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Dec 9, 2009 - expenditure, (e) waste management, (f) energy consumption, (g) air pollution, and (h) Goal 7 of the MDGs.

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Idea Transcript


 

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION‬‬ ‫‪FOR WESTERN ASIA‬‬

‫‪COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS‬‬ ‫‪IN THE ESCWA REGION‬‬

‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ‬

‫‪United Nations‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Distr. GENERAL E/ESCWA/SD/2009/13 9 December 2009 ORIGINAL: ARABIC/ENGLISH

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ‬

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA

COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN THE ESCWA REGION

‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ‬

United Nations New York, 2009

‫ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ 2009 ،‫ﻨﻴﻭﻴﻭﺭﻙ‬ 09-0530 IV

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Preface The economic development in the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) region is accompanied by an overexploitation of resources and adverse impacts on the environment, particularly in terms of deteriorating air and water quality, diminishing water resources, land degradation and desertification, and loss of biodiversity, all of which affect the sustainability and the quality of life in the region. In order to address such problems and provide solutions, ESCWA member countries need to strengthen the environmental legislation and implement regulations and action plans for monitoring the state of environment mainly for water and air with emphasis on environmental accounts and defined goals on reaching regional and international environmental standards. A broad-based programme of environment statistics needs to be developed in order to compile and disseminate timely, reliable, relevant and comparable environment data; and build up a sound database related to various aspects of the environment for use by government officials, concerned stakeholders and the public. Environmental information and reporting are important in order to enhance environmental planning, integrate environmental concerns and economic growth into decision-making to promote sustainable development at the national and international levels, and evaluate national environmental performance. The ESCWA has been assisting member countries in developing their environment statistics, indicators and accounts since 2004, benefiting from constant interaction with academicians, researchers, various governmental and private organizations as well as regional and other international agencies. ESCWA published the first issue of the “Compendium of Environment Statistics in the ESCWA Region” in 2007, which contained comprehensive data and indicators on various environmental elements in the ESCWA region. This second issue addresses eight themes treated separately in each chapter, namely: (a) overview, (b) freshwater resources, (c) freshwater use, (d) water accounts and environmental protection expenditure, (e) waste management, (f) energy consumption, (g) air pollution, and (h) Goal 7 of the MDGs. Each chapter starts with an overview of the main issues and describes briefly the statistical tables. The data presented in this publication covers the 14 members of ESCWA when available including the Sudan which joined ESCWA in 2008. The approach used for the collection of information relied on the 2008 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) environment statistics on waste and water. The data was complemented from national, regional and international publications and databases, with priority given to official national sources. The data collected, the related metadata and the selected indicators have been added to the ESCWA Statistics Information System (ESIS), available at: http://esis.escwa.org.lb/. The economic section of ESCWA’s Statistics Division, in particular Wafa Aboul Hosn, team leader and Therese El-Gemayel, research assistant, worked on data collection and treatment, and prepared all the parts of the Compendium which was reviewed by Giovanni Savio, Chief of the Economic Statistics section. We extend our gratitude to officials from member countries for their collaboration; experts on environment statistics and accounts from the United Nations Statistics Division, Eszter Horvath, Alessandra Alfieri, Michael Vardon and Yongi Min, from MedStat Cécile Roddier Quéfelec, and ESCWA professionals in water and environment for sharing data, reports and the responses to the questionnaire on environment statistics as well as for the organization of workshops and ideas-sharing; and George J. Nasr, Professor at the Lebanese University for providing peer review. ESCWA strives to improve the quality of its publications through the suggestions and comments of readers in the readership questionnaire sent along this publication to Ms. Wafa Aboul Hosn, Team Leader, at: [email protected]. iii

‫ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻓﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺴﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺩ‪‬ﻱ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﻀﺎﺅل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻭﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭ‪‬ﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭ‪‬ﺽ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﺱ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴ‪‬ﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻟﻺﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻭﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺭﺼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ )ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2004‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2007‬ﺃﺼﺩﺭﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ "ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‪ .‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﻁﺭ‪‬ﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻭل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤ‪‬ﺔ؛‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ؛ )ﺝ( ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ؛ )ﺩ( ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؛ )ﻫ( ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ؛ )ﻭ( ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ل ﻜل ﻓﺼل ﺒﻠﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ؛ )ﺯ( ﺘﻠ ‪‬ﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ؛ )ﺡ( ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﻬ ّ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻐﻁﹼﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻨﻀ ‪‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2008‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤ‪‬ﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻗﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻺﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪.http://esis.escwa.org.lb/ :‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻀﻁﻠﻊ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻺﺴﻜﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ل ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﻲ ﺴﺎﻓﻴﻭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺘﺭﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴ‪‬ل‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﻬﻤ‪‬ﺔ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻜ ّ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺘﻘﺩ‪‬ﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺴﻴ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻫﻭﺭﻓﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺴﺎﻨﺩﺭﺍ ﺃﻟﻔﻴﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﺎﻴﻜل ﻓﺎﺭﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﻨﻐﻲ ﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻴﺴﻴل ﺭﻭﺩﻴﻴﻪ ﻜﻴﻔﻠﻴﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﻲ )ﻤﻴﺩﺴﺘﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺭﺸﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺠﻭﺭﺝ ﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ‪‬ﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭ‪‬ﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺇﺫ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﹼﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ ﺇﺭﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪[email protected] :‬‬

‫‪iv‬‬

CONTENTS Page Preface .................................................................................................................................................. Symbols and abbreviations ...................................................................................................................

iii xvii

Chapter I. OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, POPULATION AND ECONOMY ..............................................................................................................................

1

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Geography and Climate in the ESCWA Region ................................................... Population and Urbanization Overview ..................................................................................... Challenges Stemming from Population Growth ........................................................................ Migration .................................................................................................................................... Economic Growth Overview......................................................................................................

1 2 5 5 6 10

II. FRESHWATER RESOURCES ..............................................................................................

13

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region .............................................................. Conventional Freshwater Resources .......................................................................................... Non-Conventional Freshwater Resources .................................................................................. Indicators of Freshwater Resources ........................................................................................... Trends .........................................................................................................................................

13 14 14 15 16 17

III. FRESHWATER MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................

31

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Freshwater Abstraction in the ESCWA Region .................................................... Groundwater Dependency and Water Deficit ............................................................................ Wastewater treatment ................................................................................................................. Water market .............................................................................................................................. Freshwater quality ......................................................................................................................

31 32 33 33 34 48

VI. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING......................

58

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Integrated Environmental Economic Accounting in the ESCWA Region ............ Overview of Environmental Expenditure in the ESCWA Region .............................................

58 59 66

Public Environmental Expenditure in Jordan .................................................................

66

Public Environmental Expenditure in Lebanon ......................................................................... Overview of Lebanon Oil Spill ..................................................................................................

67 71

V. WASTE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................

72

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Waste Management in the ESCWA Region .........................................................

72 73

v

CONTENTS (continued) Page VI. ENERGY CONSUMPTION ...................................................................................................

82

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of the Energy Sector in the ESCWA Region .............................................................

82 83

VII. AIR POLLUTION ...................................................................................................................

92

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Air Pollution in the ESCWA Region .................................................................... Climate Change: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions .................... Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) ..........................................................................................

92 93 93 97

VIII. MDG 7: ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY .......................................

109

Statistical Highlights .................................................................................................................. Overview of Goal 7 of the MDGs .............................................................................................. Access to Safe Drinking Water .................................................................................................. Access to Sanitation ................................................................................................................... Urban Population in the Slums...................................................................................................

109 110 110 111 111

LIST OF ANNEXES I. II. III. IV.

Definitions by Chapter ............................................................................................................... WHO Drinking Water Guidelines .............................................................................................. WHO Air Quality Guidelines ..................................................................................................... UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment 2008 ..................................................................

vi

120 130 133 134

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ‪...........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ ‪...............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪iv‬‬ ‫‪xvii‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ -‬ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪................................‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪......................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴ‪‬ﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ‪..............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ‪...............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ‪...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪.......................................................................‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ -‬ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ‪..............................................................................‬‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪......................................................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ‪.......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ‪..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ‪.....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ -‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ‪...............................................................................‬‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪...............................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ‪.......................................................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ‪.............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ‪...............................................................................‬‬

‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ‪..........................................................‬‬

‫‪58‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‪................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪........................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪.................................................................‬‬

‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬

‫‪vii‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‪ -‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ‪..................................................................................‬‬

‫‪72‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪.......................................................‬‬

‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‪ -‬ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.................................................................................‬‬

‫‪82‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪.........................................................‬‬

‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‪ -‬ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ‪.....................................................................................‬‬

‫‪92‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻠﻭ‪‬ﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‪ :‬ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪...........................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪...................................................................‬‬

‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪97‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ‪ 7‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪...................................‬‬

‫‪109‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ‪ 7‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ ‪..................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﺏ ‪.............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ‪...........................................................‬‬ ‫ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ ‪.................................................................‬‬

‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻓﻘﺎﺕ ‪.........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫‪viii‬‬

CONTENTS (continued) Page IV.4. Mean Annual Water Consumption for All Uses in Bahrain (1985-2005) (Mcm)......................

