Idea Transcript
The Great Transition: From Wastewater to Resource Recovery Systems Glen T. Daigger, Ph.D, P.E., BCEE, NAE Professor of Engineering Practice Distinguished Fellow, IWA Presented at the Global Science Technology & Innovation Conference: Technological Solutions for the SDG’s (G-STIC) Thematic Session Water Brussels, Belgium 23 October, 2017
Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals Highly ambitious – will not be reached without innovation
Water & the Sustainable Development Goals: Addressing wastewater is key to reaching the goals 6.3 Wastewater & Water Quality
14.1 Marine Pollution
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally = add 500,000 p.e. per day to 2030
14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
We are in the Midst of One of the Most Significant Transitions in the History of the Water Profession Item
Past
Future
Relationship to Economy Provide Cost-Effective Water Service
Integral Part of Circular Economy
Functional Objective
Comply with Regulations
Produce Useful Products
Optimization Function
Infrastructure Cost
Water Use, Energy, Materials, Labor
Water Supply
Remote
Local
System Components
Separate Drinking Water, Rainwater, and Used Water Systems
Integrated, Multipurpose Systems
System Configuration
Centralized Treatment
Hybrid (Centralized and Distributed) Systems
Financing
Volume Based
Service Based
Institutions
Single Purpose Utilities
Integrated, Water Cycle Utilities
System Planning
“Plumb up” the Planned City
Integrated with City Planning
A Variety of Useful Products Can be Produced From the Water Cycle Produced Today:
Potential Future Products
• Water
• Water
• Non-Potable • Potable
• Energy • Electrical • Heat
• Nutrients • Organic Materials • Soil Conditioner
• Non-Potable • Potable
• Energy • Electrical • Heat
• Nutrients • Organic Materials • Soil Conditioner • Proteins • Organic Chemicals
• Inorganic Chemicals
Understanding the “Change” Process Frames Needed Actions and Timelines 1. Creating Change is a Socio-Technical-Economic Process
2. Successful Changes Start Small and Grow Exponentially 3. Long Timeframes for Change Require Early Starts
• Nature of “Conversations” Must Change Over Time • Discuss Features with Innovators • Discuss Benefits with Others
• Disruptive Innovations Often Enter at the “Low End”
Number of Installations
Motives and Incentives for Adoption Change as Different Groups Implement
Rogers, E. M., Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press, NY, 2003
•Seek Advantage •Copy Leaders •Adopt Out of Necessity •Avoid Disadvantage
•Seek Advantage •Leaders •Like New Things •Fund Research Early InnovatorsAdopters
Early Majority
Time
Late Majority
•Adopt to Survive
Laggards
Functionality
The Difference Between Sustaining and Disruptive Innovations Must Also be Understood
Undervalued Features Customers
Performance Gap
Often Coupled with Disruptive Business Model
Time
Source: Christensen, 2000, 2003
Exponential Growth Shows a Linear Relationship on Semi-Log Plot GDP-US $ billion 1000000
Number of Installations
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1 1890
1920
1950
1980
2010
Innovators 2040
Early Adopters
Early Majority
Time
Late Majority
Laggards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics
New Technologies and Innovations First Find “Replacement” Niche, Stage
Mechanism
Invention
Cost
Market Share
Learning Rate
Random Breakthroughs and Basic Research High
0%
-
Innovation
Applied Research, Development, and Demonstration (RD&D)
High
0%
-
Niche Market
Niche Applications; Replace Existing Use; Learning by Doing, Suppliers and Users Close Relationship
High but Declining
0-5%
20-40%
Pervasive Diffusion
Standardization, Mass Production, Economies of Scale, Network Effects
Rapidly Declining
5-50%
10-30%
Saturation
Commodity, Intense Competition
Low and Declining
Up to 100 % 0-5%
Senescence
Few Improvements Possible
Low and Declining
Declining
0-5%
Grübler, et al., Energy Policy, 27, 1999, 247-280.
Follow the Learning Curve, and
Grübler, et al., Energy Policy, 27, 1999, 247-280.
Compete While They Evolve
Grübler, et al., Energy Policy, 27, 1999, 247-280.
