The Jewish encyclopedia [PDF]

THE

Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE R.ECORD OF

THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUSTOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Six Hundred Scholars

and Specialists

UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD Cyrus Adler, Ph.D. Biblical Antiquities

;

(Departments of PostJews of America).

ike

Wii.HELM Backer, Ph.D. (Departments of Talmud and Rabbinical Literature).

Gotthard Deutsch, Ph.D. History from I4f

DAVID PHILIPSON, UabbI of theCunnn-pilli'ii

Ui-llglons

i.f

li'iu' Isr.irl

JOSEPH SILVERMAN, Homlletlcs.

President

IRA MAURICE PRICE, Si-Miilh

..t

I,i.Mk'imi;i>

and

Uidvi'relty of

.

D.D.,

Ainerlran

if

Kabbl of

liulilils;

Temple Kmanu-KI, New York.

JACOB VOORSANGER,

B.D., Ph.D.,

l.licniluri-s.

Cunrereuci-

I'eiitnil

(if

Hebrew I'niiin lolli-Kc. ciiiiliinail. olilo; I'lvsldentof Hebrew Siiblaith Silicwil VnUin of America.

Proti-SMT

Seminary of

uf "Studies in .lutliilsrn."

etc.

D.D.,

l'n>fcss(ir nf

:

New York; Autlmr

Anierlea.

M.A., Litt.D.,

Fai-iilly ot tin- .lewLsli Tliriilngliui

.it till'

D.D.,

Knmim-Kl. Sun Friincl.seo, Cal.; Professor of Semitic LaiiKUugi's and Literatures, I'ni-

Rabbi of

CblcaRo, HI.; .\ulhor of " The MonuiiieiiLs and the Uld Testament," etc.

tlif Ciink'ret'atiiin

verslty of Califiirnia. lierkeley, Cul.

FOREIGN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORS ISRAEL ABRAHAMS,

MORITZ LAZARUS,

M.A.,

Coedltorof " Tin- Jewlsli quarterly Heview "; Aullior of "Jewish Life in the Middle Ages." eU'.; Header in I'alnmdic, I'BiubridKe rnlTersity, Englami.

BRANN,

M. Professor in

many

;

tlie

Ph.D.,

WisseiLschaft des

fiir

Late Professor Emeritus of Psychology, L'niverslty of Berlin;

Mcran,

Breslau, Ger-

liesehielite

Member

of the Instltut de Fniiice; Professor at the Free School of Political Science. Paris, Fnince

und

"

ISRAEL "Revue

ABRAHAM DANON,

Ijxte

Ph.D.,

Istoriya

(if

MARGULIES,

H.

S. Principal

Ph.D.,

the Jewish 'i'lieological Seminary; Ciilef Rabbi of

Florence, Italy.

H. OORT, D.D.,

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER, Professor of .Semitic PInlology,

;

Ph.D.,

Ph.D.,

Formerly Libnirtan

of the Iteale

M. GtTDEMANN, Ph.D., Haiiiii "f Viennii,

MARTIN PHILIPPSON, Brussels

;

Berlin,

Bonn and

Oennany.

SAMUEL POZNANSKI, Kiilitii

St.

Ph.D.,

at the Cnivei-slties of

President of the Deutsch-Israelltisoher

Cemeindebimd,

Austria.

BARON DAVID GTJNZBURG,

BIblloteca Palatlna, Parma,

Italy.

Formerly Profe.ssor of History Chief

at the State

riilvei^lty, L.-v.len, llolhind.

ABBE PIETRO PERREAU,

ulverslty of Budapest,

t

Hebrew Language und .\rcheology

Professor of

Author of "The

H ungary.

In \V:irv[n\.

Ph.D.,

Kussia.

Petersburg, Russia.

DE HARKAVT,

E.

Ph.D.,

SCHWARZFELD,

St. I*et4'rsburg.

Frame; Honorary President ;

of the Alliance

of Honor, Paris, France.

KAYSERLING,

Ph.D.

tiSKM, Late Rabbi, Budapest, Hungary Late Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of History, Madrid. Spain. ;

STEIN, Ph.D.,

Professor of Phllowiphy. Inivecsltvof liern. Switzerland; Editor of " Archlv (fir (ieschichte dcr I'hllosoiihle." etc.

Olllcer of the Legion

I|)K(

France.

LUDWIG

Russia.

ZADOC KAHN, Israelite Unlyerselle

LL.D.,

Secretary-iieueral of the Jewish Colonization Association, Paris,

Chief of the Hetirew Department of the Imperial Public Library,

M.

AromillscheD

Wllna. Russia.

^'l'\ ceyt-v."

MICHAEL FRIEDLANDER,

Chief Rabbi of

I>le

Ptianzennamen."

the Instltut de France.

Principal of Jews' College, London, Engluiul Jewlsli Religion." etc.

A.

at the

Ph.D.,

Chief Rabbi of Szegedin, Hungary; Author of "

Professor of Literal Arabic ul the .Special School of Oriental

M. DTJBNOW,

;

LOLLI, D.D.

IMMANUEL LOW,

HARTWIG DERENB0X7RG, Member of

Li;VI,

Cnlverslty. I'ailua. Italy.

Turkey.

*'

.\uthorof

(Deckaski». Chief Rabbi of Padua; Late Profes.sor of Hebrew

Principal of the Jewish Tlienlnyicai Semituiry, Constantinople,

Atllhorof

;

Nations."

Editor of des Kliides .lulves." Paris. France.

EUDE

HehriiLselie Illlillopraphie."

S.

les

Professor In the Jewish Theological Seminary

Rabbi, Nachod, Bohemia. Austria; Coeditor of "Zeitscbrlft fOr

;

chez

Israel

Judenthums."

H. BRODY, Ph.D.,

Languages, Paris

.\ustria.

ANATOLE LEROY-BEAULIEU,

Jewisli Tlieologleal Seminary,

Editor of " MonaLs.nohrltt

Ph.D.

(I)k(;k.\skii).

HERMANN

L.

STRACK,

Ph.D.,

Professor of Uld Teslanient Exegesis and Semitic Languages, Inlverslly of Berlin. C.€Tmany.

CHARLES TAYLOR, Master of

D.D., LL.D.,

John's College, Cambridge. England " Sayings of the Jewish Fathers," etc.

St.

;

Editor of

SYSTEMS OF TRAXSLTTERATION AND OF CITATION OF PROPER NAMES* A.— Rules All important

version;

e.g..

Shelomoh,

Hebrew and Aramaic.

for the Transliteration of

names which occur in tlie Bible are cited as found in the authorized King James Moses, not Mosheh; Isaac, not Yiz.hak Saul, not Sha'ul or Shaiil Solovion, not ;

;

etc.

names that have gained currency in English books on Jewish subjects, or that have become familiar to English readers, are generally retained cross-references are given when topics are treated under forms transliterated according to the system tabulated below.

Tlie spellings of

;

Hebrew subject-headings are transcribed according ences are made as in the case of personal names. The following system of

2 b i

g

id w

Hebrew and Aramaic

otherwise

or by dieresis;

'

2

^

I

3

/i

O

in

a (without dage.ih),

3

cated by doubling the

{tfifh dage.ih),

t

jn

V?

y

D

p k

fc

V

The presence of dagesh lene

:

transliteration

n

•'

Note

:

scheme of

T

Q

n h •\

transliteration has been used for

Not noted at the beginning or the end of a ivord

N

to the

is

s

1

•

;

cross-refer-

:

e.g.,

pe'er or Meir.

p

f

B*

«'«

jp

s

n

t

'

not noted except in the case of

E.

