ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA
COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN THE ESCWA REGION
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ
United Nations
ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Distr. GENERAL E/ESCWA/SD/2009/13 9 December 2009 ORIGINAL: ARABIC/ENGLISH
ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA
COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN THE ESCWA REGION
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ
United Nations New York, 2009
ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ 2009 ،ﻨﻴﻭﻴﻭﺭﻙ 09-0530 IV
V
Preface The economic development in the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) region is accompanied by an overexploitation of resources and adverse impacts on the environment, particularly in terms of deteriorating air and water quality, diminishing water resources, land degradation and desertification, and loss of biodiversity, all of which affect the sustainability and the quality of life in the region. In order to address such problems and provide solutions, ESCWA member countries need to strengthen the environmental legislation and implement regulations and action plans for monitoring the state of environment mainly for water and air with emphasis on environmental accounts and defined goals on reaching regional and international environmental standards. A broad-based programme of environment statistics needs to be developed in order to compile and disseminate timely, reliable, relevant and comparable environment data; and build up a sound database related to various aspects of the environment for use by government officials, concerned stakeholders and the public. Environmental information and reporting are important in order to enhance environmental planning, integrate environmental concerns and economic growth into decision-making to promote sustainable development at the national and international levels, and evaluate national environmental performance. The ESCWA has been assisting member countries in developing their environment statistics, indicators and accounts since 2004, benefiting from constant interaction with academicians, researchers, various governmental and private organizations as well as regional and other international agencies. ESCWA published the first issue of the “Compendium of Environment Statistics in the ESCWA Region” in 2007, which contained comprehensive data and indicators on various environmental elements in the ESCWA region. This second issue addresses eight themes treated separately in each chapter, namely: (a) overview, (b) freshwater resources, (c) freshwater use, (d) water accounts and environmental protection expenditure, (e) waste management, (f) energy consumption, (g) air pollution, and (h) Goal 7 of the MDGs. Each chapter starts with an overview of the main issues and describes briefly the statistical tables. The data presented in this publication covers the 14 members of ESCWA when available including the Sudan which joined ESCWA in 2008. The approach used for the collection of information relied on the 2008 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) environment statistics on waste and water. The data was complemented from national, regional and international publications and databases, with priority given to official national sources. The data collected, the related metadata and the selected indicators have been added to the ESCWA Statistics Information System (ESIS), available at: http://esis.escwa.org.lb/. The economic section of ESCWA’s Statistics Division, in particular Wafa Aboul Hosn, team leader and Therese El-Gemayel, research assistant, worked on data collection and treatment, and prepared all the parts of the Compendium which was reviewed by Giovanni Savio, Chief of the Economic Statistics section. We extend our gratitude to officials from member countries for their collaboration; experts on environment statistics and accounts from the United Nations Statistics Division, Eszter Horvath, Alessandra Alfieri, Michael Vardon and Yongi Min, from MedStat Cécile Roddier Quéfelec, and ESCWA professionals in water and environment for sharing data, reports and the responses to the questionnaire on environment statistics as well as for the organization of workshops and ideas-sharing; and George J. Nasr, Professor at the Lebanese University for providing peer review. ESCWA strives to improve the quality of its publications through the suggestions and comments of readers in the readership questionnaire sent along this publication to Ms. Wafa Aboul Hosn, Team Leader, at:
[email protected]. iii
ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻓﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺴﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ ﺘﺭﺩﻱ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﻀﺎﺅل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻭﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﺽ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﺱ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ. ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻟﻺﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻭﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ .ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ،ﻭﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ،ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ. ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺭﺼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ )ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ،2004ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ،2007ﺃﺼﺩﺭﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ "ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ" ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻭل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ) :ﺃ( ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ؛ )ﺏ( ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ؛ )ﺝ( ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ؛ )ﺩ( ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؛ )ﻫ( ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ؛ )ﻭ( ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ل ﻜل ﻓﺼل ﺒﻠﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ؛ )ﺯ( ﺘﻠ ﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ؛ )ﺡ( ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ .ﻴﺴﺘﻬ ّ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .ﺘﻐﻁﹼﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺘﻭﻓﺭﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻨﻀ ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ .2008 ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ .ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ .ﻭﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻺﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ.http://esis.escwa.org.lb/ : ﻭﺍﻀﻁﻠﻊ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻺﺴﻜﻭﺍ ،ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ل ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺭﺍﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﻲ ﺴﺎﻓﻴﻭ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺘﺭﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴل ،ﺒﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻜ ّ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ .ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ،ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻫﻭﺭﻓﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺴﺎﻨﺩﺭﺍ ﺃﻟﻔﻴﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﺎﻴﻜل ﻓﺎﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻴﻭﻨﻐﻲ ﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺴﻴﺴﻴل ﺭﻭﺩﻴﻴﻪ ﻜﻴﻔﻠﻴﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻲ-ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﻲ )ﻤﻴﺩﺴﺘﺎﺕ( ،ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺭﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﻭﺭﺝ ﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ. ﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺇﺫ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﹼﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺘﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺇﺭﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ،ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻴﻕ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
[email protected] :
iv
CONTENTS Page Preface .................................................................................................................................................. Symbols and abbreviations ...................................................................................................................
iii xvii
Chapter I. OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, POPULATION AND ECONOMY ..............................................................................................................................
1
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Geography and Climate in the ESCWA Region ................................................... Population and Urbanization Overview ..................................................................................... Challenges Stemming from Population Growth ........................................................................ Migration .................................................................................................................................... Economic Growth Overview......................................................................................................
1 2 5 5 6 10
II. FRESHWATER RESOURCES ..............................................................................................
13
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region .............................................................. Conventional Freshwater Resources .......................................................................................... Non-Conventional Freshwater Resources .................................................................................. Indicators of Freshwater Resources ........................................................................................... Trends .........................................................................................................................................
13 14 14 15 16 17
III. FRESHWATER MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................
31
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Freshwater Abstraction in the ESCWA Region .................................................... Groundwater Dependency and Water Deficit ............................................................................ Wastewater treatment ................................................................................................................. Water market .............................................................................................................................. Freshwater quality ......................................................................................................................
31 32 33 33 34 48
VI. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING......................
58
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Integrated Environmental Economic Accounting in the ESCWA Region ............ Overview of Environmental Expenditure in the ESCWA Region .............................................
58 59 66
Public Environmental Expenditure in Jordan .................................................................
66
Public Environmental Expenditure in Lebanon ......................................................................... Overview of Lebanon Oil Spill ..................................................................................................
67 71
V. WASTE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................
72
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Waste Management in the ESCWA Region .........................................................
72 73
v
CONTENTS (continued) Page VI. ENERGY CONSUMPTION ...................................................................................................
82
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of the Energy Sector in the ESCWA Region .............................................................
82 83
VII. AIR POLLUTION ...................................................................................................................
92
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Air Pollution in the ESCWA Region .................................................................... Climate Change: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions .................... Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) ..........................................................................................
92 93 93 97
VIII. MDG 7: ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY .......................................
109
Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Goal 7 of the MDGs .............................................................................................. Access to Safe Drinking Water .................................................................................................. Access to Sanitation ................................................................................................................... Urban Population in the Slums...................................................................................................
109 110 110 111 111
LIST OF ANNEXES I. II. III. IV.
Definitions by Chapter ............................................................................................................... WHO Drinking Water Guidelines .............................................................................................. WHO Air Quality Guidelines ..................................................................................................... UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment 2008 ..................................................................
vi
120 130 133 134
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ........................................................................................................... ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ ...............................................................................................
iv xvii
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل -ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ................................
1
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ...................................... ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ .............................................................. ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ............................................................... ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ........................................................................................... ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ .......................................................................
1 2 5 5 6 10
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ -ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ..............................................................................
13
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ...................................................... ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ....................................................................... ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ .................................................................. ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ..................................................................... ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ .......................................................................................
13 14 14 15 16 17
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ -ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ...............................................................................
31
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ............................................... ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ....................................................... ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ............................................................................. ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ...................................................................................... ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ...............................................................................
31 32 33 33 34 48
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ -ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ..........................................................
58
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ................................ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ........................................................ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ .................................................................... ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ...................................................................... ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ .................................................................
58 59 66 66 67 71
vii
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ( ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ -ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ..................................................................................
72
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ .......................................................
72 73
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ -ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ .................................................................................
82
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ .........................................................
82 83
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ -ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ .....................................................................................
92
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ......................................................... ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ :ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ........................... ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ...................................................................
92 93 93 97
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ -ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ 7ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ :ﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ...................................
109
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ .................................................................................. ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ 7ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ .................................................. ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﺏ ............................................................. ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ........................................................... ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ .................................................................
109 110 110 111 111
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ .........................................................................................................
120
viii
CONTENTS (continued) Page IV.4. Mean Annual Water Consumption for All Uses in Bahrain (1985-2005) (Mcm)......................
63
IV.5. Pilot SEEAW Physical Use, Bahrain 2005 (Mcm) .................................................................... IV.6. Egypt Water Balance 2002-2007 (Billion cubic metres) ........................................................... IV.7. Environmental Expenditure at Constant Prices in Jordan, (2000=100) (2000-2007) ................ IV.8. Environmental Expenditure by Sector in Jordan ....................................................................... IV.9. Selected Indicators for Lebanon ................................................................................................. IV.10.Economic Impact of the July 2006 Hostilities on the Environment in Lebanon........................ V.1. Municipal Waste Generated (Thousand tons) ............................................................................ V.2. Total Waste Generation (Thousand tons)................................................................................... V.3. Hazardous Waste ........................................................................................................................ V.4. Landfills ..................................................................................................................................... V.5. Selected Indicators for Palestine ................................................................................................ V.6. Selected Indicators for Qatar ...................................................................................................... VI.1. Oil and Natural Gas Proven Reserve, Production and Lifespan, 2007 ......................................
64 65 68 69 70 71 76 77 78 79 80 81 86
VI.2. Total Oil Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ..........................
87
VI.3. Total Natural Gas Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ............
88
VI.4. Total Electricity Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ...............
89
VI.5. Total Energy Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ....................
90
VI.6. Energy Use (kg oil equivalent) Per $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP) .....................................
91
VII.1. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (Thousand tons per year) .................................................
99
VII.2. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide Per Capita (Ton/capita) ..............................................................
100
VII.3. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Egypt .............................................................................
100
VII.4. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Jordan............................................................................. VII.5. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Kuwait............................................................................ VII.6. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Saudi Arabia .................................................................. VII.7. Ozone-Depleting Substances Consumption in ODP metric tons ............................................... VII.8. CFC Consumption (ODP metric tons) in the ESCWA region ................................................... VII.9. HCFC Consumption (ODP metric tons) in the ESCWA region ................................................ VII.10. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Lebanon.................................................................. VII.11. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Qatar ....................................................................... VII.12. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Yemen .................................................................... VIII.1. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (total) (%) ................................................... VIII.2. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (urban) (%) ................................................. VIII.3. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (rural) (%) .................................................. VIII.4. Access to Improved Sanitation (total) (%) ......................................................................... VIII.5. Access to Improved Sanitation (urban) (%) ....................................................................... VIII.6. Access to Improved Sanitation (rural) (%) .........................................................................
101 101 102 102 103 104 105 106 106 112 113 114 115 116 117
VIII.7.
118
ESCWA Urban Population Living in Slums ......................................................................
x
-IV.6ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ) 2007-2002ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ............................ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ(
65
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ -IV.7ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ................................................................. -IV.8ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ............................................................ -IV.9ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻥ .................................................................................. -IV.10ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺘﻤﻭﺯ/ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻭ 2006ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ......................................... -V.1ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ )ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ( ............................................................................... -V.2ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ )ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ(...................................................................... -V.3ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ......................................................................................... -V.4ﻁﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ............................................................................................ -V.5ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ............................................................................... -V.6ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻘﻁﺭ .................................................................................. -VI.1ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ................................... 2007 ، -VI.2ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ................................ -VI.3ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ............... -VI.4ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ.......................... -VI.5ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ .............................. -VI.6ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﻜﻐﻡ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻨﻔﻁ( ﻟﻜل ﺃﻟﻑ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ )ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ( ....... -VII.1ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ )ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ( ........................................................ -VII.2ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ( ............................................... -VII.3ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ................................................................ -VII.4ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ............................................................... -VII.5ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ .............................................................. -VII.6ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ............................................. -VII.7ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ(................................ -VII.8ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ( ............ -VII.9ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻠﺠﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ( ... -VII.10ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ................................................................. -VII.11ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ................................................................. -VII.12ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ................................................................ -VIII.1ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ( .............................. -VIII.2ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ( ............................... -VIII.3ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ( ...................................... -VIII.4ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ(..................................... -VIII.5ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ( ...................................... -VIII.6ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ( ....................................... -VIII.7ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ( ...............................
xii
68 69 70 71 76 77 78 79 80 81 86 87 88 89 90 91 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 104 105 106 106 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
CONTENTS (continued) Page LIST OF FIGURES I.1.
Mid-year population estimates for ESCWA countries .......................................................
7
I.2.
Trend of real GDP growth in ESCWA countries ...............................................................
11
II.1.
Available Surface and Ground Water as Percentage of Total Renewable Water Resources .................................................................................................................
28
II.2.
Total Renewable Freshwater from Conventional Sources 2005-2007 ...............................
28
II.3.
Total Conventional to Non-Conventional Water Resources ..............................................
29
II.4.
Share of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007 ...................................................
29
II.5.
Per Capita Water Resources from Available Water Resources ..........................................
30
III.1.
Sectoral Water Withdrawal (Mcm/yr) ................................................................................
40
III.2.
Per Capita Total Water Withdrawal ...................................................................................
41
VII.1.
CO2 Emissions in the ESCWA Region ..............................................................................
96
VII.2.
Total ESCWA CO2 Emissions and Percentage of World Emissions .................................
107
VII.3.
Emission of Carbon Dioxide per Capita in the ESCWA Region .......................................
107
VII.4.
ODS Consumption in ODP Metric Tons in the ESCWA Region.......................................
108
VII.5.
Total ODS Consumption ....................................................................................................
108
VIII.1.
Trends of Access to Improved Water and Sanitation of ESCWA Population ....................
119
xiii
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ( ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل -I.1ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ......................................................... -I.2ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ............................................ -II.1ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ................................. -II.2ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ......................................... 2007-2005 -II.3ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ......................................... -II.4ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ.......................................................... 2007 ، -II.5ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ .................................................. -III.1ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ/ﺴﻨﺔ( ...................................................... -III.2ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ......................................................... -VII.1ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ .......................................................... -VII.2ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ................. -VII.3ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ......................................... -VII.4ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ( ............. -VII.5ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ................................................................. -VIII.1ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ .......................
xiv
7 11 28 28 29 29 30 40 41 96 107 107 108 108 119
CONTENTS (continued) Page LIST OF BOXES I.1. I.2. II.1. II.2. III.1. IV.1. V.1. V.2. VI.1.
Population Growth and Distribution in Lebanon ....................................................................... ‘Climigration’ in Syria ............................................................................................................... Desalination in Saudi Arabia...................................................................................................... Per Capita Water Resources 2007 .............................................................................................. Wastewater Reuse in Jordan....................................................................................................... Summary of the Oil Spill, Lebanon............................................................................................ Eurostat and the Data Centre on Waste ...................................................................................... Communal Solidarity for Waste Management in South Lebanon.............................................. Iraq and Energy Reserves ...........................................................................................................
xv
6 7 16 17 34 71 74 75 84
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ( ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﺭ -I.1 -I.2 -II.1 -II.2 -III.1 -IV.1 -V.1 -V.2 -VI.1
ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ............................................................................................... "ﻫﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ..................................................................................................... ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ................................................................................... ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ .......................................................................... 2007 ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ..................................................................................... ﺨﺹ ﺍﻨﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ،ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ................................................................................................... ﻤﻠ ﹼ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ................................................ ﺘﻀﺎﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ......................................................................... ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ .......................................................................................................
xvi
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
6 7 16 17 34 71 74 75 84
Symbols and abbreviations Billion cubic metre Chlorofluorocarbons Cubic metre Not Produced or Not Available ESCWA: The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia comprises Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistical Database
Bcm CFC m3 … ESCWA
FAOSTAT
GCC: The Gulf Cooperation Council comprises Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates
GCC
Greenhouse gas Gross domestic product Hectare Hydrochlorofluorocarbons International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities
GHG GDP HA HCFC ISIC
Kilogram Kilometre Kilowatt hour Liquefied petroleum gas Metre Metric ton Millennium Development Goals Millimetre Million cubic metre Negligible/Zero Number Ozone depleting potential Ozone depleting substance Per cent Purchasing power parity Square kilometre Square metre Thousand Tons of oil equivalent United States dollar World Health Organization Year
kg ﻜﻐﻡ km ﻜﻡ kWh.ﺱ.ﻭ.ﻙ LPG m Mt MDGs Mm Mcm No. ODP ODS % PPP Km2 m2 000’ TOE US$ WHO Yr xvii
ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ:ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ: ﻭﺘﻀﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ.ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻡﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻴﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ،ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻠﺠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻭﺍﻁ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ لﻏﺎﺯ ﻨﻔﻁﻲ ﻤﺴﻴ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻁﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﺔﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴ ﻤﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﺼﻔﺭ/ﻀﺌﻴل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻨﻔﻁ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﺔ
CHAPTER I. OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, POPULATION AND ECONOMY
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ-ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل Statistical Highlights 1.
The ESCWA region represents 5.5 per cent of the world total area and 3.6 per cent of the world’s population
2.
The annual average population growth rate in the ESCWA region was 2.36 per cent in 2007
3.
The population in the ESCWA region was estimated at 244.5 millions in 2007, and is projected to rise to 342.9 millions in 2025, and 458.4 millions in 2050
4.
The average population density in the ESCWA region was 33.3 inhabitants per km2 in 2007
5.
The urban population represented 70 per cent of the total population in the ESCWA region in 2005
6.
The ESCWA region had 51 per cent of world proven oil reserves and 27 per cent of world proven natural gas resources in 2007
7.
The ESCWA region contains only 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources and 70 per cent of the land is arid
8.
The gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices (2000=100) amounted to US$ 765,299 billion in 2007
9.
Growth rate of real GDP was 5.11 in the ESCWA region in 2007, compared to 6.11 in 2006
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ3.6 ﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﻀ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ5.5 ﺘﺸﻜﹼل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
-1
2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ2.36 ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
-2
ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ342.9 ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ،2007 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ244.5 ﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒـﹸﻗﺩ 2050 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ458.4 ﻭ2025
-3
2007 ﻓﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ33.3 ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
-4
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ70 ﺸﻜﹼل ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ،2005 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ
-5
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ27 ﻭ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩ51 ﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻀﻤ،2007 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩ
-6
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺤﻠﺔ70 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ0.56 ﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺘﻀ
-7
2007 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ765 299 (100=2000) ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ
-8
6.11 ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـ2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ5.11 ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ 2006 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ
-9
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Overview of Geography and Climate in the ESCWA Region The ESCWA region comprises 14 ESCWA members, namely: Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
ﺒﻠﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻀﻭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ14 ﺘﻀﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋ .ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
The region covers 7.3 million km2, which represents 5.5 per cent of the world total area. The surface areas of individual ESCWA member countries range from 694 km2 for Bahrain to 2.5 million km2 for the Sudan. All ESCWA member countries have access to the sea, with the longest coastlines in Saudi Arabia and Egypt at 7,572 km and 5,898 km respectively while Jordan has a modest coastline of 27 km (table I.1). The highest altitudes are found in Yemen, Lebanon and the Sudan at 3,666 m, 3,090 m and 3,075 m respectively (table I.1).
ﻓﻲ5.5 ﺃﻱ،2 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻜﻡ7.3 ﻭﺘﻐﻁﹼﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ.ﺔﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴ 2.5 ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ2 ﻜﻡ694 ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ. ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ2ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻜﻡ ﺔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﺃﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴ،ﺔﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴ ﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ5 898 ﻭ7 572 ﺔ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻠﻎﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴ 27 ﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨ ﹼ،ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻡ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺜ ﻭﻴﻀ.(I.1 ﻜﻡ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻡ3 090 ﻭ3 666 ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎل .(I.1 ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل3 075ﻭ ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ،ﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻏﻨﻴ ﻭﺘﻌ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ51 ﺯﻫﺎﺀ2007 ﺤﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ27ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃ.(1)ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩﺓﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻐﻁﹼﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ،ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ . ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ1.6 ﺔ ﺴﻭﻯﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴ
The region is rich in oil and gas resources, representing in 2007 some 51 per cent of the world proven oil reserves and 27 per cent of the world proven natural gas resources.1 However, the region suffers from water scarcity and aridity. The inland water surface covers only 1.6 per cent of the total ESCWA surface area. The region contains merely 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources, while it accounts for 3.6 per cent of the world’s population. Mean yearly precipitation is less than 100 mm per year in six ESCWA member countries, and between 100 and 300 mm per year in four other countries. Only Lebanon profits of an average precipitation of 646 mm per year, most of which, however, is unavailable due to seepage into the sea or flow into other countries. The water is unevenly distributed and shortages in water supplies in summer are also observed in most regions (table I.2).
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ0.56 ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ3.6 ﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻀ،ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩ.ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺘﹼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ100 ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ300 ﻭ100 ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ل ﻫﻁﻭل ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﺩ.ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ، ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ646 ﻗﺩﺭﻩ .ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺎ ﺘﻬﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺼ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺇﻤ،ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ .(I.2 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل
Agricultural land represented 5.1 per cent of total land in ESCWA region for the year 2007 while it was estimated at 23.2 per cent for the year 2005 (ESCWA calculation based on country data and FAOSTAT database where agricultural land is considered to be cultivated land according to FAOSTAT definition).2
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ5.1 ﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔﻭﺸﻜﹼﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴ 2007 ﺔ ﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴ 2005 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ23.2 ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ )ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﺫﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ ﺔﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ )ﻓﺎﻭﺴﺘﺎﺕ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺩ .(2)(ﺒﺎﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻭﺜﺔ
1
ESCWA, Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region, Issue 28 (2009).
2
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html, accessed on August 2009.
2
Table I.1 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Main Geographical Features
ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴّﺔ Total Surface Area (km2)a/
Inland Water Surface (km2)b/
Length of coasts (Km)b/
Continental Shelf Area (km2)b/
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ a/ ()ﻜﻡ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ b/ ()ﻜﻡ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ
ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﺊ b/ ()ﻜﻡ
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻑ ﻱﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ b/ ()ﻜﻡ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ
Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan
694 1,001,450 438,317 89,324 17,818 10,452 309,500 6,020 11,493 2,149,690 2,505,813
… 2,462 924 280 … 16 … … … … 114,000
255 5,898 105 27 756 294 2,810 42 909 7,572 717
7,968 50,066 1,034 82 6,526 1,169 … 46,670 31,156 95,580 15,861
134 2,637 … 1,854 … 3,090 3,075 1,022 35 2,000 3,000
Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen ESCWA Total
185,180 83,600 527,970 7,337,321
1,464 … … 119,146
183 2,871 3,149 25,546
852 51,394 65,341 373,699
2,814 … 3,666
Maximum Altitude (m)c/
ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ (ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ )ﻤﺘﺭ
c/
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Sources: a/ National data from statistical abstracts, Correspondence with ESCWA: for Oman (excluding international waters, including islands); for Qatar (excluding reclaimed land); and Yemen (excluding international waters and islands). b/ Global Environment Outlook Data Portal, UNEP, 2006. For Iraq, FAO, Aquastat Database, 2005. c/ National data from statistical abstracts, and FAOSTAT website.
3
Table I.2 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Main Climatic Features (year 2007)
(2007 ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴّﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ Average Min. Annual Temperature (degrees Celsius)a/
Average Max. Annual Temperature (degrees Celsius)b/
Mean Yearly Precipitation (mm/yr)a/
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ a/ ()ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ b/ ()ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﻸﻤﻁﺎﺭ a/ ()ﻤﻠﻡ
…
…
83
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Egypt
8.75
40.68
51
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
15.05
30.30
144
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
12.40
23.80
111
ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
19.60
34.20
77
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
12.68
28.24
646
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
10.00
42.60
135
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
14.00
23.13
424
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
23.70
33.90
74
ﻗﻁﺭ
17.62
33.48
52
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
21.16
35.61
416
-3.43
43.30
313
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
…
…
78
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
13.87
35.56
167
Bahrain
Saudi Arabia Sudan
b/
Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemenb/
Sources: a/ Several Country Statistical Abstracts and FAO Aquastat Database 2008. b/ Average Minimum and Maximum Temperatures are for the year of 2006.
4
b/
b/
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴّﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ
Population and Urbanization Overview
ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ل ﻨﻤﻭل ﻤﻌﺩ ﻭﺴﺠ،2003 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ222.5 ﺒﻠﻎ 1.22 ل ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﻌﺩ2.3 ﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ244.5 ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ.(I.1 ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜلI.3 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2007 ﺇﺫ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ،ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ، ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ40.6 ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ، ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ80.5 ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ 30 ﻭ20 ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻊ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﺠﻤ.ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ .2007 ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ،2008 ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ل ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺠ،2025 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ342.92 ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ 458.38 ﻭ،2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ40 ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ .2050 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﺒﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﺎﻡ
In 2003, the population in the ESCWA region was estimated at 222.5 millions and has grown at an average annual rate of 2.3 per cent, compared to a global average of 1.22 per cent, to reach 244.5 millions in 2007 (table I.3; figure I.1). Egypt is the most populated ESCWA country with 80.5 millions followed by the Sudan with 40.6 millions; the populations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen range between 20 and 30 millions. The lowest population agglomeration was found in Bahrain with less than 1 million inhabitants in 2007. According to the medium variant estimate of the World Population Prospects 2008, the population in the ESCWA region is projected to reach 342.92 millions by 2025, with an increase of 40 per cent compared to 2007, and 458.38 millions by 2050. The average population density in the region was estimated at 38 inhabitants per km2 in 2007. Bahrain has the highest population density, with 1,060 inhabitants per km2, while Oman has the lowest, with 8.4 inhabitants per km2 (table I.3). A special case is the Gaza governorate which has the highest population density in the world with 3,881 inhabitants per km2.3 The characteristics of each of the ESCWA countries are very important parameters as to reflecting the actual population density and the uneven population distribution within and between counties. Challenges Stemming from Population Growth The total urban population in ESCWA increased from 69 per cent in 2000 to 70 per cent in 2005, adding some 15.5 million people into already overpopulated urban areas. The urban population forms approximately 85 per cent of the total population in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) subregion and some 66 per cent in the Mashreq subregion of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and the Syrian Arab Republic. Moreover, 71 per cent of the population in Yemen and 57 per cent in Egypt are rural. Urban growth rates increased rapidly in the Arabian peninsula, where the urban population was only 38 per cent in 1970, compared to 52 per cent in the Mashreq subregion
3
ﻨﺴﻤﺔ38 ﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒـﻭﻗﺩ ﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺴﺠ.2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ،2 ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ1 060 ﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴ 2 ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ8.4 ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺔ ﺇﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯ.(I.3 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻨﺴﻤﺔ3 881 ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ،ﻴﻀﻡ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ّ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻜ.(3)2ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺔﺩﹰﺍ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺠﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﻤﻬﻤ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴ .ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ70 ﺇﻟﻰ2000 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ69 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ15.5 ﻠﺕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺴﺠ،2005 ﻭﻴﺸﻜﹼل.ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻀﺨﹼﻡ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ85 ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ66 ﻭﻗﺭﺍﺒﺔ،ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ.ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ57 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻭ71 ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻨﻤﻭ.ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺴ ﹼﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ،ﺔﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ38 ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ
Palestine in figure 2007.
5
excluding Egypt.4
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻕ52 ﻤﻘﺎﺒل1970 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ .(4)ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺼﺭ The population living within 100 km of the ﻜﻡ ﻤﻥ100 ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ coast increased annually by 2.5 per cent from 1995 ﺓ ﺒﻴﻥﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺴﻨﻭ2.5 ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ to 2005 to reach 79 millions. . ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ79 ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ2005 ﻭ1995 ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩﻯ ﺘﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﻭﺃﺩ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﻊ،ﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕﻤﻌﺩ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﻗﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻤﺔ،ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ، ﻭﺴﻭﺀ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ،ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ.ﺔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴ ﺒﺎﺘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ .ﺔﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺠﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴ
The concentration of population in urban areas has resulted in increased poverty in those areas, inadequate solid waste collection and disposal, toxic and hazardous waste problems, poor or non-existent sanitation facilities and degradation of urban environment and coastal areas. In the absence of adequate infrastructure facilities, job opportunities and educational and health facilities, those problems present serious challenges to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Box I.1. Population Growth and Distribution in Lebanona/, b/
a/, b/
ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ-I.1 ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ
ﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ،2005 ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ.ﺔﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ13.1 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل10.4 ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ.1970 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ22.3 ﻭ1996 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ40 ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺠﺒل ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ،1970 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ39.2 ﻤﻘﺎﺒل2005 ﻋﺎﻡ ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ20.5 ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ 12.5 ﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻉ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺜ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ17.2 ﻤﻘﺎﺒل (ﺔ ﻀﻤﻨ ﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ )ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ9.6 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل . ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ11.8 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل16.6 ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
Several studies showed the distribution of the Lebanese population on its territory. Only 10.4 per cent of the population was resident in Beirut in 2005, compared to 13.1 per cent in 1996 and 22.3 per cent in 1970. The highest populated district was Mount Lebanon with 40 per cent in 2005 compared to 39.2 per cent in 1970, followed by the North with 20.5 per cent compared to 17.2 per cent, Bekaa with 12.5 per cent compared to 9.6 per cent, and the South (including Nabatiyeh) with 16.6 per cent compared to 11.8 per cent. Moreover, the average number of children born in Lebanese families decreased from 4.5 in 1970 to 2.9 in 1996 and even more to 2.8 in 2000; while the average number of Lebanese families decreased from 5.3 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1996. According to the trend in population growth and family expansion, Lebanon might reach a zero net growth population.
ﺔ ﻤﻥل ﺍﻟﻭﻻﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ2.8 ﻭ1996 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ2.9 ﺇﻟﻰ1970 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ4.5 ﺔ ﻤﻥ؛ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴ2000 ﻭﻭﻓﻘ ﹰﺎ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ.1996 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ4.3 ﺇﻟﻰ1970 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ5.3 ل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩ،ﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺴ .ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ
________________ a/ “The Socio-Economic Situation in Lebanon”, UNDP, Lebanon, 2004. b/ “Mapping of Human Poverty and Living Conditions in Lebanon 2004”, UNDP, Lebanon, 2008.
ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ
Migration
ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ233.34 ﻓﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل.ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ19.45 ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﻴﻥ،2005 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ35 ل ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﻌﺩ.ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
Migration in ESCWA countries is a very common process. Of the 233.34 million inhabitants in ESCWA region in 2005, about 19.45 millions migrated to different countries. The migration rate increased 35 per cent between 1995 and 2005, while
4
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “GEO Data Portal, 2004”, http://geodata.grid.unep.ch., accessed July
2009.
6
ﺩﺓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﻠﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒ ﻭﺴﺠ،2005 ﻭ1995 ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ87 ل ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩ ،ل ﻫﺠﺭﺓﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﺴﺠ،ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ4.6 ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2005 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ6.4 ﺇﻟﻰ1995 ﻋﺎﻡ .(I.4
the highest rate of increase was recorded in the United Arab Emirates with 87 per cent. In absolute terms, the highest migration was registered in Saudi Arabia with 4.6 millions in 1995 and 6.4 millions in 2005 as shown in table I.4.
*
Box I.2. ‘Climigration’ in Syria* In 2007/2008, the Syrian Arab Republic witnessed an intense drought that affected its rural areas. Concerns were raised due to harvest losses (more than half of the wheat harvest compared to the previous year and one third as for chickpeas and barley). As for human migration, it was reported that 160 villages in the Northeast of the Syrian Arab Republic were deserted and villagers headed towards urban cities due to severe drought. The impact of climate change might lead to overpopulation in urban cities thus to the exhaustion of already limited natural resources as it would affect the economy due to an increased number of job seekers in urban areas.
"ﻫﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴّﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ-I.2 ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ
ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ،2008-2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺎﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ،ﺔﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻔﺎﻓ ﹰﺎ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل )ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺹﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺜﻠﺙ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ160 ﻠﺕ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻨﺯﻭﺡ ﻤﻥﺴﺠ ﻭﻗﺩ.(ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺯﺡ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ،ﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺘﻐﻴ.ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ،ﺍﻜﺘﻅﺎﻅ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻼ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﺼ ﹰﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴ .ﺔﺃﺜﺭ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴ
________________ * “Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions” Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East, O. Brown and A. Crawford, International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2009.
Figure I.1 ﺍﻟﺸﻜل Mid-year Population Estimates for ESCWA Countries
ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
250,000 245,000
ﺑﺎﻵﻻف ' 000s
240,000 235,000 230,000 225,000 220,000 215,000 210,000 2003
2004
2005
Source: United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.
7
2006
2007
Table I.3 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Population and Urbanization
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴّﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA Total
Year
Total Population in (000)a/
Population growth rate (percentage) (2005-2010)a/
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ a/ ()ﺒﺎﻵﻻﻑ
ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ()ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ a/ (2010-2005)
2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010
730 762 810 77,563 80,510 84,987 28,383 29,625 31,598 5,601 5,976 6,506 2,705 2,856 3,057 4,121 4,205 4,303 2,626 2,735 2,916 3,781 4,037 4,431 887 1,140 1,511 23,701 24,778 26,358 38,856 40,604 43,386 19,201 20,594 22,610 4,096 4,372 4,716 21,084 22,333 24,323 233,335 244,527 261,512
2.19 2.11 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.75 2.33 2.07 2.41 3.12 3.28 2.18 2.99 2.45 2.16 1.20 0.82 0.75 1.91 2.11 2.04 3.37 3.20 3.01 11.37 12.35 5.44 2.31 2.12 2.01 2.12 2.23 2.12 3.34 3.51 2.45 3.67 2.89 2.26 2.88 2.88 2.81 2.39 2.36 2.19%
Urban Population (percentage)b/
ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ()ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
b/
Rural Population (percentage)b/
ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ ()ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
b/
88.4
11.6
88.6 42.6
11.4 57.4
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
42.8 66.9 66.5 66.4 78.3 82.6 78.5 98.3
57.2 33.1 33.5 33.6 21.7 17.4 21.5 1.7
ﻤﺼﺭ
98.4 86.6
1.6 13.4
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
87.2 71.6
12.8 28.5
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
71.7 71.5
28.3 28.4
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
72.1 95.4
27.9 4.6
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
95.8 81
4.2 19
ﻗﻁﺭ
82.1 40.8
17.9 59.2
45.2 53.2
54.8 46.8
54.9 77.7
45.1 22.3
78 28.9
22 71.1
31.8 70 … 71
68.2 30 … 29
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Sources: a/ United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. b/ United Nations: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision. Note: Data for the years of 2005 and 2007 are based on estimates, while data for the year 2010 have a medium variant.
8
Table I.3 ( اﻟﺠﺪولcontinued)
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
ESCWA Total
Year
Population Density (per Sq. km)a/
Population Within 100 Kilometres of Coast 2005 (000)b/
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ a/ ()ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ
ﻜﻡ100 ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ 2005 ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤل b/ ()ﺒﺎﻵﻻﻑ
2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010
1,048.0 1,060.1 1,163.0 73.2 75.8 84.0 64.0 66.3 72.0 62.0 64.5 72.0 152.0 160.0 171.0 392.0 400.7 409.0 8.1 8.4 9.0 625.0 667.4 732.0 72.4 76.4 137.0 11.0 11.5 12.0 15.0 16.2 17.0 103.7 108.4 122.0 49.0 52.4 56.0 40.0 42.4 46.0 31.8 33.3 35.6
696
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ 34,868
ﻤﺼﺭ 1,411
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ 1,670
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ 2,178
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ 3,719
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ 3,875
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ 2,651
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ 609
ﻗﻁﺭ 5,352
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ 930
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ 6,448
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ 2,392
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ 13,277
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ 79,146
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Sources: a/ United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. b/ UNEP (2009). The GEO Data Portal. UNEP. http://geodata.grid.unep.ch.
9
Table I.4 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Migration in ESCWA Countries (Thousands)
(ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ )ﺒﺎﻵﻻﻑ 1995
2005
Bahrain
218.9
295.5
Egypt
172.3
166
Iraq
133.7
28.4
Jordan
1,618.2
2,224.9
Kuwait
996.1
1,669
Lebanon
593.8
656.7
Oman
573.5
627.6
Palestine
1201.0
1,680.1
Qatar
405.9
636.8
Saudi Arabia
4,610.7
6,360.7
Sudan
1,111.1
638.6
800.9
984.6
United Arab Emirates
1,716
3,211.7
Yemen
228.3
264.8
14,380.4
19,445.4
Syrian Arab Republic
ESCWA Total
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Source: United Nations: International Migration Report 2006: A Global Assessment.
Economic Growth Overview
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ
ESCWA’s average growth rate of real GDP decreased from 6.11 per cent in 2006 to 5.11 per cent in 2007 (table I.5) with the highest rate of increase observed in Qatar in 2006 and in the Sudan in 2007 and the lowest rate in Palestine (figure I.2). GDP increased from US$ 623,757 billion in 2004 to US$ 765,299 billion in 2007 (table I.5). Such an improvement was mainly witnessed in the GCC subregion, whose average rate of growth increased markedly between 2006 and 2007.
ل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ2006 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ6.11 ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ.(I.5 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ5.11 ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ2006 ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ.(I.2 ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل،2007 ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ623 757 ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ765 299 ﺇﻟﻰ2004 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﹼﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ.(I.5 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2007 ﻁ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺘﻭﺴ،ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ .2007 ﻭ2006 ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ
In addition, real GDP per capita in the ESCWA region recorded a slight annual increase in 2007 from US$ 3,157 to US$ 3,249 (table I.6). However, this indicator shows a deceleration in average per capita income growth in some countries, which can be mainly attributed to their high population growth rate that absorbed a percentage of their positive rates of real GDP.
ل ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺴﺠ،ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺴﻨﻭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ3 249 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ3 157 ﻤﻥ2007 ﻁﻔﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻁﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻴﻌﺒ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃ.(I.6 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ.ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲﺍﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭﺕ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴ .ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
10
Table I.6 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Gross Domestic Product Per Capita in ESCWA Countries at Constant Prices (base year 2000) in US$
ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ( ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ2000 )ﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ 2004
2005
2006
2007
Bahrain
14,067
14,866
15,536
16,214
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Egypt
1,547
1,624
1,708
1,797
ﻤﺼﺭ
599
647
673
702
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
1,792
1,877
1,962
2,022
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
19,321
20,697
21,159
21,518
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
5,114
5,109
5,083
5,406
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
8,763
9,088
9,484
10,026
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
1,176
1,213
1,076
1,048
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
32,167
32,756
35,638
35,809
ﻗﻁﺭ
Saudi Arabia
9,341
9,624
9,697
9,799
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
516
549
588
635
Syrian Arab Republic
1,277
1,318
1,350
1,397
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
United Arab Emirates
22,323
28,179
30,370
30,996
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
489
485
478
481
2,828
3,041
3,157
3,249
Iraq
Sudan
Yemen ESCWA Total
Source: UN-ESCWA Statistical Abstract, 28th Issue. 2009.
12
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
CHAPTER II. FRESHWATER RESOURCES
ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ-ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ Statistical Highlights 1.
The ESCWA region comprised 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources in 2007
2.
The ESCWA region enclosed 304.3 Billion cubic metres (Bcm) of conventional water resources, mostly found in Iraq, the Sudan, Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic in 2007
3.
Nine per cent of the total conventional water resources in the ESCWA region are groundwater
4.
Almost all renewable water comes from groundwater sources in Bahrain, Kuwait, Palestine and Qatar
5.
Non-conventional water represented 31 times the total quantity of conventional water in Kuwait in 2007
6.
The ESCWA region produced 1.7 Bcm per year of desalinated water in 2007 and had a desalination capacity of 18,588 Bcm per year in 2006
7.
61.9 per cent of the desalinated water in the ESCWA region came from Saudi Arabia and 30.8 per cent from Kuwait in 2007
8.
A total of 8 out of 14 ESCWA members have an acute scarcity situation, with less than 500 cubic metres per capita
9.
Conventional water resources per capita in the ESCWA region were estimated at 1,244 m3 in 2007 compared to 1,022 m3 in 2005
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ0.56 ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ،2007 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ
-1
ﻴﻘﻊ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ، ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ304.3 ﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻀﻤ،2007 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
-2
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ9 ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ
-3
ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ
-4
2007 ﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ31 ﻓﺎﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل
-5
ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ،2007 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ1.7 ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ 2006 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ18 588
-6
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ61.9 ﺃﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ،2007 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ30.8 ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
-7
ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ500 ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ،ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺢ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
-8
ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ،2007 ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ1 244 ﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ 2005 ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ1 022 ﺒـ
-8
13
Overview of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
The ESCWA region faces major water challenges. Most of the member countries suffer from scarcity, uneven availability of freshwater resources, and deteriorating water quality. While accounting for 3.6 per cent of the world’s population in 2005, the ESCWA region comprised only 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources. Moreover, almost 58 per cent of these resources are concentrated in Iraq and the Sudan at 37 and 21 per cent respectively. Consequently, the region is considered among the poorest in the world in terms of absolute and per capita water resources.
ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺸ ﻥ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺃ.ﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋ،ﻭﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭ ﹼﻓﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ3.6 ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻀﻡ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺤ،2005 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ0.56 ﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ58 ﻉ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯ.ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ37 ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺤﺼﺘﻪ ﺘﻌﺩ، ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ21 ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸ .ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴّﺔ
Conventional Freshwater Resources Precipitation in the region is very low and variable, ranging from 51 mm/yr in Egypt to 646 mm/yr in Lebanon (table I.2). The precipitation in volume, calculated by multiplying the precipitation by the surface area of the country, varied between 47.3 Mcm per year in Bahrain and 1,196 Bcm per year in the Sudan for the year 2007 (table II.1). However, due to drought, which occurs approximately every decade, resources are more limited. Evapotranspiration is very high in the region, reaching, for example, 56 times the average precipitation in Kuwait, thereby resulting in a substantial deficit in surface water runoff and infiltration.
ﺩﹰﺍ ﻻﺕ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﻭﺘﻬﻁل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩ ﻤﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ51 ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ،ﻭﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺃﻤ.(I.2 ﻤﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل646ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﺎﺕ،ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ47.3 ﻓﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ،ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ1 196ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ.(II.1 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2007 ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ.ل ﻋﻘﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ّ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻜ ﺓ ﻤﺭ56 ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ،ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺠﺯﺎ ﻴﺅﺩ ﻤﻤ،ﻼ ل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﺜ ﹰﻁ ﻤﻌﺩﻤﺘﻭﺴ .ﺒﻬﺎﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﺭﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ
Surface water is relatively abundant in Egypt (56.8 Bcm), Iraq (34 Bcm), the Sudan (28 Bcm) and the Syrian Arab Republic (22.7 Bcm) (table II.2). Surface water resources per capita in these four countries amounted to 1,147.6 m3/c/yr in Iraq, 1,102.3 m3/c/yr in the Syrian Arab Republic, 705.5 m3/c/yr in Egypt and 689.6 m3/c/yr in the Sudan. The variation between the total surface water resources and the per capita values is due to the country population.
ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ56.8) ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭﻭﺘﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ 28) ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ34) ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ22.7) ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ.(II.2 ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ1 147.6 ﺔﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ1 102.3 ﻭ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻤ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ689.6 ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭ705.5ﻭ ﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﻴ،ﺔ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻤﺠﻤل ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ .ل ﺒﻠﺩ ّ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜ
Groundwater resources in the ESCWA region were estimated at 27.6 Bcm in 2007 (table II.3) representing 9 per cent of total conventional water (table II.4). Some are non-renewable aquifers containing fossil water, such as the basalt aquifer underlying Jordan and Saudi Arabia; and that
ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻤﺎﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﻭﻗﺩ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2007 ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ27.6 ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ9 ( ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩلII.3 ﺔﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻀ.(II.4 ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭلﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺜﺎل،ﺔﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺤﻔﻭﺭﻴﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ
14
underlying the Arabian Peninsula shared by Iraq, ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ،ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔﹼ Jordan and the Syrian Arab Republic.5 ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
.(5)ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
At the country level, the range of variability is very wide. The ratio of groundwater to total renewable resources was almost 100 per cent in Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar as shown in figure II.1. It exceeded 50 per cent in Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, while the rest of the ESCWA countries had ratios below 50 per cent.
ﻭﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ100 ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ.ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ،(II.1 ﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭلﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ50 ﻭﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ . ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ50 ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Total conventional water resources from surface and groundwater are estimated at 304 Bcm (table II.4). Only four countries, namely the Syrian Arab Republic, Egypt, the Sudan and Iraq have more than 30 Bcm, most of which comes from external flows with very little change between 2005 and 2007 (figure II.2).
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺏ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ304 ﺔ ﻴﺒﻠﻎﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﹼﻊ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ.(II.4 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﺔ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﹼﻘﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴ،ﺏ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ30 ﻤﻥ 2007 ﻭ2005 ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ .(II.2 )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
The dependency on renewable freshwater, ﺩﺓل ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﻴﺘﺤﻭ surface and groundwater resources is shifting ﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﻴﺭﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ towards having water from non-conventional . ﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ،ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ sources, with the main focus on desalination.
ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ
Non-Conventional Freshwater Resources Non-conventional water resources are mainly derived from seawater desalination, which is practiced on a large scale in the Gulf subregion, mainly in Saudi Arabia, where production reached 1,093 Mcm/yr (table II.5), forming 62 per cent of ESCWA production. The desalination capacity in ESCWA countries is increasing with new projects emerging every year. The highest desalination installed capacities were found in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait with 7.5 Mcm, 5.7 Mcm and 2 Mcm per day respectively (table II.5). On the other hand, due to the lack of water data from countries, a comparison between earlier years and 2007 could not be established. Although desalination capacities are increasing, desalination by-products such as the disposal of highly saline hot water that contains chemical residues have adverse impacts on the environment. Treated wastewater reuse is mainly practiced in Egypt, providing approximately 3 Bcm and 0.5 5
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻭﻻ ﺴ،ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ،(II.5 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل1 093 ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ62 ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻔﻀل ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ.ﻴﹰﺎ ﺴﻨﻭ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﺤﻴﺙﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ2 ﻭ5.7 ﻭ7.5 ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ.(II.5 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ،ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺘﻠﺤﻕ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ.2007 ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﹼﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻻ ﺴﻴ،ﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴ ،ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ .ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ3 ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﻫﺯ
United Nations Development Programme. Arab Human Development Report 2009. p. 36.
15
Bcm in the Syrian Arab Republic, and at a much ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ0.5 لﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩ lesser scale in other ESCWA member countries ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ (table II.6). .(II.6 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Non-conventional water resources in the ESCWA region amounted to approximately 13.9 Bcm in 2007 (table II.7). Supply from nonconventional water resources represented 31 times the supply from total conventional freshwater in Kuwait.
ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺭﻭﻗﺎﺭﺒﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ13.9 ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ.(II.7 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2007 ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ .ﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﺭ31 ﺒﻤﻌﺩل
Box II.1. Desalination in Saudi Arabia*
*
On 29 April 2009, the biggest desalination plant in the world started operating in Jubail Industrial City, Eastern Provinces, Saudi Arabia. The Independent Water and Power Plant (IWPP) is formed of 27 units that produce 29,630 m3/d of water. The overall water production will be 800,000 m3/d based on the multiple effect desalination (MED) technology and will be producing 2,745 MW of electricity based on the Combined Cycle Gas turbines. The main fuel used will be natural gas. The completion of the project is set to be in 2010 and will cost US$ 3.5 billion. ___________________
ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ-II.1 ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ
ﺒﺩﺃ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ،2009 ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ29 ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻀﻡ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘل.ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺒﻠﻎ. ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ29 630 ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ27 ﺔﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ800 ﻤﺠﻤل ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻴﻐﺎﻭﺍﻁ ﻤﻥ2 745 ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻕ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻴﺸﻜﹼل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ .ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ2010 ﻭﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ.ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ . ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ3,5 ﻜﻠﻔﺘﻪ
* Independent Water and Power Pant (IWPP), Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu. Accessed on May 28, 2009 from http://www.marafiq.com.sa/e_projects.htm.
The total conventional and non-conventional water resources in the ESCWA countries increased by 28.4 per cent from 2005 till 2007 to reach 318 Bcm (table II.8). However, the ratio of nonconventional to conventional water was 4.6 per cent in 2007, indicating that the use of non-conventional water is not yet widely integrated within ESCWA countries water behaviors (figure II.3).
ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ 2005 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ28.4 ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ.(II.8 ﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ318 ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ2007ﻭ ﻓﻲ4.6 ﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃ،2007 ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﻤﺞ ﻜﻠ .(II.3 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ
Indicators of Freshwater Resources Since the Sudan joined ESCWA, the average per capita renewable water resources in the ESCWA region increased from 913 m3 per year in 2003 to 1,244 in 2007, compared to the world average of 8,135 m3 per year. Nine ESCWA member countries had per capita renewable water resources below 500 m3 per year, which indicates acute water scarcity. Four countries namely Lebanon, the Sudan, Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic exceeded 1,000 m3 per capita per year, which represents the chronic water scarcity limit.
ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ،ﻭﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ1 244 ﺇﻟﻰ2003 ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ913 ﻤﻥ 8 135 ﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﺘﻭﺴ،2007 ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﺭ500 ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ.ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ،ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻭﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ.ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺢ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ّ ﻴﺩ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ1 000 ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ّ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩ،ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ .ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻤﻥ
16
Table II.10 shows the percentage of water ﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺸII.10 ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل scarcity in ESCWA countries, as well as the ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ.ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ number of population affected by it. 120 millions or ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ120 ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺢ2007 49.32 per cent of the ESCWA population were . ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ49.32 ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ affected in 2007. Non-conventional water resources per capita ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ raised in the ESCWA region by 4.4 per cent in 2007 ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ4.4 ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ to 1,301 m3 (figure II.5). .(II.5 ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل1 301 2007 ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ-II.2 ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ
Box II.2. Per capita Water Resources 2007 3
Freshwater (m per capita per year) Acute Scarcity: 1700
Iraq, Syrian Arab Republic
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ )ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ (ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ 500 ﺍﻟﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ
1 000 - 500 :ﺍﻟﺸﺢ 1 700 – 1 000 :ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ 1 700 ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ
Trends Constraints on water resources persist, as population growth rates continue to rise. Projections of the per capita water resources for 2025 reveal an alarming situation whereby most ESCWA member countries will have an annual rate of less than 500 m3 (except for Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, the Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic). Consequently, several technological innovations have been adopted, particularly in the GCC subregion, including desalination, bio-saline agriculture, and groundwater assessment and development for arid climates. However, as the gap between water availability and demand widens, planning and integrated sustainable management of water resources and demand, reducing consumption and improving efficiencies, reusing water and applying new technologies are absolute priorities for the ESCWA region.
ﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ.ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻁﻴﺭ2025 ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ،ﺴﺘﺸﻬﺩﻩ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ )ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ500 ﻭﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ.(ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ، ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ،ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ،ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﺒﺎﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ.ﺨﻁﻁ ﺇﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ،ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻨﻬﺠﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ،ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ .ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ
Conflicts and instability, however, continue ﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺘﺸﻜﹼل ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃ to cause major obstacles in terms of developing ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻭﻕ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺩ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ long-term plans for sustainable management of .ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ water resources in the area.
17
Table II.1 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Average Precipitation in Volume (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻁﻠﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ 2004
2005
2006
2007
Bahrain
59.8a/
74.2a/
212.1a/
47.3a/
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Egypt
1,300a/
1,300a/
1,300a/
1,300a/
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
75,050a/
59,980a/
96,636a/
64,801a/
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
6,951a/
9,304a/
6,258b/
7,683a/
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
216.8a/
187.6a/
...
2,160c/
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
...
...
...
6,870c/
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
...
...
...
26,600c/
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
...
...
...
...
Qatar
...
...
...
811c/
Saudi Arabia
...
...
...
127,000c/
Sudan
...
885,950d/
1,070,980d/
1,196,170d/
Syrian Arab Republic
6,397e/
5,405e/
41,991e/
39,059e/
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
United Arab Emirates
...
…
...
6,530c/
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Yemen
...
...
...
88,300c/
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. b/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. c/ Aquastat 2007. d/ Sudan Statistical Yearbook, 2007. e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008 Syria (preliminary version). Note: These figures are long term averages.
18
Table II.2 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Total Surface Water (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ 2004 Bahrain
2005
2007
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
a/
...
...
4
56,800b/, 1
56,800b/, 2
56,800c/
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
64,960d/
54,690d/
34,000a/
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
1,180e/
...
593f/, 3
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
...
...
...
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
2,200g/
...
4,100a/
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
...
...
1,050a/
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
...
...
...
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
...
...
...
ﻗﻁﺭ
5,000h/
...
2,200a/, 4
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
...
...
28,000a/
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
Syrian Arab Republic
9,880i/
...
22,700a/
United Arab Emirates
...
...
150a/
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Yemen
...
...
2,000a/
Egypt
Saudi Arabia Sudan
ESCWA Sources: a/ b/ c/ d/ e/ f/ g/ h/ i/
151,0045
137,820
Aquastat 2007. Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. Available Water Resources and Usage in Egypt, CAPMAS, June 2009. Ministry of Planning, Central Statistics Organization Iraq. UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic.
Notes: 1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Figures refer to the year of 2005/2006. 4. FAO Estimate. 5. Excluding Kuwait, Palestine and Qatar.
19
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Table II.3 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Groundwater Recharge (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ
Bahrain
2004
2005
2006
2007
...
...
...
112a/
b/
Egypt
2,300
Iraq Jordan Kuwait
... ...
...
3,280
533d/
288e/, 1
550a/
...
150 ...
Palestine
Saudi Arabia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen
...
...
...
...
...
Qatar
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
...
c/
Oman
ﻤﺼﺭ
a/
1,300
507c/ ...
Lebanon
...
...
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
a/
20
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
a/ a/
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
a/
3,200
...
1,300
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
...
a/
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
750
ﻗﻁﺭ
a/
...
...
...
58
3,000f/
...
...
2,200a/
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
...
...
...
7,000a/
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
...
a/
6,170
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
...
a/
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
g/
4,894 ... ...
... ... ...
...
ESCWA
120
a/
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
27,560
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
1,500
Sources: a/ Aquastat 2007. b/ Regional Survey on the Status and Achievements of ESCWA Member Countries towards Improved Water Supply and Sanitation. c/ ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. d/ Water Resources in Jordan, National Water Master Plan, GTZ, 2004. e/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. f/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. g/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. Note: 1. Figures refer to the year of 2005/2006.
20
Table II.4 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Total Freshwater from Conventional Sources (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ Ratio of Underground to total water resources % 2007
Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan
2005
2006
2007
100a/
...
116b/
58,848
c/
75,000
a/
1,000
Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine
a/
a/
20
4,000 1,000
a/
a/
800
2,400
65,000
Syrian Arab Republic
26,000
a/
United Arab Emirates
a/
200
a/
Yemen
4,000
ESCWA
238,468
g/
World
ESCWA share of World total (%)
b/
ﻤﺼﺭ
3%
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
59%
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
71%
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
1
55%
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
e/
68%
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
100%
ﻗﻁﺭ
1
92%
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
b/
11%
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
f/
12%
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
55%
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
4,000
38%
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
304,281
9%
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
2,400
64,500 f/
2%
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
b/
...
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
100%
1,100 58
97%
b/
b/
2,350
...
...
c/
4,500
...
...
c/
111,906
20
...
57,073
58,714
932
...
a/ a/
Sudan
...
...
100
Saudi Arabia
153,277
c/
... a/
a/
Qatar
59,184
c/
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ 2007 ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ
53,465 e/
220
e/
55,025,590 0.56
(%) ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ
Sources: a/ Water a Shared Responsibility: The United Nations World Water Development Report 2, 2006. b/ Aquastat 2007. c/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. d/ ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. e/ Global Water Market 2008. f/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008 Syrian Arab Republic. g/ Global Environment Outlook Data Portal. UNEP. Note: 1. ESCWA calculation.
21
Table II.5 اﻟﺠﺪول Desalination Production and Capacity
ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ
Bahrain
Kuwait Lebanon
ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ()ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﹰﺎ
2006
2007
2006i
23a/
19.66a/
33a/
35a/
518,596
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
a/
a/
60
...
Jordan
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ()ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ 2005
60
Iraq
Capacity (m3/d)
2004
a/
Egypt
Production (Mcm)
5
a/
60
...
c
...
b/
9.8 a/
476 ...
506.9 47.3
40 a/
b/
521
...
109
Palestine
...
...
...
e/, 1
Qatar
132
Saudi Arabia Sudan
1,056
f/
...
Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen ESCWA
0
f/
1,025 ...
g/
... h/
1,008 ...
128
e/, 1
950 ...
b/
a/
447,201
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
…
239,532
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
544
2,081,135
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
…
29,610
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
…
377,488
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
...
10,976
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
a/
...
...
ﻤﺼﺭ
7
d/
Oman
431,872
b/
60
b/
e/, 1
136
1,033
f/
… 1,093 b/
...
0.4
...
0
b/
...
…
...
25
f/
b/
1,765.4
1,197,148
ﻗﻁﺭ
7,410,462
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
38,635
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
15,576
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
5,730,009
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
60,370 18,588,610
Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. b/ Aquastat 2007. c/ ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. d/ An Environmental Profile for Jordan 2006. Ministry of Environment. e/ Qatar Annual Abstract 2007. f/ Saudi Arabia Annual Report, Ministry of Water and Electricity, 2007. g/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. h/ Ministry of Electricity and Water website. United Arab Emirates. i/ Global Water Market 2008. Note: 1. Conversion factor used is 0.003785 to convert from US gallons to cubic metres.
22
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Table II.6 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Water Reuse (Mcm/yr) (ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ Treated Wastewater Reuse
ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ 2004 Bahrain
2005 a/
2006
2007
...
...
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
...
16
1,100b/, 1
1,200b/, 2
1,300b/, 3
2,970a/
ﻤﺼﺭ
...
...
...
0a/
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
74c/
79d/
86e/
98e/
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
...
...
...
78a/
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
...
...
...
2a/
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
...
...
37f/
...
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
...
...
...
...
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
...
...
...
43a/
ﻗﻁﺭ
360g/
...
...
166a/
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
...
...
...
0a/
Syrian Arab Republic
1,280h/
...
...
550a/
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
United Arab Emirates
234i/
...
...
248a/
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
...
...
...
6a/
Egypt Iraq
Saudi Arabia Sudan
Yemen ESCWA
3,048
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
4,161
Sources: a/ Aquastat 2007. b/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. c/ Development Report 2: State of Water Resources 2007. d/ Jordan Water Authority, Annual Report 2006. e/ Jordan Water Authority, Annual Report 2007. f/ Aquastat 2006. g/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. h/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. i/ Ministry of Electricity and Water. United Arab Emirates. Notes: 1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007.
23
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Table II.7 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Total Non-Conventional Water (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ 2004 Bahrain Egypt
1
23
6,260
Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon
36 4
… 2
89
1
…
1
…
47
1,456 …
United Arab Emirates Yemen ESCWA
3,526
1,025
4
1,242 …
521
622
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
…
3
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
146
…
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
…
…
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
2
1,033 … …
1
950 …
13,194
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
2
ﻗﻁﺭ
3
137
…
43 1
1,259
2
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
2
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
2
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
3
0.4
550
…
248
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
…
2
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
31
13,925.4
Source: ESCWA calculation. Notes: 1. Desalinated water only. 2. Treated Wastewater Reuse and desalinated water. 3. Treated Wastewater Reuse only. 4. Desalinated water, treated wastewater reuse and agricultural drainage reuse.
