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Editorial Board Philip P. Mortimer, London, United Kingdom Fred A. Murphy, Davis, California, USA Barbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USA P. Keith Murray, Ames, Iowa, USA Stephen Ostroff, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Rosanna W. Peeling, Geneva, Switzerland David H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USA Gianfranco Pezzino, Topeka, Kansas, USA Richard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Leslie Real, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Relman, Palo Alto, California, USA Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Nancy Rosenstein, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Connie Schmaljohn, Frederick, Maryland, USA Tom Schwan, Hamilton, Montana, USA Ira Schwartz, Valhalla, New York, USA Tom Shinnick, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Robert Shope, Galveston, Texas, USA Bonnie Smoak, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Rosemary Soave, New York, New York, USA P. Frederick Sparling, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Jan Svoboda, Prague, Czech Republic Bala Swaminathan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Robert Swanepoel, Johannesburg, South Africa Phillip Tarr, Seattle, Washington, USA Timothy Tucker, Cape Town, South Africa Elaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Mary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Ban Allos, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Michael Apicella, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Ben Beard, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA David Brandling-Bennet, Washington, D.C., USA Donald S. Burke, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA Patrice Courvalin, Paris, France Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Vincent Deubel, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Ed Eitzen, Washington, D.C., USA Duane J. Gubler, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Richard L. Guerrant, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Scott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USA David L. Heymann, Geneva, Switzerland Sakae Inouye, Tokyo, Japan Charles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Keith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Takeshi Kurata, Tokyo, Japan S.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Bruce R. Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA John S. MacKenzie, Brisbane, Australia Tom Marrie, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada John E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephen S. Morse, New York, New York, USA
D. Peter Drotman, Editor-in-Chief Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Bell, Associate Editor Atlanta, Georgia, USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Associate Editor Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Morens, Associate Editor Washington, DC, USA Patricia M. Quinlisk, Associate Editor Des Moines, Iowa, USA Polyxeni Potter, Managing Editor Atlanta, Georgia, USA Joseph E. McDade, Founding Editor Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Production Editors Mary Anne Castranio Carolyn P. Collins Teresa M. Hood Ann Kitchen Anne D. Mather Carol D. Snarey Reginald S. Tucker Cathy E. Young
Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Emerging Infectious Diseases
• Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2003
On the Cover: Frida Kahlo (1910–1954). Self-Portrait with Monkey (1938). Oil on masonite, 16'' x 12'' Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York, USA Copyright 2003 Banco de México Diego Rivera & Frida Kahlo Museums Trust. Av. Cinco de Mayo No. 2, Col. Centro, Del. Cuauhtémoc 06059, México, D.F.
About the Cover, see pg 281
Research Emerging Pattern of Rabies Deaths and Increased Viral Infectivity.............................................. 151 S.L. Messenger et al. Araçatuba Virus: A Vaccinialike Virus Associated with Infection in Humans and Cattle ................. 155 G. de Souza Trindade et al. Equine Amplification and Virulence of Subtype IE Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses Isolated during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican Epizootics............................... 161 D. Gonzalez-Salazar et al. Elimination of Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a University Hospital and District Institutions, Finland............................. 169 P. Kotilainen et al. Annual Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Risk and Interpretation of Clustering Statistics .................... 176 E. Vynnycky et al. Endemic Babesiosis in Another Eastern State: New Jersey .................................................. 184 B.L. Herwaldt et al.
This issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases was made possible through a partnership with the CDC Foundation with financial support provided by The Ellison Medical Foundation.
Molecular Typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans Isolates ......................................189 W. Meyer et al. Health and Economic Impact of Surgical Site Infections Diagnosed after Hospital Discharge ....................196 E.N. Perencevich et al. Applying Network Theory to Epidemics: Control Measures for Mycoplasma pneumoniae Outbreaks........................................................204 L. Ancel Meyers et al. Using Hospital Antibiogram Data To Assess Regional Pneumococcal Resistance to Antibiotics ...................................................... 211 C.R. Stein et al. Influence of Role Models and Hospital Design on Hand Hygiene of Health-care Workers ...............217 M.G. Lankford et al. Aeromonas Isolates from Human Diarrheic Stool and Groundwater Compared by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis ..................224 M.A. Borchardt et al. Risk Factors for Sporadic Giardiasis: A Case-Control Study in Southwestern England .................229 J.M. Stuart et al. Viral Encephalitis in England, 1989–1998: What Did We Miss?..........................................234 K.L. Davison et al.
