Toward a Definition of Internet of Things [PDF]

Toward a Definition of Internet of Things Roberto Minerva, IEEE IoT Initiative Chair – TIMLab

08 - 10 June 2016

Let’s talk about … Tennis ? My First Tennis Racket

My Next one ?

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Put a Sensor in it …

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Some Game Changers (1): Wii Remote - 2005 PUT A SENSOR IN IT Input • Accelerometer • Gyroscope (Wii Remote Plus only) • Infrared sensor Connectivity • Bluetooth • Accessory connector port (400 kHz I²C) Source: wikipedia

Some Game Changers (2): Nike + iPod - 2006

http://www.tisgoud.nl/blog/2006/05/25/apple-and-nike-an-ultimate-mashup

The Nike+iPod Sports Kit is an activity tracker device which measures and records the distance and pace of a walk or run. The Nike+iPod consists of a small transmitter device attached to or embedded in a shoe, which communicates with either the Nike+ Sportband, a receiver plugged into an iPod (Source: wikipedia)

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Some Game Changers (3): iPhone - 2007

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2418360,00.asp

PUT A SENSOR IN IT • • • • •

Proximity sensor Ambient light sensor 3-axis accelerometer Magnetometer Gyroscopic sensor 6

http://www.spugachev.com/archives/520

Module 1: sensors that changed a Biz Questions: – Can you mention other examples of sensors application that have changed or created a new business? – Is IoT only for end devices ?

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Agenda – Internet of Things The Context of IoT A Definition of IoT A few Challenges of IoT What Things are … Networks of Things Technologies of Communications – – – – –

Access Technologies Protocols SW Platforms Middleware Standards

IoT Challenges – Identity, >urn:heath:gamma2070 6Health Physics Instruments 2070 Gamma Detector 7 8 CBRNE 9 gamma 10 insitu 11 12 13 http://www.sensorml.com/sensorML-2.0/examples/description.html

Actually Identity is a primary constituent of Things An Identity

A Tag Essentially a pointer to an object description

RFiD example Data is essentially the Object Identifier! Data

RFiD Reader

RFiD Transponder Clock Speed Data (e.g., Object_Id)

Power Antenna

Control Unit Interface

Computer System

Identity and more … ….

Authentication and Authorization Attributes

Location and Other Objects Relations Attributes

Basic Object Attributes (what type of sensor, what measures,…) Object Id

Object Discovery

Give me the value of a Blue Sensor

Give me the value

I need a Blue Sensor

The value is X

This is a gateway, an aggregator

Centralized (and mediated) Topology

Object Discovery I’m a Blue Sensor Are you a Blue Sensor?

Here is a Blue Sensor

Are you a Blue Sensor?

Non Hierarchical Topology (Gnutella Style)

I need a Blue Sensor

Object Discovery REGISTER

Hierarchical Topology (Skype Style)

I need a Blue Sensor Where is a Blue Sensor?

Here is a Blue Sensor

Master Node = Gateway?

Zhang, X.; Dong, L.; Peng, H.; Chen, H.; Zhao, S.; Li, C. CollusionAware Privacy-Preserving Range Query in Tiered Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2014, 14, 23905-23932.

Object Discovery 1. REGISTER: I’m a Blue Sensor

Repository Server

2. Where is a Blue Sensor?

REGISTER

I need a Blue Sensor

3. Here is a Blue Sensor

4. What is the Value?

The Repository Server could be distributed (e.g., DHT Table)

Object Discovery Topologies (main ones)

http://www.bestprojectcenter.org/Wireless_sensor_network_projects_ideas_in_java_dotnet.html

Communications and Distribution

Users

Gateway

Services and Applications

Server Farm

Internet Telecommunication Network Gateway

Sensors and Actuators

Short Range Communications • Wireless Communication is preferred over cable • Sometimes no TCP/IP communication

Service Layer • Front end and back end functions • Big Data

Sensors and Actuators

Distributed systems and Functionalities

Long Range Communications • Public networks (mobile networks  M2M) • Access to Internet

Module 5: Internet of things Why communication is important ? What major issues communication introduces? Is identity of objects important? Is Discovery of objects important? Describe an example in which Identity and Discovery are not important What different type of communication you see between objects?

