Idea Transcript
Telugu language Telugu (English: /tlu /; [4]
[t el u u]) is a Dravidian language native to India. It stands alongside Hindi, English and Bengali as one of the few languages with official
Telugu
primary language status in more than one Indian state; [5][6] Telugu is the primary language in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and in the town of Yanam, and is also spoken by significant minorities in Karnataka (8.81%), Tamil Nadu (8.63%), Maharashtra (1.4%), Chhattisgarh (1%), Odisha (1.9%), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (12.9%). It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India by the Government of India.[7][8] Telugu ranks third by the number of native speakers in India (74 million, 2001 census),[9] fifteenth in the Ethnologue list of most-spoken languages worldwide[10] . It is one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India.[11] Approximately 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in the Telugu language and totally there are 15,000 inscriptions in Telugu language.[12]
Pronunciation IPA: [telu u]
Contents
Native to
India
Region
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, (Yanam) and neighbouring states
Ethnicity
Telugu people
Native speakers
74,002,586 (2001)[1]
Language family
Dravidian
Etymology History Earliest records Post-Ikshvaku period Middle Ages Vijayanagara Empire
Southern
Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence
South-Central
Colonial period
Telugu languages
Post-independence period
Telugu
Epigraphical records Ancient inscriptions Vishnukundina
Writing system
Telugu alphabet Telugu Braille
Western Chalukya Dynasty
Official status
Eastern Chalukya Dynasty
Official language in
Chola Dynasty Early Cholas of Renadu
India Spoken in these States
Eastern Ganga
and union territories of
Gajapati
India:
Kakatiya Dynasty Vijayanagara Dynasty
Telangana
Telugu Country boundaries
Andhra Pradesh
Telugu place names
Yanam
Language codes
Dialects Geographic distribution
ISO 639-1
Phonology Vowels
te (https://www.loc.go v/standards/iso639-2/p hp/langcodes_name.php?
Consonants
iso_639_1=te)
ISO 639-2
Grammar Inflection
tel (https://www.loc.g ov/standards/iso639-2/
Gender
php/langcodes_name.php
Pronouns
?code_ID=439)
Vocabulary
ISO 639-3
tel
Writing system Telugu Gunintālu (
Glottolog
telu1262 (http://glott
)
olog.org/resource/lang
Number system
uoid/id/telu1262) Telugu[2]
Literature
oldt1249 (http://glott
Telugu support on digital devices
olog.org/resource/lang
See also
uoid/id/oldt1249) Old Telugu[3]
References Bibliography
Linguasphere
49-DBA-aa
External links
Etymology The speakers of the language call it "Telugu".[13] The older forms of the name include Telugu , Tenugu and Teliga .[14] The etymology of Telugu is not certain. Some historical scholars have suggested a derivation from Sanskrit triligam , as in Trilinga Desa, "the country of the three lingas". Tradition holds that Shiva descended as a lingam on three mountains: Bhimewswaram, Srisailam, and Kaleshwaram, which are said to have marked the boundaries of the Trilinga Desa. Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the "Trilinga grammar" (Trilinga Śabdānusāsana).[15] Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that "Telugu" was derived from Trilinga. Scholar Charles P. Brown comments that it was a "strange notion" as all the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.[16] Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu in Sanskrit, calling it the "Trilinga grammar" (Trilinga Śabdānusāsana) in this grammar it was stated that God Brahma created Telugu for an ancient and legendary king called Andhra Vishnu, who ruled Andhra Desa or Trlinga Desa from his capital Srikakulam, on the banks of river
Telugu is native to Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, (Yanam)
Krishna, and Telugu was the language of the land and people of Trilinga Desa. George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be a later Sanskritisation of it.[17][18] If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum, Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "Trilinga".[19] Another view holds that tenugu is derived from the proto-Dravidian word ten– "south"[20] to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction" (relative to Sanskrit and Prakrit-speaking peoples). The name telugu then, is a result of 'n' -> 'l' alternation established in Telugu.[21][22]
History
Srisailam
Kaleswaram Bhimeswaram
According to the Russian linguist M. S. Andronov, Proto-South-Dravidian languages split from the Proto-Dravidian language between 1500 and 1000 BC.[23][24] According to linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, a proto-language. Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of ProtoDravidian were of the culture associated with the Neolithic societies of South India.[25]
Locations of Trilinga Kshetras
A legend gives the Lepakshi town a significant place in the Ramayana — this was where the bird Jatayu fell, wounded after a futile battle against Ravana who was carrying away Sita. When Sri Rama reached the spot, he saw the bird and said compassionately, “Le Pakshi” — ‘rise, bird’ in Telugu. This indicates the presence of Telugu Language during Ramayana period.[26] There is a mention of Telugu people or Telugu country in ancient Tamil literature as Telunga Nadu [27] (Land of Telugu people). It has been argued that there is a historical connection between the civilizations of ancient southern Mesopotamia and ancient Telugu speaking peoples.[28]
Earliest records Prakrit Inscriptions with some Telugu words dating back to 400 BC to 100 BC have been discovered in Bhattiprolu in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.[29] The English translation of one inscription reads, "gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha".[30][31][32] According to the native tradition Telugu grammar has an ancient past. Sage Kanva was said to be the first grammarian of Telugu. A Rajeswara Sarma discussed the historicity and content of Kanva's grammar written in Sanskrit. He cited twenty grammatical aphorisms ascribed to Kanva, and concluded that Kanva wrote an ancient Telugu Grammar which was lost.[33]
Post-Ikshvaku period The period from 575 AD to 1022 AD corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history, after the Andhra Ikshvaku period. This is evidenced by the first inscription that is entirely in
Telugu Talli Bomma, the personification of Telugu language in AP.
Telugu, dated 575 AD, which was found in the Rayalaseema region and is attributed to the Renati Cholas, who broke with the prevailing custom of using Sanskrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in Anantapuram and other neighboring regions. Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. Telugu literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 AD).[34] During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. It was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.
Middle Ages The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary language. During this period the split of the Telugu and Kannada alphabets took place.[35] Tikkana wrote his works in this script.
