m zed by econom ca y and cu tura y v ab e and, so and water management techn ques, bu d ng upon the soph st cated oca know edge of the movement of water across so comb ned w th ex st ng sc ent f c data, and promot ng them through part c patory approaches to the des gn of techno og es. Leer más

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Suplementos sólidos para ganado en pastoreo elaborados con leguminosas forrajeras E uso de egum nosas forra eras en comp ementos a ment c os só dos ó b oques mu t nutr c ona es (BMN), me ora a ef c enc a de ut zac ón de forra e consum do e ncrementa a product v dad an ma a menor coste. Leer más

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LOG-IT: A tool for capturing and organising data on factory production and quality The ab ty to capture, og and organ se nformat on s essent a to the eff c ent management and contro of food product on factor es. It s of part cu ar mportance n demonstrat ng contro of food safety systems. A though n t a y deve oped for use n export f sh process ng factor es n Uganda, the techno ogy can be used by anyone w th an nterest n produc ng and ma nta n ng da y records of factory product on nformat on. Leer más

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Ecologically based and sustainable rodent control strategies in Africa Rodents consume food n the f e d as we as n storage. The r contam nat on of stored food and ab ty to spread d seases causes them to cut across both the natura resources and hea th sectors. Research n Mozamb que and South Afr ca found that peop e have tt e understand ng of the eco ogy of the rodents and, for the r contro , usua y resort to rodent c des used n nappropr ate and neff c ent manners. In South Afr ca a company s now manufactur ng an mproved yet affordab e trap and a po cy change has been enacted wh ch shou d ead to h gher standards amongst Pest Contro Off cers. Leer más

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Adaptive co-management: Improved management of fisheries resources In many deve op ng countr es, centra sed management of sma -sca e f sher es has not been ab e to ensure the susta nab e management of f sher es resources on wh ch so many depend. Often th s s because nformat on to support management dec s on-mak ng s e ther not ava ab e or, be ng prov ded n a top-down manner that may be detached from resource users and the r needs, fa s to account for oca comp ex t es and the uncerta nt es they create. Depend ng on the oca cond t ons of po c es devo ut on and governance structures, co-management has proven to be a successfu approach that can ead u t mate y to ncreased benef ts for those dependent on f shery. However, t s not poss b e to dent fy a "one s ze f ts a " comanagement arrangement that w prov de successfu outcomes n a cases. Th s report descr bes how successfu comanagement arrangements can be created to support the cond t ons and processes most ke y to resu t n successfu oca management. Leer más

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Fishery management: Length frequency distribution analysis (LFDA) and catch effort data analysis (CEDA) software Length Frequency D str but on Ana ys s (LFDA) and Catch and Effort Data Ana ys s (CEDA) are software packages w th ana yt ca too s to gu de and ass st stock assessment and deve op f sher es management po c es n deve op ng countr es. The outputs of LFDA nc ude est mates of growth and morta ty and precaut onary management adv ce. CEDA ana yses catch and effort data to prov de est mates of current and unexp o ted stock b omass, as we as other parameters of f sh popu at on dynam cs. Resu ts prov de managers w th est mates of the potent a y e d of f sh stocks, tak ng account of uncerta nty and var ab e recru tment. The software packages are ava ab e n a W ndows-standard user- nterface. Leer más

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4 comentarios

Management of flood control, drainage and irrigation (FCDI) sluice gates Many f oodp a ns have been compartmenta zed to g ve more contro over water for r ce grow ng. Th s n turn has restr cted access to f sh, wh ch wou d norma y contr bute s gn f cant y to resources ava ab e to poor commun t es. S u ce gates are used to contro water n the compartments. An mproved reg me for the operat on of s u ce gates, for the mutua benef ts of f sh and r ce s dev sed for Bang adesh and descr bed as a gu de ne. Th s method can be rep cated n other mod f ed f oodp a ns. It s mportant to nvo ve the farmers n th s reg me and ensure that dec s ons are made by common agreement. In some areas th s m ght be more d ff cu t to ach eve than n others. Leer más

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Management guidelines for harvest reserves or sanctuaries for tropical river fisheries The f sh stocks of trop ca f oodp a n r ver systems support ntens ve art sana f sher es. The ab ty of these stocks to ma nta n themse ves s threatened by ncreas ng exp o tat on rates, as we as h gh y var ab e hydro og ca reg mes and other env ronmenta factors. C osed areas are common y used n mar ne and freshwater f sher es, and are part cu ar y attract ve for d spersed art sana f sher es. These gu de nes he p to dent fy eco og ca , soc a and nst tut ona cr ter a for the se ect on and benef c a use of harvest reserves n trop ca r ver f sher es and ass st n deve op ng the r management. Leer más

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Biological control of armyworm (Spodoptera Exempta), Tanzania Afr can armyworm (Spodoptera Exempta) s a ser ous m gratory pest of pasture and gra n crops n Afr ca. Two nove contro techno og es are descr bed to rep ace env ronmenta y damag ng and expens ve synthet c chem ca pest c des: a process for oca mass-product on and formu at on of S. exempta nuc eopo yhedrov rus (SpexNPV), a natura y occurr ng b o og ca contro agent; and va dat on of neem extracts, a oca y ava ab e botan ca agent. These approaches have now been adopted as nat ona po cy n Tanzan a. Th s techno ogy shou d be of nterest to other Afr can countr es where armyworm ep dem cs are a prob em (Kenya, Uganda, Mozamb que, South Afr ca, etc.). Leer más

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Crop protection: Community-based forecasting of armyworm, Tanzania Armyworm arvae(Spodoptera Exempta) cause devastat ng but h gh y oca sed damage to cerea crops and grass and and poor mon tor ng and forecast ng constra n eff c ent contro operat ons n many parts of east Afr ca. Forecast ng of armyworm emp oys nformat on from ra n gauges and moth raps. Therefore, a s mp e commun ty-based forecast ng system ,by co ect ng data on ra nfa , presence of vegetat on and moth trapp ng ,can enab e farmers to pred ct armyworm outbreaks. Leer más

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Management guidelines for Asian floodplain river fisheries These gu de nes are based on research on As an r ver systems funded by the Un ted K ngdom Government s Department for Internat ona Deve opment. They dea w th f ve bas c quest ons w th regard to f oodp a n f shery resources: Why manage? What to manage? Who shou d manage? How to manage? and Steps to successfu management. They a so prov de check sts of the potent a ro es of nat ona , catchment- eve and oca - eve stakeho ders n the management process. Leer más

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ParFish Toolkit: A participatory fisheries stock assessment approach Stock assessments are an mportant component for manag ng f sher es. ParF sh s a stock assessment methodo ogy and computer software package that supports data-poor sma -sca e f sher es. The approach can be app ed w th m ted resources and nvo ves the f sh ng commun t es n sett ng management ob ect ves, data co ect on and part c pat ve management p ann ng. Leer más

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Participatory approaches: Client-oriented breeding of rice for the Terai and low hills of Nepal The h gh potent a r ce product on systems have d verse b ophys ca and soc o-econom c env ronments, but there s a ack of r ce var et es match ng th s d vers ty. A number of advanced breed ng nes have recent y been deve oped to match these product on systems. Therefore, su tab e var et es for d verse r ce-produc ng env ronments were deve oped n h gh potent a product on systems through part c patory p ant breed ng. Th s techno ogy from DFID descr bes how to mp ement th s method. Leer más

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Shortened bush-fallow rotations and sustainable rural livelihoods In Ghana, ncreased popu at on pressure and the need to cu t vate greater and area have resu ted n reduced fa ow per ods. As a consequence, the restorat on of so fert ty s nsuff c ent to a ow recovery of secondary forest and re uvenat on of exhausted so s. Fa ows are of eco og ca , econom c and soc a mportance to rura peop e and to the nat on at arge. A ma or ty of farmers depend on fa ow ng, us ng tt e or no fert sers to mprove mpover shed so s. Th s mp es that farm product on (and ncome) w cons stent y dec ne over the years. Severa prom s ng techno og es have been deve oped n the ast decade to address these ssues. On-farm tr a s have demonstrated the va ue of ma ze- egume re ays, permanent p anta n, cocoa-shade trees, p anted tree fa ow, and yam- egume re ays n mprov ng y e ds and restor ng so fert ty. Leer más