Perspective Preparing for a Bioterrorist Attack: Legal and Administrative Strategies.....................................241 R.E. Hoffman
Synopsis B-Virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) Infection in Humans and Macaques: Potential for Zoonotic Disease .............................................246 J.L. Huff and P.A. Barry
Dispatches Photorhabdus Species: Bioluminescent Bacteria Emerging as Human Pathogens? ..........................251 J.G. Gerrard et al. Life-Threatening Infantile Diarrhea from Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium with Mutations in Both gyrA and parC ............255 H. Nakaya et al. Invasive Type e Haemophilus influenzae Disease in Italy.....................................................................258 M. Cerquetti et al.
Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni Isolates in Travelers Returning to Finland: Association of Ciprofloxacin Resistance to Travel Destination ................... 267 A. Hakanen et al.
Letters Dual Infection by Dengue Virus and Shigella sonnei in Patient Returning from India .................. 271 R.N. Charrel et al. St. Louis Encephalitis in Argentina: The First Case Reported in the Last Seventeen Years .............. 271 L. Spinsanti et al.
Public Health Surveillance for Australian Bat Lyssavirus in Queensland, Australia, 2000–2001..........262 D. Warrilow et al.
Streptomyces bikiniensis Bacteremia.................................. 273 W.J. Moss et al.
Infection of Cultured Human and Monkey Cell Lines with Extract of Penaeid Shrimp Infected with Taura Syndrome Virus ........................265 J. Audelo-del-Valle et al.
Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among New Tuberculosis Patients Yangon, Myanmar ............................................................... 274 S. Phyu et al.
IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT NEW MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION PROCESS Beginning January 2003, all Emerging Infectious Diseases manuscripts must be handled through Manuscript Central, a Webbased system for manuscript submission and peer review. The system allows authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial office staff direct access to journal operations through the Web. For more information on the new system and the advantages it offers, visit http:// www.scholarone.com/home_flash.html.
To submit a manuscript using Manuscript Central 1. Access the Emerging Infectious Diseases Web site (www.cdc.gov/eid). 2. Click on Submit Manuscript (upper right screen), which takes you to the Manuscript Central Web site. 3. Click the Create a New Account button on the upper left of the screen. 4. Create an account and choose a log in ID. 5. Once you have an ID and password, Log in.
Pneumocystis carinii vs. Pneumocystis jiroveci: Another Misnomer (Response to Stringer et al.) ................. 276 W. T. Hughes A New Name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from Humans (Response to Hughes)........... 277 J.R. Stringer et al. Correction, Vol.9, No.1 ........................................................ 277
Book Review Field Epidemiology, 2nd Edition (Michael B. Gregg, editor) ................................ 280 M.A. Strassburg
News and Notes About the Cover .................................................................. 281 P. Potter The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.
RESEARCH
Emerging Pattern of Rabies Deaths and Increased Viral Infectivity Sharon L. Messenger,* Jean S. Smith,* Lillian A. Orciari,* Pamela A. Yager,* and Charles E. Rupprecht*
Most human rabies deaths in the United States can be attributed to unrecognized exposures to rabies viruses associated with bats, particularly those associated with two infrequently encountered bat species (Lasionycteris noctivagans and Pipistrellus subflavus). These human rabies cases tend to cluster in the southeastern and northwestern United States. In these regions, most rabies deaths associated with bats in nonhuman terrestrial mammals are also associated with virus variants specific to these two bat species rather than more common bat species; outside of these regions, more common bat rabies viruses contribute to most transmissions. The preponderance of rabies deaths connected with the two uncommon L. noctivagans and P. subflavus bat rabies viruses is best explained by their evolution of increased viral infectivity.
B
ites by rabid dogs are the source of 35,000–50,000 human rabies deaths each year globally (1), yet most human rabies deaths in the United States are attributed to unrecognized exposures to rabid bats. Particular attention has focused upon two relatively rare bat species (Lasionycteris noctivagans and Pipistrellus subflavus) because rabies variants associated with these species account for approximately 70% of human cases and 75% of cryptic rabies deaths (2–6). Molecular typing (i.e., phylogenetic analysis of DNA data) has shown that rabies viruses associated with insectivorous bats (L. noctivagans and P. subflavus variants in particular) are the culprits in what otherwise would have been unsolved cryptic human rabies deaths. However, phylogenetic analyses of human rabies cases have not provided insights into why an unexpectedly large proportion of human rabies deaths involve the uncommon L. noctivagans and P. subflavus variants. Passive surveillance systems used by state public health departments confirm that human encounters with Eastern Pipistrelle bats (P. subflavus) and Silver-haired Bats (L. noctivagans) are rare. Neither species exceeded 5% of all bats submitted for rabies testing in the southeastern United States, and Silverhaired Bats account for