Vijayanagara Empire The Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its Golden Age.[34]
Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence With the exception of Coastal Andhra, a distinct dialect developed in the Telangana State and the parts of Rayalaseema region due to Persian/Arabic influence: the Delhi Sultanate of the Tughlaq dynasty was established earlier in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century. In the latter half of the 17th century, the Mughal Empire extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the princely state of Hyderabad State by the dynasty of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. This heralded an era of Persian influence on the Telugu language, especially Hyderabad State. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the Kaifiyats.[34] In the princely Hyderabad State, the Andhra Mahasabha was started in 1921 with the main intention of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research led by Madapati Hanumantha Rao (the founder of the Andhra Mahasabha), Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao (Founder of Library Movement in Hyderabad State), Suravaram Pratapareddy and others.
Colonial period The 16th-century Venetian explorer Niccolò de' Conti, who visited the Vijayanagara Empire, found that the words in Telugu language end with vowels, just like those in Italian, and hence referred it as "The Italian of the East"; [36] a saying that has been widely repeated.[37] In the period of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries saw the influence of the English language and modern communication/printing press as an effect of the British rule, especially
Telugu script on Copper plates, Eastern Chalukya, 10th century AD.
in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by scholars like Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Gurazada Apparao, Gidugu Sitapati and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.[34] Since the 1930s, what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language, has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard.
Post-independence period 1. Telugu is one of the 22 languages with official status in India. 2. The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu the official language of the state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. This enactment was implemented by GOMs No 420 in 2005. [38][39] 3. Telugu also has official language status in the Yanam district of the union territory of Puducherry. 4. Telugu, along with Kannada, was declared as one of the classical languages of India in the year 2008. 5. The fourth World Telugu Conference was organized in Tirupati in the last week of December 2012 and deliberated at length on issues related to Telugu language policy. 6. Telugu is the third most spoken native language in India after Hindi and Bengali. 7. Telugu is also the most spoken Dravidian language in the world. 8. Telugu is the 3rd most spoken Indian language in the U.S after Hindi, and Gujarati as of 2017. [40]
Epigraphical records According to the famous Japanese Historian Noboru Karashima who once served as the President of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985 calculated that there are approximately 10,000 inscriptions which exist in the Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages.[12] Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[41][42][43][44] They are also found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh.[45][44][46][47] According to recent estimates by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) the number of inscriptions in Telugu language goes upto 15,000.
Ancient inscriptions Vishnukundina No. 1. (A. R. No. 581 of 1925) On a white marble pillar near the entrance into the temple of Ramalingavami at Velpuru, Sattenpalli Taluk, Guntur District. Undated. This is the only stone inscription of this dynasty so far found and it is damaged and incomplete. Only the name of the family Vishnukundi and that of a ruler Madhava Varma are legible.
Western Chalukya Dynasty No. 27. (A. R. No. 596 of 1909.) On the Naga pillar in the temple of Virabhadra outside the village of Gurazala, Palnadu Taluk, same District. S. [10]51. States that a Brahmin named Dara son of Kommana who was the head of Kummunuru village and who claimed to be an incarnation of the serpent king Sesha, put up a Naga-stambha in front of the temple of Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva built by himself and that Betabhupa of the Haihaya family, a dependent of Bhulo Kamalla Deva (Someshvara III) made a gift of four kharis of land to the said temple.
Eastern Chalukya Dynasty No. 4. (A. R. No. 431 of 1915) On a nandi slab set up near the temple of Someshvara at Eluru, Narasaraopeta Taluk, Same District. S. 925. Records the grant of land to god Somanathadeva by Paricheda Chikka Bhimaraju.
Chola Dynasty No. 64. (A. R. No. 567 of 1925.) On a big white marble pillar set up near the dhvajastambha in the temple of Ramalingesvara, Velpuru, Sattenepalli Taluk, Guntur District. S. 1030 Records the gift of a perpetual lamp by Kota Gokaraju son of Bhima to the temple of Ramesvara of Velupuru.
Early Cholas of Renadu No. 607. (A. R. No. 380 of 1904.) On two faces of a broken pillar lying in the courtyard of the temple of Chennakesavasvami at Kalamalla, Kamalapuram Taluk, same District. Undated. Damaged and unintelligible. Mentions Dhananjaya MuttaRasu(Raju) and Renadu.He is the descendant of early Tamil cholas .Here in this place these people population is so high. The first Telugu inscription known as ‘Kalamalla’ , dating back to 575 AD, found in Sri Chennakesava Swamy temple premises in Kalamalla village in Kadapa district was made by Renati Chola King Erikal Muturaju Dhanunjaya Varma.
Eastern Ganga No. 651. (A. R. No. 99 of 1909.) On a stone lying near Paravastu Rangacharya's house at Vizagapatam. S. 101[3] (h) 17th year of Ananta Varma Deva. Records the gift of “perumbadi” (?) by the "city twelve" of Visakhapattanamu alias Kulottunga-Chodapattanamu to Matamana of Malamandala. The description of the donor is not quite intelligible. No. 675 (A. R. No. 681 of 1926.) On a pillar in the mandapa in front of the central shrine in the temple of Nilakanthesvara, Narayanapuram, Bobbili Taluk, same District. S. 1053. Records gift of a perpetual lamp by Chodaraju Maha Devi (and another ?) to the temple of Nilisvara for the merit of Chodagangadeva. No. 727. (A. R. No. 827 of 1917.) On a stone lying at the entrance into the temple of Tumbesvara, Pratapur, Chatrapur Taluk, Ganjam District. Year missing. Incomplete. Mentions. Ananta Varma
Gajapati No. 732. (A. R. No. 802 of 1922.) On the four faces of the Garuda-pillar planted near the dhvajastambha in the temple of Chennakesava, Idupulapadu, same Taluk and District. S. 1422. (Raudri) Records the gift by Pratapa-Radra of the village Idvulapadu to the east of Vinikonda, to Madhava-mantrin of the Bharadvaja-gotra and the Yajnyavalkya-saka. Gives a genealogy of the Gajapatis and of the donor. No. 733. (A. R. No. 375 of 1926.) On a stone built into a gate of the fort at Tangeda, Palnad Taluk, same District. S. 14[3]1 (Sukla) Damaged. Unintelligible; Mentions some Khan. States that Pratapa-Rudradeva Gajapati was ruling. No. 741. (A. R. No. 54 of 1912.) On a pillar in the temple of Kesavasvami at Chodavaram, Viravalli Taluk, Vizagapatam District. Saka year not given (Kalayukti) Records the consecration of the image of Garutmanta by Bondu Mallayya for the prosperity etc. of Bhupatiraju Vallabha Raju-Mahapatra.