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Participatory Varietal Selection: Short duration legume crops for rainfed rabi in India and Nepal R ce fa ows offer a s gn f cant potent a for egume cu t vat on n South As a. A p ot study showed how a comb nat on of shortdurat on crops, ear y sow ng, m n ma t age and seed pr m ng was effect ve n enab ng farmers to grow a ra nfed rab crop of egumes or cerea s. Further work addressed the constra nts dent f ed n the p ot and sca ed up the pre m nary research outputs n Or ssa, West Benga , Jharkand, Chatt sgarh and Madhya Pradesh states (Ind a) and Dhanusa, Jhapa, Kap vastu, Morang, Saptar and S raha d str cts (Nepa ). Leer más

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Development of tools for draught animals, Bolivia Part c patory rura appra sa s dent f ed a number of ma or m t ng factors n farm ng systems n Bo v a. These nc uded the husbandry of draught an ma s, the r hea th, nutr t on, feed ng, and hous ng, as we as the mproved use of draught an ma s. The pro ect deve oped, tested and d ssem nated a range of appropr ate t age and transport equ pment and harnesses to enab e d vers f cat on of the use of equ nes and bov nes. Many of these t age and rura transport too s and harnesses are now be ng manufactured and so d commerc a y. Leer más

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Predictive yield models for tropical river and lake fisheries In and f sher es based on akes and r vers are d ff cu t to assess and data on catch and effort, often from subs stence f sher es, s ack ng. Pred ct ve mode s based on s mp e and mu t p e near regress ons enab e est mates of f sh y e d that can be used n p ann ng for management and deve opment n the absence of catch and effort data. Based or g na y on phys ca , edaph c, hydro og ca and soc a data for Afr can r vers, pred ct ve re at onsh ps were ref ned and made more w de y app cab e by ncorporat ng data from South Amer ca and As a. For the ake assessments, add t ona var ab es were factored nto the mode s, nc ud ng c mat c cond t ons (part cu ar y ra nfa ). Such mode s prov de on y f rst order est mates, but are va uab e for p ann ng. Leer más

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Extraction of coconut oil: Hot Oil Immersion Drying (HOID), Indonesia The Hot O Immers on Dry ng (HOID) or "fry-dry" process s a method of coconut o extract on that nvo ves dry ng the cut coconut meat by mmers ng t n hot coconut o and then expe ng the o from the cooked p eces. It s nd genous to parts of Indones a (West Sumatra, North Sumatra and North Su awes ). It s pract sed a over the country, espec a y n med um and arge-sca e operat ons. The mmers on of d s ntegrated or cut coconut meat n hot o dr es the meat and mparts a d st nct ve sme and f avour to the product. Th s f avour s preferred by sect ons of the market n Indones a. Leer más

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Producing solar dried fruit and vegetables for micro-and smallscale rural enterprise development: Assessing opportunities for a fruit drying business The preservat on of fru t and vegetab es by s mp e sun dry ng s pract sed w de y throughout ar d and sem -ar d areas, for examp e n Uganda. The use of ow cost, so ar dry ng techno og es, can s gn f cant y mprove product qua ty thereby prov d ng pract ca opportun t es for deve op ng sma -sca e enterpr se, part cu ar y n rura areas, and creat ng emp oyment for women s groups. Leer más

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Tsetse control with a "Nzi" Trap in Kenya Tsetse f es (G oss na sp.) nfest over 11 m

on sq km of Afr ca, and are vectors of Trypanosomos s (or Trypanosom as s) n

both man and domest c vestock. For examp e, t s est mated that tsetse occur over 7% of Z mbabwe and 60% of Tanzan a and Trypanosomos s has an mportant negat ve mpact on vestock product on n these areas. In add t on to the use of trypanoc da drugs, contro , of Trypanosomos s has been tack ed arge y by contro of the tsetse f y vector and a range of techn ques are ava ab e, each w th advantages and d sadvantages. Methods nc ude aer a spray ng, ster e nsect techn ques, nsect c de treated catt e, and odour ba t traps and targets. Therefore, a set of s mp e step-by-step nstruct ons s presented of how to assemb e an Nz trap for tsetse, adapted and tested for use n Kenya. Leer más

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Sustainable agriculture in forest margins in Bolivia Dec n ng so fert ty, ncreas ng weed nfestat ons and a ack of ncome-generat ng opportun t es are ser ous constra nts to the estab shment of susta nab e cropp ng systems and ve hoods n the forest marg ns of Bo v a. Systems wh ch a ow farmers to progress from unsusta nab e, m gratory (sh ft ng) s ash and burn agr cu ture to more susta nab e and stab e farm ng systems are needed. Susta nab ty was addressed through an ncreased cropp ng per od for annua crops, ncreased opportun t es for perenn a crops, the deve opment of sequences towards perenn a systems, mproved weed contro , ntegrat on of egume covers/green manures and econom c susta nab ty through d vers f cat on. Leer más

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Improvement of livestock production: Community based goat production, Kenya Crossbred m k ng goats have proved to be a popu ar source of cash ncome, househo d da y m k requ rements and manure for sma ho der farmers n med um to h gh potent a zones of Kenya. The three-quarter Toggenburg crossbred appears to be the most su tab e n terms of both m k product on and growth rates. Th s DFID pro ect mproved management techn ques, and assessed d fferent East Afr can and Toggenburg crossbreds. Fo ow ng s a descr pt on of the app ed techno ogy. Leer más

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Introduction of fodder legumes into rice-based cropping system to use as a supplement for dairy cattle, Bangladesh In Bang adesh, ma or constra nts to mprov ng the product v ty of vestock nc ude a shortage of fodder. At the same t me, ntens ve cropp ng has reduced the fert ty of the so . Th s s tuat on can be mproved by on-farm cu t vat on of green fodder for vestock as an ntegra component of the cropp ng system. Cu t vat on of fodder crops has trad t ona y not been pract ced as farmers can not norma y spare the and for fodder product on at the cost of reduced r ce product on. A system to mprove fodder product on was deve oped and ntegrated nto the ex st ng crop product on pattern, a ow ng for the supp ementat on of r ce-straw based d ets of da ry catt e. Integrat on of fodder egumes w th r ce-based cropp ng systems s an appropr ate techno ogy for th s s tuat on. Leer más

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Tsetse control: Insecticide treatment of cattle, Zimbabwe Insect c de treatment of catt e s an mportant method of tsetse contro . However, nsect c des app ed to catt e have been shown to contam nate dung. Th s has a s gn f cant mpact on nsects us ng the dung as a resource, e.g. dung beet es. Th s reduces the recyc ng of dung and has a negat ve mpact on product v ty of pasture. However, app cat ons of nsect c de restr cted to on y the egs and be y reduce r sks to dung fauna w thout comprom s ng eff cacy to tsetse. Leer más

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Forage management: Box baling, Tanzania The ava ab ty of feed resources s n many areas a ma or m t ng factor to sma ho der m k product on. Storage and transport of conserved fodder s an ntegra component of so ut ons to th s constra nt. Us ng farmer-eva uated strateg es, a ow-cost, pract ca and econom ca method for transport ng an ma feed mater a was deve oped. The techn que, "box-ba ng", reduces transportat on costs and a so ncreases the potent a for on-farm storage of fodder. Th s s an examp e of how to ncrease the prof tab ty of sma producers from cows and goats m k through mproved ut sat on of cu t vated forages, crop res dues and roads de grasses. Leer más

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Production of high quality silage for dry season feeding of smallholder livestock, Zimbabwe Many farmers n ow potent a areas own catt e and m k them for the r own consumpt on and sa e. However, n the dry season, natura graz ng and crop res dues are nadequate to support actat on, mak ng supp ementary feed necessary to ma nta n m k product on. Costs of purchased feeds are proh b t ve, mak ng da ry a seasona rather than an annua act v ty. Opt mum nutr ent qua ty of forage co nc des w th the ra ns, mak ng s age a pract ca opt on for conservat on. A manua was produced for the grow ng and ens ng of annua and perenn a forage crops su ted to marg na and sem -ar d areas of Southern Afr ca Forage Product on and Conservat on Manua , (MHERE et a ., 2002). Th s nc udes descr pt ons of techn ques for grow ng the crops and product on of s age. Leer más

