Titration [PDF]

Mar 9, 2012 - NaOH, HCl each has only a single reactive hydrogen ion or hydroxide ion eqwt = MW. - H. 2. SO. 4: strong a

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Titrations Sujinda Rojanasaksothorn Bureau of Drug and Narcotic Department of Medical Sciences 9 March 2012 1

Titrations • Definition • ปฏิกริ ยา ในการ titrate (ประเภท Rx) acid-base, redox, complexometric, precipitate titrations • ชนิดของการ titrate : Direct , Back titrations • วิธีการ titrate : visually, instrumentally titrations • Aqueous / Non-aqueous Titration • การคํานวน • อื่นๆ

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Definition

• The molegular weight ( gmw, MW) /the gram formular weight (gfw)/ is summation of atomic weights, in gram, of all the atoms in the chemical formula of a substance. • For H2 is 2.016 (2x 1.008)g; For NaCl it is 58.44 (22.99+35.45) g . • BP : Molarity ,M M = no. mole / 1 L = น.น. สาร / MW liter of solution • Mole no. mole = มวล (g)/ มวลโมเลกุล (g) • USP : Normality,N • Equivalent (eq)

N = no. eq / 1L no. eq =

=

น.น. สาร / eq wt liter of solution มวล (g) / eq wt (g) 3

Definition

• The equivalent weight (eq wt) :

• eq wt in a neutralization reaction : weight which either contributes or reacts with one gram hydrogen ion. - NaOH, HCl each has only a single reactive hydrogen ion or hydroxide ion eq wt = MW H2SO4 : 0.5 M = 1 N - H2SO4 : strong acid ให้ 2 H + ; eq wt = one – half its MW 1M = 2 N = MW / 2 MW / L = 2 (MW/2 / L) USP : Volumetric Solution ; H2SO4 1 N MW : 98.08 g 49.04 g in 1 L or 30 ml dilute to 1020 ml

BP : Volmetric Solution ; H2SO4 0.5 M MW : 98.08 g

28 ml dilute to 1 L 4

Definition • eq wt in a Redox reaction : • weight which consumes or produces one mole electrons. Mn+7O4 - + 5 e + 8 H+ • KMnO4 MW= 158 g

Mn2+ +4 H2O ; ;

eq wt = MW/5 = 158/5 = = 31.6 g

• BP : Volumetric solutions For a 0.02M solution KNnO4 - Dissolve 3.2 g (158x0.02) of KMnO4 in 1000 ml of water • USP : Volumetric solutions For KMnO4 , 0.1 N • KMnO4, 158.03 • Dissolve about 3.3 g of KMnO4 in 1000 mL of water • KMnO4 solution 0.02 M = 0.1 N

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 USP 34 :

Titrations

General Charpters \ General Test and Assay \ Other Test and Assay \ Titrimetry  BP 2008 : Search “ Titrimetric”  Supplementary Chapter VI B : Titrimetric Analysis  Appendix VIII A. Non-aqueous Titration  Appendix VIII B . Potentiometric Titrations

Volumetric Solutions

 USP 34: Reagents \ Solutions \ Volumetric Solutions  BP 2008 : Appendix 1 B. Volumetric Reagents and Solutions

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USP Titrimetry

BP : Supplementary Chapter VI B B. Titrimetric Analysis

• Direct Titrations • Residual Titration / Back Titrations • Complexometric Titrations • Oxidation-Reduction Titrations • Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

•Acid-base titrations •Redox titrations ประเภทRx •Complexometric titrations •Precipitation titrations

• Indicator and Potentiometric Endpoint Detection • Blank Corrections

•Measuring the equivalence point •Indicators

•Direct titrations •Back titrations

วิธีการ titrate

Appendix VIII A. Non-aqueous titration Appendix VIII B . Potentiometric Titrations

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Titration Reactions • Acid-base titrations The neutralisation reactions that occurs between an acid and a base. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

• Redox Titrations

The transfer of electron between a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent  Oxidizing agents : iodine, potassium permanganate solutions  Reducing agent s : sodium thiosulfate, oxalic acid, ammonium iron(II) sulfate solutions 2 S2O3 3- + I 2 S4O6 2- + 2 I indator : Starch solution 8