Dagesh

forte

is

indi-

letter.

The vowels have been transcribed ^— u -r- (kamez) a

as follows

:

^

a O

1o

-=re

-r (kamez hatuf) o -r^

e

-77-6

-;r

^-

i

-re

-^ a

The

'— }

so-called "Continental" pronunciation of the English vowels

i

u is

implied.

The Hebrew letter.

article is transcribed as ha, followed by a hyphen, without doubling the following [Not hak-Kohen or hak-Cohen, nor Rosli ha-shshanah.]

B. All Arabic

forms, as

— Rules

for the Transliteration of Arabic.

names and words, except such

Mohammed, Koran, mosque,

\ See

as have become familiar to English readers in other are transliterated according to the following system :

SYSTEMS OF THANSI.lTEHATIoN AM) OF fITATION OF

viii

l'HUPKl{

NAMES

3. The Arabic article is invarialily written nl. no account lieing taken of tlie assimilation of the I to the following letter: (•.(/, Abu iil-Salt. not Aliu-l-Salt : A-n followed by a genitive,

but lli'at al-AJhik.

No account

is taken of the overhanging vowels which distinguish tlie cases e.g.. 'Amr, not 'Amrii or •Ainrun; Va'kub, not ya/cHban; or in a title, I\itab al-Amanal irdl-l-tihulat. :

C— Rules

for the Transliteration of Russian.

become familiar to Engh'sh readers in other forms, as Czar, Alexander, deciatine, Moscuw, are transliterated according to the following system All Russian namesi and words, except such as have

:

A

a

1

.

i

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [Self-evident abbreviations, particularly those used in the bibliographies, are not included here.]

Ab

.\bot,

Ab. R. N 'Ab. Zarah

Ahot de-u'abbi Natau *Abodab Zarah

(uiloc

at the place ; to the passage cited in the year of the Hegira

;».ii

Pirke

Zeilung des Judentbums Am. Jew. Hist. Soc, American Jewish Historical Society Alljr. Zeit.

Am.

des

Jiid. ,.\llgemeine

Jour. Semit.

Lang

i

American Journal of Semitic Languages

\

Anglo-Jew. Assoc.. Anglo-Jewish Association Apocalypse Apoc ..Apocrypha Apocr Apnst. Const Apostolical Constitutions 'Arakin iTalmud) 'Ar Archives Israelites Arch. Isr Aronius. Regesten zur Gescbichte der Juden Aronlus, Regesten in Deutsphland Das A He Testament A. T .\uthnrizeil Version A. V ben or bar or born Bacher, Ag. Bab. Bacher, Agada der Babylonischen Amoraer

Amor

Ag. Pal.

Baolier.

Amor

1

Raba Batra (Talmud

B.C

before the Christian era

Bek

Bekorot (Talmud!

Benzinger. Arch

Amo-

Berliner Fest-i I.

i'

zum

BoletinAcad.Hist.

70ten Geburtstag Berliners

Magazin fiir die Wissenschaft des Judenthums

la

Historia

Bulletin of the Alliance Israelite Unlverselle

Isr.

about

Cant Cat. Anglo-Jew. Hist. Exh Cazes, Notes Bibliograpliiques .

/

\ 1_

\

c.K cb,

Cheyneand

Black,

Encye. Bibl

t ('

Cbwolson Jubilee 3 Volume i

C.I. C.I.

A

c. C. C.

I.

n

I.

L

I.

P

I

f

I

Fall

I

Giidemann,) Gesch

1

Bevis Marks Memorial Volume

Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel in Ihrer Abbangigkeit von der Inneren Entwicklung des Judenthums Geiger's Jfldische Zeilschrift fur Wissenschaft und Leben Geiger's Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fiir Jiidische Tbeologie Geschichte Gesenius, Grammar Gesenius, Thesaurus Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Ginsburg's New .Massoretico-Critical Text of the Hebrew Bible Gittin (Talmud) Graetz, History of the Jews Gratz, (ieschichte der Juden Giidemann, Geschichte des

.Holiness Code

Hag «ag

Hagpai Hagipah (Talmud) Hallah (Talmud) Hamburger, Realencyeken voor de Israeliten in Nederland Jacobs, Inquiry into the Sources of SpanishJewish History

C.I. s

Corpus Corpus Corpus Corpus Corpus Corpus

comp

compare

Jellinek, B.

1

E. E. Curlnier, Dictiounaire National des Contempo rains

I

died Deuteronoinist De Gubernatis. Dizionario Biograflco degll

Jew. Chron Jewish Chronicle. London Jew. Encyc The Jewish Encyclopeilia Jew. Hist. Soc. Eng. Jewish Historical Society of England Jew. World Jewish World, London

G

Curlnier. Diet.

Nat

i

d

D De

Gubernatis. Diz. Biog

De

(iubernatis.

EcrivalnsduJour le Roi. Juden-

I

'

\

De

Mission

\

Dem Derenbourg, Hist

De

Rossi,

nario De Rossi

Dizio-

\

1

I

-

Ham -

1

berger. Hist.

V

Worterb

\

Driver, tion

Introduc-

1

r

E Eccl Ecclus. (Siracb)

ed 'Eduy Eisenberg,

Lex Encyc. Brit.

Eng

Biog.

Inscriptionum Atticarum Inscriptionum Grjecanmi Inscriptionum Hebraicarum

Inscriptionum Peloponnesi Inscriptionum Semiticarum

Scrittori

i

Contemporanei

Juden-Mission Dental (Talmud) Derenbourg. Essai sur PHistoire et graphic dc la Palestine, etc.

Geo-

(

-

Schriftsteller

und

Ihrer Werke S. R. Driver. An Introduction to the Literature of the (Jld Testament Elohist Ecclesiastes Ecclesiasticus edition

"Ednyot (Talmud) Eisenberg's Grosses Biographisches Lexikon der Deutscheu BQhne itu XIX. Jahrhuudert Encydopcedia Britannica English

Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim, TalJellinek, Bet ha-Midnish

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews De Bello Judaico Contra Apionem

.Josephus,

.\p..Josephus,

Joshua Jost's Israelitische Annalen Journal of Biblical Literature

Jewish Quarterly Review Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

S

Justin, Dial,

Rossi. Dizliirtario suirico degli Autori Ebrei e delle Loro (jpere De Itossi-Hamherger, Historisches Worter-

Jahrbuch fur die (ieschichte der Juden und des Judenlhiuns

mudim. and Midrashim

H

Josephus, .\nt Josephus, B. J Josephus, Contra Josh Jost's .\nnalen Jonr. Bib. Lit J. 0. J. R. A.

Jacobs and Wolf, Bibhotheca Anglo-Judaica

I

R

la

De

buch der Judischen

i

)

Jastrow, Diet

De Gubernatis, Dictiounaire International des Eciivains du Jour De le Roi, (ieschichte der Evangelischen

Ludwig )

Jud

Inscriptiouimi Latinarum

Bibel

r

Heb

Canticles (Song of Solomon) (Catalogue of Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition Cazes. Notes Bibliographiquessurla Litterature Juive-Tunisienne common era

son. 184«-18S6

Erziebungs-

wesens und der Cultur der Al)endlandischen Juden

H Hal

British Museum Brail's Jahrbiicher fQr Judische Geschichte uiid Litteratur

Mus

-j

Git Graetz, Hist Gratz, Gesch

(Madrid)

BrulTs Jalirb

Gesenius, Gr Gesenius. Th Gibbon, Decline

Berliner's

Bikkurim (Talmud) Baba Kamma (Talmud) Baba Mezi'a (Talmud) Boletin de la Real Academia de

B.K B.M

Bulletin All.