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Tsetse Muse: Helping planners to design cost-effective tsetse control strategies Tsetse f es occur n 36 countr es and a tota area of between 9 and 10 m

on square k ometres n Afr ca. Throughout th s

area the d sease transm tted by the tsetse f y, Trypanosom as s (or Trypanosomos s), has a s gn f cant effect on arge numbers of vestock. About 50 m

on catt e and tens of m

ons of sma rum nants are cons dered to be at r sk from Trypanosom as s,

and the d sease s cons dered as an obstac e to poverty reduct on and food secur ty n Afr ca. In add t on, accord ng to the Wor d Hea th Organ zat on (WHO), more than 60 m

on peop e, ma n y v ng n rura areas of sub-Saharan Afr ca, are at r sk

of human Afr can trypanosom as s, or s eep ng s ckness. An nteract ve programme to assess the mpact of contro operat ons on tsetse popu at ons n re at ve y homogenous savanna hab tats of Eastern and Southern Afr ca. Tsetse Muse s des gned to he p p anners choose strateg es for contro ng tsetse from the range of current y ava ab e techn ques. The programme a ows the user to def ne the parameters for a tsetse popu at on and then v ew the mpact and cost-effect veness of d fferent contro strateg es, nc ud ng comb nat ons of d fferent techn ques. Leer más

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Sustainable approaches for management of root-knot nematodes on vegetables in Kenya Descr bes the deve opment, through pub c-pr vate sector partnersh p w th a commerc a hort cu ture producer, of techn ques for the product on of b ocontro agents for the ntegrated management of root-knot nematodes on tomato and other hort cu tura crops and promot on v a networks of sma ho der outgrowers. A so reports on the deve opment and mp ementat on of regu atory mechan sms for the approva and reg strat on of b ocontro agents n Kenya that are app cab e e sewhere. Leer más

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Production of glucose syrup from high quality cassava flour In an attempt to expand ex st ng markets for cassava, techno og es were deve oped to prov de a oca supp y of g ucose syrup to subst tute for the mported product. Th s techno ogy cou d y e d econom c and soc a benef ts to the farmers who produce the cassava, entrepreneurs who produce the syrup, as we as the end-users. Some of these benef ts wou d nc ude, fore gn exchange sav ngs, mprovement n ncome eve s, emp oyment creat on, eff c ent use of natura resources and easy access to an ndustr a raw mater a among others. Leer más

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Waste heat from coconut shell carbonization Coconut o (a so known as coconut butter) s extracted from coconuts and cons sts of over 80% saturated fat. It s typ ca y used n cosmet cs as we as n bak ng and cook ng. Charcoa produced from coconut she s trad t ona y made us ng the p t or drum methods produce arge vo umes of nox ous smoke and var ab e qua ty charcoa often contam nated w th extraneous matter such as earth, eaves and tw gs. Consequent y charcoa -mak ng s banned n urban areas and near to v age res dences. Th s record descr bes the app cat on of coconut she carbon zat on w th a waste heat recovery un t, wh ch was deve oped to v rtua y e m nate the evo ut on of nox ous smoke evo ved dur ng the charcoa mak ng operat ons and s mu taneous y enab e the heat generated dur ng the process - heat norma y ost to the surround ngs - to be used n the product on of copra. Leer más

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Crop protection: Integrated management of Striga species, Tanzania Str ga spec es are nox ous weeds that are w despread constra nts to the product on of stap e cerea crops n sem -ar d areas, pr nc pa y attack ng f nger m et, ma ze, sorghum, and up and r ce. They have been est mated to nfest some 40% of the cerea produc ng areas of sub-Saharan Afr ca. Work by DFID Crop Protect on Programme (CPP) pro ect R6654 (see RICHES 2000) showed how sorghum, the preferred stap e, has been rep aced by pear m et, wh ch s not attacked by Str ga n parts of M ssungw d str ct n Mwanza Reg on. In Kye a d str ct of Mbeya Reg on cassava has ncreased n mportance as a ess prof tab e break crop, where once farmers had a r ce monocu ture, due to dec n ng so fert ty and a bu d up of Str ga. Leer más

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Production of high quality cassava flour, Ghana H gh qua ty cassava f our (HQCF) s an attract ve a ternat ve to cassava starch that can form the start ng po nt for a cassavabased ndustry. HQCF product on s ess cap ta ntens ve and requ res ower eve s of nputs for success, compared to cassava starch. HQCF can be used as an a ternat ve to starch and other mported mater a s n a range of ndustr es such as adhes ves, sugar syrups and ndustr a a coho . Leer más

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Fisheries stock assessment using the FMSP stock assessment tool and a simple guide to writing a management plan Stock assessment too s and f shery management gu de nes were synthes sed nto a framework gu de. The gu de ass sts f sher es managers n us ng FMSP stock assessment too s. It descr bes a process for wr t ng and mp ement ng a f shery management p an and shows how stock assessment too s can support f shery managers n des gn ng the r management p ans and n manag ng the f shery. Leer más

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Making farm inputs available in small size packages to increase farmers' yields, Africa Farm nputs such as mproved seeds, fert zers, and herb c des are convent ona y packaged n arge bag s zes that are beyond the f nanc a means of sma farmers. The techno ogy demonstrates ways of mob s ng the pr vate sector to make sma quant t es of appropr ate nputs ava ab e n m n -packs, and nove ways of promot ng these packages so that farmers can try them out on the r own p ots and, hav ng " earnt by do ng", are encouraged to nvest n progress ve y arger packs as they see the returns on so fert ty, food secur ty and marketab e surp us. Leer más

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Dryer construction for solar-dried fruit and vegetables production The preservat on of fru t and vegetab es by s mp e sun dry ng s pract sed w de y throughout ar d and sem -ar d areas, for examp e n Uganda. The use of ow cost, so ar-dry ng techno og es, can s gn f cant y mprove product qua ty thereby prov d ng pract ca opportun t es for deve op ng sma sca e enterpr se, part cu ar y n rura areas, and creat ng emp oyment for women s groups. The spec f cat ons and pr ces are for the Ugandan context n 1996. Users need to adapt the r des gns to oca s tuat ons. Leer más

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Practices for producing clean seed yam planting materials, Nigeria Yam product v ty n the ma n yam-grow ng be t of West Afr ca s reduced by osses n the grow ng crop, and n subsequent storage, due to d seases and pests. Many of these are e ther spread n, or exacerbated by, poor qua ty p ant ng mater a s. A package of crop protect on techno og es was deve oped (based on current pract ces, nd genous techn ca know edge and the outputs from prev ous pro ects) for produc ng good qua ty seed yams and promot ng the r supp y and ava ab ty. The package was va dated for app cab ty and econom c eff cacy by growers n Kog and Ek t states of N ger a and was shown to be su tab e for w der adopt on n West Afr ca. Leer más

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Preventing stackburn heat damage to maize stored, Africa Stackburn n ma ze s heat damage character sed by a brown d sco orat on of the gra n resu t ng from heat bu d-up n the nter or of stacks he d n commerc a storage n sub-Saharan Afr ca. Affected ma ze may be downgraded n commerc a markets or have to be d verted for an ma -feed use. Where d sco orat on s severe, food-a d agenc es attempt ng to d str bute stackburned ma ze may meet benef c ary res stance or re ect on and be forced to d spose of arge quant t es of deter orated ma ze at cons derab e cost (up to £23 m

on dur ng 1993 n southern Afr ca). Heat bu d s nked to restr cted a rf ow resu t ng

from the use of woven po ypropy ene sacks. Bu d ng stacks w th nterna gaps to a ow a r f ow and/or a return to ute sacks prevents stackburn, w th some s ght oss n p nth capac ty. Leer más

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Draught animal power technologies in East Africa The techno ogy was deve oped n co aborat on w th farmers n the Teso farm ng system of Uganda. It compr ses the deve opment of appropr ate an ma -drawn mp ements, pr mar y for weed ng but a so for r dg ng (sweet potatoes), ne p ant ng and ft ng (groundnuts). These mp ements are now be ng manufactured oca y. Impact assessments showed that adopt on of the techno og es and techn ques ncreases gross marg ns (2005), contr butes to ncreased y e ds and reduces drudgery, wh ch s of part cu ar mportance to women and ch dren who were prev ous y respons b e for prov d ng most of the weed ng abour. Leer más