63

IV.5. Pilot SEEAW Physical Use, Bahrain 2005 (Mcm) .................................................................... IV.6. Egypt Water Balance 2002-2007 (Billion cubic metres) ........................................................... IV.7. Environmental Expenditure at Constant Prices in Jordan, (2000=100) (2000-2007) ................ IV.8. Environmental Expenditure by Sector in Jordan ....................................................................... IV.9. Selected Indicators for Lebanon ................................................................................................. IV.10.Economic Impact of the July 2006 Hostilities on the Environment in Lebanon........................ V.1. Municipal Waste Generated (Thousand tons) ............................................................................ V.2. Total Waste Generation (Thousand tons)................................................................................... V.3. Hazardous Waste ........................................................................................................................ V.4. Landfills ..................................................................................................................................... V.5. Selected Indicators for Palestine ................................................................................................ V.6. Selected Indicators for Qatar ...................................................................................................... VI.1. Oil and Natural Gas Proven Reserve, Production and Lifespan, 2007 ......................................

64 65 68 69 70 71 76 77 78 79 80 81 86

VI.2. Total Oil Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ..........................

87

VI.3. Total Natural Gas Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ............

88

VI.4. Total Electricity Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ...............

89

VI.5. Total Energy Consumption and Per Capita Consumption in the ESCWA Region ....................

90

VI.6. Energy Use (kg oil equivalent) Per $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP) .....................................

91

VII.1. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (Thousand tons per year) .................................................

99

VII.2. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide Per Capita (Ton/capita) ..............................................................

100

VII.3. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Egypt .............................................................................

100

VII.4. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Jordan............................................................................. VII.5. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Kuwait............................................................................ VII.6. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Saudi Arabia .................................................................. VII.7. Ozone-Depleting Substances Consumption in ODP metric tons ............................................... VII.8. CFC Consumption (ODP metric tons) in the ESCWA region ................................................... VII.9. HCFC Consumption (ODP metric tons) in the ESCWA region ................................................ VII.10. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Lebanon.................................................................. VII.11. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Qatar ....................................................................... VII.12. Selected Indicators for Air Quality in Yemen .................................................................... VIII.1. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (total) (%) ................................................... VIII.2. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (urban) (%) ................................................. VIII.3. Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources (rural) (%) .................................................. VIII.4. Access to Improved Sanitation (total) (%) ......................................................................... VIII.5. Access to Improved Sanitation (urban) (%) ....................................................................... VIII.6. Access to Improved Sanitation (rural) (%) .........................................................................

101 101 102 102 103 104 105 106 106 112 113 114 115 116 117

VIII.7.

118

ESCWA Urban Population Living in Slums ......................................................................

x

‫‪ -IV.6‬ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ‪) 2007-2002‬ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ‪............................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ(‬

‫‪65‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ -IV.7‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -IV.8‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -IV.9‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -IV.10‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺘﻤﻭﺯ‪/‬ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻭ ‪ 2006‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪.........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -V.1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ )ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ( ‪...............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -V.2‬ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ )ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ(‪......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -V.3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ ‪.........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -V.4‬ﻁﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‪............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -V.5‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ‪...............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -V.6‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻘﻁﺭ ‪..................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VI.1‬ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ‪................................... 2007 ،‬‬ ‫‪ -VI.2‬ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VI.3‬ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪...............‬‬ ‫‪ -VI.4‬ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪ -VI.5‬ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪ -VI.6‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﻜﻐﻡ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻨﻔﻁ( ﻟﻜل ﺃﻟﻑ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ )ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ( ‪.......‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.1‬ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ )ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ( ‪........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.2‬ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ( ‪...............................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.3‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ‪................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.4‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪...............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.5‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ‪..............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.6‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ‪.............................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.7‬ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ(‪................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.8‬ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ( ‪............‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.9‬ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻠﺠﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ( ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.10‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.11‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.12‬ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ‪................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.1‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ( ‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.2‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ( ‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.3‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺸﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ( ‪......................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.4‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤ‪‬ﻲ ﻤﺤﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ(‪.....................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.5‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤ‪‬ﻲ ﻤﺤﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ( ‪......................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.6‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤ‪‬ﻲ ﻤﺤﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ( ‪.......................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.7‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ )ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ( ‪...............................‬‬

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CONTENTS (continued) Page LIST OF FIGURES I.1.

Mid-year population estimates for ESCWA countries .......................................................

7

I.2.

Trend of real GDP growth in ESCWA countries ...............................................................

11

II.1.

Available Surface and Ground Water as Percentage of Total Renewable Water Resources .................................................................................................................

28

II.2.

Total Renewable Freshwater from Conventional Sources 2005-2007 ...............................

28

II.3.

Total Conventional to Non-Conventional Water Resources ..............................................

29

II.4.

Share of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007 ...................................................

29

II.5.

Per Capita Water Resources from Available Water Resources ..........................................

30

III.1.

Sectoral Water Withdrawal (Mcm/yr) ................................................................................

40

III.2.

Per Capita Total Water Withdrawal ...................................................................................

41

VII.1.

CO2 Emissions in the ESCWA Region ..............................................................................

96

VII.2.

Total ESCWA CO2 Emissions and Percentage of World Emissions .................................

107

VII.3.

Emission of Carbon Dioxide per Capita in the ESCWA Region .......................................

107

VII.4.

ODS Consumption in ODP Metric Tons in the ESCWA Region.......................................

108

VII.5.

Total ODS Consumption ....................................................................................................

108

VIII.1.

Trends of Access to Improved Water and Sanitation of ESCWA Population ....................

119

xiii

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫‪ -I.1‬ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -I.2‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪............................................‬‬ ‫‪ -II.1‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪ -II.2‬ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔ ‪......................................... 2007-2005‬‬ ‫‪ -II.3‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ‪.........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -II.4‬ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‪.......................................................... 2007 ،‬‬ ‫‪ -II.5‬ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ‪..................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -III.1‬ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺔ( ‪......................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -III.2‬ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.1‬ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪..........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.2‬ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ‪.................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.3‬ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪.........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.4‬ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ )ﻁﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ( ‪.............‬‬ ‫‪ -VII.5‬ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -VIII.1‬ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺼﻭل ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤ‪‬ﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ‪.......................‬‬

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‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪119‬‬

CONTENTS (continued) Page LIST OF BOXES I.1. I.2. II.1. II.2. III.1. IV.1. V.1. V.2. VI.1.

Population Growth and Distribution in Lebanon ....................................................................... ‘Climigration’ in Syria ............................................................................................................... Desalination in Saudi Arabia...................................................................................................... Per Capita Water Resources 2007 .............................................................................................. Wastewater Reuse in Jordan....................................................................................................... Summary of the Oil Spill, Lebanon............................................................................................ Eurostat and the Data Centre on Waste ...................................................................................... Communal Solidarity for Waste Management in South Lebanon.............................................. Iraq and Energy Reserves ...........................................................................................................

xv

6 7 16 17 34 71 74 75 84

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ(‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪-I.1‬‬ ‫‪-I.2‬‬ ‫‪-II.1‬‬ ‫‪-II.2‬‬ ‫‪-III.1‬‬ ‫‪-IV.1‬‬ ‫‪-V.1‬‬ ‫‪-V.2‬‬ ‫‪-VI.1‬‬

‫ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪...............................................................................................‬‬ ‫"ﻫﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴ‪‬ﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ‪.....................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ‪...................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.......................................................................... 2007‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪.....................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺨﺹ ﺍﻨﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪...................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ‪................................................‬‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺎﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪.........................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.......................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪xvi‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬

Symbols and abbreviations Billion cubic metre Chlorofluorocarbons Cubic metre Not Produced or Not Available ESCWA: The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia comprises Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistical Database

Bcm CFC m3 … ESCWA

FAOSTAT

GCC: The Gulf Cooperation Council comprises Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates

GCC

Greenhouse gas Gross domestic product Hectare Hydrochlorofluorocarbons International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities

GHG GDP HA HCFC ISIC

Kilogram Kilometre Kilowatt hour Liquefied petroleum gas Metre Metric ton Millennium Development Goals Millimetre Million cubic metre Negligible/Zero Number Ozone depleting potential Ozone depleting substance Per cent Purchasing power parity Square kilometre Square metre Thousand Tons of oil equivalent United States dollar World Health Organization Year

kg ‫ﻜﻐﻡ‬ km ‫ﻜﻡ‬ kWh.‫ﺱ‬.‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻙ‬ LPG m Mt MDGs Mm Mcm No. ODP ODS % PPP Km2 m2 000’ TOE US$ WHO Yr xvii

‫ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬:‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬:‫ ﻭﺘﻀﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬.‫ﺁﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ‬‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻴﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬،‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﻓﻠﻭﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻠﺠﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻭﺍﻁ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ل‬‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻨﻔﻁﻲ ﻤﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴ‬‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬/‫ﻀﺌﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻭﺯﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﻁﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻨﻔﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬

CHAPTER I. OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, POPULATION AND ECONOMY

‫ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل‬ Statistical Highlights 1.