Titration Reactions • Complexometric Titrations The formation of a complex between a chelating agent and a metal cation.  Complexing reagent : EDTA : Ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (H4Y) H2Na2Y; MW 372.24 disodium edetate : C10H 14N2Na2O8 . 2H2O,  Cation : calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, aluminium ion

Ca 2+ + Y 4+

CaY 2+

( ind. : Eriochorme BT)

• Precipitation titrations

The determination is base on the formation of an insoluble salts under certain condition. The titration of halides ( in particular chloride ions) with silver ion AgCl + NaNO3 NaCl + AgNO3 9

Direct Titrations Direct Titrations (Forword Titration ): • In a direct or forward titration the analyte reacts directly with the titrant. • The treatment of a soluble substance, contained in solution in a suitable vessel (the titrate), with an appropriate standardized solution (the titrant), the endpoint being determined instrumentally or visually with the aid of a suitable indicator. • The quantity of the substance being titrated may be calculated from - the volume of the titrant (volumetric solution) - the normality or molarity factor of the titrant (M / N) - the equivalence factor (titer) for the substance given in the individual monograph 10

Assay for Fusidic Acid (BP)

Direct Titration

• Dissolve 0.500 g in 10 ml of alcohol R. • Add 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein solution R. • Titrate with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide until a pink colour is obtained. • 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 51.67 mg of C31H48O6 Standardized Titrant = 0.1 N NaOH

ทราบ Molarity / Normality ด่ าง

indicator : phenolphthalein solution R

Fusidic acid 51.67 mg ใช้ 0.1 N NaOH 500 mg “----------------” ควรใช้ burette ขนาด 25 ml

1 1x500/51.67 = 9.6

ml ml

End point ~ 10 ml 11

Ditrect Titrations 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 51.67 mg of C31H48O6 end point = V ml , หาน.น. สารในผงยา : = V (ml) x N /0.1 x titer = X mg ใน น.น. ผงยา ที่ชง่ั W (mg) ใน น.น ยาต่อ 1tab wt/unit (mg)

มี สารที่สนใจ มี สารที่สนใจ

X mg X (mg) x wt/unit (mg) W (mg)

ปริ มาณตัวยา / tab = V(ml) x N (mol/L) x Titer (mg) x wt/unit (mg) 1 (ml) x 0.1 (mol/L) x W (mg)

mg/tab = V /1 x M /0.1 x titer x wt/unit / น.น.ผงยา ทีช่ ั่ง

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Residual / Back Titrations USP  The addition of a measured volume of a volumetric solution, in excess of the amount actually needed to react with the substance being assayed,the excess of this solution then being titrated with a second volumetric solution.  This constitutes a residual titration and is known also as a “back titration.” BP • Add an excess of the reagent and then determine the excess by backtitration with a second reagent of known concentration

• เป็ นการเติม VS (#1) ในปริ มาณที่เกินพอกับการทํา ปฏิกริ ยาของสาร แล้ว titrate หา ปริ มาณที่เกินพอ ด้วย VS (#2) ที่รู้ concentration 13

Residual / Back Titrations The quantity of the substance being titrated may be calculated from the difference between the volume of the volumetric solution originally added, corrected by means of a blank titration, and that consumed by the titrant in the back titration, due allowance being made for the respective normality or molarity factors of the two solutions, and the equivalence factor for the substance given in the individual monograph.