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The Things Cycle Service to Gateway by means of Internet through public networks Gateway to Things by means of low range communications Sometimes Internet communications between services and Things

Things Internet or low range communications

Observe

Command Inform

Users

Event

Command

Inform

Internet through public networks

Service(s)

Example of IoT Cycle

http://volansys.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Untitled.jpg

What are “Things” ?

https://ibmcai.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/iot-network.jpg

Smartness refers to the ability of the object to provide some forms of Sensing/Actuation together with processing, storage and communications

Evolution of Smart Objects

RFiD scenario

Smart Metering

http://healthnex.typepad.com/web_log/2006/06/personal_health.html

Wearable Devices ...

http://www.octavetech.com/blog/

What is a wearable computer A wearable computer is a computer that is subsumed into the personal space of the user, controlled by the user, and has both operational and interactional constancy, i.e. it is always on and always accessible. Most notably, it is a device that is always with the user, and into which the user can always enter commands and execute a set of such entered commands, and in which the user can do so while walking around or doing other activities. http://wearcam.org/wearcompdef.html 53

We and the Wearable ...

the signal flows between the user and a computer

the wearable computer can encapsulate us

http://wearcam.org/wearcompdef.html

What are Internet-Connected Things? Generic Info Contextualized Info Active/passive, with/without context Passive Objects A Tag, Info + a location A Pointer to some information

Reactive Objects

A switch at home (turn it on/off), A smart meter

Home Automation (when temperature reaches 20 C stop heating)

Autonomous Objects

A Vending Machine, An Intelligent Fridge

A Cleaning Robot

How Many Things?

http://tarrysingh.com/2014/07/fog-computing-happens-when-big-dataanalytics-marries-internet-of-things/

Module 6: More on smart things What kinds of things do you identify? Are things a computational evolution of computer systems? What is the IoT cycle? – What communication paradigm do you see? Client server? Message based? Others? How many things will monitor your life ? – 1000 per square meter? More ? Less?

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Agenda – Internet of Things The Context of IoT A Definition of IoT A few Challenges of IoT What Things are … Networks of Things Technologies of Communications – – – –

Access Technologies Protocols SW Platforms Middleware

IoT Challenges – Identity, Data, and Ownership – Complex System – Business Issues – Social Issues

Virtual Continuum IOT Scenarios The IEEE IoT Initiative

Networks of Things About the picture This picture represents Internet at Autonomous System level. It has been obtained by the MOTIA Consortium. An Autonomous System (AS) is an Internet Network in which an Authority is solely responsible to assign ip’s and names. The picture dates April 2011, when about 36000 AS where identified toghether with their 400000 physical links. Each node represents an AS and hence a network. The different colours are tags referring to the Nation where the AS owner is registered. The whole system may be regarded as a prototype of Network of Networks. The data have been obtained by CNR-IIT merging results from both traceroute projects datasets (such as DIMES and CAIDA) and BGP datasets from gataways. The graphic presentation has been achieved by Antonio De Nicola through a software application based on the java libraries available with the Prefuse information visualization toolkit6. http://netonets.org/about-the-picture/

Networks of Networks

http://netonets.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/AS-network1.png

Networks of Networks Wireless Sensor Networks M2M Capillary Networks Mobile Networks (5G) Edge Networks

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Characterization of Communication in IoT

Sensor

Gateway

Server

(def.

from wikipedia.org) ►

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.

►

Wireless sensor networks are used in many industrial application areas: including industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control. ► Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with one or more sensors, a radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an energy source, usually a battery. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth. ►

A sensor network normally constitutes a wireless ad-hoc network, meaning that each sensor supports a multi-hop routing algorithm (several nodes may forward data packets to the base station).

http://www.alicosystems.com/wireless%20sensor.htm

Wireless Sensor Networks

Machine to Machine “Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications is the communication between two or more entities that do not necessarily need any direct human intervention. M2M services intend to automate decision and communication processes.” - ETSI oneM2M

http://www.omnitronics.com.au/images/AFU_3_001.jpg

Machine to machine (M2M) refers to the ability of autonomous machines to exchange data through a Mobile Network in order to control some actuator or sensor http://www.tcam.com.sg/index.php/Solutions/Machine-To-Machine-M2M-Control-Project.html

Capillary Network

Source: http://www.ericsson.com/news/140908-capillary-networks_244099436_c

Capillary Network - SigFox Capillary networks are Wide Area Networks (WAN)

http://sigfox.wip-demo.fr/static/media/partners/Intesens_iDiag_architecture.png

Capillary Network – an example

http://www.slideshare.net/Reseauxetservicestpa/rs-10-juin-2015-sigfox-christophe

Capillary Network Paradox ?

http://www.slideshare.net/Reseauxetservicestpa/rs-10-juin-2015-sigfox-christophe

Long-range Wireless IoT Protocol: LoRa LoRa chips transmit in the sub-gigahertz spectrum (109MHz, 433MHz, 866MHz, 915MHz), which is an unlicensed band that has less interference than others (like the 2.4 GHz range used by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other protocols). At those frequencies, signals penetrate obstacles and travel long distances while drawing relatively little power -ideal for many IoT devices, which are often constrained by battery life. Within the sub-GHz spectrum, LoRa chips use a spread-spectrum strategy to transmit at a variety of frequencies and data rates. That allows the gateway to adapt to changing conditions and optimize the way it exchanges data with each device.