Accelerating the Introduction and Adoption Phases Can Significantly Reduce Timeframes
Courtesy of Paul O’Callahan, BlueTech Research
Understanding the “Change” Process Frames Needed Actions and Timelines 1. Creating Change is a Socio-Technical Process
2. Successful Changes Start Small and Grow Exponentially 3. Long Timeframes for Change Require Early Starts
Water Reuse is a Well-Established and Long-Serving Practice 1. Agriculture
2. Industry 3. Urban Non-Potable 4. Urban Potable
Water Reuse has a Long and Diverse History
Adapted from IWA (2013)
Planned Water Reuse is Widely Distributed Around the World and Growing Rapidly Planned Reuse in the World Total: 21 million de m³/d (~245 m³/s) in 2008 in 43 countries
% of Total
36%
9%
8% 5%
USA
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
Israel
5%
Syria
4%
Spain
4%
Mexico
3%
3%
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
China
Japan
Tunisia
UAE
Australia
Korea
Kuwait
Adapted from NRC (2012) and Jimenez and Asano (2008)
And, Some Recent Updates Israel – 10M hab.
Around 75% of total sanitary effluent flow is reused (after treatment), mostly for agriculture (NRC, 2012). This represents 40% of the water destined to irrigation (UM, 2017). In 2008, the reuse flow was around 11 m³/s (adapted from NRC, 2012)
Mexico – 120M hab.
Counting the Agricultural Reuse Project from WWTP Atotonilco alone, the reused sanitary effluent flow (after treatment) in Mexico will be of 35 m³/s, with almost 100% of the total effluent flow being reused in this context.
California, USA – 40M hab.
• Reuse represented 10% of the water suplpy portfolio of certain cities • In 2009, the reused sanitary effluent flow (after treatment) in California was around 26 m³/s for a great variety of reuse modalities
USA – 300M hab.
In 2008, the reused sanitary effluent flow (after treatment) was around 88 m³/s for a great variety of reuse modalities (adapted from NRC, 2012)
Saudi Arabia – 30M hab.
In 2010, 30% of the municipal sanitary effluent was reused after treatment (i.e., ~15 m³/s), with the target of 100% by 2030 (i.e., ~75 m³/s). The country also has a target of 80% reuse of industrial effluent by 2030 (adapted from IWA, 2013)
California Illustrates the Rapid Growth in Reuse in Example Locations Water Reuse in California (m³/s) 51 39
26 21
7
7
1970
1977
10 1987
2001
2009
2020
2030
Source: CA Water Plan, Update 2013, DWR
Singapore Illustrates the Modern “Portfolio” Approach to Water Supply and Resilience
Singapore Will Double Water Supply and Increase NEWater From 30 to 50 % of Total by 2060
Recovery of Other Resources 1. Energy
2. Nutrients 3. Specialized Materials
Newtown Creek Wastewater Digesters (New York City, USA) • Wastewater and Food Waste • Citizens Served: 1.2 Million PE • Capacity: 1,800,000 m3/day • 18% of NYC
• Heating: 5,200 NYC Homes / year • GHG Reduction: 90,000 MT/ year
Energy Production & Water Re-Use Atotonilco WWTP (Mexico City, Mexico) • Wastewater • Citizens Served: 10 Million PE • Capacity: 3,600,000 m3/day • 60% of Mexico City • Energy Production: 60% of Energy Required • Water Re-Use: 80,000 Ha Irrigated Land • Investment: US$786 Million (DBOT)
Energy Production & Fertilizer Sludge to Energy (Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China) • Wastewater & Organic Waste • Citizens Served: 2 Million PE • Capacity: 450 Tons Solids/Day • Energy : 2.1 Million m3 / Year • Biosolids: 60 Tons for 80 Ha / year • BOO (Build- Own-Operate) • Revenue: US$1.5 Million / Year
Energy Production Waste Water to Biogas for Cars (Kobe, Japan) • Citizens Served: 1.5 Million PE • Capacity: 510,000 m3/Day • Energy : 10,000 m3/Day • Heating: 2,000 Homes/Year • GHG Reduction: 1,200 Ton/Year • Bio-Gas for Cars: 6,000 m3/Day
Net Energy Positive – Biogas & Efficiency Marselisborg WWTP, Aarhus (Denmark) • Citizens Served: 220,000 PE • Energy Production: 9,628 MWh/Year • Energy Consumption: 6,311 MWh/Year • Investment: € 2,917,000 • Payback: