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The hydroelastic response of pontoon-type very large floating structures (VLFS) is obtained by resolving the interaction between the surface waves and the floating elastic body. We carry out the analysis in the frequency domain, assuming that the sur
Pre-Calculus - Chapter 1A. Answers to Exercises for Chapter 1A - Real Numbers. 1. Additive Inverse. 2. Commutative Property of Addition. 3. Associative Property of Addition. 4. Commutative Property of Multiplication. 5. Multiplicative Inverse and Mul
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Idea Transcript
ABSTRACT Transconductance Amplifier Structures With Very Small Transconductance A Comparative Design Approach Anand Veeravalli Advisor: Dr. Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio A family of nCMOS operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) has been designed for very small Gm’s (of the order of nanoamperes per volt) with transistors operating in moderate inversion. Several OTA design schemes such as conventional, using current division, floating-gate, and bulk-driven techniques are discussed, as well as, a wide tuning range OTA architecture. A detailed comparison has also been made among these schemes in terms of performance characteristics such as power consumption, active silicon area, and signal-to-noise ratio.
The transconductance amplifiers have been
fabricated in a 1.2 µm n-well CMOS process and operate at a power supply of 2.7 V. Chip test results are in good agreement with theoretical results.