Kakatiya Dynasty No. 257. (A. R. No. 324 of 1915.) On the Garudastambha in the temple of Venugopalasvami, Uppumaguluru, Narasaraopeta Taluk, same District. S. 1133. Damaged and partly illegible. Refers to the gift of an oil-mill and land made by Balli Chodaraju presumably to some temple. (A. R. No. 138 of 1917.) On a slab lying in front of the temple of Venugopalasvami, Potturu, Guntur Taluk, Guntur District. S. 1168. Incomplete. The portion which describes the actual grant is missing. The portion available refers to what was probably a gift made to a Siva temple by Paricheda Bhimaraja, Tammu Bhimaraju, Devaraju and Ganapa Deva Raju for the merit of their father Komma Raju and mother Surala Devi. Contains the usual Parichedi titles. No. 373. (A. R. No. 283 of 1924.) On a pillar lying in the temple of Chandramaulisvara, Anumanchipalli, Nandigama Taluk, Krishna District. S. 1182. (Raudri) States that a certain Brahmin Chavali Bhaskara consecrated the image of Sagi-Ganapesvara and that king Sagi Manma endowed the temple with land. Describes the Sagi family as of Kshatriya caste (bahujakula) and gives the donor's genealogy. No. 376. (A. R. No. 769 of 1922.) On a stone built into the back wall of the temple of Chennakesavasvami, Nayanipalli, Bapatla Taluk, Guntur District. Year unknown. States that, in the course of his conquest of the South, king Ganapati Deva protected the king of Nelluru have killed his enemies Padihari Bayyana, Tikkana and others, that he vanquished Kulottunga Rajendra Choda of Dravila mandala, that he received presents of elephants from the king of Nelluru, that he saved the Bhringi matha on the Sriparvata and that he consecrated the image of Kumara Ganapesvara-mahadeva after his own name in ... palli. The concluding portion is missing. No. 381. (A. R. No. 142 of 1913.) On a slab brought from Yanamadala and preserved in the Collector's Office, Guntur, same District. S. 11. 3. Incomplete and somewhat damaged. States that a certain Beta Raju founded the temple of Gopalasvami and endowed it with land, that Queen Ganapama gave it an oil-mill and a garden and that certain merchants assigned to it certain customs duties and taxes. Ganapama was probably the wife of the Kota chief. No. 395. (A. R. No. 94 of 1917.) On the huge Nandi pillar lying near the ruined temple in Malkapuram, Guntur Taluk, Guntur District. (Published in the Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society, Vol. IV, pp. 147–64.) S. 1183. (Durmati) Gives a detailed account of the Kakatiya family and of the foundation and pontifical succession of the Golaki-matha of the Saivas and states that king Ganapatideva promised the village of Mandara in the Velanadu-Kandravati country to his guru Visvesvara Sivacharya and that Ganapati's daughter Rudramadevi made a formal gift of that village along with the village of Velangapundi, that Visvesvara Siva established a new village with the name of Visvesvara-Golaki and peopled it with person of different castes brought from various parts of the country, that he also established the temple of Visvesvara, a Sanskrit college, a matha for Saivas, a choultry for feeding people without distinction of caste and creed, a general land a maternity hospital, besides some other things and that he made grants of land for the maintenance of all these institutions. Gives a detailed description of the administration of the trust and of the village affairs. Incidentally, it mentions a large number of other religious and charitable institutions established by Visvesvara Siva in several other places. Kakatiyas are described as belonging to the Solar race of Kshatriyas. No. 426. (A. R. No. 222 of 1905.) On the north wall of the dark room in the temple of Tripurantakesvara, Tripurantakam, Kurnool District. S. 1192. (Pramoduta). States that Paricheda Vadamani Kota Deva Raju gave 17 cows for a lamp in the temple of Tripurantakadeva.