24
ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
2
98
1
… 4
2
3
2
1
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
11,030 7
1
128 4
4
127
1
2007 351
2
…
132
Syrian Arab Republic
7,060
…
1
Sudan
4
1
507
Palestine
33
1
…
476
…
Saudi Arabia
6,660
2
79
2006
2
…
Oman
Qatar
2005
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Table II.8 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Total Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ
2004 Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan
2005
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ()ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
151
11.0%
30.17%
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
69,744
6.5%
18.79%
ﻤﺼﺭ
153,278
111,913
49.2%
0.01%
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
…
1,030
-5.4%
10.52%
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
521
642
21.8%
3110%
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
…
4,502
11.2%
0.04%
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
…
1
135.0%
-
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
1
1,100
37.5%
-
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
2
23
136
33
64,744
65,508
…
75,000
1,079
1,089
1
66,244 1
2
476
527
Lebanon
…
4,000
…
1,146
1
…
1
Palestine
2007
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﱡﻴﺭ ()ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
2006
Kuwait
Oman
Change 2005-2007 (percentage)
Ratio of NonConventional to Conventional Water Resources 2007 (percentage)
800
2,350
… 2
ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
Qatar
132.16
228
137
101
-55.7%
74.14%
Saudi Arabia
9,456
3,425
…
3,659
6.8%
52.46%
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
…
65,0001
…
64,500
-0.8%
-
22,748
26,0001
57,0731
54,015
107.8%
1.03%
1,242
1,150
…
468
-59.3%
112.73%
1
…
4,031
0.8%
0.78%
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
…
318,206
28.4%
4.58%
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Yemen
…
4,000
ESCWA
…
247,910
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Source: ESCWA calculation. Notes: 1: This includes Conventional Water Resources only due to unavailability of Non-Conventional Water Resources data. 2: This includes Non-Conventional Water Resources only due to unavailability of Conventional Water Resources data.
25
Table II.9 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Selected Indicators on Water Resources
ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ Per Capita Water Resources from Conventional Resources (cubic metre/yr)
Per Capita Water Resources from Conventional and NonConventional Resources (cubic metre/yr)
Per Capita Total Water Resources Change (percentage)
ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ (ﺴﻨﺔ/)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ
ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ (ﺴﻨﺔ/)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﱡﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ()ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
2005
2007
2005
2007
2005-2007
Bahrain
137
152
186
198
6.4%
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Egypt
759
729
845
866
2.6%
ﻤﺼﺭ
2,642
3,777
2,6421
3,778
43.0%
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
179
156
194
172
-11.4%
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
7
7
195
225
15.4%
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
971
1,070
982
1,071
9%
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
381
859
3811
8591
125.6%
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
212
272
2121
2721
28.8%
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
113
46
257
84
-65.5%
Saudi Arabia
101
97
145
148
2.2%
ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
1,673
1,589
1,6731
1,589
-5.0%
1,354
2,596
1,3541
2,623
93.7%
49
50
281
107
-61.9%
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
1
180
-4.9%
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
1,301
22.5%
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Iraq
Yemen ESCWA
190
179
190
1,022
1,244
1,062
Source: ESCWA calculations, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Note: 1. Values are the same due to unavailability of Non-Conventional Water Resources data.
26
Table II.10 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Percentage and Number of Population Affected by Water Scarcity in 2007
ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ2007 ﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ّ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﺸ Scarcity (percentage)a/
Scarcity Populationb/
Bahrain
100%
762,000
Egypt
30%
24,153,000
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
15%
447,800
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
100%
5,976,000
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
100%
2,856,000
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
5%
210,250
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
100%
2,735,000
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
80%
3,229,600
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
100%
1,140,000
ﻗﻁﺭ
Saudi Arabia
100%
24,778,000
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
Sudan
35%
14,211,400
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
Syrian Arab Republic
65%
13,386,100
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
United Arab Emirates
100%
4,372,000
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Yemen
100%
22,333,000
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
49.32%
120,590,150
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
ESCWA Total
Sources: a/ Global Water Market 2008, Global Water Intelligence. b/ United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.
27
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Figure II.1 ﺍﻟﺸﻜل Available Surface and Ground Water as Percentage of Total Renewable Water Resources
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ
Figure II.2 ﺍﻟﺸﻜل Total Renewable Freshwater from Conventional Sources 2005-2007
2007-2005 ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ
28
Figure II.3 اﻟﺸﻜﻞ Total Conventional to non-Conventional Water Resources ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ
Figure II.4 ﺍﻟﺸﻜل Share of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007
2007 ،ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
29
Figure II.5 ﺍﻟﺸﻜل Per Capita Water Resources from Available Water Resources
ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ
30
CHAPTER III. FRESHWATER MANAGEMENT
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ -ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ Statistical Highlights
In the ESCWA region, the total quantity of water abstracted in 2007 was 227 Bcm
1.
In the ESCWA region, the average per capita water use was 927 m3 in 2007
2.
In the ESCWA region, total water use was distributed in 2007 as follows: 87 per cent for agriculture use, 7 per cent for industrial use and 6 per cent for domestic use
3.
Average water use intensity was 73 per cent in the ESCWA Region in 2007 and as high as 2,525 per cent in Kuwait, 1,025 in Saudi Arabia and 622 in the United Arab Emirates
4.
Water deficit was 1,643 cubic metres per capita per year in Saudi Arabia in 2007 and 263 in the United Arab Emirates
5.
Groundwater dependency reached 100 per cent in Jordan
6.
Wastewater reuse amounted to 2,970 Mcm in Egypt
7.
In the ESCWA region, US$ 3.5 billion will be invested in drinking water services and US$ 654 million in the wastewater sector
8.
ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ -1
ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ 227ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2007
-2
ﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ 927ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2007
-3
ﺘﻭﺯﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2007ﺒﻴﻥ 87ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ،ﻭ 7ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭ 6ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ
-4
ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ 73ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ،2007ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻤﻥ 2 525ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭ 1 025ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ 622ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
-5
ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﺩل 1 643ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ 263ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2007
-6
ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ 100ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
-7
ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ 2 970ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ
-8
ﺴﻴﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭ ﻤﺒﻠﻎ 3.5ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ ﻭ 654ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
31
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ Overview of Freshwater Abstraction in the ESCWA Region Groundwater abstraction in the ESCWA ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ region reached about 33 Bcm in 2005 excluding ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ2005 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ33 Iraq and the Sudan, while data on surface water ﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ abstraction is missing for most of the countries .(III.1 ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل (table III.1). The agricultural sector used 174.6 Bcm in 2007, compared to 137 Bcm in 2003,11 and accounted for 87 per cent of total water use. Industrial use accounted for 7 per cent in 2007 while domestic water consumption was limited to 6 per cent (figure III.1; table III.2).
ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ174.6 ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ137 ﻤﻘﺎﺒل2007 ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ87 ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ،(6)2003 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ7 ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺒﻠﻎ.ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ6 ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ2007 ﻋﺎﻡ .(III.2 ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭلIII.1 )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
The total water abstracted in the ESCWA region amounted to 226,664 Bcm in 2007 (table III.3). At the national level, the agricultural sector accounted for more than 75 per cent of total water consumption in Egypt, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen (table III.2). However, and according to a FAO study in 2004,12 the agricultural share in total water use is expected to decline with the increased pressure from the domestic sector owing to rising population, increasing urbanization and the rapidly growing industrial sector.
ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ.(III.3 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل226 664 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ75 ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ،ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ.(III.2 ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺤﺼﺔ،(7)2004 ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ .ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ
Average water abstracted per capita in the ESCWA region was estimated at 927 m3 in 2007, compared to 499 m3 in 2005 (figure III.2). However, the high population growth rate in the region exceeded by far the rate of water resources development. As a result, the annual per capita share of water resources is decreasing sharply. ESCWA member countries are using more than their internal renewable water resources either by overexploiting groundwater, desalinating seawater or recycling wastewater. The rate of average water use intensity in ESCWA was 73 per cent in 2007, with the highest intensities registered in Kuwait at 2,525 per cent, Saudi Arabia at 1,025 per cent and the United Arab Emirates at 622 per cent (table III.4).
ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻠﻎ ،2007 ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ927 ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ.(III.2 )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل2005 ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ499 ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺃ ﺴﺠل ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ، ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ.ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ.ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﻀ ﹰﺎ ﺤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﺒل ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ.ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ،2007 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ73 ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ2 525 ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ1 025 ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ .(III.4 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل622 ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ
11
UNESCWA. Compendium of Environment Statistics in the ESCWA Region first issue. 2007.
12
FAO. 2004. Economic valuation of water resources in agriculture. From the sectoral to a functional perspective of natural resource management.
32
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ
Groundwater Dependency and Water Deficit
ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ،2007ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ 1 643ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ The annual water deficit in 2007 was of the ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭ 263ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ order of 1,643 m3 per capita in Saudi Arabia, 263 m3 in the United Arab Emirates, 212 m3 in Qatar ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭ 212ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ and 170 m3 in Kuwait (table III.4). ﻭ 170ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل .(III.4
ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ 100ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ .2007ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ )27 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ) 10ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2007ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ 17ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ،ﻴﺼل ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ 4 584ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ 1 281ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ 1 273ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻭ 1 200ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ 102ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ.
Groundwater dependency, which indicates the ratio of groundwater abstracted to total freshwater abstracted, reached 100 per cent in Jordan and Palestine in 2007. Comparison between recharged groundwater (27 Bcm) and abstracted groundwater (10 Bcm) in 2007 indicates that the mining of groundwater reserves in the ESCWA region was about 17 Bcm per year. At a national level, Egypt’s depletion rate stands at 4,584 Mcm per year while the recharged groundwater in other ESCWA countries reached 1,281 Mcm in Saudi Arabia, 1,273 Mcm in Yemen, 1,200 Mcm in Lebanon and 102 Mcm in the United Arab Emirates.
ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ
Wastewater Treatment
ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ Due to the unavailability of data, the total ﻤﺠﻤل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ .2007ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ wastewater volume produced in 2007 could not be ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ 1 618ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ calculated. Nonetheless, the treated wastewater volume amounted to 1,618 Mcm in eight of the 14 ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ) 2005ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل .(III.5 ESCWA countries for the year of 2005 (table III.5).
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ،2007ﻗﺩﺭﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ 4.2ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ. ﻭﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ 2 970ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜ ﻌّﺏ ،ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ 550ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ .ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 166ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ 248ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ .ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻟﺭﻱ ﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل .(III.5ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻑ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل .(III.6
The total volume of wastewater reused in the region was estimated at 4.2 Bcm in 2007. Wastewater reuse was the highest in Egypt at 2,970 Mcm, followed by the Syrian Arab Republic at 550 Mcm. While it is most needed in the Gulf subregion, wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia was as modest as 166 Mcm while it registered 248 Mcm in the United Arab Emirates. In Saudi Arabia, reclaimed wastewater is used for irrigation of noncash crops, landscape irrigation and industrial cooling. In Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman and the United Arab Emirates, it is used for municipal irrigation of landscaped areas, while Qatar exploits it to irrigate animal-food crops (table III.5). However, the number of wastewater treatment plants in the ESCWA region remains insufficient (table III.6).
33
Box III.1. Wastewater reuse in Jordan*
*
ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ-III.1 ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ
In Jordan, the reuse of treated wastewater reached one of the highest levels in the world. About 80 per cent of the treated effluent is discharged in Zerqa river where it is collected and stored downstream in King Talal Dam and used for restricted irrigation in the southern part of the Jordan Valley. The remaining 20 per cent which is not located within the Zerqa river watershed, is reused on-site. The Water Authority of Jordan was awarded 250,000 Euro from KfW Bankengruppe for 2003-2005 to develop water treatment facilities. USAID contributed with $28 millions to design and build a wastewater treatment facility with Water Reuse Implementation (WRIP) and The Reuse for Industry, Agriculture and Landscaping (RIAL) projects that ran between 2002 and 2007.
ﻭﻴﺤل ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ 80 ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ.ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻡ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﻁﻼل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴ ﻓﻲ20 ﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻤ.ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻡ ﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴ KfW ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ.ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻴﻭﺭﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ250 Bankengruppe ﻓﻴﻤﺎ.2005 ﻭ2003 ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ28 ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﻲ ( ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔWRIP) ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ( ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﺠﺭﻯRIAL) ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ .2007 ﻭ2002 ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ
___________________ * “Jordan’s experience in treated wastewater reuse”, UNEP-Division of Technology, Industry and Economics.
Water Market Estimates of annual current account expenditure on the water sector include an element of cost of capital. The total water market for the ESCWA countries amounted to US$ 8.6 billion in 2007 (table III.7). The market included drinking water services, the rehabilitation of existing facilities, new pipelines and pumping stations, deep wells and desalination plants. The water sector amounted to US$ 3.5 billion and the wastewater sector reached US$ 654 million. While numbers are expected to treble over the coming decade, the pressure of growing population densities, the potential for water reuse and expectations for higher environmental standards require more investment in this sector. During the next eight years, the water sector will quadruple in Jordan, triple in Saudi Arabia and is estimated to double in Egypt, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. On the other hand, the wastewater sector will grow by 8.5 times in Saudi Arabia, and 5.8 times in Egypt while the lowest growth rates are estimated to be in the Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic13 (table III.8).
ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ،2007 ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ.ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ8.6 ﺔ ﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ، ﻭﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ.(III.7 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ،ﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ.ﻀﺦ ﻭﺤﻔﺭ ﺁﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ3.5 ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ. ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ654 ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ،ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺯﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ .ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ
The highest water cost in the ESCWA countries was observed in Oman (US$ 1.37 per cubic metre), Qatar (US$ 1.21 per cubic metre) and Palestine (US$ 1.00 per cubic metre). The highest percentage of unaccounted for water is observed
ﻠﺕ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙﻭﺴﺠ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ1.21 ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﺭ، ﺩﻭﻻﺭ1.37 ،ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻤ. ﺩﻭﻻﺭ1.00 ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ45 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﺒﻠﻎ
13
ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻋ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺭ8.5 ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ل ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺴﺠ ﻤﺭ5.8ﻭ .(III.8 ( )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل8)ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
Global Water Market, 2008.
34
in Jordan with 45 per cent, Qatar with 45 to 50 35 ﻡ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺜ50 ﻭ45 ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ per cent and both Oman and the Sudan with 35 per .(III.9 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل cent (table III.9). Existing wastewater treatment facilities in the region face difficulties in handling increasing volumes of wastewater generated by increased water consumption and urbanization. Wastewater discharge from major urban centers is polluting shallow alluvial aquifers and the coastline, and has caused urban water tables to rise. Rather than being treated and reused, wastewater is merely disposed of, owing to the extensive capital investment required. Total treatment plants capacity reached some 5.3 Bcm in 2007, compared to 4 Bcm in 2005. The highest wastewater treatment capacity is found in Egypt at 3,780 Mcm per year. This capacity drops sharply to 585 Mcm in Qatar and 250 Mcm in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, several countries including Bahrain, Jordan, Oman, Palestine, the Sudan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, had capacities the equal to or less than 50 Mcm in 2007 (table III.9).
ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴ ﻯ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺩ.ﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﺙﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺒﺩ ﹰ.ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ،ﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﹼﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺘ،ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺠﻤل،2007 ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ.ﻴﺘﻁﹼﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ 4 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل5.3 ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ ﻠﺕ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺠ.2005 ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ3 780 ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ585 ﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺩ.ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺔﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ250ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﻌ ﺏ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ50 ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺨﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ.ﺔﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ2007 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل .(III.9
The most important markets for desalination in the world are found in the countries of the Gulf subregion, five of which are among the top ten, with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates as the biggest investors in desalination. The desalination industry was worth US$ 28 billion in 2007.
ﻡ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﻀ ل ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻋﺸﺭ ّ ﻭﺘﺤ،ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ.ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ،2007 ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ.ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ . ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ28
35
Table III.1 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Total Freshwater Abstracted (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ
Bahrain Egypt
Total Surface Water Abstracted
Total Groundwater Abstracted
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ
2004
2005
2006
2007
2004
2005
2006
2007
...
...
...
...
48a/, 1
50a/, 1
48a/, 1
40b/, 1, 2
51,800
a/
a/
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ
a/
5,884
5,884
...
...
...
...
...
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
...
941b/
...
...
501a/
506a/
480a/
504a/
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
a/
a/
0
a
0
a/
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
a/
0
Lebanon
1,250a/
1,088c/
...
...
...
700c/, 3
...
2,000d/
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
...
...
...
...
...
53e/
...
...
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
...
...
...
...
249a/
268a/
27a/
286a/
Qatar
0
a/
Kuwait
d/
0
5,884
a/
... 0
5,884
a
... 0
52,030
a/
...
a/
52,500
a/
Iraq
a/
52,000
a/
c/
0
...
444
...
...
...
221
...
...
20,270e/
...
23,700f/
...
13,940f/
13,940f/, 4
21,400g/
919h/
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Syrian Arab Republic
17,669c/
...
...
...
...
8,339i/
...
...
United Arab Emirates
…
…
...
...
12j/, 5
…
15j/, 5
18j/, 5
Yemen
...
...
...
...
201a/
214a/
221a/
227a/
…
…
Saudi Arabia Sudan
ESCWA Sources: Statistics 2008.
…
…
…
…
20,835
a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment
6
32,976
Sources: Statistics 2008.
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment
b/ Aquastat 2005.
b/ Bahrain Ministry of Energy and Water Website.
c/ ESCWA calculation.
c/ Aquastat 2005.
d/ Aquastat 2007.
d/ Lebanon Statistical Yearbook 2007.
e/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD.
e/ Water Statistical Book for the GCC, 2008.
f/ Aquastat 2006.
f/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. g/ Aquastat 2006. h/ Saudi Arabia Annual Report, Ministry of Water and Electricity, 2007. i/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. j/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority. United Arab Emirates. Notes:
1. Groundwater Abstracted by Water Supply Industry (ISIC 36) only. 2. Conversion factor used for Bahrain is 0.004545 to convert from MIG into Cubic metre. 3. These are not per capita values. 4. 2004 figures are used for 2005. 5. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. 6. Excluding Iraq and Sudan.
36
Table III.2 اﻟﺠﺪول Sectoral Water Consumption (Mcm/yr) (ﺳﻨﺔ/اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ
Bahrain*
Domestic Water Consumption
Agricultural Water Consumption
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ
2004
2005
2006
2007
2004
2005
2006
2007
...
161
166
171
...
158
160
161
a/, 1
Egypt
5,800
Iraq
...
Jordan
332
Lebanon Oman
e/
...
143
6,500
284 354
e/
291
153
e/
160
58,500
210
...
e/
379
17
59,000
e/
... 501 18
98
...
e/
e/
... ...
a/, 3
59,300
*ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ b/
ﻤﺼﺭ
b/
39,284
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
b/
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
53,586
... c/
...
b/
e/
a/, 2
...
b/
462
... e/
5,496
b/
...
... e/
a/, 1
1,281
d/, 4
371
b/ b/
... c/
...
...
Palestine
6,100
a/, 3
...
...
Kuwait
a/, 2
d/
431
750
e/
19
20
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
e/
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
b/
...
938
...
1,274
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
f/
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
b/
176
...
...
...
239
Qatar
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Saudi Arabia
...
...
...
1,730b/
...
...
...
15,397b/
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
...
...
...
1,119b/
...
...
...
36,181b/
...
...
...
597f/
...
...
...
18,905g/
148g/, 5
...
175g/, 5
529b/
...
...
...
1,564b/
...
...
...
264b/
...
...
...
6,270b/
Yemen
6
ESCWA Share of Total Water Consumption
12,511
174,569
6.25
87.16 Sources:
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. b/ Global Water Market 2008. c/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan.
a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. b/ Global Water Market 2008.
d/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006.
d/ M.Y. Sbeih. 2007. Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. In Water demand management in the Mediterranean, progress and policies ZARAGOZA, 19-21/03/2007.
e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.
e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.
f/ ESCWA calculation.
f/ Pricing the Irrigation Water in The Jordan Valley as a Mean Of Water Saving in Palestine.
c/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan.
g/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority. United Arab Emirates. Notes:
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
4
Sources: *Ministry of Water Bahrain, Country paper presented in the ESCWA-MEDSTAT training on Water Accounts, Jordan, March 2008.
ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
g/ ESCWA calculation. Notes:
1. Data are for 2004-2005.
1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006.
2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007.
3. Data are for 2006-2007.
4. Includes drinking water.
4. Excluding Qatar.
5. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. 6. Excluding Qatar.
37
Table III.2 ( ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭلcontinued) Industrial Water Consumption
Other Sectors Consumption (Commercial, Government...)
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ
(... ، ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ،ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ )ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ
2004
2005
2006
2007
2004
2005
2006
2007
...
10
10
10
...
...
...
...
1,150a/, 1
1,150a/, 2
1,150a/, 3
9,618b/
200a/, 1
200a/, 2
200a/, 3
...
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
...
...
...
2,135b/
...
...
...
...
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
...
32c/
40d/
40b/
...
...
...
...
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
37e/
39e/
41e/
42e/
57b/
60b/
63b/
65b/
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
...
...
...
14b/
...
...
...
...
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
...
...
...
28b/
...
...
...
...
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine*
...
...
19.3
...
...
Qatar
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Saudi Arabia
...
...
...
173b/
...
...
...
...
b/
...
...
...
...
Bahrain
*
Egypt
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
*
19.2
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
...
...
...
373
...
...
...
398f/
...
...
...
...
11g/, 4
...
15g/, 4
207b/
84c/, 4
...
105c/, 4
...
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
...
...
...
...
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
…
…
…
…
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
...
...
...
66
b/
13,1245
ESCWA Share of Total Water Consumption
6.55
* Sources: Country paper presented in the ESCWAMEDSTAT training on Water Accounts, Jordan, March 2008. Ministry of Water Bahrain, and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
0.04 Sources:
a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. b/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.
a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008.
f/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority. United Arab Emirates.
b/ Global Water Market 2008. c/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan. d/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. f/ ESCWA calculation. Notes:
*
1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007. 4. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. 5. Excluding Qatar.
38
Notes:
1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007. 4. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. Includes Commercial consumption.
Table III.3 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Total Freshwater Abstracted
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ 2004 Bahrain
106
a/, 1
2005
2006
a/, 1
110
121
a/, 1
2007 173b/, 1, 2
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
57,684a/, 1
57,884a/, 1
58,384a/, 1
68,700c/, 1
ﻤﺼﺭ
…
…
…
42,700c/, 1
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
866a/, 1
825d/, 1
925e/
1,000c/, 1
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
596f/, 3
632f/, 3
645f/, 3
661f/, 3
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
1,250a/, 1
1,7884
...
2,0005
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
...
…
...
1,400c/, 1
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
2495
2695
2755
2865
...
6655
...
300c/, 1
ﻗﻁﺭ
34,2105
…
45,1005
45,1006
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
...
...
...
37,300c/, 1
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
Syrian Arab Republic
17,6697
8,3395
...
19,900c/, 1
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
United Arab Emirates
1,003g/, 4
1,144g/, 4
1,249g/, 4
1,369g/, 4
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Yemen
…
…
…
6,600c/, 1
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
ESCWA
…
…
…
227,489
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Egypt Iraq
Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan
Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. b/ Bahrain Ministry of Energy and Water Website. c/ Global Water Market 2008. d/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan. e/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. f/ Annual Statistical Abstract 2007, Central Statistical Office of Kuwait. g/ Yearly Statistical Report for Electricity and Water, United Arab Emirates, 2003-2007. Notes:
1. Value as reported by source. 2. Conversion factor used for Bahrain is 0.004545 to convert from MIG into Cubic metre. 3. Includes potable and brackish water. 4. ESCWA calculation: sum of surface and groundwater values. 5. ESCWA Calculation: Groundwater values only. 6. Estimated same as 2006. 7. ESCWA calculation: surface water values only.
39
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Figure III.1 ﺍﻟﺸﻜل Sectoral Water Withdrawal (Mcm/yr)
(ﺴﻨﺔ/ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ
Industrial water withdrawal 6.55%
٪ %
\ !% %! \%%
Other Uses 0.04%
\ &$%!
Agricultural water withdrawal 87%
% ٪ ! $%! ! \ &%
40
Domestic water withdrawal 6.25%
%
!% %! & \%$
Figure III.2 ﺍﻟﺸﻜل Per Capita Total Water Withdrawal
ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ 2007
930
ESCWA
499 296
Yemen
313
UAE
684 966
Syria
434 919
Sudan
1,820
Saudi Arabia
263
Qatar
750 71
Palestine
اﻟﺒﻠﺪCountry
2005
71 512
Oman
476
Lebanon
434 177
Kuwait
174 84 258
Jordan
1,441
Iraq
1,504 853
Egypt
746 227
Bahrain
151
-
500
1,000
1,500
ﺳﻨﺔ/ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﺮدcubic meters/yr
41
2,000
Table III.4 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Water Use Indicators
ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ Per Capita Total Water Abstracted (cubic metre/p/yr)
ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ (ﺴﻨﺔ/)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ
Water Deficit1 (cubic metre/p/yr)
Water Use Intensity2 (percentage)
Groundwater Dependency
ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ (ﺴﻨﺔ/)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ
ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ()ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ
2005
2007
2005
2007
2005
2007
2007
Bahrain
151
227
-14
-75
110%
149%
30%
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Egypt
746
853
12
-124
98%
117%
9%
ﻤﺼﺭ
1,504
1,441
1,138
2,336
57%
38%
…
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
258
84
-80
72
145%
54%
100%
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
174
177
-167
-170
2360%
2525%
…
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
434
476
537
1,260
45%
27%
100%
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
…
512
…
347
…
60%
…
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
71
71
141
202
34%
26%
100%
Qatar
750
263
-637
-212
665%
517%
…
Saudi Arabia
…
1,820
…
-1,643
…
1025%
2%
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
…
919
…
670
…
58%
…
434
966
920
1,630
32%
37%
…
684
313
-635
-263
1400%
622%
1%
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Yemen
…
296
…
-116
…
165%
4%
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
ESCWA
499
927
523
337
49%
73%
5%
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Iraq
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
Source: ESCWA calculation. Notes: 1. Water deficit is the difference between water resources available per capita per year and the water abstracted per capita per year. 2. Water use intensity is the ratio of water abstracted per capita per year to the water resources available per capita per year.