The ESCWA region represents 5.5 per cent of the world total area and 3.6 per cent of the world’s population

2.

The annual average population growth rate in the ESCWA region was 2.36 per cent in 2007

3.

The population in the ESCWA region was estimated at 244.5 millions in 2007, and is projected to rise to 342.9 millions in 2025, and 458.4 millions in 2050

4.

The average population density in the ESCWA region was 33.3 inhabitants per km2 in 2007

5.

The urban population represented 70 per cent of the total population in the ESCWA region in 2005

6.

The ESCWA region had 51 per cent of world proven oil reserves and 27 per cent of world proven natural gas resources in 2007

7.

The ESCWA region contains only 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources and 70 per cent of the land is arid

8.

The gross domestic product (GDP) at constant prices (2000=100) amounted to US$ 765,299 billion in 2007

9.

Growth rate of real GDP was 5.11 in the ESCWA region in 2007, compared to 6.11 in 2006

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬3.6 ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﻀ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬5.5 ‫ﺘﺸﻜﹼل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

-1

2007 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬2.36 ‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

-2

‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬342.9 ‫ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬،2007 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬244.5 ‫ﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒـ‬‫ﹸﻗﺩ‬ 2050 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬458.4‫ ﻭ‬2025

-3

2007 ‫ ﻓﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬33.3 ‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

-4

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬70 ‫ ﺸﻜﹼل ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ‬،2005 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

-5

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬27‫ ﻭ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩ‬51 ‫ﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬‫ ﻀﻤ‬،2007 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩ‬

-6

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺤﻠﺔ‬70 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬0.56 ‫ﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻀ‬

-7

2007 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬765 299 (100=2000) ‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬

-8

6.11 ‫ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـ‬2007 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬5.11 ‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ 2006 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

-9

‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Overview of Geography and Climate in the ESCWA Region The ESCWA region comprises 14 ESCWA members, namely: Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

‫ ﺒﻠﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻀﻭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬14 ‫ﺘﻀﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋ‬ .‫ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

The region covers 7.3 million km2, which represents 5.5 per cent of the world total area. The surface areas of individual ESCWA member countries range from 694 km2 for Bahrain to 2.5 million km2 for the Sudan. All ESCWA member countries have access to the sea, with the longest coastlines in Saudi Arabia and Egypt at 7,572 km and 5,898 km respectively while Jordan has a modest coastline of 27 km (table I.1). The highest altitudes are found in Yemen, Lebanon and the Sudan at 3,666 m, 3,090 m and 3,075 m respectively (table I.1).

‫ ﻓﻲ‬5.5 ‫ ﺃﻱ‬،2‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻜﻡ‬7.3 ‫ﻭﺘﻐﻁﹼﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ 2.5‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ‬2‫ ﻜﻡ‬694 ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬.‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬2‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬‫ ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﺃﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ ﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬5 898‫ ﻭ‬7 572 ‫ﺔ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴ‬ 27 ‫ﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨ ﹼ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻡ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺜ‬ ‫ ﻭﻴﻀ‬.(I.1 ‫ﻜﻡ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ ﻡ‬3 090‫ ﻭ‬3 666 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎل‬ .(I.1 ‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬3 075‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬،‫ﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬‫ﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻏﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ‬51 ‫ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ‬2007 ‫ﺤﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬27‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩﺓ ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺢ ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃ‬.(1)‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﹼﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻐﻁﹼﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‬ .‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬1.6 ‫ﺔ ﺴﻭﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴ‬

The region is rich in oil and gas resources, representing in 2007 some 51 per cent of the world proven oil reserves and 27 per cent of the world proven natural gas resources.1 However, the region suffers from water scarcity and aridity. The inland water surface covers only 1.6 per cent of the total ESCWA surface area. The region contains merely 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources, while it accounts for 3.6 per cent of the world’s population. Mean yearly precipitation is less than 100 mm per year in six ESCWA member countries, and between 100 and 300 mm per year in four other countries. Only Lebanon profits of an average precipitation of 646 mm per year, most of which, however, is unavailable due to seepage into the sea or flow into other countries. The water is unevenly distributed and shortages in water supplies in summer are also observed in most regions (table I.2).

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ‬0.56 ‫ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬3.6 ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻀ‬،‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬‫ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩ‬.‫ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺘﹼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬100 ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬300‫ ﻭ‬100 ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ل ﻫﻁﻭل‬‫ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﺩ‬.‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ ﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ‬،‫ ﻤﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬646 ‫ﻗﺩﺭﻩ‬ .‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬  ‫ﺎ ﺘﻬﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺼ‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺇﻤ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ‬ .(I.2 ‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬

Agricultural land represented 5.1 per cent of total land in ESCWA region for the year 2007 while it was estimated at 23.2 per cent for the year 2005 (ESCWA calculation based on country data and FAOSTAT database where agricultural land is considered to be cultivated land according to FAOSTAT definition).2

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ‬5.1 ‫ﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻭﺸﻜﹼﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴ‬ 2007 ‫ﺔ ﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ 2005 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬23.2 ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫)ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﺫﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ )ﻓﺎﻭﺴﺘﺎﺕ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺩ‬ .(2)(‫ﺒﺎﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻭﺜﺔ‬

1

ESCWA, Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region, Issue 28 (2009).

2

http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html, accessed on August 2009.

2

Table I.1 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Main Geographical Features

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴّﺔ‬ Total Surface Area (km2)a/

Inland Water Surface (km2)b/

Length of coasts (Km)b/

Continental Shelf Area (km2)b/

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ a/ (‫)ﻜﻡ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬

‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ b/ (‫)ﻜﻡ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬

‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻁﺊ‬ b/ (‫)ﻜﻡ‬

‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ‬ b/ (‫)ﻜﻡ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬

Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan

694 1,001,450 438,317 89,324 17,818 10,452 309,500 6,020 11,493 2,149,690 2,505,813

… 2,462 924 280 … 16 … … … … 114,000

255 5,898 105 27 756 294 2,810 42 909 7,572 717

7,968 50,066 1,034 82 6,526 1,169 … 46,670 31,156 95,580 15,861

134 2,637 … 1,854 … 3,090 3,075 1,022 35 2,000 3,000

Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen ESCWA Total

185,180 83,600 527,970 7,337,321

1,464 … … 119,146

183 2,871 3,149 25,546

852 51,394 65,341 373,699

2,814 … 3,666

Maximum Altitude (m)c/

‫ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ (‫ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ )ﻤﺘﺭ‬

c/

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Sources: a/ National data from statistical abstracts, Correspondence with ESCWA: for Oman (excluding international waters, including islands); for Qatar (excluding reclaimed land); and Yemen (excluding international waters and islands). b/ Global Environment Outlook Data Portal, UNEP, 2006. For Iraq, FAO, Aquastat Database, 2005. c/ National data from statistical abstracts, and FAOSTAT website.

3

Table I.2 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Main Climatic Features (year 2007)

(2007 ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴّﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ Average Min. Annual Temperature (degrees Celsius)a/

Average Max. Annual Temperature (degrees Celsius)b/

Mean Yearly Precipitation (mm/yr)a/

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ‬ a/ (‫)ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ‬ b/ (‫)ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻤﻁﺎﺭ‬ a/ (‫)ﻤﻠﻡ‬





83

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Egypt

8.75

40.68

51

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

15.05

30.30

144

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

12.40

23.80

111

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

19.60

34.20

77

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

12.68

28.24

646

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

10.00

42.60

135

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

14.00

23.13

424

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

23.70

33.90

74

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

17.62

33.48

52

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

21.16

35.61

416

-3.43

43.30

313

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬





78

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

13.87

35.56

167

Bahrain

Saudi Arabia Sudan

b/

Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemenb/

Sources: a/ Several Country Statistical Abstracts and FAO Aquastat Database 2008. b/ Average Minimum and Maximum Temperatures are for the year of 2006.

