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The Elevation-Dependence of Snowfall in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania. Source: Journal of Operational Meteorology . 6/27/2017, Vol. 5 Issue 8, p87-102. 16p. Author(s): EVANS, MICHAEL; JUREWICZ, MICHAEL; KLINE, RACHAEL Abstract: Northeastern Pennsylvania is located in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley region characterized by northeast- southwest oriented ridges running parallel to broad valleys. Snowfall in the region can vary considerably over short distances owing to differences in elevation. To study the impact of elevation on snowfall in this region, a collection of snow events from 2005 to 2014 was studied. The median high-elevation versus low-elevation snowfall ratio--or orographic ratio--for the events was 1.27; however, several cases were identified that departed substantially from the average. The primary goal of this study is to give forecasters an understanding of factors that modulate the impact of elevation on snowfall in this region. Nine events with a high-elevation dependency were compared to twelve events with a low-elevation dependency. High dependency was most likely with high-amplitude flow and deep surface cyclones along the East Coast, whereas low-dependency cases were associated with Miller type B cyclone tracks and flow that was less amplified. High-elevation dependency also was most likely for events with strong lower-tropospheric winds, along with surface temperatures >-1°C (30°F) at Avoca, Pennsylvania. A relatively weak, inverse correlation was found between elevation dependence and lower-tropospheric stability. The Froude number is shown to be useful for determining the impact of elevation on snowfall. A regression equation was developed to help determine the impact of elevation on snowfall, and two case studies are shown to demonstrate that output from the equation can be used in conjunction with high-resolution model guidance to realistically assess the impact of elevation on snowfall in northeastern Pennsylvania.
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