Eur J Pharmacol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 Apr 15. Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharmacol. 2015 Apr 15; 753: 73–87.
PMCID: PMC4380644 NIHMSID: NIHMS661974 PMID: 25583178
Published online 2015 Jan 9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.044
The dark side of emotion: the addiction perspective George F. Koob George F. Koob, Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington DC (on leave of absence from Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA) * Correspondence: George F. Koob, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, Room 2001, Suite 2000, Rockville, MD 20852, tel: 301-443-3885, fax: 301-443-7043,
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Abstract
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1. What is Emotion?
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1.1. Emotional behavior vs. feelings of emotion
1.2. Recent perspectives on the neurobiological bases of emotion
2. Interface between Emotion and Motivation
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2.1. Motivation
2.2. Behavioral analysis of emotion: bridge to motivation
3. Incentive Salience
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4. Addiction as a Model of Emotional Dysregulation
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4.1. What is addiction?
4.2. Neurobiology of addiction
5. Dynamic Changes in Reward: Allostatic View of Opponent Processes
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5.1. Animals escalate their intake of drugs with extended access, with a parallel increase in reward thresholds
6. Neuroadaptations Responsible for Opponent Processes
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7. Brain Reward System Substrates for the Negative Reinforcement Associated with Addiction (Within-System Neuroadaptations)
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8. Brain Stress System Substrates for the Negative Reinforcement Associated with Addiction (Between-System Neuroadaptations)
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8.1. Corticotropin-releasing factor, compulsive-like drug seeking, and the extended amygdala
8.2. Dynorphin, compulsive-like drug seeking, and the extended amygdala
8.3. Other pro-stress systems, compulsive-like drug seeking, and the extended amygdala
9. Neuropeptide Y, nociceptin, and endocannabinoids: emotional buffer systems
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9.1. Neuropeptide Y
9.2. Nociceptin
9.3. Endocannabinoids
10. Allostatic Brain Reward and Stress System Changes in Addiction: A Neurocircuitry Perspective
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11. Hyperkatifeia Revisited: Another Window on the Neurocircuitry of Emotion
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12. Emotions Revisited: The Addiction Connection
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12.1. Implications for our understanding of the neurobiology of emotion
Acknowledgments
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Footnotes
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References
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