Vijayanagara Dynasty No. 129. (A.R. No. 690 of 1917.) Kovelakuntla, Koilkuntla Taluk, Kurnool District. On a slab set up in front of the Ankalamma temple. Sadasiva Raya, 1543 AD. This is dated Saka 1465, Sobhakrit, Nija-Sravana ba. 10., corresponding to AD 1543, 25 August (Saturday). It registers the grant of income derived from svamyatas in his nayankara territory of Kovila Kuntlasima for the Cherapu (Sirappu) and Paruventa festivals of the goddess Ahankal Amma by Maha Mandalesvara Nandyala Avubhalesvara Deva Maharaju, son of Singa Raju Deva Maharaju and the grandson of Narasingayya Deva Maharaju of the lunar race. No. 139. (A.R. No. 498 of 1906.) Mopuru, Pulivendla Taluk, Cuddapah District. On a slab set up in front of the central shrine of the Bhairavesvara temple. Sadasiva, AD 1545. This is dated Saka 1466, Krodhin, Magha su. 7, Rathasaptami, Monday, corresponding to AD 1545, January 19, ’50. It records the remission of all taxes like Durga Vartana, Danayani Vartana, bedige, kanika and others in favour of the Vidvan mahajanas of the villages belonging to temples and to agraharas in Ghandikota Sakalisima obtained by the donor, Timmaya Deva Maharaju, son of Narasingaya Deva Maharaju and grandson of Maha Mandalesvara Nandyala Avubhala Deva Maharaju as Nayankara from the king. A similar remission of these taxes in the villages granted to the Bhai Ravesvara temple of Mopura is also recorded with the stipulation that the amount accrued was to be utilised for the daily worship and the rathosvava of the god. No. 167. (A.R. No. 377 of 1926.) Tangeda, Palnadu Taluk, Guntur District. On a slab set up in front of the deserted temple of Sita Rama Svamin in the fort. Sadasiva, AD 1548. This is dated Saka 1470, Kilaka, vaisakha su. 15, Sunday, lunar eclipse corresponding to AD 1548, 22 April. It registers the grant of the village Kachavaram in Tangedasima to the god Lakshmi Narasimha at Tangeda by Deva Chodaraju, son of Mummaya Deva Chodaraju and the grandson of Maha Mandalesvara Apratika Malla Kurucheti Somaya Deva Chodaraju of the solar race and belonging to the Kasyapa-gotra, apastamba-sutra and Yajus-sakha at the command of Rama Raja Vithalaya Deva Maharaju who is said to have conferred the Tangedasima as nayankara the donor. No. 175. (A.R. No. 369 of 1920.) Chitrachedu, Gooty Taluk, Anantapur District. On a slab in the compound of the mosque. Sadasiva, AD 1550. This is dated Saka 1473 (current), Sadharana, Ashadha su. 10 corresponding to AD 1550, 23 June, (Monday). This fragmentary record mentions the pontiff Santa Bhiksha Vritti Ayyavaru and his three spiritual sons, the Narapati, Asvapati and Gajapati kings who seem to have made some gifts to god Mallikarjuna of Srisaila worshipped by them. No. 191. (A.R. No. 584 of 1909.) Macherla, Palnadu Taluk, Guntur District. On a slab set up in the courtyard of the Virabhadresvara temple. Sadasiva, AD 1554. The record is dated in Chronogram ‘rasa-saila-veda..’ and the numerals 76, Ananda, Ashadha, su. 15, Friday, lunar eclipse. The word for the numeral 1 is apparently lost. The details of the date correspond to AD 1554, 15 June 1551, if the month was Adhika Ashadha. The inscription which is damaged, records a grant of 14 putti and 10 tumu of land constituting it into a village by name Lingapuram, by Ling Amma, wife of Veligoti Komara Timma Nayaka to the gods Ishta Kamesvara and Viresvara of Macherla situated to the north of Macherla and west of the Chandra Bhaga river, in Nagarjuna-konda-sima which Komara Timma Nayaka is said to have obtained as nayankara from Maha Mandalesvara Rama Raju Thirumalaraju Deva Maharaju. No. 201. (A.R. No. 161 of 1905.) Markapur, Markapur Taluk, Kurnool District. On the east wall, left of entrance, of the antarala-mandapa in the Chenna-kesava-svamin temple. Sadasiva, AD 1555. This is dated Saka 1476, Ananda, Magha su. 7, corresponding to AD 1555, 29 January. It records a gift of the various toll incomes due from the 18 villages, viz., Marakarapuram, Channavaram, Konddapuram, Yachavaram, Rayavaram, Gonguladinna, Tarnumbadu, Surepalli, Vanalapuram, Chanareddipalle, Gangireddipalle, Korevanipalle, Medisettipalle, Gollapalle, Jammuladinna, Tellambadu, Kamalpuram and Kondapalli to god Chennakesava by Maha Mandalesvara Madiraju Narappadeva Maharaju, son of Aubhalayya Deva Maharaju, grandson of Maha Mandalesvara Madiraju Singa Raju Deva Maharaju, of Kasyapa-gotra and Surya-vamsa, and nephew of Maha Mandalesvara Rama Raju Thirumalaraju. The gift villages are said to be situated in Kochcherla Kotasima which was held by the donor as Nayankara from the king. Records in addition that the lanjasunkham (levy on prostitutes) collected during the festivals at Marakapuram was also made over to the temple and that five out of every six dishes of offerings to the deity, were to be made over to the satra (feeding house) for feeding paradesi Brahmanas of the smartha sect, the sixth dish being the share of the sthanikas, the adhikaris and the karanas.
Telugu Country boundaries Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue, and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language. The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh century description of Andhra boundaries. Andhra, according to this text, was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern Ganjam District of Orissa and to the south by Kalahasti temple in Chittor District. But Andhra extended westwards as far as Srisailam in the Kurnool District, about halfway across the modern state. Page number-36.[48] According to other sources in the early sixteenth century, the northern boundary is Simhachalam and the southern limit is Tirupati or Tirumala Hill of the Telugu Country.[49][50][51][52][53][54]
Telugu place names Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Common suffixes are ooru, pudi, pedu, peta, patnam, wada, cherla, seema etc. Example: Guntur, Chintalapudi, Yerpedu, Chilakaluripet, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Macherla etc. They can also be seen in the border areas of Tamil Nadu.
Dialects There are three major dialects: Andhra dialect spoken in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and in Khammam district of Telangana, Rayalaseema dialect spoken in the four Rayalaseema districts of Andhra Pradesh and finally Telangana dialect, laced with Urdu words, spoken mainly in Telangana.[55] Waddar, Chenchu, and Manna-Dora are all closely related to Telugu.[56] Dialects of Telugu are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Vadaga, Srikakula, Vishakhapatnam, East Godaveri, Rayalseema, Nellore, Guntur, Vadari and Yanadi.[57] In Karnataka the dialect sees more influence of Kannada and is a bit different than what is spoken in Andhra. There are significant populations of Telugu speakers in the eastern districts of Karnataka viz. Bangalore Urban, Bellary, Chikballapur, Kolar. In Tamil Nadu the Telugu dialect is classified into Salem, Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai and Madras Telugu dialects. It is also spoken in pockets of Virudhunagar, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli, Madurai, Theni, Madras (Chennai) and Thanjavur districts.
Geographic distribution Telugu is natively spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry. Telugu speaking migrants are also found in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, some parts of Jharkhand and the Kharagpur region of West Bengal in India. At 7.2% of the population, Telugu is the third-mostspoken language in the Indian subcontinent after Hindi and Bengali. In Karnataka, 7.0% of the population speak Telugu, and 5.6% in Tamil Nadu.[58] The Telugu diaspora numbers more than 800,000 in the United States, with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey (Little Andhra [59]); Telugu speakers are found as well in Australia, New Zealand, Bahrain, Canada (Toronto), Fiji, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Myanmar, Europe (Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom), South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, and United Arab Emirates.