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Tsetse control using Epsilon trap made in Zimbabwe Tsetse f es (G oss na sp.) nfest over 11 m

on sq km of Afr ca, and are vectors of Trypanosomos s (or Trypanosom as s) n

both humans and domest c vestock. For examp e, t s est mated that tsetse occur over 7 percent of Z mbabwe and 60 percent of Tanzan a and Trypanosomos s has an mportant negat ve mpact on vestock product on n these areas. In add t on to the use of trypanoc da drugs, contro , of Trypanosomos s has been tack ed arge y by contro of the tsetse f y vector and a range of techn ques are ava ab e, each w th advantages and d sadvantages. Methods nc ude aer a spray ng, ster e nsect techn ques, nsect c de treated catt e, and odour ba t traps and targets. Therefore, a set of s mp e step-by-step nstruct ons s presented of how to assemb e an Eps on trap for tsetse, adapted and tested for use n Z mbabwe. Leer más

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Tsetse control using Epsilon trap made in Botswana Tsetse f es (G oss na sp.) nfest over 11 m

on sq km of Afr ca, and are vectors of Trypanosomos s (or Trypanosom as s) n

both humans and domest c vestock. For examp e, t s est mated that tsetse occur over 7 percent of Z mbabwe and 60 percent of Tanzan a and Trypanosomos s has an mportant negat ve mpact on vestock product on n these areas. In add t on to the use of trypanoc da drugs, contro , of Trypanosomos s has been tack ed arge y by contro of the tsetse f y vector and a range of techn ques are ava ab e, each w th advantages and d sadvantages. Methods nc ude aer a spray ng, ster e nsect techn ques, nsect c de treated catt e, and odour ba t traps and targets. Therefore, a set of s mp e step-by-step nstruct ons s presented of how to assemb e an Eps on trap for tsetse, adapted and tested for use n Botswana. Leer más

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Disease resistant upland maize varieties validated by and promoted to farmers The techno ogy addresses the ssue of two ma ze d seases: grey eaf spot (GLS), and ma ze streak v rus (MSV) on up and ma ze. Research focussed on dent fy ng and breed ng for genet c res stance has been conducted n the southern h gh ands of Tanzan a. Two hybr ds have been re eased (UH615 and UH6303) w th h gh eve s of res stance to GLS. These are h gh y demanded by farmers as they produce a good cob, are h gh y e d ng and d sease res stant. The pro ect has worked to ensure that farmers can access the seed and th s has ed to co aborat ons w th the pr vate sector. Unfortunate y a h gh eve of res stance n open po nated var et es (OPVs) has not yet been va dated. Leer más

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Grain stores construction, Zimbabwe In Z mbabwe and other parts of sub-Saharan Afr ca farmers use gra n stores constructed from grass, sta ks of cerea crops and wooden po es. Some of these const tuent parts are ncreas ng y scarce but mud p astered stores, supported on concrete-f ed p ast c p pes, offer the benef ts of mproved res stance to term tes, nsect gra n pests and rodents. Env ronmenta susta nab ty wou d be mproved though reduct on n use of scarce wood construct on mater a s, a though the stores wou d not be suff c ent y gas t ght to a ow fum gat on. Leer más

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Diatomaceous earth to protect farm-stored grain: Sorghum, Maize and Cowpeas in Zimbabwe and Tanzania. Farmers a over the wor d ncur ser ous osses to stored produce because of nsect damage and are frequent y forced to se premature y. Many use trad t ona storage protectant pract ces or, when they can afford t, purchase synthet c chem ca pest c des. The effect veness of trad t ona pract ces s var ab e. Us ng synthet c pest c des a so has prob ems. Farmers need and demand better opt ons for protect ng the r gra n. D atomaceous earth (DE) s a v ab e a ternat ve means of protect ng stored gra n. Leer más

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Participatory varietal selection: Improved varieties of upland rice for Ghana (IDSA85, WAB209, WAB126, WAB340 and others) R ce s econom ca y very mportant n Ghana and West Afr ca. The ack of mproved r ce var et es, part cu ar y up and var et es, s recogn zed as a constra nt. The ma n purpose of the work reported here was to test and eva uate new droughtand weed-to erant r ce var et es w th farmers us ng part c patory techn ques and forma rep cated y e d tr a s, and to d ssem nate part c patory approaches to crop mprovement n Ghana and West Afr ca. Leer más

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Crop protection: Integrated management of fruit flies in India and Pakistan Fru t f es are a ma or constra nt to the product on and export of fru t and vegetab es n South As a. Two techn ques were deve oped: Ba t App cat on Techn que (BAT), n wh ch food ba ts are m xed w th a sma amount of nsect c de to attract and k adu ts; and Ma e Ann h at on Techn que (MAT), n wh ch synthet c parapheromones are m xed w th nsect c de, app ed to a su tab e substrate to a ow s ow re ease, and used to se ect ve y attract and k ma e f es. Extens ve work was carr ed out to opt m ze both the construct on and compos t on of traps and ures, and the cond t ons and env ronments under wh ch these are best dep oyed. Leer más

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Working with farmers to control sweet potato virus disease in East Africa Sweet potato v rus d seases (SPVD) are an mportant b ot c constra nt to sweet potato product on n parts of East Afr ca. Techno og es cons st ng of part c patory se ect on procedures and an IPM package were deve oped to mprove the performance and farmer-acceptab ty of oca y se ected sweet potato c ones res stant to SPVD. These have been va dated n Uganda and Tanzan a. Procedures were estab shed to mprove p ant ng mater a s and to make them more w de y ava ab e v a the CIP network n East Afr ca. Leer más

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Restocking Pastoralists: A manual of best practice Pr or research has demonstrated that restock ng has had tt e ong-term mpact on the ves and ve hood of poor pastora sts. G ven the forces of change mpact ng pastora st commun t es, restock ng pro ects need to account for sh ft ng commun ty va ues, asp rat ons, norms and behav our regard ng vestock-keep ng. The ob ect ve of th s study was to deve op best pract ce gu de nes and too s to enab e pro ects to ncrease pos t ve outcomes and enhance the mpact of restock ng as a means of poverty a ev at on. Leer más

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Green manure for enhancing upland rice productivity on Striga-infested fields in Tanzania Up and r ce s an mportant cash crop n many areas of eastern and southern Tanzan a, nc ud ng Morogoro Rura and Kye a d str cts. Under cont nuous cu t vat on, r ce y e ds have been n dec ne n recent years. Th s s assoc ated w th fa ng so fert ty and an ncrease n nfestat on by the paras t c w tchweed, Str ga as at ca. Work ng w th farmers n Kye a s nce 1996, CPP pro ect R7564 demonstrated that up to 60% reduct on n Str ga numbers and 45% ncrease n r ce y e d cou d be ach eved by app y ng urea fert ser. However, farmers cou d not w de y adopt the use of urea because they acked qu d ty for fert zer purchase. The fo ow ng techno ogy promotes us ng green manure spec es Crota ar a ochro euca, (sunnhemp; a so ca ed "Mare ea" n K swah ), to manage Str ga as at ca and mprove so fert ty n up and r ce n Tanzan a. Leer más

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Small-scale starch extraction: Hydrocyclone for improved process efficiency Starch product on from root crops s a ong estab shed ndustry that has seen tt e deve opment n recent years. It has been est mated that 3 m

on tonnes of starch are produced annua y n deve op ng countr es, ha f of wh ch s produced from

cassava. Th s represents a ma or market for sma -sca e root crop growers. By us ng stat c centr fuges (hydrocyc ones), water used n starch extract on can be reduced by 50%. Po ut on of waste water s a so reduced. Leer más

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Sustainable impact generation and technology promotion to manage Bemisia Tabaci and tomato leaf curl Virus Disease in India In Ind a, tomato s both a h gh va ue crop, often exported to the M dd e East, and an mportant subs stence vegetab e grown ma n y by women. Tomato eaf cur v rus (ToLCV) and ts wh tef y vector, Bem s a tabac (Genn.), are two of the most ser ous constra nts to tomato product on n Ind a. When popu at ons of B. tabac are h gh, 90 – 100% of p ants can become nfected resu t ng n a y e d oss of 40 – 100%. Farmers cons der these prob ems to be of “burn ng” mportance and they have attempted to manage them w th the on y too ava ab e to them – ntens ve and w despread n ncreas ng y unsuccessfu use of nsect c des n attempts to contro B. tabac and ToLCV, w th assoc ated r sks both to the r hea th and the env ronment.Deve opment, promot on and uptake of IPM techno og es to combat tomato eaf cur v rus (ToLCV) and ts wh tef y vector, Bem s a tabac , two of the most ser ous constra nts to tomato product on n Ind a, nc ud ng open po nated tomato var et es and hybr ds res stant to a stra ns of the v rus nc ud ng those transm tted by the B b otype of B. tabac . Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf-stable whole strawberries of high moisture. Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y. She f-stab e who e strawberr es w th h gh mo sture s a techn que to preserve strawberr es that can be used n confect onery, bakery goods and da ry products. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf-stable pineapple puree Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y.The she f-stab e p napp e puree s a techn que perm ts consumpt on of the product for up to 8 months after harvest ng. It w ast onger f the pu p s packaged n g ass ars and stored at temperatures equa or ower than 25 ºC. The p neapp e puree can be used for prepar ng ams, e es and fru t dr nks. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf-stable high moisture pineapple - Dry infusion Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y. She f-stab e h gh mo sture p neapp e nvo ves a techn que common ca ed "dry nfus on", after wh ch the product can be used up to 8 months f t sstored n a coo , p ace. It s used n confect onery, bakery goods and da ry products. Leer más