)

]

Bibiiotheca Rabbinica

Bik

Brit.

Festschrift

f

Rab

Bibl.

Geiger, Urschn'ft,

Ginsburg's Bible..

Berakot (Talmud)

Gastei',

\

Geiger's JQd. Zeit.

and

.Benzinger. Hebriiische .\rchaologie

Ber

Magazin

I.

Gesch

B.B

sclirift

t

Bevis Marks

I

Bacher, Agada der Paliistinensischen raer Bacher. Agada der Tannaiteii

I

(

Geiger's Wiss. Zeit. Jud. Tbeol.

i

(,

Gaster, Hist, of

I_

Baoher, Ag. Tan

Berliner's

Epipbanius, Haeres .Epipbanius, Adversus Haereses •Er 'Erubin (Talmud) Ersch and Gruber. Allgemeine F.ncyklopadle der Wissenschafteu und Kunste Esdras Esd et seq and following Eusebius, Hist. Eccl Eusebius. Historia Ecclesiastica Ewald, Gesch Ewald, Geschichte des Volkes Israel Frankel, Mebo Frankel, Mebo Yenishalmi Farst. Bibl. Jud..., Furst, Bibiiotheca Judaica Fiirst, Gesch. des Fiirst, Geschichte des Karierthums Karaert

Ersch and Gruber, Encyc.

cum

Tryph

I

Justin, Dialogus

cum Tryphone

Judaeo

i'

Kauf mann Ge- ( Gedenkbuch denkbucb mann

zur Erinnerung an David Kauf-

1

Kautzsch,

Apo-

kryphen Kavserline, Bibl. Esp.-Port.-Jud..

Kayserling.

Die Judischen Frau-

en Ker Ket K. H.

Kid Kil

Kin

I

)

(

i 1 ,-

Kautzsch, Die .Ajwkryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments Kayserling. BibliotecaEspaiiola-PortuguezaJudaica Kayserling. Die Judischen Frauen in der Geschichte, Literatur und Kunst

)

C

Keritot (Talmud) Ketubot (Talmud) Kurzer Hand-Couimentar zum J ment, ed. Marti Kiddushin (Talmud) .Kil'ayim (Talnmd) Kinuini (Talmud)

.\lten Testa-

I

LIST Kohut Memorial Volume

I,

U'hn-

Krausii,

gemltic Studies In Krauss,

i

^^(irU^

Did

Laixtu^ise.

ilie

I

.

uber die

N.'Uliebraistlws und Clmldillsihc-s \v;irreil>mh illicr die Taliiiudim und Mlu-

Lew.

1

I.evv, Neuliebr.

.'

Worterb Z.

T.

.

.

.

lUeriillv ,.

I.ebensaller

In

na

Ma'as

Ma'iusenit

,

I.i-

(Talmud)

Ma'aser Slieni (Tahnudt

Ma'as. Sh

Manabees

Mace

Maimonides, Moivli.Malmonliles. Moreb Nebukim Maimonides, Yad hu-Hazakab Malnionldes, Vad Makkol iTalmud) Mak Maksblrln (Talmud Maksb Masonih Ha.s Masse ............ .

.

McCllntock and Strong. Cye

,|,.,j,

Mek Men Mid MIdr MIdr Teh Mlk "K

.

'.'""..

„'

.

.

.

und «

Naz

de

Melanees

Munk.

p, Anilie ling. Dlit.A. II! .Murray.

Murray's

is-

lineeo ,

,

Juive

Phllosopble

A New English

Diellonary

Nazir (Talmud) no date

.'. .

Nedartm (Talmud) Nega'lm

Ned Neg Neubauer, Cat. BodI

llel)r.M.t,

E

W. B

.New York City.

.vutbor, Breslau, Silesia,

Germany.

Isidore Singer, Ph.D.,

Makaguno EuiiOK, New

Vittore Castigllone,

Yorli City.

Victor Rousseau Emanuel, New York CityWilhelm Bacher, Ph.D., Professor. Jewish The\

Wilhelm Nowack, Ph.D., Uni-

Wolf Willner, M.A., Rabbi, Congregation Miss.

Beth Israel, Meridian.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN — In

N. B.

the following

under each heading.

subjects

list

liki-ly

to be

Cross-references in this

VOLUME XI

sought for under various headings are repeated are to other items in the

list

list,

not to articles in

the Encyclopedia.

PAGE

Page from the First Eilition of tlie " 'Ikkarim " by, Soncino, 1485 465 Algiers, Interior of tlie Old Synagogue at 625 Alnieniar of the Old Synagogue at Casimir. near Cracow 636 America; see Lndi.\napolis; MoNTnE.\L; New YoitK. Philadelphia; San Fua.ncisco. Semitic Albo,

.Joseph,

>IUSEIM.

Amsterdam, Title-Page from a " Tikkun " Printed in 1666 at 221 Autokolski, Mark, Statue of Baruch Spinoza by 518 Archeology, see Cromlechs; Dolmens; KafrBir'i.m; Mazzebah; Meron; Seals; Sii.oa.m; Solomon; Tomb. Architecture; see Booths; Semitic JlrsEUM Solomon; Synagogues; Tabernacle; Tomb. Ark of the Law in the Synagogue at Sarajevo .59 Arms of the De Sola Family 430 Art: see Archeology, Architecture; Scroll of the Law Siiofars; Spinoza; Tables of the Law; Tallit; Typography. ;

;

Booths Used During the Feast Breastplates for Scrolls of the I5reslau, Seal of the

California

see

:

Head of

of Tabernacles, Eighteenth Century

657-659

Law

the

130, 133, 135

Community

of

Figs. 85, 36 of plate betireen 136-137

San Francisco.

Cases for Scrolls of the

Law

126, 133

Cemetery, The Old Jewish, at Sarajevo 60 Ceremonial; see Scroll OK tueLaw; Seder; Siiofars; SimhatTorah; Slaughtering; Stripes; Tabernacles, Feast of; Tallit. Costume: see Siiacbethai Zebi Smyrna; Susskind of Trimberg; Tallit, Cromlechs, Palestinian 556, 557 Cups, Silver, of the Sixteenth Century Used at the Seder 145 ;

Dolmens, Palestinian Dresden, Communal Seal

of

Fig. 33 of phite

l/etireen

557 558 136-137

First Editions: Head-Piece Used by the Soucinos in the 1485 Edition of the Earlier Prophets Page from Albo's " 'Ikkarim." Soncino, 1485 Title-Page from Meir Schilf 's " Hiddushe Halakot." Homburg-vor-der-HOhe, 1737 Flagellation

;

Inflicting Stripes.

Florence, E.xtcrior of the

Galicia

:

From

Synagogue

seventeenth- and eighteenth-century prints

465 99 569, 570

at

637

see Zoi.kiev.

Gernuiny: see Goeppingen; Heidenheim; Landsberg

terdam

;

Munich Nikolsburg ;

Stuasburg Worms. Goeppingen. Plan of the Synagogue at ;

;

Reichenberg; Rot-

;

634

Haggadah, Page from the Mantua, of 1550, Depicting Halberstadt, Communal Seal of. Seventeenth Century Hamburg,

462

Seal of the Portuguese

Community

of

the Seder Ceremonies

.folder betireen 142-143

Fig. 11 of plate betireen 136-137 Fig. 1 of plate between 136-137

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN

VOLUME XI PAGE

Htiilcnlieiiii. I'lan of

the

Synagogue

Homburg-vor-iler-HOlie, TitlePage from MeVr

Incunabula

:

Scliiff's

"Hidduslie Halakot," Printed in 173T at

see Soxcrxo.