Phonology The roman transliteration of the Telugu script is in National Library at Kolkata romanisation. Telugu words generally end in vowels. In Old Telugu, this was absolute; in the modern language m, n, y, w may end a word. Atypically for a Dravidian language, voiced consonants were distinctive even in the oldest recorded form of the language. Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well. Telugu does not have contrastive stress, and speakers vary on where they perceive stress. Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable, depending on word and vowel length.[60]
Geographic distribution of Telugu immigrants in light blue, Telugu is native to dark blue.
Vowels Telugu features a form of vowel harmony wherein the second vowel in disyllabic noun and adjective roots alters according to whether the first vowel is tense or lax.[61] Also, if the second vowel is open (i.e., /a/ or /a/), then the first vowel is more open and centralized (e.g., [m Vowels –
ka] 'goat', as opposed to [me ku] 'nail'). Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes that are harmonized with the vowels of the preceding syllable.[62]
acculu
/i/ i
/i/ ī
/u/ u
/u/ ū
/e/ e
/e/ ē
/o/ o
/o/ ō
/æ/
/a/ a
/a/ ā
/æ/ only occurs in loan words. Telugu has two diphthongs: /ai/ ai and /au/ au .
Consonants The table below illustrates the articulation of the consonants.[63] Telugu consonants Bilabial
Labiodental
Dentialveolar
Retroflex
"Palatal"
Velar
tenuis
/p/ pa
/t / ta
// a
/t / ca
/k/ ka
voiced
/b/ ba
/d/ da
// a
/d / ja
// ga
aspirated*
/p/ pha
/t / tha
// ha
/t / cha
/k/ kha
breathy voiced*
/b/ bha
/d / dha
// ha
/d / jha
// gha
/m/ ma
/n/ na
// a
/s / sa
// a
// śa
/x/ ha
Plosive
Nasal Fricative*
/f/ // va
central
Approximant
/j/ ya /l/ la
lateral
Flap
// a
/r/ ra
*The aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants occur mostly in loan words, as do the fricatives apart from native /s/.
Grammar The Telugu Grammar is called vyākaranam (
).
The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the Āndhra Śabda Cināmai grammatical treatises such as Aādhyāyī
, was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya, considered the first Telugu poet and translator, in the 11th century AD. This grammar followed patterns described in
and Vālmīkivyākaranam, but unlike Pāini , Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya. Every Telugu grammatical rule is derived from
Pāinian concepts. In the 19th century, Chinnaya Suri wrote a simplified work on Telugu grammar called Bāla Vyākaraam , borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya's grammar. Sentence
.
Words
.
Transliteration
rāmuu
baiki
Gloss
Rama
to school
goes.
Parts
Subject
Object
Verb
Translation
vetāu
Rama goes to school.
This sentence can also be interpreted as 'Rama will go to school', depending on the context, but it does not affect the SOV order.
Inflection Telugu nouns are inflected for number (singular, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and case (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, vocative, instrumental, and locative).[64]
Gender Telugu has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Pronouns Telugu pronouns include personal pronouns (the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about); indefinite pronouns; relative pronouns (connecting parts of sentences); and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is acted on by the verb's subject). /ad /) is used to refer to animals and objects.[65][66]
Telugu uses the same forms for singular feminine and neuter gender—the third person pronoun (
The nominative case (karta), the object of a verb (karma), and the verb are somewhat in a sequence in Telugu sentence construction. "Vibhakti" (case of a noun) and "pratyāyamulu" (an affix to roots and words forming derivatives and inflections) depict the ancient nature and progression of the language. The "Vibhaktis" of Telugu language "
[ u],
[mu],
[vu],
[lu]", etc., are different from those in Sanskrit and have been in use for a long time.
Vocabulary Sanskrit influenced Telugu for about 1500 years; however, there is evidence that suggests an older influence. During the period 1000–1100 AD, Nannaya's re-writing of the Mahābhārata in Telugu (
) re-established its use,
and it dominated over the royal language, Sanskrit. Telugu absorbed tatsamas from Sanskrit.[67] The vocabulary of Telugu, especially in Telangana state, has a trove of Persian–Arabic borrowings, which have been modified to fit Telugu phonology. This was due to centuries of Turkic rule in these regions, such as the erstwhile kingdoms of Golkonda and Hyderabad (e.g.,
, /kaburu/ for Urdu /xabar/,
or
, /davabu/
for Urdu /dawb/
,
).
Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a diglossia because the formal, standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, is taught in schools, and is used by the government and Hindu religious institutions. However, everyday Telugu varies depending upon region and social status.
Writing system The Telugu script is an abugida consisting of 60 symbols – 16 vowels, 3 vowel modifiers, and 41 consonants. Telugu has a complete set of letters that follow a system to express sounds. The script is derived from the Brahmi Script like those of many other Indian languages.[68] The Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and/or complex characters. The script is syllabic in nature—the basic units of writing are syllables. Since the number of possible syllables is very large, syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels (“accu” or “swaram”) and consonants (“hallu” or “vyanjanam”). Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes that are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere. Consonants are presumed pure consonants, that is, The word Telugu written in the Telugu script
without any vowel sound in them. However, it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied 'a' vowel sound. When consonants combine with other vowel signs, the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel “mātras”. The shapes of vowel “mātras” are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels. Historically, a sentence used to end with either a single bar (“pūrna virāmam”) or a double bar (“dīrgha virāmam”); in handwriting, Telugu words were not separated by spaces. However, in
modern times, English punctuation (commas, semicolon, etc.) has virtually replaced the old method of punctuation.[69] Consonants – hallulu (
Telugu has full-zero (anusvāra) (
)
), half-zero (arthanusvāra or candrabindu) (
) to convey various shades of nasal sounds. [la] and [La], [ra] and [Ra] are differentiated.[69]
) and visarga (
Telugu has ĉ and ĵ, which are not represented in Sanskrit. Their pronunciation is similar to the 's' sound in the word treasure (i.e., the postalveolar voiced fricative) and 'z' sound in zebra (i.e., the alveolar voiced fricative), respectively.