4

b/

b/

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴّﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬

Population and Urbanization Overview

‫ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ل ﻨﻤﻭ‬‫ل ﻤﻌﺩ‬‫ ﻭﺴﺠ‬،2003 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬222.5 ‫ﺒﻠﻎ‬ 1.22 ‫ل ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﻌﺩ‬2.3 ‫ﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬244.5 ‫ ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ‬.(I.1 ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬I.3 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2007 ‫ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ‬40.6 ‫ ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬80.5 ‫ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ 30‫ ﻭ‬20 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ،‫ﻊ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬‫ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﺠﻤ‬.‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ‬ .2007 ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬،2008 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ل‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺠ‬،2025 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬342.92 ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ 458.38‫ ﻭ‬،2007 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‬40 ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬ .2050 ‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﺒﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﺎﻡ‬

In 2003, the population in the ESCWA region was estimated at 222.5 millions and has grown at an average annual rate of 2.3 per cent, compared to a global average of 1.22 per cent, to reach 244.5 millions in 2007 (table I.3; figure I.1). Egypt is the most populated ESCWA country with 80.5 millions followed by the Sudan with 40.6 millions; the populations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen range between 20 and 30 millions. The lowest population agglomeration was found in Bahrain with less than 1 million inhabitants in 2007. According to the medium variant estimate of the World Population Prospects 2008, the population in the ESCWA region is projected to reach 342.92 millions by 2025, with an increase of 40 per cent compared to 2007, and 458.38 millions by 2050. The average population density in the region was estimated at 38 inhabitants per km2 in 2007. Bahrain has the highest population density, with 1,060 inhabitants per km2, while Oman has the lowest, with 8.4 inhabitants per km2 (table I.3). A special case is the Gaza governorate which has the highest population density in the world with 3,881 inhabitants per km2.3 The characteristics of each of the ESCWA countries are very important parameters as to reflecting the actual population density and the uneven population distribution within and between counties. Challenges Stemming from Population Growth The total urban population in ESCWA increased from 69 per cent in 2000 to 70 per cent in 2005, adding some 15.5 million people into already overpopulated urban areas. The urban population forms approximately 85 per cent of the total population in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) subregion and some 66 per cent in the Mashreq subregion of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and the Syrian Arab Republic. Moreover, 71 per cent of the population in Yemen and 57 per cent in Egypt are rural. Urban growth rates increased rapidly in the Arabian peninsula, where the urban population was only 38 per cent in 1970, compared to 52 per cent in the Mashreq subregion

3

‫ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ‬38 ‫ﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒـ‬‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬‫ ﻭﺴﺠ‬.2007 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬،2‫ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ‬1 060 ‫ﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴ‬ 2 ‫ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ‬8.4 ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺇﺫ‬‫ﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼ‬‫ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻏﺯ‬.(I.3 ‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ‬3 881 ‫ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ‬،‫ﻴﻀﻡ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬ ّ ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻜ‬.(3)2‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺩﹰﺍ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﻤﻬﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴ‬ .‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬70 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬2000 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬69 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬15.5 ‫ﻠﺕ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺴﺠ‬،2005 ‫ ﻭﻴﺸﻜﹼل‬.‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻀﺨﹼﻡ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬85 ‫ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬66 ‫ ﻭﻗﺭﺍﺒﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ‬57‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻭ‬71 ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻨﻤﻭ‬.‫ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺴ ﹼﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬38 ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ‬

Palestine in figure 2007.

5

excluding Egypt.4

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻕ‬52 ‫ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬1970 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ .(4)‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺼﺭ‬ The population living within 100 km of the ‫ ﻜﻡ ﻤﻥ‬100 ‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ coast increased annually by 2.5 per cent from 1995 ‫ﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺴﻨﻭ‬2.5 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ to 2005 to reach 79 millions. .‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ‬79 ‫ ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬2005‫ ﻭ‬1995 ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ‬‫ﻯ ﺘﺭﻜﹼﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴ‬‫ﻭﺃﺩ‬ ‫ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﻊ‬،‫ﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬‫ﻤﻌﺩ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﻗﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻤﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ ﻭﺴﻭﺀ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴ‬‫ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴ‬ ‫ ﺒﺎﺘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴ‬‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴ‬

The concentration of population in urban areas has resulted in increased poverty in those areas, inadequate solid waste collection and disposal, toxic and hazardous waste problems, poor or non-existent sanitation facilities and degradation of urban environment and coastal areas. In the absence of adequate infrastructure facilities, job opportunities and educational and health facilities, those problems present serious challenges to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Box I.1. Population Growth and Distribution in Lebanona/, b/

a/, b/

‫ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬-I.1 ‫ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬‫ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﺩ‬ ‫ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬،2005 ‫ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬13.1 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬10.4 ‫ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‬ ‫ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬.1970 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬22.3‫ ﻭ‬1996 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬40 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺠﺒل ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬ ‫ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬،1970 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬39.2 ‫ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬2005 ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬20.5 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ 12.5 ‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻉ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ ﺜ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬17.2 ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ (‫ﺔ ﻀﻤﻨ ﹰﺎ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ )ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬9.6 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ .‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬11.8 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬16.6 ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

Several studies showed the distribution of the Lebanese population on its territory. Only 10.4 per cent of the population was resident in Beirut in 2005, compared to 13.1 per cent in 1996 and 22.3 per cent in 1970. The highest populated district was Mount Lebanon with 40 per cent in 2005 compared to 39.2 per cent in 1970, followed by the North with 20.5 per cent compared to 17.2 per cent, Bekaa with 12.5 per cent compared to 9.6 per cent, and the South (including Nabatiyeh) with 16.6 per cent compared to 11.8 per cent. Moreover, the average number of children born in Lebanese families decreased from 4.5 in 1970 to 2.9 in 1996 and even more to 2.8 in 2000; while the average number of Lebanese families decreased from 5.3 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1996. According to the trend in population growth and family expansion, Lebanon might reach a zero net growth population.

‫ﺔ ﻤﻥ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻭﻻﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬2.8‫ ﻭ‬1996 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬2.9 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬1970 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬4.5 ‫ﺔ ﻤﻥ‬‫؛ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴ‬2000 ‫ ﻭﻭﻓﻘ ﹰﺎ ﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬.1996 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬4.3 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬1970 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬5.3 ‫ل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩ‬،‫ﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬‫ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺴ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬

________________ a/ “The Socio-Economic Situation in Lebanon”, UNDP, Lebanon, 2004. b/ “Mapping of Human Poverty and Living Conditions in Lebanon 2004”, UNDP, Lebanon, 2008.

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ‬

Migration

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬233.34 ‫ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل‬.‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬19.45 ‫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﻴﻥ‬،2005 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬35 ‫ل ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﻌﺩ‬.‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

Migration in ESCWA countries is a very common process. Of the 233.34 million inhabitants in ESCWA region in 2005, about 19.45 millions migrated to different countries. The migration rate increased 35 per cent between 1995 and 2005, while

4

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “GEO Data Portal, 2004”, http://geodata.grid.unep.ch., accessed July

2009.

6

‫ﺩﺓ‬‫ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﻠﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒ‬‫ ﻭﺴﺠ‬،2005‫ ﻭ‬1995 ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬ ‫ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬87 ‫ل ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩ‬ ،‫ل ﻫﺠﺭﺓ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴ‬‫ﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬‫ ﺴﺠ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ‬4.6 ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2005 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬6.4 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬1995 ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ .(I.4

the highest rate of increase was recorded in the United Arab Emirates with 87 per cent. In absolute terms, the highest migration was registered in Saudi Arabia with 4.6 millions in 1995 and 6.4 millions in 2005 as shown in table I.4.

*

Box I.2. ‘Climigration’ in Syria* In 2007/2008, the Syrian Arab Republic witnessed an intense drought that affected its rural areas. Concerns were raised due to harvest losses (more than half of the wheat harvest compared to the previous year and one third as for chickpeas and barley). As for human migration, it was reported that 160 villages in the Northeast of the Syrian Arab Republic were deserted and villagers headed towards urban cities due to severe drought. The impact of climate change might lead to overpopulation in urban cities thus to the exhaustion of already limited natural resources as it would affect the economy due to an increased number of job seekers in urban areas.

‫ "ﻫﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴّﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬-I.2 ‫ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ‬

‫ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬،2008-2007 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺎﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻔﺎﻓ ﹰﺎ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل )ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺹ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺜﻠﺙ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻤ‬ ‫ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬160 ‫ﻠﺕ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻨﺯﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺴﺠ‬  ‫ ﻭﻗﺩ‬.(‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ‬ ‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺯﺡ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‬،‫ﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺘﻐﻴ‬.‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻜﺘﻅﺎﻅ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﺼ ﹰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺃﺜﺭ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴ‬

________________ * “Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions” Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East, O. Brown and A. Crawford, International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2009.

Figure I.1 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ Mid-year Population Estimates for ESCWA Countries

‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

250,000 245,000

‫ﺑﺎﻵﻻف‬ ' 000s

240,000 235,000 230,000 225,000 220,000 215,000 210,000 2003

2004

2005

Source: United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.