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http://postscapes.com/long-range-wireless-iot-protocol-lora

Network - Sensors and Capillary vs Telco Network – The Network Challenge Capillary Network – connecting sensors & actuators to: • “wired” (cable, xDSL, optical, etc.) • wireless cellular (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE-M, WiMAX, etc.) • wireless “capillary”/short-range (WLAN, ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4x, WMBUS, etc.) Gateway – connecting access and backhaul/core networks: • concentrating • network address translation IoT on Public Networks or on • packet (de)fragmentation; etc. other specialized Networks

(e.g., SigFox in France) ?

Capillary Network

Objects 69

Capillary network: opportunity or threat ? App

App

App

…

Service Layer Landline and mobile network DSS Technology

Mobile Gateway

Fixed Gateway Short range Technologies (ZigBee, Wireless M-Bus, …)

Capillary layer Directed or routed connected device. Gateways and routers are needed where sensors and M2M devices do not connect directly to the network

Smart cities and Utilities Infrastrutucture

Capillary Networks as an enabling infrastructure for smart cities and smart grid to allow bundled access and aggregation of data stream from capillary nodes Water meters Building Automation

Gas meters Distributor B

Distribuited pollution WSN

Gas meters Distributor A

Module 7: Networks Can you make a difference between local (and short range networks) and wide area network? What are their intended usage? What is LoRa?

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5G

TSP/MSC Communication Networks and Services (ComNETS)

5G in a nutshell The move is from a Mobile broadband network (e.g., 4G) to a lifeline network very similar in certain characteristics and capabilities to the fixed network. A few foreseen features could give the flavor of the differences: • • • • • • • •

More than 50 Mbps everywhere Support to dense areas and crowds (up to 150.000 people/km2) Support to fast moving vehicles (cars, high speed trains, and airplanes) Coverage of Indoor areas with shared bandwidth of up to 1Gbps Ultra low-latency (latency less than 1ms) and Ultra-High Reliability Resilience and support to surge of traffic Support to massive low-cost/long-range/low-power Machine Type Communication And many more… More on: http://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/september-2015/internet-of-things-and-the-5thgeneration-mobile-network.html

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/5gwebinarslides-150307005359-conversiongate01/95/5-g-webinar-slides-29-638.jpg?cb=1425711313

5G Architecture (source:METIS)

Two Issues in 5G Ultradense Network – Many Antennas – Interworking with legacy – Heterogeneous access http://www.slideshare.net/zahidtg/thinking-networks-by-prof-simon-saunders

Softwarization of the Network – By means of SDN and NFV  Reuse of existing architectures or new approaches?  IMS or evolution to other software architectures?

An Example: Orange Vision

http://www.eurescom.eu/news-and-events/eurescommessage/eurescommessage-1-2014/orange-5g-vision.html

Using Cloud Technologies ….

http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/ztetechnologies/2014/no1/articles/ 201401/t20140123_417139.html 77

SDN + Virtualization: Two possible Strategies for Telcos

New Networks

Evolutionary: for the development of current networks – Seamless integration, compatibility with legacy,… – Solutions from traditional Vendors (or some Start-ups) … – Costs Reductions (CAPEX, OPEX), probably – Competition

Revolutionary: for the deployment of new (low costs) networks for new service

– Disruptive low cost architectures using standard h/w – Focus on Edge and Terminals capabilities – Integration with Overlay Networks and P2P technologies

Virtualization and Softwarization: some issues to tackle Mastering of software will be a differentiator also for communications services – Telco architectures should be redesigned for this The ability to control simultaneously storage, processing, communications (and sensing) will be a strategic advantage – Current focus mainly on connectivity The ability to integrate different environments will play a major role in service differentiation and service deperimeterization – Network and services are perimeterized with the Telco domain Behind the C – S front end, there are fully distributed systems with increasing complexity Security of the environment will be a major issue

Two Disruptive Factors in ICT Industry

1.

More and more functions from HW to SW – General Purpose HW is usable also in mission critical systems – Think to WebCompany Data Centers

2.