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Residual / Back Titrations BP: Back titrations - The term back titration is used when a titration is done "backwards” instead of titrating the original analyte, a volumetric solution of a reagent is added to the solution to react with the analyte, then the excess reagent is titrated. - The end point of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the end point of the normal titration. - The reaction between the analyte and the titrant is very slow. - They may also be used where direct titrations are unsuitable for technical reasons  the sample is not soluble in water the sample contains impurities that interfere with forward titration. 15

Residual / Back Titrations Examples of back titrations : Assay for Aspirin Tablets (BP)

• Weigh and powder 20 tablets. To a quantity of the powder containing 0.5 g of Aspirin add 30 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide VS, boil gently for 10 minutes and titrate the excess of alkali with 0.5M hydrochloric acid VS using phenol red solution as indicator. Repeat the operation without the substance being examined. The difference between the titrations represents the amount of sodium hydroxide required. • Each ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide VS is equivalent to 45.04 mg of C9H8O4. 16

Residual / Back Titrations

Assay : Back Titration

Blank titration/ Volume relationship 30 ml 0.5M NaOH VS

0.5 g Aspirin + 30 ml 0.5M NaOH (VS #1)



titrate the excess of 0.5M NaOH with 0.5M HCl (VS #2) titrant  End point : V1  คํานวน :

with 0.5M HCl (VS #2) End point : V2

กรดV2 V1

ด่าง 30 V1 x 30 / V2

Each ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide VS is equivalent to 45.04 mg of C9H8O4

mg/tab = (V2-V1) x Nกรด /0.1 x 45.04 x wt/unit / น.น.ผงยา ที่ชงั่ mg/tab = 30-(V1 x 30 / V2)

x Nด่าง /0.1 x 45.04 x wt/unit / น.น.ผงยา ที่ชงั่ 17

Visually Titrations : Indicators Indicators • Indicators are used to provide a visual determination of the end point of a reaction. This may be by a change in colour or the formation of a precipitate.  Acid/base indicators : Phenolphthalein , Bromocresol green, Methyl orange.  Redox indicators : Nitrophenanthroline, Methylene blue , Ferroin  Complexometric indicator : Eriochrome Black T, Xylenol orange  Precipitation indicator : Fluorescein , Eosin

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Instrumentally titratipns : Potentiometric titrations • End point determination results from the use of electrochemical measurements. • เป็ นการวัดความเปลี่ยนแปลงของ ศักดิ์ไฟฟ้ า (mV) ของสารละลาย ก่อนและหลัง การ titrate โดยการใช้ indicator electrode และ referent electrode จุ่มในสารละลาย • เมื่อทําการ plot mV กับ ml totrant added จะได้ sigmoid curve (S-shape) • The midpoint of this linear vertical portion or the inflection point may be taken as the endpoint. • The equivalence point may also be determined mathematically without plotting a curve. • Table 2. “Potentiometric Titration Electrode Systems” Combined silver ring electrode for argentometric titration: DM141 Combined platinum ring electrode for redox titration : DM 140 SC Combined pH glass electrode for titration in aqueous solutions : DG 111 SC Combined pH glass electrode for titration in non-aqueous solutions : DG 113 SC

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20

Non-aqueous Titrations

USP • Many water-insoluble compounds acquire enhanced acidic or basic properties when dissolved in organic solvents. • Thus the choice of the appropriate solvent permits the determination of a variety of such materials by nonaqueous titration. • Many salts of halogen acids may be titrated in acetic acid or acetic anhydride after the addition of mercuric acetate, which removes halide ion as the unionized mercuric halide complex and introduces the acetate ion. • Titrant of a basic compound : 0.1 N perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid 21

Non-aqueousTitrations • Titrant of an acidic compound :  0.1 N sodium methoxide in a mixture of methanol and toluene  0.1 N tetra-n- butylammonium hydroxide a mixture of methanol and toluene • Interference by CO2, solvents for acidic compounds need to be protected from excessive exposure to the atmosphere by a suitable cover or by an inert atmosphere during the titration. • Absorption of carbon dioxide may be determined by performing a blank titration. • The blank should not exceed 0.01 mL of 0.1 N sodium methoxide VS per mL of solvent. • The endpoint may be determined visually by color change or potentiometrically 22

Titration in Non-aqueous Sovent BP 2008 : Appendix VIII A. Non-aqueous titration

Method I : • Solvent : anhydrous acetic acid (previously neutralised using the indicator specified in the monograph) • Titrant : 0.1 M perchloric acid VS • When the substance is a salt of hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, add 15 ml of mercury(II) acetate solution before neutralising the solvent, unless otherwise directed in the monograph. Method II : • The titrant, solvent and, where necessary, the indicator to be used are stated in the monograph. • Protect the solution and titrant from atmospheric carbon dioxide and moisture throughout the determination. • The solvent previously neutralised to the indicator

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อื่น ๆ USP • Blank Determinations—Where it is directed that “any necessary correction” be made by a blank determination. • Preparation and Methods of Standardization of Volumetric Solutions The following directions give only one method for standardization, but other methods of standardization, capable of yielding at least the same degree of accuracy, may be used. The values obtained in the standardization of volumetric solutions are valid for all Pharmacopeial uses of these solutions, regardless of the instrumental or chemical indicators employed in the individual monographs. 24

Volumetric Solutions USP • Normal Solutions—Normal solutions are solutions that contain 1 gram equivalent weight of the active substance in each 1000 mL of solution; that is, an amount equivalent to 1.0079 g of hydrogen

• Molar Solutions—Molar solutions are solutions that contain, in 1000 mL,

1 gram-molecule of the reagent. • Thus, each liter of a molar solution of sulfuric acid contains 98.07 g of H2SO4 • each liter of a molar solution of potassium ferricyanide contains 329.25 g of K3Fe(CN)6.

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Volumetric Solutions USP USP 29 : Hydrochloric Acid, Normal (1 N) HCl, 36.46 36.46 g in 1000 mL Dilute 85 mL of hydrochloric acid with water to 1000 mL. Standardize the solution as follows. • Accurately weigh about 5.0 g of tromethamine, Previously dried at 105 0C for 3 hours. Dissolve in 50 mL of water, and add 2 drops of bromocresol green TS. Titrate with 1 N hydrochloric acid to a pale yellow endpoint. Each 121.14 mg of tromethamine is equivalent to 1 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid. • N = mg tromethamine 121.14 x ml HCl • • • •

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Volumetric Solutions USP USP 34 : Hydrochloric Acid, Normal (1 N) HCl, 36.46 36.46 g in 1000 mL Dilute 85 mL of hydrochloric acid with water to 1000 mL. Standardize the solution as follows. • Accurately weigh about 5.0 g of tromethamine, dried according to the label instructions. Dissolve in 50 mL of water, and add 2 drops of bromocresol green TS. Titrate with 1 N hydrochloric acid to a pale yellow endpoint. Each 121.14 mg of tromethamine is equivalent to 1 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid. • N = mg tromethamine 121.14 x ml HCl

• • • •

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อืน่ ๆ

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อืน่ ๆ • 1. การจับบิวเรตต์เพื่อปล่อยสารละลายออกจากบิวเรตต์ ควรจัดให้ถูกวิธีคือจับบิวเรตต์ดว้ ยมือซ้าย จับฟลาสด้วยมือ ขวาขณะไทเทรตปลายบิวเรตต์จะต้องจุ่มอยูใ่ นปากฟลาส 2. ขณะไทเทรตควรใช้กระดาษสี ขาววางไว้ใต้ฟลาส เพื่อให้สงั เกตการเปลี่ยนแปลง สี ได้อย่างชัดเจน 3. ในระหว่างการไทเทรตควรมีการล้างผนังด้านในของฟลาสเพื่อให้เนื้ อสารที่ติดอยูข่ า้ ง ๆ ไหลลงไปทําปฏิกิริยากัน อย่างสมบูรณ์ 4. เมื่อการไทเทรตใกล้ถึงจุดยุติควรหยดสารละลายลงในบิวเรตต์ทีละหยดหรื อทีละหนึ่ง หยด เพื่อป้ องกันการเติม สารละลายลงไปมากเกินพอ การหยดสารละลายทีละครึ่ งหยดทําได้โดยเปิ ดก๊อกเพียงเล็กน้อย เมื่อสารละลายเริ่ ม ไหลมาอยูท่ ี่ปลายบิวเรตต์กป็ ิ ดก๊อกทันที แล้วเลื่อนฟลาสมาแตะที่ปลายบิวเรตต์ใช้น้ าํ ฉีดล้างลงไปในฟลาส 5. เมื่ออินดิเคเตอร์เปลี่ยนสี ควรตั้งสารละลายทิ้งไว้ประมาณ 30 วินาที หากสี ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงแสดงว่าถึงจุดยุติแล้ว 6. อ่านปริ มาตรของสารละลายที่ใช้ในการไทเทรตโดยดูตรงส่ วนโค้งเว้าตํ่าสุ ดว่าตรงกับขีดบอกปริ มาตรใด ข้ อแนะนํา ตามปกติการไทเทรตจะต้องทําซํ้า 2-3 ครั้ง ดังนั้นเพื่อความสะดวกและรวดเร็ วในการทดลอง การไทเทรตครั้งแรก อาจไขสารละลายจากบิวเรตต์ลงไปอย่างรวดเร็ ว เพื่อหาจุดยุติอย่างคร่ าว ๆ หรื อหาปริ มาตรของสารละลาย โดยประมาณก่อน ในการไทเทรตครั้งที่ 2 หรื อ 3 ตอนแรกอาจไขสารละลายจากบิวเรตต์เร็วได้แต่พอใกล้จะถึงจุดยุติ ก็หยดสารละลายลงไปทีละหยดเพื่อให้ปริ มาตรที่ใช้ในการไทเทรตมีความเที่ยงตรงและไม่มากเกินพอ