IndiaL-apolis. Plan of the

Inscription,

634 99

at

The

Synagogue at

635

Siloam, with Transcription in Modern

Hebrew Characters

340

Tomhstdne. Fi.oiiEXCE; Rome.

see also Skai.s;

Italy, see

Jerusalem,

Synagogue at Communities at Supposed Stables of Solomon at Johannesburg, South Africa, Synagogue of the Witwatersrand Old Hebrew Congregation at

626 139 437 478

Kafr

621

Inteiior of a

Seals of Various

Bir'im. Palestine, Ruins of an Ancient

Synagogue

at

.

Karaite Synagogue at Odessa, Russia

Ground Plan

ti38

of a

636

Tallit

Knives Used

in

677 256

Slaughtering

Landsberg, Plan

of

Synagogue

634

at

Lutomirsk, Russia, Exterior of the Wooden Synagogue at LulsU, Russia. Exterior of the Synagogue at

633 633

see Scroll of the Law; SELii.iAn; SnicxAniM; Sira, Ben, Siyylm: Slave;. Spixoza; SrssKixi) of Tkimbkrg. Map of Sicily Showing Places Where .lews Resided 326 of Spain and Portugal Showing Places Where Jews Resided Before the Expulsion 491 of the World Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population .j34, 535 Mazzcbah, Pheuician .558 Medal Established by the Royal Society in Honor of James Sylvester 614 Struck in Conuncmoration of the Sanhedrin Convened by Napoleon, 1807 46 with Elligy of Gershom Mendez Seixas 1.59 Meron, Palestine, Ruins of an Ancient Synagogue at 620 Metz, Seal of the Community of 136 Montreal, Canada, Interior of the Synagogue of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews at 629 Munich, Plan of the Synagogue at 635 177-181 Music: "Selihot "

Manuscripts:

"Shahar Abakkeshka" "Shema' Koli" "Shirah Hadashah " "Shofar" '•

Shofet Kol ha-Arez

226

267 293, 294

30.5,300

"

307-310

"Shomron Kol Tiiten"

:311

in Commemoration of the Sanhedrin Convened by, 1807 York. Interior of Shearith Israel Synagogue Main Entrance to Shearith Israel Synagogue Main Entrance to Temple Beth-El

Napoleon, Medal Struck

New

Plan of Temple BethEl Nikolsburg, Plan of the Synagogue at

Odessa, Russia. Karaite Synagogue at Main Entrance to the Great Synagogue •

•

46 627

628 627 635 0.34

638 632

at

Palestine: sec Cromlechs; Dolmexs; Jerijsalem; SniLOAU; Siloam; To.mbs. Phenician Mazzcbah Philadelphia, Interior of Mik ve Israel Synagogue

Kafu

Bjri.m,

Merox; Saxdals, Sheep; 558 629

LIST OF ILLUSTUATIOXS IN

VOLUME

XI

Plans of Synagogues

6:i»,

I'ogrebisliche, Russia,

Wooden Synagogue

634-635

at

631

Portraits, see

Scbwabz, Joseph

Samuel, Hakesi Sapmib. Jacob SaPHIR, MORIIZ (iOTTLIEB Sasportas. Haiiam Jacob SASSOOX. sir albert Sassoox, David

Sonxenfels, Joseph

See, Gebjiaix

Soxxe.ntiiai,, aiii>i.f

SEIXAS, tiERSHOM ME.VDEZ Seliomax. Jkssk SHABBETHAI BEX MEIU IIA-KOUEX Shadbethai Zebi

SPEKTOR, ISAAC EI.HAXAX Spixoza, Bari ii STEIXSCIIXKIDER, MORITZ Steixthai..

i

Hermax Abraham

SCHEXK, Leopold ScHiPE. Jacob Hexrt Schreiber, Moses SCHroT, JoHAXX Jakob SCHCLMAX, KALMAX

Shxeor. Zalmax

Sterx.

Simox. Sir Joiix Simsox, Martix Eoiard vox Sixzheim, Jusepii David SLOXIMSKI. HAVVIM SELIG

Strashix, Matiiias Stkals, Oscar

Schwab. Low

Smolexskix, Peter

Sclzberoer, Maveb SlLZER, Solomox

Showing Places Where Jews Resided Before the E.xpulsion Prague. Seal of the Butchers' Gild of. Seventeenth Century Fig. 32 of pUtte Seal Granted to the Community of, by Ferdinand II. in 1C27 Fig. 13 of plate Procession Carrying Palms During the Feast of Tabernacles, Eighteenth Century Portugal. Jlap of Spain and.

beticeen

491 136-137

lietiteen

136-137 661

Beichenberg', Plan of the Synagogue at Home, The New Synagogue at Rntterdam, Interior of the Old Synagogue at Russia: see LiTOMiRSK Lutsk; Odessa; Pogrebishche; Wilkowiszki; Zakagokoo.

633 639 624

:

Salonica, Jews of. Doing Penance During the Sliabbethai Zebi Samson b u Samson. Seal of, Thirteenth Century Samuel. AlkgeJ Tomb of. at Mizpah Samuel. Hacem. Indian Communal Worker San Francisco. Interior of the Sutter Street Synagogue

Mortuary Chapel of the

Home

Agitation.

From

a jirint of 1701.

.

.

,5

16

36 35

of Peace and Hills of Eternity Cemeteries

34 40

in Palestine

Medal Struck in Commemoration of the. Convened by Napoleon, 1807 Meeting of the. Convened by Napoleon, 1807 Title-Page from the Prayers Recited at the Meeting of the. Convened by Napoleon, 1807 Saphir. Jacob. Rabbi and Traveler Moritz Gc/itlieb. Hungarian Humorist Sanliedrin.

Sarajevo.

Ark

of the

Law

in the

The Old .Jewish Cemetery The Synagogue at Sasportas.

Haham

Synagogue

46 49 47 51 51

at

.59

at

60 58

Jacob. English Rabbi and Cabalist

65 66

Sassoon. Sir Albert. Anglo-Indian Merchant

David. Indian Merchant

Tomb

67 68

Puna, India Scheiik. Leopold, Austrian Embryologist ScliilT, Jacob Henry, American Financier and Philanthropist Meir, Title-Page from "Hiddushe Ilalakot," HomburK-vor-der-Hiihe. 1737 Schreiber, Mi)ses, German Rabbi Schudt. Johann Jakob. German Polyhistor and Orientalist Schulmau. Kalinan, Russian Author, Historian, and Poet Schwab, Low, Moravian Rabbi Schwarz, Joseph, Palestinian Geographer Scroll of the

of. at

Law, Binder

223 4

The Broadway Synagogue Sandals Used

.

95

98 99

lU 113 114 116

118

for

132

Breastplates for

Ceremonies Accompanying the Presentation from China from Tatilet, Morocco. Metal and Wooden Cases for with Crown, Breastplate, and Pointer

130, 133. 135 of, to

a Synagogue

127

128 131 126.

133

129

LIST

OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XI PAOE

Seal of

Samson ben Samson, Thirtocnih Century

4 136

of Spinoza

Ancient Hebrew Communal and Private

Seals,

136, 138, 139

and plate

with Representation of the Seven-Branched Candlestick, Third Century Seder as Observed by Dutch Jews of the Early Eighteenth Century Ceremonies. From the ^Mantua Haggadah of ir^W Pish and Device for Holding the Three Mazzot Feast. From a medieval manuscript in the British Museum From the Sarajevo Haggadah of the fourteenlli century

From a seventeenth-century Haggadah Ewer and Basin Used at the Silver Cups of the Sixteenth Century Used

.folder hctirei n

143 142-143 146 144

146 145

at the

—

Newjiort, R.