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Preservation of Pineapple P neapp e fru t s hand harvested. The fru t s f rm y attached to the p ant and requ res cons derab e phys ca force to remove t at harvest. Each p ant bears a s ng e fru t. Fru t must be harvested r pe, at ha f-ye ow or quarter-ye ow she co our stage. The fu r pe fru ts are unsu tab e for transport ng arge d stances or for process ng. However, f the fru ts are mmature, they may not deve op good f avour and co our. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Intermediate moisture whole strawberries Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y.The ntermed ate mo sture who e strawberr es s a techn que that keeps the strawberr es for a year f stored n a coo and dark p ace. Leer más

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Simple methods of meat preservation: Meat dryers The meat dryers are construct ons of wood, meta and/or concrete, stat onary or mob e, w thout or w th a roof. For str ps suspended by hooks or w th a oop attached or f xed by c ps, removab e hor zonta bars, e ther made of wood or meta or hor zonta w re str ngs are needed. The fo ow ng descr pt on s part from FAO´s pub cat on Manua on s mp e methods of meat preservat on. Leer más

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Charka oven for silk reeling industry, Asia A charka s the s mp est mechan sm for s k ree ng, n wh ch both the cook ng and ree ng operat ons are carr ed out n the same bas n. No e ectr c ty s requ red to run the charka. The fo ow ng techno ogy from FAO s pub cat on As a Industr a and Inst tut ona Stove Compend um decr bes how to use a charka stove for s k ree ng Leer más

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Preservation of strawberries Strawberr es have to be harvested when 75% of the fru t surface turns red and the berry s st f rm. The strawberry fru t per shes eas y and deter orates w th n 2 to 3 days of harvest ng at natura env ronmenta cond t ons. The temperature s very mportant for the durat on of berry fe. Strawberr es soften very qu ck y and become mo dy as temperatures r se. So, to keep them onger, fru ts must be p cked at sunr se, transported to the process ng p ace as soon as poss b e, and ma nta ned n the shade n a coo p ace unt process ng. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf-stable strawberry puree. Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y. The she f-stab e strawberry puree s a preservat on techn que. The strawberr es can be consumed as s, or used to prepare ams, e es, fru t dr nks and da ry products. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Intermediate moisture pineapples Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y. The techn que for preparat on of ntermed ate mo sture p neapp es perm ts consumpt on of the product for up to a year. The product can be eaten as such or used as an ngred ent for dr nks. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf-stable high moisture peach halves Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour.Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate The techn que for she f-stab e h gh mo sture content peach ha ves perm ts use of the product for up to 4 months after harvest ng. It can be used as s, or as bu k for off-season process ng, n bakery goods, confect onery and da ry products. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf-stable peach puree Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y.The she f-stab e peach puree s a s mp e preservat on techn que that perm ts consumpt on of the product for 3 or 4 months, depend ng on the storage temperature.The peach puree can be used as s, or for prepar ng ams, e es or fru t dr nks. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Asia: Obtaining colonies with Apis Cerana Severa geograph ca races of the or enta honeybee (A.Cerana) occupy the vast As an ma n and, and they possess d fferent behav oura character st cs, part cu ar y those contr but ng to the bees capac ty for surv va . Among the ma or behav oura character st cs exerc s ng a d rect nf uence on co ony management are m grat on and abscond ng, co ony reproduct on rate, co ony popu at on s ze, and forag ng and food-storage behav our. The fo ow ng paragraph from FAO s pub cat on Beekeep ng n As a prov des gu de nes on obta n ng a co ony w th A. Cerana. Leer más

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Simple techniques for dried meat production: Methods of suspending meat The trad t ona way of suspend ng meat for dry ng by hang ng str ps over tree branches, w re or rope s not recommended because meat p eces rema n n contact w th these support ng dev ces or may touch each other and thus not dry proper y n these contact areas. The fo ow ng descr pt on s part from FAO s pub cat on Manua on s mp e methods of meat preservat on. Leer más

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Technique of cutting meat pieces for drying Meat dry ng s a comp ex process w th many mportant steps, start ng from the s aughter ng of the an ma , carcass tr mm ng, se ect on of the raw mater a , proper cutt ng and pre-treatment of the p eces to be dr ed and proper arrangement of dry ng fac t es. In add t on, the nf uence of unfavourab e weather cond t ons must a so be cons dered to avo d qua ty prob ems or product on osses. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes proper meat cutt ng techn ques for dry ng. Th s techno ogy s part of FAO s pub cat on: Manua on s mp e methods of meat preservat on, wh ch s ma n y ntended to d ssem nate nformat on on trad t ona methods of meat preservat on and addresses aspects of hyg en c s aughter ng under rura cond t ons n Afr ca. Leer más

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Simple techniques for production of dried meat Dry ng meat under natura temperatures, hum d ty and c rcu at on of the a r, nc ud ng d rect nf uence of sun rays, s the o dest method of meat preservat on. It cons sts of a gradua dehydrat on of p eces of meat cut to a spec f c un form shape that perm ts the equa and s mu taneous dry ng of who e batches of meat. Warm, dry a r of ow hum d ty of about 30 percent and re at ve y sma temperature d fferences between day and n ght are opt ma cond t ons for meat dry ng. Th s techno ogy s part of FAO s pub cat on: Manua on s mp e methods of meat preservat on, wh ch s ma n y ntended to d ssem nate nformat on on trad t ona methods of meat preservat on and addresses aspects of hyg en c s aughter ng under rura cond t ons n Afr ca. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Asia: Choosing the equipment In a cont nent as vast as As a, d fferences n c mate, eve s of agr cu tura deve opment, and bee races are so var ab e that no one book can cover a beekeep ng s tuat ons. FAO s pub cat on Beekeep ng n As a d scussed Pongthep Akratanaku exper ences w th European honeybees (Ap s me fera) ntroduced nto northern Tha and and on the pr nc pa features of beekeep ng act v t es n the other zona and soc o-cu tura contexts n As a at d fferent stages of deve opment. Beekeep ng equ pment s the f rst th ng to th nk about before start ng th s act v ty. Many nnovat ons n des gn, and the use of d fferent mater a s, enab e beekeepers to se ect the r equ pment accord ng to the r own needs and preferences, but certa n standard app ances and tems of equ pment are requ red n a most any type of beekeep ng operat on. The fo ow ng paragraph g ves adv ces on choos ng beekeep ng equ pment(standards, type) Leer más

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Beekeeping in Asia: Keeping Apis Cerana in box hives Ma nta n ng co on es of or enta honeybees n box h ves s an mproved and often ess expens ve vers on of ogh ve beekeep ng. In v ew of current wood pr ces n many parts of As a, the cost of bu d ng h ves from good so d ogs can be proh b t ve. In some coasta areas of trop ca As a, coconut bark s frequent y ava ab e for og-h ve construct on. Where such bark s not read y ava ab e and good umber s expens ve, box h ves can be bu t of d scarded wooden crates and boxes, or even from scrap umber. FAO s pub cat on Beekeep ng n As a prov des some usefu nformat on and genera gu de nes on A. cerana beekeep ng. Leer más

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Duckweed production Duckweed s the common name g ven to the s mp est and sma est f ower ng p ant that grows ub qu tous y on fresh or po uted water throughout the wor d. If water s not a m t ng resource the most appropr ate way of us ng the eff uent from the b od gester s for the construct on of duckweed ponds. FAO s pub cat on Product ve use of vestock wastes; a manua for the use of b od gester eff uent and ponds for duckweed product on descr bes how to produce duckweed n order to produce b od gester from vestock waste. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Intermediate moisture peaches Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y. Th s preservat on techn que to produce ntermed ate mo sture peaches perm ts the product to be consumed for more than a year. The ntermed ate mo sture peaches s ces must be stored n a coo and dark p ace. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf-stable peach halves (dry infusion) Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y.The preservat on method used for she f-stab e peach ha ves dry nfus on s s mp e and perm ts consumpt on of the product for 3 or 4 months depend ng on the storage temperature. These peaches can be consumed as s, or used for prepar ng ams and e es. Leer más