 Record the volume reading from the buret. Determine the volume by reading from the bottom of the meniscus at eye level. All certain digits and one uncertain digit should be recorded. 29

1 ml มี 10 ขีด ความละเอียด = 0.1 ml การอ่านได้ถกู ต้อง = 0.1/2 = 0.05 24

24.22

24.25

25

Burette to measure accurately the volume of a solution added. The scale can be read to an accuracy of half a division, that is to 0.05 cm3. 30

อืน่ ๆ • Parallax is a deceptive change of the position of an object which is observed while the position of the observer changes. Position of eye at all volumetric vessels must be at the same level as the meniscus. If not, the parallax will cause an error while reading the position of the meniscus of a liquid in a burette. It will be a positive mistake if the eye is lower, and negative if the eye is higher than the parallax meniscus plane.

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• Reference : • The United States Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia Convention. Rockville, MD. • British Pharmacopoeia. The Stationery Office, London. • Douglas A.Skoog and Donald M. West, “ Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry”, 3th ed. The United States of America. 1976. • Mettler Toledo DL55 Titrator Operating Instruction, Mettler Toledo AG, Analytical, Schwerzerbach, 1995.

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Work Sheets of Titrations

• “Titration : Standardization” : WS 2202080/1, Rev. no. 1 • “Direct Titration : Assay ” : WS 2202080/2, Rev. no. 1 • “ Titrimetric Method : Back Titration” : WS 2202080/3, Rev. no. 0

33

สวัสดี 34

Volumetric Solutions • Iodine VS I2 = 253.8 • For a 0.5 M solution Dissolve 127 g of iodine and 200 g of potassium iodide in sufficient water to produce 1000 ml. • Ascertain its exact concentration in the following manner. To 2 ml of the solution add 1 ml of 2M acetic acid and 50 ml of water . Titrate with 0.1M sodium thiosulphate VS using starch solution as indicator. Each ml of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate VS is equivalent to 12.69 mg of I. • Store protected from light.

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Volumetric Solutions

Iodine, Tenth-Normal (0.1 N) (USP) I, 126.90 12.69 g in 1000 mL Dissolve about 14 g of iodine in a solution of 36 g of potassium iodide in 100 mL of water, add 3 drops of hydrochloric acid, dilute with water to 1000 mL, and standardize the solution as follows. • Transfer 25.0 mL of the iodine solution to a 250-mL flask, dilute with water to 100 mL, add 1 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid, swirl gently to mix, and titrate with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate VS until the solution has a pale yellow color. Add 2 mL of starch TS and continue titrating until the solution is colorless. • Preserve in amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottles. • N = ml Na2S2O3 x N Na2S2O3 25 • • • •

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