Telugu Gunintālu (
)
These are some examples of combining a consonant with different vowels.
Number system Telugu has ten digits employed with the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. However, in modern usage, the Arabic numerals have replaced them. 0
1
sunna (Telugu form of Sanskrit word śūnyam)
okai
2
reu
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
mūu
nālugu
aidu
āru
ēu
enimidi
tommidi
Wall painting at a shop in India. It first shows the painted party symbols of all the major political parties in the region during the nationwide elections in India in 2014. It also has a Telugu inscription showing availability of political flags, banners, caps, badges and other election material.
Telugu is assigned Unicode codepoints: 0C00-0C7F (3072–3199).[70]
Literature The Pre-Nannayya Period (before 1020 AD): In the earliest period Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, precisely from 575 AD on-wards. The Jain Literature Phase(850- 1000 AD): Prabandha Ratnavali (1918) & Pre-Nannayya Chandassu (Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisekha Sanchika) by Veturi Prabhakara Sastry talk about the existence of Jain Telugu literature during 850-1000AD. A verse from Telugu Jinendra Puranam by Padma Kavi(Pampa), a couple of verses from Telugu Adi Puranam by Sarvadeva and Kavijanasrayam (a Telugu Chandassu poetic guide for poets) affiliation to Jainism were discussed. Historically, Vemulawada was a Jain knowledge hub and played a significant role in patronizing Jain literature and poets.1980s excavations around Vemulawada revealed and affirmed the existence of Telugu Jain literature. Malliya Rechana - First Telugu Author (940AD) - P.V.Parabrahma Sastry, Nidadavolu Venkata Rao .P.V.P Sastry also points out that many Jain works could have been destroyed. Historical rivalry among Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism is well known. The Age of the Puranas (1020-1400AD) : This is the period of Kavi Trayam or Trinity of Poets. Nannayya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada (or Errana) are known as the Kavi Trayam. Nannaya Bhattarakudu or Adi Kavi (1022–1063 AD) : Nannaya Bhattarakudu's (Telugu:
) Andhra mahabharatam, who lived around the 11th century, is commonly referred to as the first Telugu literary composition (aadi
kaavyam).[citation needed] Although there is evidence of Telugu literature before Nannaya, he is given the epithet Aadi Kavi ("the first poet"). Nannaya was the first to establish a formal grammar of written Telugu. This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam but unlike Pāini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya.[14] Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharata epic, which is rendered in the Champu style. Tikanna Somayaji (1205–1288 AD): Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam was almost completed by Tikanna Somayaji (Telugu: Errapragada : Errapragada, (Telugu:
) (1205–1288) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.
) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter.[citation needed] He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes the
chapter in the writing style of Tikkana.[citation needed] These three writers – Nannaya, Tikanna and Yerrapragada – are known as the Kavitraya ("three great poets") of Telugu. Other such translations like Marana’s Markandeya Puranam, Ketana’s Dasakumara Charita, Yerrapragada’s Harivamsam followed. Many scientific[relevant? ] works, like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana, were written in the 12th century. Baddena Bhupala (1220-1280AD) : Sumati Shatakam, which is a neeti ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu Shatakams.[citation needed] Shatakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu (poems). According to many literary critics[who?] Sumati Shatakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu (Telugu:
) (CE 1220–1280). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama
Devi, and a pupil of Tikkana.[citation needed] If we assume that the Sumati Shatakam was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Shatakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Satakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveswara Satakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya.[original research?] The Sumatee Shatakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as C. P. Brown rendered it in English in the 1840s.[citation needed] In the Telugu literature Tikkana was given agraasana (top position) by many famous critics. Paravastu Chinnayya Soori (1807–1861) is a well-known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature. Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the Bala Vyakaranam in a new style after doing extensive research on Telugu grammar. Other well-known writings by Chinnayasoori are Neethichandrika, Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu, Andhra Dhatumoola, and Neeti Sangrahamu. Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919) is generally considered the father of modern Telugu literature.[71] His novel Rajasekhara Charitamu was inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield. His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period, which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period. Other prominent literary figures from this period are Gurajada Appa Rao, Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Gurram Jashuva, Rayaprolu Subba Rao, Devulapalli Krishnasastri and Srirangam Srinivasa Rao, popularly known as Mahakavi Sri Sri. Sri Sri was instrumental in popularising free verse in spoken Telugu (vaaduka bhasha), as opposed to the pure form of written Telugu used by several poets in his time. Devulapalli Krishnasastri is often referred to as the Shelley of Telugu literature because of his pioneering works in Telugu Romantic poetry. Viswanatha Satyanarayana won India's national literary honour, the Jnanpith Award for his magnum opus Ramayana Kalpavrikshamu.[72] C. Narayana Reddy won the Jnanpith Award in 1988 for his poetic work, Viswambara. Ravuri Bharadhwaja won the 3rd Jnanpith Award for Telugu literature in 2013 for Paakudu Raallu, a graphic account of life behind the screen in film industry.[73] Kanyasulkam, the first social play in Telugu by Gurajada Appa Rao, was followed by the progressive movement, the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse. Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana (Maalapalli), Bulusu Venkateswarulu (Bharatiya Tatva Sastram), Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao and Buchi Babu.