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Beekeeping in Asia: Queen rearing (Apis Mellifera) Good ay ng queens are mportant to product ve beekeep ng. A though queens may be ab e to ve for severa years, t s to the beekeepers advantage that the r co on es possess good young queens, and to ensure that they w have an amp e supp y of queens, many of them rear the r own. The fo ow ng paragraph from FAO s pub cat on Beekeep ng n As a g ves gu de nes on rear ng Queens. Leer más

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Preservation of fruits: Shelf- stable pineapple of highmoisture. Fru ts and vegetab es are nutr t ous, va uab e foods fu of f avour. Therefore, fru ts and vegetab es represent an mportant and n many case an under-apprec ated resource wh ch cou d benef t from better ut sat on and exp o tat on n the rura commun t es. However, n the ow- ncome countr es, poor care and hand ng of these crops frequent y resu ts n oss of qua ty, espec a y when not consumed mmed ate y. The product on of she f-stab e h gh mo sture p neapp e nvo ves a techn que ca ed mo sture nfus on and the product can be consumed for up to 8 months. It s usua y used for prepar ng ams, e es, fru t dr nks and da ry products. Leer más

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Traditional bamboo preservation methods in Latin America Bamboo, a natura resource used n Lat n Amer ca s nce Pre-Co umb an t mes, has an un m ted number of app cat ons n the da y fe of tens of m

ons of peop e. However, bamboo tends to get degraded over t me by m croorgan sms, bacter a, nsects,

fungus and other factors that m t ts fe t me. Therefore, bamboo can be preserved and dryed fo ow ng two methods: the f rst one s chem ca and the second one s natura and based on trad t ona know edge of ethn c or rura popu at ons. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes the trad t ona bamboo preservat on n Lat n Amer ca. Leer más

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Rattan furniture unit, Malaysia Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and the Internat ona Network for Bamboo and Rattan - INBAR pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Nowadays furn ture s manufactured n the raw mater a produc ng countr es and so the benef ts of the h gh va ue-add t on that manufactur ng mparts rema n n the produc ng country. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes how to set-up a rattan furn ture mak ng un t and descr bes bas c steps of furn ture mak ng, as we as f nanc a aspects of sett ng up a furn ture mak ng un t, based on data and nformat on co ected dur ng a survey of some med um-s zed rattan furn ture factor es n Ma ays a. The nformat on prov ded s meant for rura commun t es and nd v dua nvestors. Leer más

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Bamboo splitting and slivering unit, China, India Bamboo sp ts and s vers are ong tud na sect ons of a bamboo po e (cu m). They are the pr mary mater a s used for weav ng a w de range of products. On a sma sca e they may be used for hand craft tems and ob ects of da y use. On a arge sca e, one of the most usefu products they can be woven nto s the mats that are used to produce bamboo matboard. Often the sp tt ng and s ver ng un t s estab shed w th very c ose nkages to the matboard factor es and weav ng fac t es and weav ng staff may be nc uded n the un t. The un t offers consequent y emp oyment opportun t es for unsk ed, sem -sk ed and techn ca y tra ned personne for ts operat on and management. Furthermore, estab sh ng new p antat ons w benef t the env ronment and subst tut ng bamboo for wood n products w he p conserve natura forests. Leer más

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Village bamboo preservation unit, India Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Therefore, preserv ng bamboo extends ts fe and ma nta ns ts qua ty. Bamboo cu ms are a natura mater a and w decay w th t me. They are a so suscept b e to nsect and funga attack. A though, many methods of preserv ng bamboos ex st, they can be d v ded nto two ma n categor es: non-pressure methods and pressur sed methods. Leer más

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Homestead bamboo plantations, Bangladesh Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Therefore, a homestead bamboo p antat on can prov de ncome-generat ng opportun t es for fam y members and can bu d upon the r own nherent p ant-cu t vat on ab t es. The bamboo cu ms produced may be so d for prof t, of may be used w th n the fam y for va ue-add ng act v t es, such as mat-weav ng, agarbath st ck product on, hand crafts or other products. Leer más

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Rattan pole steam bending, Philipines Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. The fo ow ng paragraph techno ogy the advantages of us ng the steam-bend ng techn que nstead of the b owtorch. Leer más

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Community rattan nursery, Philipines Rattan s an dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng rattan. A commun ty rattan nursery s a cooperat ve venture between commun ty members who a p ay a part n runn ng t and a benef t from t.Co ect ve fac t es can be estab shed for the benef t of a , such as centra propagat on fac t es, adv sers and mach nery. Leer más

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Community bamboo nursery, Philipines Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Therefore, t s mportant to deve op Bamboo Nurser es. The nursery enhances the ve hoods of poor, rura farmers and does so by draw ng upon the r own nherent p ant cu t vat on sk s. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes how to estab sh and to manage a bamboo nursery. Leer más

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Bamboo treadle pump, India Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty. INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes how to use Bamboo as a mater a for tread e pump nstead of stee . Leer más

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Bamboo toothpick manufacturing unit, China Bamboo wood s re at ve y soft, not part cu ar y dense, and s dea for the product on of toothp cks and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes how to estab sh a toothp ck manufactur ng un t. Leer más

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Rattan oil curing, bleaching and preservation, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Rattan s a natura mater a and degrades over t me. Cur ng, b each ng and preserv ng the rattan adds va ue to the raw mater a , preserves t s un que qua t es and mproves ts durab ty. Th s techno ogy descr bes the methods use n severa s As an countr es to preserve rattan. Leer más

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Woven bamboo products manufacturing unit, China Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and the Internat ona Network for Bamboo and Rattan- INBAR pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Therefore, a woven bamboo products un t s an exce ent opt on for rura deve opment n bamboo grow ng reg ons. The products may be pr mar y ntended for agr cu tura use, such as baskets for vegetab es or an ma s and w nnow ng trays for cerea s, or they may be househo d products such as baskets, trays, ars, cases, ampshades, fans and mats.The fo ow ng techno ogy prov des the d fferent steps to estab sh a manufactur ng un t. Leer más

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Bamboo match sticks production, India Wood s the ma or raw mater a for manufactur ng match st cks. However, the match ndustry has been dependent on on y few wood spec es for mak ng match sp nts and these spec es are now n short supp y. Therefore Bamboo, one of the fasters grow ng p ants, s a susta nab e raw mater a sources for manufactur ng match st cks. The ma n advantages of us ng bamboo for match st cks product on are: (a) Reduct on n the use of t mber (b) Be ng renewab e w th short rotat on per od, bamboo s a susta nab e raw mater a resource for mak ng match st cks. (c) Grow ng bamboo w he p reduce so eros on and thereby he p enhance product v ty of ad o n ng agr cu tura ands. Leer más

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Production of bamboo mat board, India Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and the Internat ona Network for Bamboo and Rattan- INBAR pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Therefore, bamboo mat board, a p ywood- ke wooden board made from ayers of woven bamboo mats that have been pressed together, has enormous ncome generat ng potent a for the rura poor and part cu ar y for women, who make up the vast ma or ty of weavers. The fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes how to produce bamboo mat board. Leer más

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Interplanting rattans in tree plantations, Malaysia A though, rattan (c mb ng tree) s an dea resource for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, the cu t vat on of rattans s on y pract ced on a re at ve y sma sca e. INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng rattan.Therefore, the fo ow ng techno ogy descr bes how to nterp ant rattan w th trees up wh ch they can c mb and the potent a for ntercropp ng w th a number of trop ca trees s good. Leer más

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Bamboo in sericulture: a case study from India Trad t ona y, bamboo equ pment has been used n ser cu ture. Baskets for gather ng mu berry eaves, trays for feed ng eav ng to arvae, mountages for product on of cocoons, trays for cocoon storage, st f ng baskets for steam ng of cocoons and some woven mats are the ma n uses of bamboo n ser cu ture. The present study s targeted to f nd out quant t es of bamboo used, the r sources, emp oyment generat on, econom cs and prob ems n the who e cha n from bamboo resource to use of equ pment n s k product on Leer más

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Local tools and equipment technologies for processing bamboo and rattan, Asia Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Fo ow ng s an overv ew of s mp e, trad t ona techno og es and too s for process ng and f n sh ng of bamboo and rattan products. Leer más

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Improved cultivation technique for high yielding bamboo stands, China Bamboo and rattan are dea resources for deve opment that ntegrates poverty reduct on and env ronmenta susta nab ty, and INBAR s pr or ty s g v ng peop e at a eve s the know edge and sk s they need for ong-term deve opment nvo v ng bamboo and rattan. Bamboo cu ms prov de exce ent raw mater a for process ng d fferent k nds of paper and pu p. Consequent y, the potent a market for raw mater a for pu p and paper s huge. Th s techno ogy descr bes how to ncrease bamboo y e d. Leer más

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Elaboración y utilización de silos de montón E ens ado de montón es uno de os métodos más fác es para ens ar ya que e na on sería o ún co que tendría que comprar e productor para tapar e s o. Med ante a ut zac ón de s os de montón se ncrementa a producc ón de eche y se contr buye a mantener e estado fís co de os an ma es. Leer más

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Uso de fertilización completa (NPK) en el cultivo del quequisque (Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott) Se exp ca cómo rea zar adecuadamente a fert zac ón en e cu t vo de quequ sque. Leer más

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Producción Artesanal de Semilla de Chiltoma o pimiento dulce (Capsicum annum L.) La tecno ogía para a producc ón artesana de Sem a de Ch toma o p m ento du ce (Caps cum annum L.) perm t rá a productor obtener unas sem as de buena ca dad y que puedan ser adapatadas a sus cond c ones c mát cas. Leer más

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Método de tutores en el cultivo de la pitahaya Esta tecno ogía trata bás camente de fac tar as abores agronóm cas de cu t vo me orando a c rcu ac ón de a re en os p antíos y ev tando así a pro ferac ón de p agas y enfermedades. Leer más

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Producción artesanal de semilla de pepino (Cucumis sativus). Esta tecno ogía exp ca os pasos a segu r para a obtenc ón por parte de agr cu tor de sus prop as sem as de pep no. Con su adopc ón e agr cu tor d sm nu rá sus costes en nsumos y d spondrá de una sem a de buena ca dad, adaptada a sus cond c ones c mát cas. Leer más

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Técnicas de injertación en cultivos de frutas Esta tecno ogía exp ca y descr be d ferentes t pos pos b es de n ertos que es pos b e hacer en cu t vos fruta es, a través de os que se pos b tan camb os de var edades en p antac ones ya estab ec das, así como tamb én perm te rev ta zar y re uvenecer árbo es v e os, enfermos y caducos. Leer más

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Técnica de inducción floral en el cultivo de la piña (Ananas comosus) Esta tecno ogía es fác de ap car. La p ña (Ananas comosuses) una de as p antas que puede ser nduc da a a f orac ón med ante a ap cac ón de a gunas hormonas, as que contr buyen a que a producc ón p ñera sea a tamente rentab e, tanto para e mercado nac ona como e extran ero, ya que se puede ant c par a cosecha y fechas de corte obten éndose pesos y tamaños de frutos de acuerdo a as ex genc as de mercado. La f orac ón está re ac onada, fundamenta mente, con as cond c ones de c ma (fotoperíodos cortos y ba as temperaturas) que preva ecen cuando as p antas han a canzado un c erto crec m ento, donde pueden ser est mu adas a f orecer. Leer más

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Producción de semilla mejorada de cacao (Theobroma cacao) ó híbridos comerciales (IMC-67 y UF-296) Esta tecno ogía exp ca e cruce de dos c ones con e f n de obtener una sem a me orada de cacao. Su ap cac ón es senc a, pero a m smo t empo a adopc ón de nuevas y me ores a ternat vas de producc ón ob ga a os productores a capac tarse para mp ementar ef c entemente estas nuevas tecno ogías Leer más

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Producción artesanal de semilla de maíz para el pequeño agricultor Este s stema de Producc ón Artesana de Sem a está d r g do espec a mente a aque os agr cu tores que no ut zan sem a de var edades me oradas en su s stema de producc ón con tecno ogía trad c ona deb do a factores ta es como a to prec o de a sem a, poca d spon b dad en a zona; desconoc m ento de as bondades de uso de sem a me orada Leer más

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Producción artesanal de semilla de frijol para el pequeño agricultor Con a ap cac ón de esta tecno ogía e agr cu tor t ene a oportun dad de obtener sus prop as sem as, cons gu endo una mayor ca dad y por tanto un ncremento de a producc ón de fr o . Se exp can os d ferentes pasos a segu r para su correcta producc ón y obtenc ón y manten m ento. Leer más

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Elaboración y uso de saccharina en alimentación de ganado bovino Esta tecno ogía desarro a a dea de uso de sacchar na (caña de azúcar) en a a mentac ón de ganado bov no como una práct ca de e aborac ón senc a, en a que se obt ene un producto de buena ca dad, nutr t vo y re at vamente de ba o costo. Leer más

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Producción de semilla de pasto Gamba en áreas de pastoreo Esta tecno ogía proporc ona una mayor fac dad en a obtenc ón de sem a por parte de os productores, o que contr buye a d sm nu r os costos de estab ec m ento de sus nuevas pasturas. Leer más

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Uso de sombra en el Cultivo de Cacao Con e uso de sombra en e cu t vo de cacao se protegen as p antas contra as rad ac ones so ares y se ev ta tamb én a morta dad de as m smas. Esta tecno ogía ofrece benef c os económ cos, soc a es y amb enta es. Leer más

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Elaboración de lombricompost E abono de ombr z, es un abono orgán co 100% natura , que se obt ene de a transformac ón de est érco procesado de Vacas, caba os, burros, aves, ove as, cabras y cone os, por med o de a ombr z coqueta ro a. A part r de cuarto mes, e agr cu tor puede ut zar e producto obten do ap cándo o a sus huertas o a a comerc a zac ón de m smo. Esta práct ca ha s do ut zada en os s gu entes mun c p os y comun dades de departamento de Ch qu mu a (Guatema a): Jocotán/ Guaraqu che, Matazano, Encuentro Cande ero, P an Cande ero, Barbasco, Tesoro Arr ba. Camotán/ Rodeo, La s erra, E Vo cán. San Juan Erm ta/ E Carr za . Leer más

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Sistema comunal de riego por aspersión para la producción de hortalizas. E s stema mp ementado en a presente tecno ogía fue desarro ado con 4 sectores de 60 subsectores cada uno, donde cu t van un tota de 70 productores. La tecno ogía pretende apoyar a d vers f cac ón de cu t vos t po horta zas y fomentar a práct ca de conservac ón de sue os. Los costes varían depend endo de os pasos a mp ementar. Para a ef c enc a de s stema en a transferenc a son necesar as una ser e de cond c ones de organ zac ón y aprop ac ón comun tar a, entre as que cabe destacar a ex stenc a de una fuente de agua. Se trata de una práct ca extens b e a cond c ones de cap ta soc a con potenc a amb enta y opc ones de mercado. Esta práct ca ha s do probada en San Pedro P nu a y en Gu z tepeque, en e departamento de Ja apa (Guatema a) durante ocho años. Leer más

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Silos (trojas) de grano. Limitar pérdidas por humedad. Esta tecno ogía d sm nuye as pérd das de granos bás cos en e a macenam ento deb das a a humedad. Leer más

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Silo metálico plano para granos básicos Con esta tecno ogía se pueden conservar e grano durante más t empo s n tener pérd das fís cas que puedan revert r en segur dad a mentar a de pequeño agr cu tor en t empos de escasez. Ocupa menos espac o que a tro a o s o trad c ona en e caso de a macenar mazorcas de maíz. Leer más

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Producción artesanal de semilla de tomate (Lycopersycum esculentum) Con esta tecno ogía, e productor podrá d sponer de sem a de buena ca dad y adaptada a sus cond c ones c mát cas part cu ares. Además, e uso de esta tecno ogía ncrementa a producc ón de cu t vo a rea zarse una buena se ecc ón de p antas y frutos. Con esta tecno ogía, e agr cu tor puede además d sm nu r os costos de producc ón, o que e perm t rá obtener un mayor benef c o f na . Leer más

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Silos (trojas) de grano. Descripción y características básicas. Exce ente a ternat va para e a macenam ento, que garant za e aprov s onam ento de granos sanos e h g én cos durante argos períodos de t empo. Leer más