7

2006

2007

Table I.3 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Population and Urbanization

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴّﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬

Bahrain

Egypt

Iraq

Jordan

Kuwait

Lebanon

Oman

Palestine

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

Yemen

ESCWA Total

Year

Total Population in (000)a/

Population growth rate (percentage) (2005-2010)a/

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ a/ (‫)ﺒﺎﻵﻻﻑ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ (‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬ a/ (2010-2005)

2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010

730 762 810 77,563 80,510 84,987 28,383 29,625 31,598 5,601 5,976 6,506 2,705 2,856 3,057 4,121 4,205 4,303 2,626 2,735 2,916 3,781 4,037 4,431 887 1,140 1,511 23,701 24,778 26,358 38,856 40,604 43,386 19,201 20,594 22,610 4,096 4,372 4,716 21,084 22,333 24,323 233,335 244,527 261,512

2.19 2.11 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.75 2.33 2.07 2.41 3.12 3.28 2.18 2.99 2.45 2.16 1.20 0.82 0.75 1.91 2.11 2.04 3.37 3.20 3.01 11.37 12.35 5.44 2.31 2.12 2.01 2.12 2.23 2.12 3.34 3.51 2.45 3.67 2.89 2.26 2.88 2.88 2.81 2.39 2.36 2.19%

Urban Population (percentage)b/

‫ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ‬ (‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

b/

Rural Population (percentage)b/

‫ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ‬ (‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

b/

88.4

11.6

88.6 42.6

11.4 57.4

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

42.8 66.9 66.5 66.4 78.3 82.6 78.5 98.3

57.2 33.1 33.5 33.6 21.7 17.4 21.5 1.7

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

98.4 86.6

1.6 13.4

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

87.2 71.6

12.8 28.5

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

71.7 71.5

28.3 28.4

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

72.1 95.4

27.9 4.6

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

95.8 81

4.2 19

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

82.1 40.8

17.9 59.2

45.2 53.2

54.8 46.8

54.9 77.7

45.1 22.3

78 28.9

22 71.1

31.8 70 … 71

68.2 30 … 29

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Sources: a/ United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. b/ United Nations: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision. Note: Data for the years of 2005 and 2007 are based on estimates, while data for the year 2010 have a medium variant.

8

Table I.3 ‫( اﻟﺠﺪول‬continued)

Bahrain

Egypt

Iraq

Jordan

Kuwait

Lebanon

Oman

Palestine

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Sudan

Syrian Arab Republic

United Arab Emirates

Yemen

ESCWA Total

Year

Population Density (per Sq. km)a/

Population Within 100 Kilometres of Coast 2005 (000)b/

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ a/ (‫)ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬

‫ ﻜﻡ‬100 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ 2005 ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤل‬ b/ (‫)ﺒﺎﻵﻻﻑ‬

2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010 2005 2007 2010

1,048.0 1,060.1 1,163.0 73.2 75.8 84.0 64.0 66.3 72.0 62.0 64.5 72.0 152.0 160.0 171.0 392.0 400.7 409.0 8.1 8.4 9.0 625.0 667.4 732.0 72.4 76.4 137.0 11.0 11.5 12.0 15.0 16.2 17.0 103.7 108.4 122.0 49.0 52.4 56.0 40.0 42.4 46.0 31.8 33.3 35.6

696

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ 34,868

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ 1,411

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ 1,670

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ 2,178

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬ 3,719

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ 3,875

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬ 2,651

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ 609

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ 5,352

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ 930

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ 6,448

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ 2,392

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ 13,277

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ 79,146

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Sources: a/ United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. b/ UNEP (2009). The GEO Data Portal. UNEP. http://geodata.grid.unep.ch.

9

Table I.4 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Migration in ESCWA Countries (Thousands)

(‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ )ﺒﺎﻵﻻﻑ‬ 1995

2005

Bahrain

218.9

295.5

Egypt

172.3

166

Iraq

133.7

28.4

Jordan

1,618.2

2,224.9

Kuwait

996.1

1,669

Lebanon

593.8

656.7

Oman

573.5

627.6

Palestine

1201.0

1,680.1

Qatar

405.9

636.8

Saudi Arabia

4,610.7

6,360.7

Sudan

1,111.1

638.6

800.9

984.6

United Arab Emirates

1,716

3,211.7

Yemen

228.3

264.8

14,380.4

19,445.4

Syrian Arab Republic

ESCWA Total

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Source: United Nations: International Migration Report 2006: A Global Assessment.

Economic Growth Overview

‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

ESCWA’s average growth rate of real GDP decreased from 6.11 per cent in 2006 to 5.11 per cent in 2007 (table I.5) with the highest rate of increase observed in Qatar in 2006 and in the Sudan in 2007 and the lowest rate in Palestine (figure I.2). GDP increased from US$ 623,757 billion in 2004 to US$ 765,299 billion in 2007 (table I.5). Such an improvement was mainly witnessed in the GCC subregion, whose average rate of growth increased markedly between 2006 and 2007.

‫ل ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩ‬ ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬2006 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬6.11 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ‬.(I.5 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2007 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬5.11 ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ‬2006 ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬.(I.2 ‫ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬،2007 ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‬623 757 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬765 299 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬2004 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﹼﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‬.(I.5 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2007 ‫ﻁ ﻤﻌﺩل‬‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺘﻭﺴ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ‬ .2007‫ ﻭ‬2006 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬

In addition, real GDP per capita in the ESCWA region recorded a slight annual increase in 2007 from US$ 3,157 to US$ 3,249 (table I.6). However, this indicator shows a deceleration in average per capita income growth in some countries, which can be mainly attributed to their high population growth rate that absorbed a percentage of their positive rates of real GDP.

‫ل ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬‫ ﺴﺠ‬،‫ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺴﻨﻭ‬ ‫ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬3 249 ‫ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬3 157 ‫ ﻤﻥ‬2007 ‫ﻁﻔﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﻤﺘﻭﺴ‬‫ﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻴﻌﺒ‬  ‫ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃ‬.(I.6 ‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬.‫ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭﺕ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬

10

Table I.6 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Gross Domestic Product Per Capita in ESCWA Countries at Constant Prices (base year 2000) in US$

‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫( ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‬2000 ‫)ﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ 2004

2005

2006

2007

Bahrain

14,067

14,866

15,536

16,214

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Egypt

1,547

1,624

1,708

1,797

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

599

647

673

702

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

1,792

1,877

1,962

2,022

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

19,321

20,697

21,159

21,518

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

5,114

5,109

5,083

5,406

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

8,763

9,088

9,484

10,026

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

1,176

1,213

1,076

1,048

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

32,167

32,756

35,638

35,809

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

Saudi Arabia

9,341

9,624

9,697

9,799

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

516

549

588

635

Syrian Arab Republic

1,277

1,318

1,350

1,397

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

United Arab Emirates

22,323

28,179

30,370

30,996

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

489

485

478

481

2,828

3,041

3,157

3,249

Iraq

Sudan

Yemen ESCWA Total

Source: UN-ESCWA Statistical Abstract, 28th Issue. 2009.

12

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

CHAPTER II. FRESHWATER RESOURCES

‫ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ Statistical Highlights 1.

The ESCWA region comprised 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources in 2007

2.

The ESCWA region enclosed 304.3 Billion cubic metres (Bcm) of conventional water resources, mostly found in Iraq, the Sudan, Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic in 2007

3.

Nine per cent of the total conventional water resources in the ESCWA region are groundwater

4.

Almost all renewable water comes from groundwater sources in Bahrain, Kuwait, Palestine and Qatar

5.

Non-conventional water represented 31 times the total quantity of conventional water in Kuwait in 2007

6.

The ESCWA region produced 1.7 Bcm per year of desalinated water in 2007 and had a desalination capacity of 18,588 Bcm per year in 2006

7.

61.9 per cent of the desalinated water in the ESCWA region came from Saudi Arabia and 30.8 per cent from Kuwait in 2007

8.

A total of 8 out of 14 ESCWA members have an acute scarcity situation, with less than 500 cubic metres per capita

9.

Conventional water resources per capita in the ESCWA region were estimated at 1,244 m3 in 2007 compared to 1,022 m3 in 2005

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬0.56 ‫ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬،2007 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

-1

‫ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬،‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬304.3 ‫ﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬‫ ﻀﻤ‬،2007 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

-2

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬9 ‫ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬

-3

‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ‬

-4

2007 ‫ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬31 ‫ﻓﺎﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬

-5

‫ ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ‬،2007 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬1.7 ‫ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ 2006 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬18 588

-6

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬61.9 ‫ ﺃﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬،2007 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬30.8 ‫ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

-7

‫ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬500 ‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬،‫ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺢ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

-8

‫ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬،2007 ‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬1 244 ‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ 2005 ‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬1 022 ‫ﺒـ‬

-8

13

Overview of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region

‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

The ESCWA region faces major water challenges. Most of the member countries suffer from scarcity, uneven availability of freshwater resources, and deteriorating water quality. While accounting for 3.6 per cent of the world’s population in 2005, the ESCWA region comprised only 0.56 per cent of the global renewable water resources. Moreover, almost 58 per cent of these resources are concentrated in Iraq and the Sudan at 37 and 21 per cent respectively. Consequently, the region is considered among the poorest in the world in terms of absolute and per capita water resources.

‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬  ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺸ‬ ‫ﻥ‬  ‫ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺃ‬.‫ﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋ‬،‫ﻭﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭ ﹼﻓﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬3.6 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻀﻡ‬  ‫ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺤ‬،2005 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬0.56 ‫ﺼﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬58 ‫ﻉ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ‬‫ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺯ‬.‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬37 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺤﺼﺘﻪ‬ ‫ ﺘﻌﺩ‬،‫ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬21 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸ‬ .‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴّﺔ‬

Conventional Freshwater Resources Precipitation in the region is very low and variable, ranging from 51 mm/yr in Egypt to 646 mm/yr in Lebanon (table I.2). The precipitation in volume, calculated by multiplying the precipitation by the surface area of the country, varied between 47.3 Mcm per year in Bahrain and 1,196 Bcm per year in the Sudan for the year 2007 (table II.1). However, due to drought, which occurs approximately every decade, resources are more limited. Evapotranspiration is very high in the region, reaching, for example, 56 times the average precipitation in Kuwait, thereby resulting in a substantial deficit in surface water runoff and infiltration.

‫ﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺕ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠ‬‫ﻭﺘﻬﻁل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩ‬ ‫ ﻤﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‬51 ‫ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ‬،‫ﻭﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺤﺠﻡ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬.(I.2 ‫ ﻤﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬646‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬47.3 ‫ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬،‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬1 196‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬.(II.1 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2007 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬.‫ل ﻋﻘﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‬ ّ ‫ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻜ‬ ‫ﺓ‬‫ ﻤﺭ‬56 ‫ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺠﺯ‬‫ﺎ ﻴﺅﺩ‬‫ ﻤﻤ‬،‫ﻼ‬ ‫ل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬‫ﻁ ﻤﻌﺩ‬‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴ‬ .‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﺭ‬‫ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ‬

Surface water is relatively abundant in Egypt (56.8 Bcm), Iraq (34 Bcm), the Sudan (28 Bcm) and the Syrian Arab Republic (22.7 Bcm) (table II.2). Surface water resources per capita in these four countries amounted to 1,147.6 m3/c/yr in Iraq, 1,102.3 m3/c/yr in the Syrian Arab Republic, 705.5 m3/c/yr in Egypt and 689.6 m3/c/yr in the Sudan. The variation between the total surface water resources and the per capita values is due to the country population.

‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ‬56.8) ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‬‫ﻭﺘﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ‬ 28) ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬34) ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ‬22.7) ‫ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ‬.(II.2 ‫ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬‫ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬1 147.6 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬1 102.3‫ ﻭ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬689.6‫ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭ‬705.5‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ‬‫ ﻓﻴ‬،‫ﺔ ﻭﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ﻤﺠﻤل ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ‬ .‫ل ﺒﻠﺩ‬ ّ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜ‬

Groundwater resources in the ESCWA region were estimated at 27.6 Bcm in 2007 (table II.3) representing 9 per cent of total conventional water (table II.4). Some are non-renewable aquifers containing fossil water, such as the basalt aquifer underlying Jordan and Saudi Arabia; and that

‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻤﺎ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‬‫ﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ‬‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2007 ‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬27.6 ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ‬9 ‫( ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل‬II.3 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‬ ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻀ‬.(II.4 ‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺤﻔﻭﺭﻴ‬‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬

14

underlying the Arabian Peninsula shared by Iraq, ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔﹼ‬ Jordan and the Syrian Arab Republic.5 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

.(5)‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

At the country level, the range of variability is very wide. The ratio of groundwater to total renewable resources was almost 100 per cent in Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar as shown in figure II.1. It exceeded 50 per cent in Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, while the rest of the ESCWA countries had ratios below 50 per cent.

‫ﻭﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬100 ‫ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬ ،(II.1 ‫ﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬50 ‫ﻭﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ .‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬50 ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Total conventional water resources from surface and groundwater are estimated at 304 Bcm (table II.4). Only four countries, namely the Syrian Arab Republic, Egypt, the Sudan and Iraq have more than 30 Bcm, most of which comes from external flows with very little change between 2005 and 2007 (figure II.2).

‫ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬304 ‫ﺔ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﹼﻊ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ‬.(II.4 ‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﹼﻘﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴ‬،‫ﺏ‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬30 ‫ﻤﻥ‬ 2007‫ ﻭ‬2005 ‫ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬ .(II.2 ‫)ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

The dependency on renewable freshwater, ‫ﺩﺓ‬‫ل ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩ‬‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭ‬ surface and groundwater resources is shifting ‫ﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ‬ towards having water from non-conventional .‫ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬،‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ sources, with the main focus on desalination.

‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬

Non-Conventional Freshwater Resources Non-conventional water resources are mainly derived from seawater desalination, which is practiced on a large scale in the Gulf subregion, mainly in Saudi Arabia, where production reached 1,093 Mcm/yr (table II.5), forming 62 per cent of ESCWA production. The desalination capacity in ESCWA countries is increasing with new projects emerging every year. The highest desalination installed capacities were found in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait with 7.5 Mcm, 5.7 Mcm and 2 Mcm per day respectively (table II.5). On the other hand, due to the lack of water data from countries, a comparison between earlier years and 2007 could not be established. Although desalination capacities are increasing, desalination by-products such as the disposal of highly saline hot water that contains chemical residues have adverse impacts on the environment. Treated wastewater reuse is mainly practiced in Egypt, providing approximately 3 Bcm and 0.5 5

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ ﻭﻻ ﺴ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬ ،(II.5 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬1 093 ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬62 ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻔﻀل ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬.‫ﻴﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬2‫ ﻭ‬5.7‫ ﻭ‬7.5 ‫ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬.(II.5 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ ﺘﻠﺤﻕ‬،‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬.2007 ‫ﻭﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﹼﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬‫ ﻻ ﺴﻴ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬3 ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﻫﺯ‬

United Nations Development Programme. Arab Human Development Report 2009. p. 36.

15

Bcm in the Syrian Arab Republic, and at a much ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬0.5 ‫ل‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩ‬ lesser scale in other ESCWA member countries ‫ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬ (table II.6). .(II.6 ‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Non-conventional water resources in the ESCWA region amounted to approximately 13.9 Bcm in 2007 (table II.7). Supply from nonconventional water resources represented 31 times the supply from total conventional freshwater in Kuwait.

‫ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ﻭﻗﺎﺭﺒﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬13.9 ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ‬.(II.7 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2007 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬‫ ﻤﺭ‬31 ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬

Box II.1. Desalination in Saudi Arabia*

*

On 29 April 2009, the biggest desalination plant in the world started operating in Jubail Industrial City, Eastern Provinces, Saudi Arabia. The Independent Water and Power Plant (IWPP) is formed of 27 units that produce 29,630 m3/d of water. The overall water production will be 800,000 m3/d based on the multiple effect desalination (MED) technology and will be producing 2,745 MW of electricity based on the Combined Cycle Gas turbines. The main fuel used will be natural gas. The completion of the project is set to be in 2010 and will cost US$ 3.5 billion. ___________________

‫ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬-II.1 ‫ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ‬

‫ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ‬،2009 ‫ ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬29 ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻴﻀﻡ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘل‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺴﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬.‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬29 630 ‫ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬27 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴ‬‫ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬800 ‫ﻤﺠﻤل ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ ﻤﻴﻐﺎﻭﺍﻁ ﻤﻥ‬2 745 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻕ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺸﻜﹼل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ‬2010 ‫ ﻭﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ .‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬3,5 ‫ﻜﻠﻔﺘﻪ‬

* Independent Water and Power Pant (IWPP), Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu. Accessed on May 28, 2009 from http://www.marafiq.com.sa/e_projects.htm.

The total conventional and non-conventional water resources in the ESCWA countries increased by 28.4 per cent from 2005 till 2007 to reach 318 Bcm (table II.8). However, the ratio of nonconventional to conventional water was 4.6 per cent in 2007, indicating that the use of non-conventional water is not yet widely integrated within ESCWA countries water behaviors (figure II.3).

‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ 2005 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬28.4 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ ﻏﻴﺭ‬.(II.8 ‫ﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬318 ‫ ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬2007‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ‬4.6 ‫ﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‬‫ﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ‬  ‫ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃ‬،2007 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﻤﺞ ﻜﻠ‬ .(II.3 ‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬

Indicators of Freshwater Resources Since the Sudan joined ESCWA, the average per capita renewable water resources in the ESCWA region increased from 913 m3 per year in 2003 to 1,244 in 2007, compared to the world average of 8,135 m3 per year. Nine ESCWA member countries had per capita renewable water resources below 500 m3 per year, which indicates acute water scarcity. Four countries namely Lebanon, the Sudan, Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic exceeded 1,000 m3 per capita per year, which represents the chronic water scarcity limit.