42
Table III.5 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Wastewater Management
ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ Wastewater Produced (Mcm/yr)
Wastewater Treated (Mcm/yr)
Treated Wastewater Reuse (Mcm/yr)
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ (ﺴﻨﺔ/)ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ (ﺴﻨﺔ/)ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ
ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ (ﺴﻨﺔ/)ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ
2005
2005
2007
Bahrain Egypt
... 3,760
a/, 1
(2000)
790 (2007) c/
Jordan
114 (2007)
Kuwait
...
Lebanon
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
730
(2000)
ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
a/
83.5
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
250
a/
a/
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
a/
78
f/
...
a/, 1
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
107
... 2 (2006)
0
a/
a/
12
e/
Saudi Arabia
364 (2007)
9.49
Palestine
2,970
4 (2006) d/
Qatar
… b/
a/
...
Oman
16.3a/
62
b/
Iraq
Yemen
a/
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
37
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
...
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
a/
a/, 1
a/
43
548
2
a/
43
a/, 1
ﻗﻁﺭ
166
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
a/
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
a/
…
…
0
825a/, 1 (2000)
550a/, 1
550a/
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
881a/, 1 (2000)
289a/ (2006)
248a/
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
a/, 1
74
(2000)
a/, 1
46
6
Sources: a/ Aquastat 2000. b/ Report of Environment Statistics in Iraq for 2007, COSIT, 2008. c/ Water Authority of Jordan, Annual Report 2007. d/ ESCWA calculation. e/ Qatar Annual Abstract 2007. f/ Oman Water Statistics 2008. Note: 1. Average 1998-2002.
43
a/
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
Table III.6 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Wastewater Treatment Plants
ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ Conventional Treatment Plants
Non-Conventional Treatment Plants
ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ
ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ
Number
Year
Number
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Bahrain
…
…
0 (2005)
Egypt
67a/
1999
…
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
0b/
2006
…
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
13c/
2000
6 (2000)
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
…
…
…
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
…
…
…
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
10d/
2000
…
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
…
…
11 (2007)
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
4e/
1998
0 (2005)
ﻗﻁﺭ
Saudi Arabia
30f/
1995
…
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
Syrian Arab Republic
5g/
2002
…
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
United Arab Emirates
4c/
2000
…
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
Yemen
11a/
1999
9 (2007)
ESCWA
149
…
Sources: a/ Aquastat 1999. b/ Report of Environment Statistics in Iraq for 2007, COSIT, 2008. c/ Aquastat 2000. d/ Aquastat 2001. e/ Aquastat 1998. f/ Aquastat 1996. g/ Aquastat 2002.
44
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ
Table III.7 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Water Market 2007 (Million US$)
( )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ2007 ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
Bahrain
Municipal Water
Municipal Wastewater
Total Water Market
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
Opex1 2007
Capex2 2007
Opex 2007
Capex 2007
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ 1 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ 2 ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ
93
180
14
2007
14
310
Egypt
490
488
8.2
110
1,352
Iraq
81.8
266.7
200
13.3
377.8
Jordan
30.5
75.9
26
28.3
167.9
Kuwait
297
240
30
65
684.7
Lebanon
36.6
26.3
27.3
20.7
123.4 343.1
Oman
84
200
21
18
Palestine
29.6
14.6
2.8
9.2
59.7
Qatar
141
157.5
35.3
61.1
408.9
Saudi Arabia
925
831
231.3
134.4
2,455
Sudan
133.4
25
5.6
2
176.9
Syrian Arab Republic
73.4
46.3
18.4
7.7
159.7
United Arab Emirates
648
900
97.2
170
1,908.4
Yemen
55.4
27
4.6
0.1
93.9
Source: Global Water Market 2008. Notes: 1. Opex is the Operation Expenditure. 2. Capex is the Capital Expenditure.
45
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
Table III.8 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Municipal Water and Wastewater Capital Expenditure Forecast (Million US$)
(ﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ Water Capital Expenditure
Wastewater Capital Expenditure
ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ
ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ
2008
2012
2016
2008
2012
2016
Bahrain
201.3
285.2
344.3
15.8
30.8
78.4
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Egypt
520.5
720.2
1,110.2
128.3
276.3
744.6
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
257.0
232.9
228.7
11.3
9.8
18.8
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
84.8
150.8
329.7
29.9
41.1
67.0
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
272.7
404.0
494.9
70.3
97.7
138.4
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
28.8
40.4
54.8
22.5
32.0
45.9
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ
Oman
226.0
334.2
422.2
20.6
43.6
127.8
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
15.0
17.9
24.2
9.2
11.2
18.9
ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ
Qatar
177.9
267.5
354.5
67.2
103.5
173.5
ﻗﻁﺭ
Saudi Arabia
990.4
1,861.8
3,115.3
183.4
578.8
1,559.9
Sudan
25.5
28.1
31.9
2.0
2.3
2.7
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
Syrian Arab Republic
49.0
62.8
83.9
8.0
10.0
13.1
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ
United Arab Emirates
1,062.7
1,698.1
1,974.2
191.5
309.7
504.6
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
27.9
38.7
73.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
Yemen
Source: Global Water Market 2008.
46
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
Table III.9 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Water Market in the ESCWA Region
ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ Average Tariffa/, 1 ($)
Water Coveragea/ (percentage)
Wastewater Coveragea/ (percentage)
Wastewater Total Treatment Capacitya/ (million m3/yr)
UFW Unaccounted for Waterb/ (percentage)
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ
ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ
Bahrain
0.07
100%
75%
50
23.5
Egypt
0.06
70%
55%
3,780
34
ﻤﺼﺭ
Iraq
0.00
60%
20%
108
…
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
Jordan
…
84%
44%
43
45
ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ
Kuwait
…
86%
65%
132
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ
Lebanon
…
82%
35%
85
5 25% 65%2
Oman
1.37
80%
16%
11
35
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ
Palestine
1.00
89%
35%
42
34
Qatar
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ 3
ﻗﻁﺭ
1.21
78%
65%
585
45-50%
Saudi Arabia
…
26%
2%
250
…
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
0.04
86%
30%
19
35
ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ
0.07
60%
38%
199
25 - 40%4
0.22
93%
60%
19
13
…
32%
5%
17
26.4
Yemen
Sources: a/ Global Water Market 2008. b/ Water Market Middle East 2010. Notes: 1. Price of 1 m3/ month for the first 15 m3. Price as of June 2007. 2. Depending on Municipality. 3. Estimation. 4. Depending on Governorate.
47
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ
ﻨﻭﻋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ
Freshwater Quality Monitoring water quality is used to define the condition of a water body in order to understand its status quo and recommend better solutions for its improvement. Water quality indicators are based on the physical, chemical and biological measurements of a defined water body, period and amount of samples.
ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺭﺼﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل.ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﻪ ﺔﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ .ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ
Water quality monitoring programmes are still insufficiently developed in ESCWA member countries. Those programmes on water quality changes allow a better understanding of the causes of change in the short and long terms. In addition, water quality is affected by the use of fertilizers. The region relies heavily on chemical fertilizers. In 2002, the regional average use of fertilizers amounted to 111 kilograms per hectare, compared to a world average of 92 kilograms per hectare.14
ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻭﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺭﺼﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ.ﺍﻷﺠﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴل .ﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴ،ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ 111 ل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩ،2002 ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 92 ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﻌﺩل ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ،ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ .(9)ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ
Generally, water quality indices and environmental standards are adopted from the World Health Organization (WHO) or according to other international standards without modifications to suit national conditions. The WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities disseminates water quality, namely drinking water and wastewater reuse standards for the eastern Mediterranean region. Moreover, the United Nations Global Environment Monitoring System Water Programme (GEMS) provides environmental water quality data and information used in water assessments and capacity-building initiatives across the world.
ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ،ﻭﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ .ﺔﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴ ﻭﻴﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ،ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔﻻ ﺴﻴ ﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻤ.ﻁﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴ ﺔ ﻋﻥﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕﻨﻭﻋﻴ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ
The variables collected to monitor water quality are several including calcium, chloride, fluoride, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulfate in addition to metals namely aluminum, arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, total chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. On the microbiological level, faecal and total coliform are the most widely monitored due to their effect on humans. As for nutrients, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are important to check. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand, as well as total alkalinity (CaCO3), dissolved oxygen,
ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﻨﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻴل ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ،ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺜﻴﻡ ﺃﻤ.ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺌﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴ ﻡ ﺭﺼﺩ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺫﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬ.ﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ.ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ، ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ،ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ، ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺏ،ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ
14
UNESCWA Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region 2005.
48
electrical conductance, pH, temperature and ، ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ suspended solids at 105°C and 180°C are highly 180 ﻭ105 ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ required to be monitored. .ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ For instance, Bahrain monitored the quality of water from 2003 till 2005 (table III.10). Egypt and Palestine are two ESCWA countries that publish water quality data. Tables III.11 and III.12 show the water quality in Cairo and Alexandria from 2004 till 2007 in Egypt, and that of the West Bank, Ramallah and Al-Bireh in 2004, 2006 and 2007.
ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﺼﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﺩﺭ.(III.10 )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل2005 ﻭ2003 ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴIII.12 ﻭIII.11 ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻻﻥ ﻭﻴﺒﻴ.ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ، ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ2007 ﻭ2004 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ .2007 ﻭ2006 ﻭ2004 ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ
Data presented in tables III.13, III.14 and III.15 on water quality parameters in the countries of the GCC provide a general overview. However, it is difficult to present an analysis of water quality given that the temporal and spatial information is not available, which renders it impossible to establish comparisons across sites, background sites and polluted sites throughout time. The 2005 water data was published in 2008 for the first time by the Gulf Cooperation Council in a regular water statistics report for the GCC countries.
ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭIII.15 ﻭIII.14 ﻭIII.13 ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥﻨﻭﻋﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﻭﻋﻴ.ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﺔ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ ﺃﺼﺩﺭ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ،2008 ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ.ﺩﺓﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴ ﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺭ2005 ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ .ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ
Discharge of organic water pollutants in the ESCWA countries was monitored based on the World Development Indicator throughout the years. Tables III.16 and III.17 show the concentration of these pollutants between 2000 and 2003 on one hand, and between 2000 and 2004 on the other.
ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺭﺼﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻠﻭﻭﻴ .ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﺜﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭIII.17 ﻭIII.16 ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻻﻥﻭﻴﺒﻴ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ2004 ﻭ2000 ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ2003 ﻭ2000 ﻋﺎﻤﻲ .ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
49
Table III.10 ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل Selected Indicators for Groundwater Quality in Bahrain
ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ 2003
2004
2005
Annual Average Flow (000 m3/s) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg O2/I) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg O2/I) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg O2/I)
26,299
29,188
21,699
301
301
301
502
502
502
(ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ/ 3 ﻡ000) ﻤﻌﺩ ل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ (O2/I ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ )ﻤﻠﻐﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ (O2/I )ﻤﻠﻐﻡ
0.1
0.1
0.1
(O2/I ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺏ )ﻤﻠﻐﻡ
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/l) Conductivity Level of Ground Water (µmhos/cm)
1,296
1,260
1,260
(ﻟﺘﺭ/ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺒﺔ )ﻤﻠﻐﻡ
1,966
1,960
1,960
(ﺴﻡ/ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ )ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﻬﻭﺱ