The Land Evaluation System for Sustainable Settlement in Banda Aceh, Indonesia Muhammad Rusdi1& 3*, Ruhizal Roosli1, Mohd Sanusi S. Ahamad2 1
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang (
[email protected];
[email protected])
2
School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Penang (
[email protected]) 3
Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111 Darussalam, Aceh, Indonesia (
[email protected])
ABSTRACT This article reviews the concept of land suitability evaluation and its possible application in land settlement study. The focus is concentrated on the criteria, parameter and variable of the research results performed on the earthquake and tsunami disaster zones on the west coast of northern Sumatra Island, Indonesia in December 26th, 2004. Banda Aceh is the largest residential area and most severely affected by the earthquake and tsunami tragedy. Today being ten years after the disaster, there is need to review the physical environment of the affected areas in order to evaluate the conformity and sustainability in fulfilling the purpose of new sustainable settlement to forestal the reoccurence of the worse incident among the future generations. The evaluation of land suitability has been broadly used specifically for agricultural lands. This study gives a review of land suitability for settlement with main focus on the working method that requires the assembling of criteria, variables and parameters that can be observed and measured. It is important to ascertain the relationship between land characteristic/quality and ideal condition requirement of settlement that is free from disaster. The results can be used in the development of criteria, variable and parameter for spatial land suitability model for the ongoing stage of research.
Keywords: land evaluation, land suitability, settlement, Banda Aceh. Mathematics Subject Classification: 86A30 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification: Q01, Q24 1. INTRODUCTION The evaluation of land suitability is an approach or a way to determine the potential of land resources. The result of Land suitability gives information or edict about land appropriateness for the proposed use and eventually the worth of return accruable from the investment. Regular evaluation of land suitability is a continuous process on development of the area. Steiner, McSherry and Cohen (2000) stated that the analysis of land physical suitability is needed to assess the land resource with growing usability. The goal is to ensure that there is no obstacle militating against the opportunity for maintenance, planning and development on that land sustainably. Good planning in the management and implementation of physical land development is important, especially for disaster prone áreas (Wilonoyudho, 2007). In this context the basis of pre- and post-disaster planning often depends on the strategic planning. Sometimes policymakers and disaster victims prefer recovery to the sustainable planning (BRR-NAD-Nias & International-Partners, 2005, 2006; Dercon & Kusumawijaya, 2007). The tragic experience of Aceh tsunami, revealed that any time humans is always at risk of disaster. Although human could not be free from disaster in life, the most vital thing is the effort to reduce the risk that could possibly occur from that natural disaster. Furthermore Srinivas and Nakagawa (2008),
stated that occurrence of disaster in an area should be taken as a challenge to be better prepared for future disaster. This study reviewed the concept of land suitability evaluation and opportunity for applying suitability variables/parameters for the current settlers in Banda Aceh. The objective of this study is to find a suitable variable/parameter land that have been done. This is needed as a foundation for further studies to evaluate the existing settlement areas and the opportunities to look for the regions with less prone to risk of disaster for the planning of a sustainable city. This is very needed especially to the areas that have been previously stricken by disaster (Wu & Lindell, 2004; Birch & Wachter, 2006). 2. METHODS The methode adopted for this study is in two stages which include; 1) Literature review which states the evaluation methods that have been used successfully in various other places, 2) Analysis of the literature review to obtain variable / parameter employed in the land suitability evaluation methods to be applied that is compatible to Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
3. RESULTS 3.1 Land evaluation system Several land evaluation system have inspired the use of various approaches, which include system parameter multiplication, summation, and the matching system that combines the qualities and properties of the soil (land qualities / land characteritics) with criteria of land suitability classes sorted by terms of agricultural commodities. Land evaluation system that has been used and are being developed in various places and countries including:
The Canadian Method; Evaluation of land suitability in Canada was initiated by the CLI (Canada Land Inventory) in 1963 (Davidson, 1980, 1992). Methods designed for the assessment of resources and land use overall design of the ability of soil and land use on a wide scale. The land capability system is rated in seven grades. while grade 0 (organic soil) are not included in the class (Berhane, 2000). Canada's system of land capability is updated with the development of computerbased spatial concepts. Revealed that Canada was the first country to produce a geographic information system known as the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) in the late 60s (Prahasta, 2009; ESRI, 2011; URISA, 2013)
LCA Britain; Land Capability Classification Britain recognized as Land Capability for Agriculture System (LCA). This system consists of seven classes with several sub-sections, by various land variables such as topography, soil and climate. LCA system much emphasis on classification of components for the climate (temperature and humidity) (Hudson & Birnie, 2000).
The Dutch System; Dutch land suitability assessment system is divided into agriculture and pasture. The result of the evolution of this system is known as the Interpretation of Soil Maps (WIB-C) issued by the Dutch Working Group (Sonneveld et al., 2010). The procedures of WIB-C inspired for design purposes of the area and similar levels of physical qualitative approach FAO system.