‫ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬،‫ﻭﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ‬1 244 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬2003 ‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬913 ‫ﻤﻥ‬ 8 135 ‫ﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ‬‫ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﺘﻭﺴ‬،2007 ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻤﺘﺭ‬500 ‫ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬.‫ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ ﻤﻤﺎ‬،‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﻭﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬.‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺢ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ّ ‫ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬1 000 ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ّ ‫ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻤﻥ‬

16

Table II.10 shows the percentage of water ‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬  ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺸ‬II.10 ‫ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ scarcity in ESCWA countries, as well as the ‫ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ‬ number of population affected by it. 120 millions or ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ‬120 ‫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺢ‬2007 49.32 per cent of the ESCWA population were .‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬49.32 ‫ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ‬ affected in 2007. Non-conventional water resources per capita ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ raised in the ESCWA region by 4.4 per cent in 2007 ‫ ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬2007 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬4.4 ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ to 1,301 m3 (figure II.5). .(II.5 ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬1 301 2007 ‫ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬-II.2 ‫ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ‬

Box II.2. Per capita Water Resources 2007 3

Freshwater (m per capita per year) Acute Scarcity: 1700

Iraq, Syrian Arab Republic

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ )ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ (‫ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ 500 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ‬

1 000 - 500 :‫ﺍﻟﺸﺢ‬ 1 700 – 1 000 :‫ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ 1 700 ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬

Trends Constraints on water resources persist, as population growth rates continue to rise. Projections of the per capita water resources for 2025 reveal an alarming situation whereby most ESCWA member countries will have an annual rate of less than 500 m3 (except for Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, the Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic). Consequently, several technological innovations have been adopted, particularly in the GCC subregion, including desalination, bio-saline agriculture, and groundwater assessment and development for arid climates. However, as the gap between water availability and demand widens, planning and integrated sustainable management of water resources and demand, reducing consumption and improving efficiencies, reusing water and applying new technologies are absolute priorities for the ESCWA region.

‫ﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‬‫ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ‬.‫ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﻁﻴﺭ‬2025 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬،‫ﺴﺘﺸﻬﺩﻩ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ )ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬500 ‫ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ‬.(‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬،‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﺒﺎﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ‬.‫ﺨﻁﻁ ﺇﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ‬،‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻨﻬﺠﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ .‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬

Conflicts and instability, however, continue ‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺘﺸﻜﹼل ﻋﻘﺒﺔ‬  ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃ‬ to cause major obstacles in terms of developing ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻭﻕ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺩ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ long-term plans for sustainable management of .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ water resources in the area.

17

Table II.1 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Average Precipitation in Volume (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻁﻠﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ 2004

2005

2006

2007

Bahrain

59.8a/

74.2a/

212.1a/

47.3a/

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Egypt

1,300a/

1,300a/

1,300a/

1,300a/

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

75,050a/

59,980a/

96,636a/

64,801a/

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

6,951a/

9,304a/

6,258b/

7,683a/

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

216.8a/

187.6a/

...

2,160c/

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

...

...

...

6,870c/

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

...

...

...

26,600c/

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

...

...

...

...

Qatar

...

...

...

811c/

Saudi Arabia

...

...

...

127,000c/

Sudan

...

885,950d/

1,070,980d/

1,196,170d/

Syrian Arab Republic

6,397e/

5,405e/

41,991e/

39,059e/

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

United Arab Emirates

...



...

6,530c/

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Yemen

...

...

...

88,300c/

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. b/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. c/ Aquastat 2007. d/ Sudan Statistical Yearbook, 2007. e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008 Syria (preliminary version). Note: These figures are long term averages.

18

Table II.2 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Total Surface Water (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ 2004 Bahrain

2005

2007

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

a/

...

...

4

56,800b/, 1

56,800b/, 2

56,800c/

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

64,960d/

54,690d/

34,000a/

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

1,180e/

...

593f/, 3

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

...

...

...

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

2,200g/

...

4,100a/

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

...

...

1,050a/

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

...

...

...

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

...

...

...

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

5,000h/

...

2,200a/, 4

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

...

...

28,000a/

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

Syrian Arab Republic

9,880i/

...

22,700a/

United Arab Emirates

...

...

150a/

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Yemen

...

...

2,000a/

Egypt

Saudi Arabia Sudan

ESCWA Sources: a/ b/ c/ d/ e/ f/ g/ h/ i/

151,0045

137,820

Aquastat 2007. Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. Available Water Resources and Usage in Egypt, CAPMAS, June 2009. Ministry of Planning, Central Statistics Organization Iraq. UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic.

Notes: 1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Figures refer to the year of 2005/2006. 4. FAO Estimate. 5. Excluding Kuwait, Palestine and Qatar.

19

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Table II.3 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Groundwater Recharge (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬

Bahrain

2004

2005

2006

2007

...

...

...

112a/

b/

Egypt

2,300

Iraq Jordan Kuwait

... ...

...

3,280

533d/

288e/, 1

550a/

...

150 ...

Palestine

Saudi Arabia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen

...

...

...

...

...

Qatar

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

...

c/

Oman

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

a/

1,300

507c/ ...

Lebanon

...

...

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

a/

20

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

a/ a/

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

a/

3,200

...

1,300

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

...

a/

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

750

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

a/

...

...

...

58

3,000f/

...

...

2,200a/

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

...

...

...

7,000a/

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

...

a/

6,170

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

...

a/

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

g/

4,894 ... ...

... ... ...

...

ESCWA

120

a/

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

27,560

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

1,500

Sources: a/ Aquastat 2007. b/ Regional Survey on the Status and Achievements of ESCWA Member Countries towards Improved Water Supply and Sanitation. c/ ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. d/ Water Resources in Jordan, National Water Master Plan, GTZ, 2004. e/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. f/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. g/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. Note: 1. Figures refer to the year of 2005/2006.

20

Table II.4 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Total Freshwater from Conventional Sources (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ Ratio of Underground to total water resources % 2007

Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan

2005

2006

2007

100a/

...

116b/

58,848

c/

75,000

a/

1,000

Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine

a/

a/

20

4,000 1,000

a/

a/

800

2,400

65,000

Syrian Arab Republic

26,000

a/

United Arab Emirates

a/

200

a/

Yemen

4,000

ESCWA

238,468

g/

World

ESCWA share of World total (%)

b/

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

3%

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

59%

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

71%

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

1

55%

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

e/

68%

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

100%

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

1

92%

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

b/

11%

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

f/

12%

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

55%

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

4,000

38%

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

304,281

9%

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

2,400

64,500 f/

2%

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

b/

...

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

100%

1,100 58

97%

b/

b/

2,350

...

...

c/

4,500

...

...

c/

111,906

20

...

57,073

58,714

932

...

a/ a/

Sudan

...

...

100

Saudi Arabia

153,277

c/

... a/

a/

Qatar

59,184

c/

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 2007 ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ‬

53,465 e/

220

e/

55,025,590 0.56

(%) ‫ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬

Sources: a/ Water a Shared Responsibility: The United Nations World Water Development Report 2, 2006. b/ Aquastat 2007. c/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. d/ ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. e/ Global Water Market 2008. f/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008 Syrian Arab Republic. g/ Global Environment Outlook Data Portal. UNEP. Note: 1. ESCWA calculation.

21

Table II.5 ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬ Desalination Production and Capacity

‫ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺓ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ‬

Bahrain

Kuwait Lebanon

‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ‬ (‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﹰﺎ‬

2006

2007

2006i

23a/

19.66a/

33a/

35a/

518,596

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

a/

a/

60

...

Jordan

‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ (‫)ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ 2005

60

Iraq

Capacity (m3/d)

2004

a/

Egypt

Production (Mcm)

5

a/

60

...

c

...

b/

9.8 a/

476 ...

506.9 47.3

40 a/

b/

521

...

109

Palestine

...

...

...

e/, 1

Qatar

132

Saudi Arabia Sudan

1,056

f/

...

Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen ESCWA

0

f/

1,025 ...

g/

... h/

1,008 ...

128

e/, 1

950 ...

b/

a/

447,201

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬



239,532

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

544

2,081,135

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬



29,610

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬



377,488

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

...

10,976

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

a/

...

...

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

7

d/

Oman

431,872

b/

60

b/

e/, 1

136

1,033

f/

… 1,093 b/

...

0.4

...

0

b/

...



...

25

f/

b/

1,765.4

1,197,148

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

7,410,462

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

38,635

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

15,576

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

5,730,009

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

60,370 18,588,610

Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. b/ Aquastat 2007. c/ ESCWA Water Development Report 2: State of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007. d/ An Environmental Profile for Jordan 2006. Ministry of Environment. e/ Qatar Annual Abstract 2007. f/ Saudi Arabia Annual Report, Ministry of Water and Electricity, 2007. g/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. h/ Ministry of Electricity and Water website. United Arab Emirates. i/ Global Water Market 2008. Note: 1. Conversion factor used is 0.003785 to convert from US gallons to cubic metres.