Telugu support on digital devices Telugu input, display, and support were initially provided on the Microsoft Windows platform. Subsequently, various browsers, office applications, operating systems, and user interfaces were localized for Windows and Linux platforms by vendors and free and open-source software volunteers. Telugu-capable smart phones were also introduced by vendors in 2013.[74]
See also Telugu language day Telugu people Telugu grammar List of Indian languages by total speakers List of Telugu-language television channels States of India by Telugu speakers Telugu language policy
References 1. Telugu (http://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/tel/) at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016) 2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Telugu" (http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/telu1262). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Old Telugu" (http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldt1249). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 4. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh 5. Schools, Colleges called for a shutdown in Telugu states (http://metroindia.com/news/article/07/08/2015/schools-colleges-called-for-a-shutdown-in-telugu-states/11019) 6. "Making Telugu compulsory: Mother tongues, the last stronghold against Hindi imposition" (http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-telugu-compulsory-mother-tongues-last-stronghold-against-hindi-imposition -73014). 7. "Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340). Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. Archived from the original (http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340) on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008. 8. "Telugu gets classical status" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081104015938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hyderabad/Telugu_gets_classical_status/articleshow/3660521.cms). Times of India. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hyderabad/Telugu_gets_classical_status/articleshow/3660521.cms) on 2008-11-04. Retrieved 1 November 2008. 9. "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.ht m). Census of India, 2001. Archived from the original (http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm) on 29 October 2013. 10. "Statistical Summaries/ Summary by language size" (http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size). 11. "PART A Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Stateme nt1.htm). Archived from the original (http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm) on 2013-10-29. 12. Morrison, Kathleen D.; Lycett, Mark T. (1997). "Inscriptions as Artifacts: Precolonial South India and the Analysis of Texts" (https://instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/account_11160000000081823/attachme nts/42567515/Morrison%20and%20Lycett%201997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22Morrison%20and%20Lycett%2 01997_Inscriptions%20as%20Artifacts%20in%20Vijayanagara.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Morrison%2520and%2520Lycett%25201997%255FInscriptions%2520as%2520Artifacts%2520in% 2520Vijayanagara.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJFNFXH2V2O7RPCAA%2F20170219%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20170219T040950Z&X-AmzExpires=86400&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=169465afbba6ed9475c43780668095b81c9b8a8ff3b01b54af9aeeb7919a3326) (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. Springer. 4 (3/4): 218 – via JSTOR. 13. Rao & Shulman 2002, Chapter 2. 14. Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press Incorporated, p. 167, ISBN 0190226927 15. Chenchiah, P.; Rao, Raja M. Bhujanga (1988). A History of Telugu Literature (https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55). Asian Educational Services. p. 55. ISBN 978-81-206-0313-4. 16. Brown, Charles P. (1839), "Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus", Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Volume X (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53), Vepery mission Press., p. 53 17. Grierson, George A. (1967) [1906]. "Telugu" (https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tel_detail-1). Linguistic Survey of India. Volume IV, Mundā and Dravidian languages (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php ?volume=4&pages=701). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 576. Retrieved 12 June 2014. 18. Sekaram, Kandavalli Balendu (1973), The Andhras through the ages (https://books.google.com/books?id=E6E5AQAAIAAJ), Sri Saraswati Book Depot, p. 4, "The easier and more ancient "Telugu" appears to have been converted here into the impressive Sanskrit word Trilinga, and making use of its enormous presitge as the classical language, the theory wa sput forth that the word Trilinga is the morther and not the child." 19. Caldwell, Robert (1856), A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages (http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf) (PDF), London: Harrison, p. 64 20. Telugu Basha Charitra. Hyderabad: Osmania University. 1979. pp. 6, 7. 21. The Dravidian Languages – Bhadriraju Krishnamurti. 22. Rao & Shulman 2002, Introduction. 23. "Indian Encyclopaedia – Volume 1", p. 2067, by Subodh Kapoor, Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002 24. "Proto-Dravidian Info" (https://lists.hcs.harvard.edu/mailman/listinfo/proto-dravidian). lists.hcs.harvard.edu. 25. "Proto-Dravidian" (https://lists.hcs.harvard.edu/mailman/listinfo/proto-dravidian). Harvard. 26. [1] (http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/The-hanging-pillar-and-other-wonders-of-Lepakshi/article13383179.ece) 27. "Bengal" (https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC&redir_esc=y). 28. "Telugu words found in Hebrew literature" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Telugu-words-found-in-Hebrew-literature/article14773033.ece). The Hindu. June 4, 2007. 29. Agrawal, D. P.; Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (1979), Essays in Indian protohistory (https://books.google.com/books?id=KwJuAAAAMAAJ), The Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies/B.R. Pub. Corp., p. 326 30. The Hindu News: Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1971071.ece) "The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has joined the Andhra Pradesh Official Languages Commission to say that early forms of the Telugu language and its script indeed existed 2,400 years ago" 31. Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts, C. S. Murthy, 1952, Bulletins of the Madras Government Museum, New Series IV, General Section, Vol III, No. 4 32. Buhler, G. (1894), Epigraphica Indica, Vol.2 (https://fbcdn-sphotos-d-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xpf1/v/t1.0-9/10606482_714243145324183_7215467189066877380_n.jpg?oh=eb12904b998a0da0e26e13f5838f539a &oe=572F7FFA&__gda__=1466528656_eed1dd4075e412e0a2041bf9230b7756) 33. [2] (https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C&pg=PA33&dq=telugu+country&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqw6e118vSAhVQ62MKHe9iD6UQ6AEIQzAI#v=onepage&q=telugu%20country&f=false) 34. "APonline – History and Culture-Languages" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html). aponline.gov.in. Archived from the original (http:/ /www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html) on 8 February 2012. 35. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-521-77111-0. 36. Venetian merchant-traveler Niccolo de Conti coins the term "Italian of the East" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/when-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language/article4227784.ece) 37. Morris, Henry (2005). A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presideny of Madras (https://books.google.com/books?id=P0AOJBShvRAC&pg=PA86). Asian Educational Services. p. 86. ISBN 978-81-206-1973-9. 38. Rao, M. Malleswara (18 September 2005). "Telugu declared official language" (http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091803740600.htm). The Hindu. Retrieved 16 July 2007. 39. "APonline – History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Struggle). aponline.gov.in. Archived from the original (http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Struggle) on 20 December 2013. 40. "LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER" (https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk). United States Census Bureau. Note: Excluding other languages with many speakers outside India such as Urdu 41. Ancient Temples of Telangana (http://anyflip.com/voxm/rlzk/basic). 