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Cultivo de granos básicos con manejo integrado de la fertilidad con bioabonos. Esta práct ca se ha ap cado en San Juan Erm nta, Río Arr ba Zacapa, Sompopero y en Ch qu mu a (Guatema a) durante dos años. Ya se había usado anter ormente en proyectos de agroforestería como respuesta a prob ema de a ba a producc ón y a tos costos en maíz y frí o . Leer más

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Viveros frutales y huertas frutícolas La presente práct ca se ha ap cado en Jocotán y Camotán, en e departamento de Ch qu mu a (Guatema a) durante un año. La tecno ogía cons ste en e estab ec m ento de un v vero y una p antac ón fruta para obtener frutas, que son una mportante fuente de v tam nas y m nera es. Leer más

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Producción de aceite de zapote o zapuyul (Diospyros digyna) Esta tecno ogía t ene su fundamento en e aprovecham ento de recursos natura es. Descr be brevemente e proceso de e aborac ón de ace te de zapuyu (D ospyros d gyna), desde a compra de sem a hasta su comerc a zac ón. Esta tecno ogía se pract ca desde hace 50 años en e mun c p o de San Agustín Acasaguast án en e departamento de E Progreso (Guatema a). Leer más

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Deshidratado de limón E proceso de desh dratac ón de món ut zado en Guatema a cons ste en secar o de forma d recta y comp etamente a so , s n e uso de n ngún t po de e emento art f c a n agregados quím cos pero cump endo as más estr ctas normas de ca dad: buenas práct cas agríco as, adecuado mane o de producto en campo, h g én cos s stemas de preparac ón y envasado. Esto perm te contar con productos de a ta ca dad, puros y aptos para e consumo humano en sopas, carnes, ensa adas, ca dos, té por nfus ón y té frío. As m smo, e món es un a mento de a to conten do nutr c ona r co en pect na y ác do cítr co. Leer más

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Fabricación artesanal de puros en Guatemala Tecno ogía que resume muy brevemente e proceso artesana de e aborac ón de puros en Guatema a que v ene s endo rea zado desde hace 50 años en E Maguey, departamento de Zacapa (Guatema a). Leer más

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Aljibes. Almacenaje de agua. Se trata de una práct ca de ba o coste que perm te a macenar agua de uv a para ut zar a poster ormente en huertos fam ares, ganado, etc.,. por un per odo de aprox madamente 3 meses. Cons ste en a construcc ón de un a be aéreo o subterráneo. Esta tecno ogía fue probada durante dos años por a Asoc ac ón de Desarro o Integra Progres sta de San Agustín Acasaguast án (ADIPSA) en as comun dades de E Conte, Tecu z, Chanrayo, T m u a (departamento de E Progreso, Guatema a). Podría rep carse en zonas donde as uv as son escasas e rregu ares. Leer más

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Enmienda de suelos ácidos. Mejora de rendimientos. La práct ca de enm enda a ca na de sue os const tuye una opc ón efect va (resu tados) y ef c ente (re ac ón coste-benef c os) para a me ora de rend m entos y ca dad de as cosechas de os cu t vos trad c ona es y no trad c ona es. Con un ncremento de un 1% de coste de producc ón (compra y ap cac ón de a ca ) se pueden obtener ncrementos s gn f cat vos en a producc ón de maíz, patata y cebo a (en un rango que varía de 11% a 45 %) con respecto a as parce as de contro (s n enm enda). Leer más

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Cultivo de plantones hortícolas bajo invernadero Esta práct ca ha s do mp ementada en e mun c p o de So o á durante os años 2002 y 2003. La producc ón de p antones se n c o con ensayos de d ferentes sem as as cua es fueron ut zadas para a mp ementac ón de huertos fam ares en a Un dad de R ego de X ba bay y para as soc as de grupo. Leer más

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Módulos pecuarios escolares Los módu os pecuar os se están ap cando desde 2002 en zonas de Guatema a caracter zadas como de a to r esgo de segur dad a mentar a. Estos módu os surgen después de haber ana zado a mportanc a de capac tar y proveer proteína a os n ños. Leer más

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Silos para el almacenamiento de granos básicos La mp antac ón de s os para a macenam ento perm te ev tar os pos b es daños produc dos por nsectos y roedores en os granos bás cos asegurando e a mento para toda a fam a. Esta práct ca ha s do ut zada desde hace más de 15 años en e área de Chort , Ch qu mu a (Guatema a). Leer más

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Producción de miel a nivel rural La producc ón de m e a n ve rura se rea za todo e año en as áreas rura es por ser una act v dad rentab e y poco ex gente en cuanto a t empo requer do y neces dades de mano de obra. La reco ecc ón de a m e se rea za de manera co ect va en as comun dades. Esta práct ca ha s do probada en Ipa a, Ch qu mu a (Guatema a), durante cuatro años. Leer más

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Producción caprina y pase de cadena Las personas benef c adas por a ap cac ón de esta tecno ogía han rec b do capac tac ones en e mane o de a espec e capr na, construyen cabrer zas y uego rec ben una cabra hembra en etapa reproduct va, s n coste, pero con e comprom so escr to de entregar una cría hembra de más de 6 meses para favorecer a otro nuevo usuar o a m sma oportun dad. Leer más

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Procesamiento de semilla de marañon (anacardo) Esta es una tecno ogía de procesam ento que recupera conoc m entos ya aprend dos y traba a con mater a autóctono. E t empo que eva esta tecno ogía en func onam ento es de 15 años. Leer más

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Production of orange-fleshed sweet potato in Uganda Accord ng to the o nt eva uat on by farmers and researchers n Uganda, the orange-f eshed var et es y e d up to 20 tonnes per hectare (80 bags per acre). They are res stant to ma or pests and d seases, and storage roots are starchy, sweet and easy to cook. They take 4 months (120 days) to grow from p ant ng to harvest ng n warm areas of the country. Sweet potatoes are re at ve y easy to grow and y e d better than most crops on so s that are ess fert e.The Nat ona Agr cu tura Research Organ zat on (NARO) has dent f ed prom s ng mproved sweet potato var et es that are r ch n V tam n A, for the peop e of Uganda. Leer más

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Proceso metodológico participativo de validación y adopción de buenas prácticas E Programa Espec a para a Segur dad A mentar a (PESA) en Honduras presenta íneas y estrateg as que perm t rán evar a a práct ca un p an de va dac ones y adaptac ones tecno óg cas y/o buenas práct cas concertadas entre productores y técn cos; no so o desde e punto de v sta product vo s no soc eoeconóm co. Leer más

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Fodder management: hay and silage making Hay-mak ng s the most mportant method of preserv ng forage n many countr es, nc ud ng trop ca ones. S age-mak ng s h gh y deve oped n temperate countr es, espec a y n Europe, and goes w th ntens f cat on. In trop ca countr es, p ant growth co nc des w th the ra ny season, wh ch somet mes makes hay-mak ng d ff cu t. The ob ect ve of th s techno ogy s to preserve forage resources for the dry season (hot countr es) or for w nter (temperate countr es) n order to ensure cont nuous regu ar feed for vestock, e ther to susta n growth, fatten ng or m k product on, or to cont nue product on n d ff cu t per ods when market pr ces are h ghest. Leer más

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Water management in mountain: Kuhl irrigation, India In mounta n areas, water cont nues to be the scarce commod ty not on y for rr gat on but even for dr nk ng and other domest c uses. Th s d ff cu ty has been exper enced very frequent y, nsp te of the fact that mportant r vers name y Sut ez, Beas, Rav and the r tr butar es or g nate from these h s. The ex st ng resources are further dec n ng due to heavy b ot c pressure and ack of management of ex st ng resources. Most of our Agr cu tura /Hort cu tura act v t es are carr ed on under ra nfed cond t ons and th s requ re proper management of ava ab e water to be conserved for dry per ods. In the h reg on, the scope of bor ng tubewe s, cana s and even ft rr gat on s m ted, such fac t es are conf ned to the ow ay ng areas. Therefore, the most common source of rr gat on rema ns the sma water channe s oca y ca ed Kuh s wh ch ntact accounts for 85.83 per cent of the tota area under rr gat on n h s. Prov d ng an nfrastructure that a ows water harvest ng and d str but on s mportant to he p farmers ma nta n ng a susta nab e crop product on and ncrease the r res ence aga nst r sks der ved from water shortage. Ensur ng adequate crop y e d through rr gat on s a very mportant component of th s part cu ar agro system. Leer más

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