Extensive Virtualization of Systems  From virtualization of Operating Systems to virtualization of entire Networks (e.g., Peer to Peer Networks)

This leads to: – Strong separation of sw solutions from hw ones (disruption of the current ecosystem of Vendorship similar to what happened in computer industry) – Need to Master the Software (Programmability will became the differentiator for many companies)

Software Defined Networks Source: http://blog.sflow.com/2012/05/software-defined-networking.html

•

•

SDN fully decouples network control plane (a cleanslate approach) SDN offers programmable interfaces (API) to the network (i.e., “Control” is programmable)

Cloud Infrastructure

Network Function Virtualization 

Virtualization:

Independent Software Vendors

The ability to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system and share the underlying hardware resources* * VMware white paper, Virtualization Overview 

A network wide virtualization (using the same paradigm used for IT resources) would allow:  



To optimize the use of physical resources To integrated deeply IT and Net resources in virtual networks tailored to apps requirements To operate independent virtual networks “dedicated” to different Users and migrate them if when necessary

Orchestrated, automatic & remote install.

Standard High Volume Servers Standard High Volume Storage

Standard High Volume Ethernet Switches

SDN + NFV: a disruptive example, the Network Control Upload 



Downloading Control SW from Operator A to another infrastructure Provider (beyond roaming)

Control Downloader Node Logic

Cloud Profile

Policy

TE Routing

Each Operator (through agreement) could upload control nodes in other networks for better serving its customers

   Operator A

Infrastructure Provider Or Operator B

Entering new markets with low investments

Slicing Concept form Next Generation Mobile Network Forum

https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf

Virtual Resources IoT Service Layer (IoT Slice) 5G Resources and Infrastructure

5G Slicing

IoT Services and Application

Service API

Virtualized Functions Possibly defined according to a standard Architecture (e.g., oneM2M, P.2413)

IoT Slice North bound API

Edge Infrastructures

Virtualization Infrastructure

Southbound API

Core Resources and Networks

Other Infrastructures

IoT Service Layer

IoT Slicing IoT Services and Application

Service API

5G Resources and Infrastructure

Virtual Resources (IoT Slice)

Virtualized Functions Possibly defined according to a standard Architecture (e.g., oneM2M, P.2413) and highly distributed

IoT Slice North bound API

Edge Infrastructures

Virtualization Infrastructure

Southbound API

Core Resources and Networks

Other Infrastructures

An Example of an important Functionality for IoT Control Layer

Sensor 1

Security

Policing

Monitoring

Ingress Queue A

Sensor 3

• •

Intelligent Routing of Events and Messages thanks to SDN Transaction Management R.T. extraction of Knowledge

Events

Control and Management

Events

Sensor 2

•

Egress Queue Y

Aggregator a Aggregator b Aggregator c

Sensor n

In aggregation nodes at the edge of the 5G Nework Sensor n+1 Sensor n+2 Sensor n+3 Sensor n+m

Data Flow

Events

Events

Ingress Queue B

Egress Queue Z

5G Network We need to bring Intelligence at the Edge of the Network

Aggregator d Aggregator e Aggregator f

Do you remember WiMax?

overlay of existing LTE

• • •

LTE-M, an evolution of LTE optimized for IoT in 3GPP RAN. First released in Rel. 12 in Q4 2014 and further optimization will be included in Rel. 13 with specifications complete in Q1 2016. EC-GSM (Extended Coverage GSM) is an evolutionary approach being standardized in GERAN Rel. 13 with specifications complete in Q1 2016. A new narrowband radio interface (Clean Slate Cellular IoT) is also being discussed as part of RAN Rel. 13 standardization starting in Q4 2015 with specifications to be completed by Q2 2016.

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Source Nokia, LTE-M – Optimizing LTE for the Internet of Things

NB-IoT requirements  Main requirements targeted by 3GPP standardization for NB-IoT are:

• • • • • •

Deployment in a very small bandwidth (200 kHz) Optimizaton for ultra-low terminal cost (< 4$) Optimization for very long terminal battery life (10 years) Extended coverage compared with existing cellular (20 dB enhancement) Support for massive connections ( 50K devices/cell) e-SIM

Extended Indoor Coverage

+20 dB compared to GPRS

Long terminal battery life

10 years Battery life

Massive number of devices per cell

50K devices/cell

Source: R.Gavazzi 89

Module 8: 5G Is 5G relevant for IoT? What is the relationship between 3G/4G/5G networks and LoRa and wide area networks? Cooperation or competition? What is Software defined networking? What is Network Function Virtualization? – Can you describe the benefits of virtualization?

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