Land Capability; land capability is used by soil classification system of the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Land capability or the ability of the soil management was introduced by Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961) and published in the Agricultural Handbook No. 210. The system created by Klingebiel and Montgomery inspired of Hockensmith and Steele (1943), published in the Bulletin No.1583 USDA Farmer entitled "Classifying Land for Conservation Farming System". However, Land capability classification is based on the
physical properties of soil morphology that can be directly observed in the field. Land capability classification based on its potential for use in general agriculture without causing the damage on the long run. The classification system is divided into classes, sub-classes, and units (USDA & NRCS, 1983).
FAO System; The concept of land suitability was introduced in 1976 which was published in the FAO soils bulletin no. 32 entitled a framework for land evaluation (FAO, 1976, 1985, 1990, 2007). The land suitability can be used for quantitative and qualitative grouping, depends on available data. The data is in the form of land characteristics following the criteria suitability clases. The study will be evaluated settlement purpose for housing. This system is made up of four categories (ordo, class, sub-class and unit). The amount of classes set is based on the minimum purpose to achieve an estimated purpose. Three catagories of ordo S (S1, S2, S3) and two classes of ordo N (N1, N2) were used in this study.
Broadly speaking, the land evaluation is systematically divided into land capability and land suitability. The term land capability is used by soil classification system of the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Meanwhile, the term of land suitability means the compatibility of a land for specific use. This term is introduced in the system of land evaluation by FAO. This FAO land suitability concept has been adopted and used widely in Indonesia (Puslitanak, 2004; Balittanah & ICRAF, 2007; Hardjowigeno & Widiatmaka, 2007). The system of land evaluation is used by matching approach between land qualities/characteristics and the evaluating the requirements of growing plants. Since FAO does not use definitive criteria, every country is recommended to develop appropriate criteria with appropriate local condition. This recommendation is aimed to be flexible and specific to characteristic site of area being evaluated. Djaenudin (2008); BBSDLP (2013) stated that the land evaluation system being developed in Indonesia include; Classification of area ability, system prediction of land suitability for parametric, Agricultural Research project system to support Transmigration (P3MT), Reconnaissance Land Resources Surveys System, Land Evaluation Computer System (LECS) and Automated Land Evaluation System (ALES). 3.2 Application of land suitability concept for the settlements The concept in the evaluation of suitability of land for agriculture can be done for the case of settlement similarly. Land qualities/characteristics measured are adopted with requirements criteria for the settlement. Observations and measurements of land qualities/characteristics for settlement in the field were matched and were adapted with the criteria of settlement requirements (Table 1). The success of this concept and the result of study that have been done to get the variables and parameters of the environmental requirements for the suitability of settlements have been reported in the literature survey. Illustration in flow chart of land suitability for the settlement can be seen as shown in Figure 1.
Table 1.Variable and parameter, the environment requirement for the land suitability Variable /Parameter
S1
S2
0-8
8 - 15
Suitability class S3
N1
N2
25- 40
2.4
2.4 - 1.2
Permeability (cm/h)
2.06.25
6.25-12.5/0.52.0
12.525/0.125-0.5
Texture
rough
rather rough
moderate
Gravel
few
moderate
many
1.2 - 0.6
0.6 – 0.3
25/3000
Fandeli (1988); PP-RI (2001).
>1.5
Fandeli (1988); PP-RI (2001).
Figure 1. Description of the land suitability process for the settlements
3.3 The sustainable settlement location On 26 December, 2004, an earthquake of 9.0 on the Richter scale happened in the west coast from the north part of Sumatera, Indonesia. Seismic Global Network stated that the earthquake source is at a depth of 10 km in Indian Ocean. This earthquake was the fourth strongest earthquake in the world since 1900 (Shofiyati, Dimyati & Kristijono, 2005). The earthquake that occurred has caused cracks in most of Indian Ocean which lead to tsunami moving across the ocean in just a few hours. The extraordinary impact of tsunami can be seen along the west coast of northern part of Sumatera, where province of Aceh located. BNPB recorded that as many as 124,068 people died and 112,343 properties were lost. The Tsunami also reported to have damaged as large as 120,000 hectares of coastal areas (BNPB, 2005). From the data reported, as many as 120,000 unit of houses were estimated destroyed, while as many as 70,000 units of houses were damaged throughout the Aceh region per se (BRR-NAD-Nias, 2008). As a means of better preparation to forestall any unforeseen disaster in the future, it is very necessarily to tackle the concept of disaster management, importantly for disaster-prone areas such as Banda Aceh city. Furthermore the environment suitability by physical assessment of the settlement in terms of location of secure and safety settlements from disaster and environmental conduciveness
must be considered. This Consideration can be seen in Table 2 of requirements criteria of settlements for those considered disaster factor. Table 2. Variable and requirement parameters for the safety settlement location Variable/ Parameter Flood Stagnant water Landform Rainfall (mm/year)
Incident
Suitability class S3
S1
S2
very good Denusidas ional, karst, volcanic
good
moderate
alluvial plains
Floodplains A
6 month/year)
Setyowati (2007); Nurwadjedi (2008) ; Purwaamijaya and Fikri (2009).
Earthquake Strength (SR) Epicentrum (km) Hypocentrum (km)
6–7
>10.000
10.000
>300
60-300
7–8
>8