42. "Emergence of Regional Identity and Beginning of Vernacular Literature: A Case Study of Telugu" (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/socialscientist/pager.html?objectid=HN681.S597_269-71_012.gif). Social Scientist. 23 (10–12): 8–23. 43. Sheldon Pollock. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men (https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA421). p. 421. 44. Cynthia Talbot. Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra (https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263). pp. 50, 263. 45. Lisa Mitchell. Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue (https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA45). p. 45. 46. A. A. Abbasi (ed.). Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felication Volume (https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA161). p. 161. 47. Richard Salomon. Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Other Indo-European Languages (https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA100). p. 100. 48. Cynthia Talbot (20 September 2001). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra (https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA34). Oxford University Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-19-803123-9. 49. Velcheru Narayana Rao; David Shulman (2002). Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology (https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6). Univ of California Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-520-22598-5. 50. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL (https://books.google.com/books?id=_XVkAAAAMAAJ). Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2004. 51. Ajay K. Rao (3 October 2014). Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India (https://books.google.com/books?id=OUyvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37). Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-134-07735-9. 52. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1994). Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India (https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRR9yu-u4kC&pg=PA6). Asian Educational Services. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-81206-0966-2. 53. Cynthia Talbot (2001). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra (https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195). Oxford University Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-19-513661-6. 54. Sambaiah Gundimeda (14 October 2015). Dalit Politics in Contemporary India (https://books.google.com/books?id=WqXbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT205). Routledge. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-1-317-38104-4. 55. Caffarel, Alice; Martin, J. R.; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (2004). Language Typology: A Functional Perspective (https://books.google.com/books?id=vJGjDlLPQ_IC&pg=PA434). John Benjamins Publishing. p. 434. ISBN 1-58811-559-3. Retrieved 19 November 2016. 56. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Teluguic" (http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/telu1265). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 57. "Telugu" (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel). Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 March 2016. 58. "Census of India – DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY LANGUAGE" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm). Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 August 2012. 59. [3] (https://ny.eater.com/2017/3/13/14902030/the-best-indian-food-in-new-york-is-in-new-jersey) Accessed June 17, 2017. 60. Lisker and Krishnamurti (1991), "Lexical stress in a 'stressless' language: judgments by Telugu- and English-speaking linguists." Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Université de Provence), 2:90–93. 61. Wilkinson (1974:251) 62. A Grammar of the Telugu Language, p. 295, Charles Philip Brown, [4] (https://books.google.com/books?id=JOgUAAAAYAAJ) 63. Krishnamurti (1998), "Telugu". In Steever (ed.), The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. pp. 202–240, 260 64. Charles Philip Brown (1857). A grammar of the Telugu language (2 ed.). Christian Knowledge Society's Press. 65. Albert Henry Arden (1873). A progressive grammar of the Telugu language (https://books.google.com/?id=tW8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57&dq=neuter+feminine). Society for promoting Christian knowledge. p. 57. Retrieved 2014-08-03. 66. Charles Philip Brown (1857). A grammar of the Telugu language (https://books.google.com/?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39&dq=feminine) (2 ed.). Christian Knowledge Society's Press. p. 39. Retrieved 2014-08-03. 67. Ramadasu, G (1980). "Telugu bhasha charitra". Telugu academy 68. te:
:Telugulipi evolution.jpg
69. Brown, Charles Philip (1857). A Grammar of the Telugu Language. London: W. H. Allen & Co. p. 5. ISBN 81-206-0041-X. 70. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names; United Nations Statistical Division (2007). Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names. United Nations Publications. p. 110. ISBN 92-1-161500-3. 71. Sarma, Challa Radhakrishna (1975). Landmarks in Telugu Literature (https://books.google.com/books?id=rY4OAAAAYAAJ&q=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature&dq=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature&hl=en&sa= X&ei=nPzyVLmxC--IsQSe0oCIDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA). Lakshminarayana Granthamala. p. 30. 72. Datta, Amaresh; Lal, Mohan (1991). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 3294. 73. George, K.M. (1992). Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1121. ISBN 81-7201-324-8. 74. "Samsung phones to support 9 Indian languages" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/samsung-phones-to-support-9-indian-languages/article5018907.ece). thehindubusinessline.com.
Bibliography Albert Henry Arden, A Progressive Grammar of the Telugu Language (1873). Charles Philip Brown, English–Telugu dictionary (1852; revised ed. 1903; The Linguistic Legacy of Indo-Guyanese http://www.stabroeknews.com/2014/features/in-the-diaspora/04/21/linguistic-legacy-indian-guyanese/ Languages of Mauritius https://mauritiusattractions.com/mauritius-languages-i-85.html Charles Philip Brown, A Grammar of the Telugu Language (1857) P. Percival, Telugu–English dictionary: with the Telugu words printed in the Roman as well as in the Telugu Character (1862, google books edition (https://books.google.com/books?id=fXEIAAAAQAAJ)) Gwynn, J. P. L. (John Peter Lucius). A Telugu–English Dictionary Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press (1991; online edition (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/gwynn/)). Uwe Gustafsson, An Adiwasi Oriya–Telugu–English dictionary, Central Institute of Indian Languages Dictionary Series, 6. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Language (1989). Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David (2002), Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology (http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt096nc4c5;brand=ucpress), University of California Press Callā Rādhākr aśarma, Landmarks in Telugu Literature: A Short Survey of Telugu Literature (1975). Wilkinson, Robert W. (1974). "Tense/lax vowel harmony in Telugu: The influence of derived contrast on rule application". Linguistic Inquiry. 5 (2): 251–270
External links Hints and resources for learning Telugu (http://www.learningtelugu.org/) English to Telugu online dictionary (http://en2te.sourceforge.net/) 'Telugu to English' and 'English to Telugu' Dictionary (http://www.telugudictionary.org/) Dictionary of mixed Telugu By Charles Philip Brown (https://books.google.com/books?id=j28IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false) Origins of Telugu Script (http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1a.html) Online English – Telugu dictionary portal that includes many popular dictionaries (http://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/index.php) Telugu literature online (http://greatertelugu.com/) English–Telugu Dictionary (http://www.bdword.com/english-to-telugu-dictionary-) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_language&oldid=816096691"
This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 07:04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.