136

147

Germain, French Physician Segovia, Remains of the Ancient Synagogue at Seixas, Gershom Meudcz, American Rabbi and Patriot Tablet in Shearilh Israel Synagogue, New York, Erected — Tombstone of, Chatham Square Cemetery, New York of,

136 136-137 ...

145 153

See,

Moses, Tombstone

bettceen

156 159 in

Memory

of

160 160 161

1

American Banker and Philanthropist 168 173 Selihah, Page from a Fifteenth-Century Manuscript 177-181 "Selihot," Music of 198 Semitic Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., Exterior of Fig. 27 of plate between 136-137 Seville, Communal Seal of. Fourteenth Century 310 Old .luderia. Street in AVhieh St. 'Shxnw la Blanca Is Situated 309 The Golden Tower at. Used as a Residence by .lewish Financiers of the Kings of Castile Tombstone of Solomon ben Abraham Found at 208 Shabbethai ben Me'ir ha-Kohen, Russian Talmudist 217 From contemporary portraits 319, 230 Zebi, Pseudo-Messiah. Scligman,

.Icsse,

Enthroned.

From a

print of 1666

in Festive Attire

Jews

of Salonica

Doing Penance During the

a Prisoner at Abydos.

From

Agitiition of.

From

a print of 1701

a print of 1701

324

Shahar Abakkeshka," Music of Sheep and Shepherd, Palestinian Palestinian, with Cart Supporting Tail " Shema' Koli," Music of

226

"

Shetarini, English .lewish, of the Thirteenth

Shields Depicted on the Assyrian

231 332 333

351

250 267 286, 287 288 289 293, 294 299 305, 306 302. 303 307-310

Century

Monuments

Shiloah (Siloam), Fountain of

"Shirah Hadashah," Music of Shneor. Zalman ben Baruch, Leader of Hasidim

Shofar Calls, Music of Shofars, Various Forms of "Shofet Kol ha-Arez," Music of •'Shoniron Kol Titten," Music of

311

Showing Phu es Where Jews Resided Siloam Inscription, with Transcription in Modern Hebrew Characters Simeon the Just, Traditional Tomb of

340

Sicily,

Map

of,

ben Yohai, Traditional Tomb of. During a Pilgrimage Simhat Torah, Throwing Cakes to Children on Simon, Sir John, English Politician Simson, Martin Eduard von, German Statesman Sinzheim, Joseph David, Rabbi of Strasburg and

Ben, Manuscript Fragments from Siyyum, Poem Written on the Occasion of

Member

of the Napoleonic Sanhcdiin

Sira,

a, Italian,

Seventeenth Century

German Jewish,

.353

361

365 369 376 386 391, 394 401

256

Slaughtering-Knives Y'ards,

326

of the Eighteenth Century

254. 255

1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IX

VOLUME XI TAGE -JOo

Dated Cairo, 1087 SldiiiinsUi, Hayyini Selii?, Uussian Author aud Scientist Smoleusldu, Peter, Russian Writer Slave, Marminissioii of

Smyrna, Interior of

Sola,

a,

tlie

Principal

Synagogue

409 "113

415

at

.lewish Girls of

416

Jewish Hawkers of

41

.Jewish Porter of

417

Jewish Quarter of

414

Abraham

432 484 433

(le,

Benjamin David de Aaron Family,

Arms

430 437

of the

Solomon, Supposed Stables of, at Jerusalem Solomon's House of the Forest of Lebanon Soneino: Head-Piece Used by the Soncinos in the First Edition of the Earlier Prophets, 1485 Piigc from the First Edition of Alho's " 'Iljljarim," Printed by Joshua Solomon Soneino Sonnenfels, Joseph, Austrian Jurist and Novelist Sonnenthal, Adolf, Austrian Actor South Africa: see Joiiannesiiuug. Spain, Interior View of St. ]Mariu la Blanca at Toledo Map of. Showing Places Where Jews Resided Before tlic Expulsion

438 463 in 1485.

465

.

468 469

487 491

503 Spektor, Isaac Elhauan, Russian Rabbi From an unpublished painting by Vaillant, dated 1672. Fi-oiilispiece Spinoza, Barucli, Dutch Philosopher. 513 From a miniature iu the possession of the Queen of Holland 518 From a statue by Mark Antokolski .

515

Diagram Illustrating the Metaphysical System of Holograph Letter of Residence

521

514

Rhi j nsburg

of, at

513

Seal of

Workroom

of, at

516

Rhijnsburg

and Scholar Steinthal, Herman, German Philologist and Philosopher Stern, Abraham, Russian Inventor and Educator Stone and Stone- Worship Palestinian Cromlechs

.545

Stein.schncider, Moritz, Austrian Bibliograplier

547 548 5.56,

:

Palestinian

558

Phenician ^Mazzebah Strasburg, Exterior of the Synagogue at

563 563

Synagogue at Showing the Gate Leading

Interior of the

to tlie

Plan of. Strashun, Mathias. Russian Talmudist Straus, Oscar, American Statesman Stripes, Inflicting.

From Leusden.

557

557, 558

Dolmens

Jewry.

From an

early seventeenth-century print.

.

.

561

.

565 566

1657

.569

570

in a Dutch Synagogue of the Early Eighteenth Century Sulzberger, Mayer, American Jurist

586 586

Sidzer, Solomon, Austrian Cantor

Times of Sunset for the Entire Year in Various Latitudes. .folder between 5^6-59"! 605 SUsskind of Trimberg Before Church Dignitaries. From a thirteenth-century manuscript Fig. 2 of jiUUe between 136-137 Swaliia, Seal of the Chief Rabbi of, Eighteenlli Century 614 Sylvester, James, Medal Established by the Royal Society in Honor of Synagogues: see Ai.gikus; Flouenck; Goki'I'inoen; Heideniieim; Indianapolis; Jehusalem; JoiiANNESiiuuG Kapu Bik'im; Landsueuo; Lutomiusk; Lutsk; Meuon Moxtukai. MuOdessa; Philadelphia; PoGUEUisnciiE; Rerhenbeug nich; New Youk; NiKOLSBURO Rome; Rotterdam; San Francisco Sarajevo; Segovia; S.myrna; Sti(A6BURG; Szegedis; Toledo; Wilkowiszki; Worms; Zaragohod; Zolkiev. 650 Szegcdin, Stained Glass Windows with Jewish Syndjols iu the Synagogue at

Sun, Table Showing

tlie

.

;

.

;

;

;

;

;

Tabernacle, The, as Restored by Ferguson as Represented on the Title-Page of "She'elot u-Teshubot," Printed at Venice, 1694

654 655

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN

VOLUME

XI PACE

Observed by Putch Jews of the Early Eighteenth as Observed by German Jews of the Eighteenth Century Booth Used on. From a woodcut of 1G95 Procession Showing the Carrying of Palms During tlie Tables of tlie Law from an Italian Synagogue, Dated 1671 Tallit, Embroidered

Taboriiaclcs, Feast of, as

C'cntiiry

•

:

.Jew with.

Jew •

with.

From From

a fifteenth-century mahzor a drawing by Aljihonse Levj-

Karaite, and I5ag

659 058 657 661

663

678 677 677 677

Title-Page from Meir SchilT's " Hiddushe Halakot," Ilomburg-vor-der-IIOlie, 1737

99

from the Prayers Hccited at the Sanlu'drin Convened by Napoleon, Paris, 1807 from a " Slieelot u-Teshubot," Venice, 1694 from a "Tikkun," Amsterdam, 1660 Toledo, Spain, Interior View of St. Maria la Blanca at. Formerly a Synagogue Tomb of David Sassoon, Puna, India Traditional, of Samuel, at Mizpali of Simeon the Just of Simeon ben Yohai During a Pilgrimage Tombstone of Gershom Mendes Sei.xas in Chatham Square Cemetery, New York of Moses Sei.xas at Newport, R. 1 of Solomon ben Abraham Found at Seville Typography see Amsterdam HoMBuno-von-DER-HoHE Soncino Venice.

47 655 231

Venice, Title-Page from a

in 1694 at

655

at

633 634

:

;

;

" She'elot

u-Teshubot," Printed

Wilkowiszki, Russia, E.\terior of the Wooden Synagogue Worms, Plan of the Old Synagogue at Zaragorod, Russia, Exterior of the Synagogue Zolkicv, Galicia, Exterior of the Synagogue at

at

487

68 5

353 361

160 161

208

;

630 633

CORRIGENDA. H."read "S. Ho." "C. M. H." read "S. Ho." " C. M. U." read " S. Ho."

I'iige 332. col. a,

for "C. M.

Pape Page

3:i3. col. b,

tor

3.34, col. b,

for

(S.

Horovitz)

ais

the initials of

Horovitz) as

(S.

Horovitz) as the initials

t tie

aiitlior of article

"Slfra."

author of article "Slfre." of author of article "' Sifre Zuta.."

initials of

(S.

THE

Jewish Encyclopedia SAMSON.—

Biblical Lekah Tob,"

containing novelise and responsa by the author's son Shom Tob, rabbi of Leghorn (comp. Stoinschneider, ••C:at. iiodl." col. 2,533; iMortara, "Indice," p. 38). BlBLiociniMiv

^~bt=Z

-y.

i; S

Jud.

ili.

231

;

"^

*:«>.

II

I.

K, c.

SAN ANTONIO:

Larg.'st

city in

Bu.

5 3"

>.''

Q

.

-.l-S 2

-

= 3e3s

Texas;

Jews first settled there in 18,54. when the ceniotery was founded. The Reform congregation Beth-El was organized

founded by the Spaniards

- a)

= = ?S

Benjacot), Ozitr Iki-

in 1718.

-.S.-La-±

»^5^

V.S. „

a c K

San Antonio San Fiancisco

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

31. 18T4, alllioiigli pivliniiiiary meetings bad been held tWD yeans earlier, and the Hrst serviee was held at the limne of Al)raliain Munis, Noilli Flores Ground was piirebascd in Travis Park and street. In 1903 a more comniodions a .synagdgue ereeted. building was erected on tlie old site. Tlie following rabbis have served the congregation; 15. K. Jacobs, I. Lewintbal, >I. P. Jaoob.son, II. Elkin, and Samuel .Marks (I be [iresenl, lUUo. ineumlient). Tbe Hebrew Benevolent Association was organized in I8.06. and reorganized in 1866; in 1885 the

May

name

of the

society

was changed

to

Jlouteliore

There is also a Ladies' Benevolent As.sociation. Hebrew Benevolent Association in active operation. An Orthodox congregation was founded June 1, After it had met 1890, with a membership of 43. for eight yeais in jirivate houses the present synagogue on Dwyer avenue was ereeted. Edar Lodge, Ko. 211, I. O." B. B., was organized June 24, 1874. San Autouio has been the center of a uund)er of Te.\o-Mcxican conflicts. Moses Albert Levi, as surgeon-general in Sam Houston's army, was ])resent at the storming of the Alamo by the Texans in Dec, 183."). Colonel Johnson's rejiort of the capture of San Antonio, Dec. 5, 183.5. says; " Doctors Levi and Pollard deserve my warmest praise for their unremitting attention and assiduity " (II. Cohen, "Settlement of the Jews in Texas," in "Pnbl. Am. Jew. Soc." 1894, p. 151; Baker, "Scrap-Book of Upon the monument erected in Austin to the memory of the heroes of the Alamo, wlio jierished Jlareh 6, 1836, is the name of A. Wolf (W. Corner, "San Antonio." p. 124). Simon Wolf, in "The Jew as Patriot. Soldier, and Citizen " (pp. 384388), gives the names of Jews who were among tbe recruits from San Antonio in the Confederate army. Members of the San Antonio community have been Hist.

Texas").

prominent

in civil life:

34

Hebrew document

of the time, they were forbidden because of ihe ([uarrels between the native and the foreign Jews at Venice. The conununity of San Daniele, like many others, was subse(iuently dissolved, and Hezekiah Luzzatto, wlio was then sixteen years of age, went to live in the villages of the state,

with his familv to Triest. 0. J.

s.

SAN FRANCISCO

Principal city of California; chief eonmiereial city of the Pacitie coast. The name of San Francisco was given to the village of :

Verba Buena by Washington Hartlett, who, through Jewess boin at Charleston, S. C, was connected with the leadingPortugue.se Jewish families of the South (" California Star," Jan. 30, 1847; his mother, a

Hittel,

"Hist, of California,"

American

ii.

596

it

««;.).

As

appeared on the peninsula. Whether any Jews were Early among them is not known, though it Settlers, is prol)able (see LiotUKSDouKK, Wii.i.i-v.\i). The descendants of Raphael and Benjamin Fi-sber state that these brothers were merchants in San Francisco in 1847, and that subearly as 1836

settlers

they returned to their native city of ICempeu. Prussia. The year 1849 saw a considerable uumberof Jewscollected in San Francisco, some of whom entered tbe Golden Gate on the first Pacitie mail-steamer, in February, 1849. The roll of the Societj' of California Pioneers, however, which contains only names of " forty-niners," nieulionsbut few Jews besides Louis Gloss. Tlie Jews arrived overland from "tbe States," and by sea from Europe and Australia, and scattered over the entire goldmining region (see Cai.ifouni.v). The beginnings of tbe communal life of the Jews of San Francisco date from thi^ autunm of 1849, sequentl}'

Alexander Nordhaus wasfor

seven years justice of the peace; II. Silva Ileimann, L. Zork, A. Lewy, and Alexander Michael have been aldermen; John Rosenheimer, county judge; S. ('. Eldridge, attorney and counselor at law, member and secretary of the Democratic Executive ComConstance Pessels (Ph.D., Johns Hopkins nuttee. University) holds the chair of English in San Antonio high school. Dr. Burg (M.D., Vienna) is prominent in communal alfairs; Nat. M. Washer is pre.siiient of the Beth-El congregation, and upon President Roosevelt's visit to San Antcmio, April 7, 1905. was chosen by lb(^ citizens to make a presentation address; and the Oppeiiheinier brotbersand the llallT brothers are iirominent as bankers ami merchants.

San Antonio

lias

a population of .53,321, of

whom

1,300 are Jews.

The Broadway Synagogue, San

BiBLi()i;riAPriY : H. Colien, !n

'jai

mi

iS'm nyiD

ih

-ickS

P3dh

138'

the song of " Ha'azinu

verses of

tb"

riNj '3 ninl

(i^.r^-c AlrKai.,ier

ended

in

Kohut.

mutual

New

York.)

dissatisfaction,

and the

fanatical

Shabbethaians are said to have contemplated the Xehemiah, secret murder of the dangerous rival. however, escaped to Constantinople, where he eml)raced Mohammedanism and betrayed the treasonable desires of Shabbethai to the kaimakant, who in At the turn informed the sultan, Jlohauuned IV. command of Jlohannneil. Shabbethai was now taken from Abydos to Adrianople, where the sultan's physician, a former Jew, advised Sliabbetliai to embrace

Shabbethai Zebi

THE

Shadchau Islam bethai

.IS

the only

rcalizeil

adopted the

WISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

The clTeets of the pseudo-Messiah's conversion on the .Jewish connnuiiities were extremely dishearten-

On

ing. Prominent rabbis who were believers in and followers of Shabbethai were prostrated by comliunction and .shame. Among the masses of the In addition l)eople the greatest confusion reigned. to the misery and disappointment from within, JIohannnedans and Christians jeered at and scorned the credulous and duped Jews. The sultan even pur-

(.Se|)t. 16. 16(i(!;

the following

eoinp. Biiehler in

Adopts

'•Kanfniann Gedenkbiuli," p. 45(i. note 2. Hicslan, 1900). being brought before the sultan, he east off his .lewisli garb and puta Turkish turban on his head; and ihus his conversion to Islam was accomplished.

Islam.

Sll.\l{l}l;lllAl

(From " KelziT

GKSi'hIclite,"

nol,

'/A.in in the

X PKISU.NKK Ar .\flW'n^. pnsse^ion of GeorKe Alexander Kohut,

The

sultan was much pleased, and rewarded Shabbethai by conferring on him the title (Mahuied) 'Effendi" and appointing him as his doorkeeper with a high salary. Saraband a number of Shabbethai's followers also went over to Islam. To

complete his acceptance of Mohammedanism, Shabbethai was ordered to take an additiimal wife, a

Mohammedan

which order he obeyed. Some days after his conversion he had the audacity to write to Smyrna: "God has made me an Ishmaelite; lie commanded, and it was done. The ninth day of

my

224

means of saviiij; his life. Shabdanger of his situation and

the

jjliysieian's advice.

day

.IE

slave,

regeneration."

New

York.)

posed to exterminate all the aduU.Tewsin his empire to decree that all Jewish children should be

and

brouglit

Disillusion.

up

in

Islam, also that fifty

prominent rabbis should be executed; and only the contrary advice of some of his counselors and of the sultana

mother prevented these calanuties. In spite of Shabbethai 's shameful fiasco, however, many of his adherents still tenaciously clung to him, pretending that his conversion was a part of the Messianic This belief was further upheld and scheme. strengthened by false prophets like Ghazzati and

"

225

TPIE

Primo, wlio were interested in maintaining tlic movement. In many communities tlie Seventeentli of Tammuz anJ llie Ninth of Ab were still observed as feast-days in spite of lians and excommunications. Mean wliileSliabbetliai secretly continued ills plots, playing adoid>le game. At times lie woidd assume the role of a pious Mohammedan and revile Judaism at others he would enter into relations with Jews as one of their own f:iith. Thus in March, 160S, he gave out anew that he had been tilled with the Holy Spiiit at Passover and had received a revelation. He, or one of his followers, published a mystic work addressed to the Jew^ in which the most fantastic ;

notions were set forth, e.y., that he was Ihc true T{eileemer, in spite of his conversion, his object being to bring over thousands of Mohammedans to Judaism. To the sultan he said that his activity among He the Jews was to bring them over to Islam. therefore received permission to associate with In's

former coreligionists, and even to preach in their synagogues. He thus succeeded in bringing over a

number of Mohanuncdans to his cabalistic views, and, on the otiier hand, in converting many Jews to Islam, thus forming a JudKo-Turkish sect (see DOn.MKii), whose followers implicitly believed in him. This double-dealing with Jews and MohammedGradually ans, however, could not last very long. the Turks tired of Shabbethai's schemes. He was deprived of his salary, and banished from Adriaiiople to Constantino])le. In a village near the latter city he was one day surprised while singing psalms in a tent with Jews, whereupon the grand vizier ordered his banishment to Dulcigno, a small place in Albania, where he died in loneliness and obscurity. N. Brull, ."'ndhafni T.ehl und !^cin Atthanp, in Pitindi.^tisr}i-\VixsctisvhafiUche Motmtssrhnft.xii, t>. 2.5. W); idtMM. MilJoti Iic-'Inyftn Sod ha-l'^ttthut Netit'd Shalihtthai '/.ihi. In Weiss's Bet )in-Midmsh. i. m. 100.

BiBLioGRAPiiv

:

Kat

SInthhcthai ^chi. in l[a-KanneU 2d series, iv. 1-S; A. Diiuon, Une Secte Ju-Muxtdmane idem. Ducunietits el en Ttirquie, in It. F,. J. xx.'iv. 26t Trculilitiiis sur Siil'hntin I'lvi rl Sn Siilr, in /{. K. J. 139 ft

.veg.;

idem.

;

xxxvii. 103; E. Finki-I. Siilihnlni Z'iri. in (ixt_ vnd iVi'st. v. 51 et xcy.. Berlin. I!«l'); Emanuel Iraiirfs. Sipjinr M/i*anfh Shntihrlliiii Zi hi. \nililKbi-ii bv S. lliillii-lNIam in Knhiz'iil Yad (Mi-kiz^' .N'iniamimi. pp. i:-) l:iil. Hi-rlin, ISM: Luclwiir (ieiptT. Ihiitsi-ht Sciiriftrn IJJit r .^dhhidai Zebu in Jahrlt. fllr 1^1(11 Uteii.v. Wl; (iratz, Gcxch. x.,cti. Til., note 3. pp. xxlll. ower as the resurrection of the dead (Ta'an. 2a); hence in winter a line referring 1o the descent of rain (Ber. 33a)

is

inserted

in

this

benediction.

The eulogy

runs as follows

(see Gf.siikm). K.

L.

SHEMITTA.H.

Sabbatical

See

N. D.

Yeah and

Jriiii.i.K

SHEMONEH 'ESBEH dictions forming the second

— important section of

:

Collection of bene-

— the

Shema' being the

the daily prayers at the afternoon ("Minhah "), and evening (" 'Arbit") services, as well as of the additional (MiSAF) service on Sabbaths and holy daj's. Literally, the name means " eighteen " and its wide use shows that at the time it came into vogue the benedictions ("berakot") comprised in the prayer must have numbered eighteen, though in reality as fixed in the versions recited in the synagogues they nuiubcr nineteen. As the prayer par excellence, it is desigiuited as the " Tefillah " (prayer), while among the Sephardic .Tews it is known as the " 'Auiidah," i.e., the prayer which the worshiper is commanded to recite standing (see also Zohar, i. 10.5). The eighteen now nineteen benedictions, according to their content and character, are readily grouped as follows: (1) three blessings of praise ("Shebahim," Nos. i., ii.. iii.); (2) twelve (now thirThe Three teen)petitious("Bakkashot,"Nos. iv.Groups. XV. [xvi.]), and (3) three concluding ones of thanks ("Iloda'ot," Nos. xvi. first

morning ("Sliaharit

"),

;

—

—

[xvii.], xviii.,

and

xix.).

The

first

three and the last

three constitute, so to speak, the permanent stock, used at every service; while the middle group varies on Sabbath, New Moons, and holy days from the for-

"Thou art mighty forever. O Lord [" Adonal." not the Tetragramniaionj: Thou resurreetest the dead; art great to save. Sustaining the living in loving-kindness, resurrecting the dead In abundant mercies. Thou supportest tlie falling, and healest the sick, and settest free the captives, and keepi-st [fultlilest] Thy [His] faith to them that sleep in the dust. Wlio is like Thee, master of mighty deeds t= owner of the powers over life and dealli], and who maybe compared unto Thee? King sending death and reviving again and causing salvation to sprout fortb. Thou art surely believed to resurrect the dead. Blessed be Thou, o Lord, who revivest the dead."

No. iii. is known as " Kedushshat ha-Shem " = "the sanctification of the Name." It is very short,

though the variants are numerous

(see below).

It

reads as follows: " Thou art holy and Thy name Thee ever>' day. Selah. Blessed

Is lie

holy,

and the holy ones praise

Thou, O

Ixird, the

holy God."

At public worship, when the precentor, or, as he is known in Hebrew, lie Siieliah Ziuiiur (messenger or deputy of the congregation), repeats the I

prayer aloud, the pieceding benediction (No. iii.), with the exception of the concluding sentence, "Blessed be Thou," etc., is replaced by the Kedi'shsiiaii. In work-day services the Shemoneh 'Esreh continues with Group 2 (" Bakkashot "), supplications referring to the needs of Israel (Sifre, The Inter- Wezot ha-Berakah, ed. Friedmann. p.

mediate Blessings.

142b).

No.

iv..

known, from

its

opening

words, as " AttabHonen," or, with reference to its content a petition for understanding as "Binah " (Meg. 17b), sometimes also as "Birkat

—

—

:

:

:

Shemitfah

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

271

Hokinah " (on account of the word "hokmali," now omitted, wliicli occurred in tbe first phrase) and as " work -day benediction" (Bcr. "Birkat lia-Hol " 33a), reads as follows

=

*• Thou praciously vouchsafesl knowledge to man and teachest mortals understanding: vouchsafe unto us from Thee knowledge, understanding, and intelligence. Blessed be Tliou. O Lord, who vouctisafest knowledge."

No.

V. is

known as " Teshubah "

=

"

return

"

(Meg.

17b): " Lead us back, our Father, to Thy Torah bring us near, our King, to Thy service, and cause us to return in perfect repentance before Thee. Blessed be Thou, O Ixird, who acceptest repentance." ;

;

:

Shemoneh 'Esreh

" May Thy mercies, O Lord our Goe blessed and exalted always and forevermore. .\nd all the living will give thanks unto Th*-e and praise Thy great name In truth, God, our salvation and help. Selah. Ules.sed be Thou. () Ix)rd, Thy name Is good, and to Thee It

is

meet

to give

thanks."

After this at public prayer in the morning the priestly blessing is aiided. xix,, however, is a resume of this blessing. benediction exists in various forms, the fuller one being used (in the German ritual) in the morning service alone (Meg. 18a), as follows:

No.

traitors): the slanderers; but

xvii. is

service "(Ber. 291); Shah. 24a;

V£).

No. xiii. is a prayer in behalf of the "Zaddikiiu = " pious" (Meg. 17b):

The

" Bestow peace, happiness, and blessing, grace, loving-kindand mercy upon us and uixin all Israel Thy people bless us, our Father, even all of us, by the light of Thy countenance, by this light of Thy countenam^ Thou gavest us, O Lord for our God, the law of life, loving-kindness, and righteousness. ness,

"

:

;

Shemoneh

272

THE JEWISH EXCVCLOPEDI.V

'Eareli

and blessing and miToy. life and iieaie. May It be (fiMid In Thine eyes to liless Tliy people Israel In every lime and at every hour Willi Thy peace, lilessed lie Thou, () Lord, who blessest

Thy

;

[His] jH-ople Israel with peace."

" this day of Hie Fea.st of Weeks-the day when our Torah was given "; " this day of the Feast of liooths - the day of our gladness"; "Ibis eighth day. the concluding day of the fea.st-tlic day of oiir gladness "; " this Day of Memorial, a day of alarmsound [shofar-lilowing i.e., on Ifosh ha-Shanah] "; " this Day of Atonement for forgiveness and atonemenU and to pardon thereon all our fuiquilies." ;

Tlio shorter

form reads thus:

" Mayest Thou besUiw nnich peace upon Thy people

Israel for-

ever. For Thou art the immutable King, the Master unto all " (and so forth as peace. May II be irond in Thine eyes to bless in llie prec«*ding form).

For the Sabbalh. the

iniildle

supplications are re-

plaeeil l)y one. so tliat Die Sabbath "Tetillah" is composed of seven benedictions. Tliis one speaks of the .sanctity of tlie day (Her. 2!)a: Yer. Ber. iv. It consists of an introductory portion, which on 3). Sabbatli has four dilferent forms for llie four services, and another short iiortioii. which is con-

stant: " Our God and (iod of our fathers lie pleased with our rest sanctify us by Thy commandments, give us a share in Thy law, satiate ns of Thy liounty, and gladden us in Thy salvation and let us inherit, o Lord olean.se our hearts to serve Thee in (riitli our Cod, In love and favor. Thy holy Sabbath, and may Isr.iel, who hallows [loves] Thy name, rest thereon. Blessed lie Thon, O Lord, whosanctiHest the Sabbath." !

;

;

On

congregation

read the "Telillali " silently, the retider repeats aloud the so-called "Me-'Kn Sheba'," or sumniary (Ber. 29, 57b: Pes. 104a) of the seven blessings (Shab. 24b; Rashi (((/ Inc.). The reason given for this is the fear lest by tarrying too long or alone in the synagogue on the eve of llie Sabliath the worshiper may come This abstract to harm at the hands of evil siiirits. opens like Xo. i.. using, however, the words '"Creator [Owner] of heaven ami earth " where No. i. has "Creator of all," and omitting those immediately preceding "beslowest goodly kindnesses." The conSalibatli-eve afler

tlie

lias

gregation then continues: "Shield of the fathers by His word, reviving the dead by His coniinund, the holy (iod to whom none is like; who causeth His people to rest on His holy Sabbath-day, for in them He took deHefore Him we shall worship in light to cause them to ri'st. reverem-e and fi-:ir. \Vc shall render thanks to His name on every day constantly in the manner of the benedictions. God of the aeknowleilgments,' Lord of ' Peace,' « ho .sanclilleth the Sabbath and blesseth the seventh [day] and causeth the people who are tilled with Sabbath delight to rest as a ini'tnoriul of ttie work in the beginning [Creatitm]."

the reader concludes with the "l{ezeh,"the middle Salibath eulogy. On festivals (even when coinciie 7. "(iattieraii the tribes of Jaeob and do Thouoause Verse

4.

tliem to inherit as of old." Verse 8. "Make plad the people ealleIeir in the interprets " wa - yislisharuali " (they Talmud, look the straight way) as " they [the kine] sang the Shirah " ac(;ording to one rabbi, it was Ps;ilm xcviii. while ]{. Isaac Najjpaha inits into their mouths verses in classical Hebrew (' Ab. Zarah 24b). I{. Eleazar and U. Simeon at the lifting

'

'

;

;

assert that the ears of grain say their shiiah in the

month

of Nisau: "The valleys also are covered over with corn; thev shout for jov. thev also sing" (Ps. Ixv. 14 [A. V. 13]: H. H. 8a)." H. Mana b. Tanhum could determine the lime of day when the waters of the Great Sea (the Mediterranean) rendered praise to their Creator, for they are then sweet (Yer. 'Ab. ii. 8). In Josh. x. 13 the words " wa-yiddoin ha-sliemesh " (" And the sun stood still, an