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The Coastal Resources Management Plan for South Johore, Malaysia
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THE COASTAL RESOURCE~S MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SOUTH JOHORE, MALAYSIA
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THE COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SOUTH JOHORE, MALAYSIA
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Malaysian Coastal Resources Study Team Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
1992
Association of Southeast Asian Nations/United States Coastal Resources Management Project Technical Publications Series 11
The Coastal Resources Management Plan for South Johore, Malaysia
MALAYSIAN COASTAL
REsouRCRi STUDY TEAM
MINISTRY OF ScmNCE, TECHNOLOGY AND TI-IE ENvIRONMENT KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
1992
Published by the International Center for living Aquatic Resources Management on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ United States Coastal Resources Management Project.
Printed in Manila,. Philippines.
MCRST (Malaysian Coastal Resources Study Team), Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia. 1992. The coastal resources management plan for South lohore, Malaysia. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 33, 291 p.
Cover design by Aque.
ISSN 0115-5547 ISBN 971-8709-19-3
ICLARM Contribution No. 782
Contents • List of Tables
xii
List of Figures
xiv
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
xvii
Editorial Board
xx
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments Foreword Executive Summary Chapter 1. Introduction South lohore: CRM Pilot Site The Goal: Sustainable Development Sectoral planning and management Integrated planning and management The Management Plan The planning process Elements of the plan Chapter 2. Management Plan for Coastal Forests Introduction Current Status Management Issues and Problems Sg. Seclili Kechil basin's coastal forest Desaru tourism development area Legal and Institutional Issues Legal aspect Institutional aspect Management Goal Recommendations for Management Management zones General guidelines Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements
xxiv xxviii 1
33 34 34 36
37 37 38
43 44
46 46 46 47 47 49 49 50 50 51 53
Ccntents Chapter 3. Management Plan for Mangrove Forests Introduction: Social, Economic and Ecological Benefits Forest products Nursery, breeding and feeding grounds Coastal erosion control Water quality control Wildlife habitat Recreational and scientific wsources Current Status Mangrove forest reserves Stateland mangrove forests Nipa forests Management Issues and Problems High relative economic cost of conversion Losses in mangrove forest production Nonadherence to logging requirements of working plans Absence of replanting programs and a lack of natural regeneration Erosion Loss of fisheries Legal and Institutional Issues Legal aspect Institutional aspect Management Objectives Recommendations for Management Management zones General guidelines Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspect Institutional aspect Action Plans for Management Proposed Protective Forests Productive Mangrove Forests Recommendations
71 71 77 79
Chapter 4. Management Plan for Aquaculture Introduction Current Status Economic benefits Management Issues and Problems Environmental issues Economic issues
83 83 85 85 85 86
55 55 55 56 56 56 56
57 57 59 59 59 61
62 62 63 63 64 64 64
65 66
67 67 67
70 70 70
Contents Legal and Institutional Issues Management Goal and Objectives Recommendations for Management Management zones General guidelines Specific guidelines Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspect Institutional aspect Chapter 5. Management Plan for Coastal/Offshore Sand Mining Introduction SituaL..onal Analysis Current status Economic benefits Management Issues and Problems Impacts of offshore sand mining Impacts of land-based and riverine sand mining Legal and Institutional Issues Federal and state jurisdiction Permitting processes Review of the EIA Management Goal and Objectives Recommendati0hs for Management Management zones Alternative sources of sand General guidelines Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspect Institutional aspect Recommendations for Further Research Determining the limiting water depth Biological impacts Physical impacts Chapter 6. Management Plan for Coastal Erosion Introduction Situational Analysis Current status Qu~
Management Issues and Problems Role of mangroves in retarding the erosion process Impact of bund building on mangroves Implications of sea level rise on coastal area development
87 88 89 89 89 92 95 95 95
97 97 97 97 98 98 100 100 100 101 105 105 106 106 106 108 111 111 113 116 116 116 117
119 119 119 lW 120 120 120 121
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Contents Legal and Institutional Issues Legal aspect Institutional aspect Management Goal and Objectives Recommendations for Management Management zones General guidelines Recommendations fol(' Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspect Institutional aspect Recommendations for Further Research Area-specific Plans Critically eroding area in the west coast Critically eroding area in the east coast
121 121 123 123 124 124 125 128 128 12~
130 131 131 133
Chapter 7. Management Plan for Water Quality and Land Use Introduction Current Status Management Issues and Problems Cost of maintaining/reinstating good water quality Nonpoint pollution sources Point pollution sources Legal and Institutional Issues Legal aspect Institutional aspect Management Goal and Objectives Recommendations for Management Management zones General guidelines Recommendations for Legal and Institutional Arrangements Legal aspect Institutional aspect Area-specific Plans for South lohore's River Basins Southwest lohore river basins Skudai-Tebrau river basins Sg. lohore basin The johore Bahru municipality and surrounding area
178
Chapter 8. Management Plan for Tourism Development Jntroduction Situational Analysis Current status Projections for the industry
185 185 185 188
135 135 142 142 143 143 146 146 150 152 152 152 159 167 167 168 174 174 176 178
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Contents
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Managemcnt Issucs and Problcms Coastal and soil erosion Overuse of drinking water supply Watcr pollution Lack of regulations for scuba diving Conflicting uses of coastal r'a~~:\~liirr~rl~i'qzk/:::~!\;"
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Its emphases are on the identification of potential pollution problems and reduction of pollution to acceptable standards. A major weakness of this approach is that there is no attempt to assess other critical ecological processes or functions that maintain the health of major ecosystems.
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3) The cumulative or synergic imp!lct of different development initiatives .~rsnore waters of Southeast lohore's coast (Fig. 5.t), has the potential of ~lgdficant1y affecting the water quality of the area through incI'P..ased turbidity. In fact, in two small rivers of South lohore, Sg. Pelentong and Sg. Lebam, increased turbidity caused by sand mining upstream is suspected to have been directly linked to reductions in fish stocks downstream. The use of fishing stakes (kdong), which are no longer viable for fishing, as cheap accommodations for recreational and other purposes has resulted in the pollution of the surrounding waters since there are no sewage facilities on these structures and all discharges flow directly into the sea. The resulting
230
Ch8pter 9. Management Plan for F/shsrlfJ9
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high nutrient levels, besides posing a health problem for swimmers, have an on the corals. This effect has al90 been observed in the Great narrl~r Reef of Australia.
adv~rse impact
~gradcd water qU311ty has oc-en identified in some fishing areas. In lohore Sb'ait by the causeway in lohore Bahru, hig:. Fe levels ar " a problem for shellfish. In the Sg. lohore estuary, fishers from Sg. Rengit and Tg. Surat complain that ships cleaning their tanks, bilges and hulls merely dump the wastes into the water. This is also a major concern at Kg. Senibong, across the Sembawang shipyard. At Pasir Puteh, fishers complain about the industrial wastes from Pasir Gudang that are affectl:lg their catches. Fishen from 5g.• Melayu and Kong Kong also claim that industrial pollution is severely affecting fish yield in their areas (WI,lng and Chang 1989a).
Destructive Fishing Tec~nlque8
De8tructive fishing techniquell, such as use of fish traps (bub"), trawl 9, muro-ami and kelong in and around coral reef areas, and also small fishing stakes (togok) ar,d stationary gear in the estuary and mangrove areas, ha, ' adverse impacts on the coastal fisheries dUl: to the use of small-sized mesh fishing nets. In the case of muro-ami, the actual breaking of the corals themselves occur during fishing operations.
Lack of Informalloli on Fish and Shrimp Stocks
There is a llick of detailed infonnation on the fish stocks in the coastal waters fnr the eswblishment of individual fisheries management plans for coastal areas. There is a need to know, for example, the biology and migration patterns of the commerdal species of fish and shrimp that breed or spend their juvenile phases in the mangroves.
Socioeconomic Problems
The fishing communities, particularly the t,aditional fishers, have the potential to be adversely ufected most by all these developments along the coastal area. These fishers are bound to the inshore areas due to lack of bigger boats and engines. Figs. 9.19 to 9.21 identify the fishing villages that are most likely to be affected by the major development proposals in South lahore, namely the second linkage with Singapore, the Tg. Langsat industrial estate and sand mining leases.
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Legal Aspect
The Fisheries Act (1985) is a r.omprehensive law that provides for the conserv.Ilion, management and development of marine and estuarine fisheries in Malaysian fishing waters, and also of turtles .md riverine fisheries. Marine
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Chapter 9. Management Plan for Fisheries
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Fig. 9.19. Fithing villages affected by the propoeed IClCOI\d linkage development, their dependence on fisheries and the mobility of the boat transportation system.
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