22

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Table II.6 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Water Reuse (Mcm/yr) (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ Treated Wastewater Reuse

‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ 2004 Bahrain

2005 a/

2006

2007

...

...

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

...

16

1,100b/, 1

1,200b/, 2

1,300b/, 3

2,970a/

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

...

...

...

0a/

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

74c/

79d/

86e/

98e/

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

...

...

...

78a/

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

...

...

...

2a/

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

...

...

37f/

...

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

...

...

...

...

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

...

...

...

43a/

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

360g/

...

...

166a/

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

...

...

...

0a/

Syrian Arab Republic

1,280h/

...

...

550a/

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

United Arab Emirates

234i/

...

...

248a/

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

...

...

...

6a/

Egypt Iraq

Saudi Arabia Sudan

Yemen ESCWA

3,048

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

4,161

Sources: a/ Aquastat 2007. b/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. c/ Development Report 2: State of Water Resources 2007. d/ Jordan Water Authority, Annual Report 2006. e/ Jordan Water Authority, Annual Report 2007. f/ Aquastat 2006. g/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. h/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. i/ Ministry of Electricity and Water. United Arab Emirates. Notes: 1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007.

23

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Table II.7 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Total Non-Conventional Water (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ 2004 Bahrain Egypt

1

23

6,260

Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon

36 4

… 2

89

1



1



47

1,456 …

United Arab Emirates Yemen ESCWA

3,526

1,025

4

1,242 …

521

622

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬



3

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

146



‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬





‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

2

1,033 … …

1

950 …

13,194

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

2

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

3

137



43 1

1,259

2

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

2

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

2

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

3

0.4

550



248

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬



2

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

31

13,925.4

Source: ESCWA calculation. Notes: 1. Desalinated water only. 2. Treated Wastewater Reuse and desalinated water. 3. Treated Wastewater Reuse only. 4. Desalinated water, treated wastewater reuse and agricultural drainage reuse.

24

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

2

98

1

… 4

2

3

2

1

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

11,030 7

1

128 4

4

127

1

2007 351

2



132

Syrian Arab Republic

7,060



1

Sudan

4

1

507

Palestine

33

1



476



Saudi Arabia

6,660

2

79

2006

2



Oman

Qatar

2005

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Table II.8 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Total Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬

2004 Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan

2005

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ (‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

151

11.0%

30.17%

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

69,744

6.5%

18.79%

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

153,278

111,913

49.2%

0.01%

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬



1,030

-5.4%

10.52%

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

521

642

21.8%

3110%

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬



4,502

11.2%

0.04%

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬



1

135.0%

-

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

1

1,100

37.5%

-

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

2

23

136

33

64,744

65,508



75,000

1,079

1,089

1

66,244 1

2

476

527

Lebanon



4,000



1,146

1



1

Palestine

2007

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﱡﻴﺭ‬ (‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

2006

Kuwait

Oman

Change 2005-2007 (percentage)

Ratio of NonConventional to Conventional Water Resources 2007 (percentage)

800

2,350

… 2

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

Qatar

132.16

228

137

101

-55.7%

74.14%

Saudi Arabia

9,456

3,425



3,659

6.8%

52.46%

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates



65,0001



64,500

-0.8%

-

22,748

26,0001

57,0731

54,015

107.8%

1.03%

1,242

1,150



468

-59.3%

112.73%

1



4,031

0.8%

0.78%

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬



318,206

28.4%

4.58%

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Yemen



4,000

ESCWA



247,910

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Source: ESCWA calculation. Notes: 1: This includes Conventional Water Resources only due to unavailability of Non-Conventional Water Resources data. 2: This includes Non-Conventional Water Resources only due to unavailability of Conventional Water Resources data.

25

Table II.9 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Selected Indicators on Water Resources

‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ Per Capita Water Resources from Conventional Resources (cubic metre/yr)

Per Capita Water Resources from Conventional and NonConventional Resources (cubic metre/yr)

Per Capita Total Water Resources Change (percentage)

‫ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﱡﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ‬ (‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

2005

2007

2005

2007

2005-2007

Bahrain

137

152

186

198

6.4%

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Egypt

759

729

845

866

2.6%

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

2,642

3,777

2,6421

3,778

43.0%

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

179

156

194

172

-11.4%

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

7

7

195

225

15.4%

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

971

1,070

982

1,071

9%

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

381

859

3811

8591

125.6%

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

212

272

2121

2721

28.8%

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

113

46

257

84

-65.5%

Saudi Arabia

101

97

145

148

2.2%

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

1,673

1,589

1,6731

1,589

-5.0%

1,354

2,596

1,3541

2,623

93.7%

49

50

281

107

-61.9%

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

1

180

-4.9%

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

1,301

22.5%

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Iraq

Yemen ESCWA

190

179

190

1,022

1,244

1,062

Source: ESCWA calculations, Population based on the United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Note: 1. Values are the same due to unavailability of Non-Conventional Water Resources data.

26

Table II.10 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Percentage and Number of Population Affected by Water Scarcity in 2007

‫ ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ‬2007 ‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ّ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﺸ‬ Scarcity (percentage)a/

Scarcity Populationb/

Bahrain

100%

762,000

Egypt

30%

24,153,000

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

15%

447,800

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

100%

5,976,000

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

100%

2,856,000

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

5%

210,250

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

100%

2,735,000

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

80%

3,229,600

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

100%

1,140,000

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

Saudi Arabia

100%

24,778,000

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

Sudan

35%

14,211,400

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

Syrian Arab Republic

65%

13,386,100

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

United Arab Emirates

100%

4,372,000

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Yemen

100%

22,333,000

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

49.32%

120,590,150

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

ESCWA Total

Sources: a/ Global Water Market 2008, Global Water Intelligence. b/ United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.

27

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Figure II.1 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ Available Surface and Ground Water as Percentage of Total Renewable Water Resources

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬

Figure II.2 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ Total Renewable Freshwater from Conventional Sources 2005-2007

2007-2005 ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬

28

Figure II.3 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ Total Conventional to non-Conventional Water Resources ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬

Figure II.4 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ Share of Water Resources in the ESCWA Region, 2007

2007 ،‫ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

29

Figure II.5 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ Per Capita Water Resources from Available Water Resources

‫ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬

30

‫‪CHAPTER III. FRESHWATER MANAGEMENT‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ -‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪Statistical Highlights‬‬

‫‪In the ESCWA region, the total quantity of water abstracted in 2007 was 227 Bcm‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬

‫‪In the ESCWA region, the average per capita water use was 927 m3 in 2007‬‬

‫‪2.‬‬

‫‪In the ESCWA region, total water use was distributed in 2007 as follows: 87 per cent for agriculture‬‬ ‫‪use, 7 per cent for industrial use and 6 per cent for domestic use‬‬

‫‪3.‬‬

‫‪Average water use intensity was 73 per cent in the ESCWA Region in 2007 and as high as 2,525‬‬ ‫‪per cent in Kuwait, 1,025 in Saudi Arabia and 622 in the United Arab Emirates‬‬

‫‪4.‬‬

‫‪Water deficit was 1,643 cubic metres per capita per year in Saudi Arabia in 2007 and 263 in the‬‬ ‫‪United Arab Emirates‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬

‫‪Groundwater dependency reached 100 per cent in Jordan‬‬

‫‪6.‬‬

‫‪Wastewater reuse amounted to 2,970 Mcm in Egypt‬‬

‫‪7.‬‬

‫‪In the ESCWA region, US$ 3.5 billion will be invested in drinking water services and US$ 654‬‬ ‫‪million in the wastewater sector‬‬

‫‪8.‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬

‫ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪ 227‬ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2007‬‬

‫‪-2‬‬

‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ 927‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2007‬‬

‫‪-3‬‬

‫ﺘﻭﺯﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 87‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 7‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ‬

‫‪-4‬‬

‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ‪ 73‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2007‬ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻤﻥ ‪ 2 525‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭ‪ 1 025‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ‪ 622‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

‫‪-5‬‬

‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﺩل ‪ 1 643‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ‪ 263‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2007‬‬

‫‪-6‬‬

‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ‪ 100‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫‪-7‬‬

‫ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 2 970‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‬

‫‪-8‬‬

‫ﺴﻴﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭ ﻤﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 3.5‬ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ ﻭ‪ 654‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ Overview of Freshwater Abstraction in the ESCWA Region Groundwater abstraction in the ESCWA ‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ‬ region reached about 33 Bcm in 2005 excluding ‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬2005 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬33 Iraq and the Sudan, while data on surface water ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ abstraction is missing for most of the countries .(III.1 ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ (table III.1). The agricultural sector used 174.6 Bcm in 2007, compared to 137 Bcm in 2003,11 and accounted for 87 per cent of total water use. Industrial use accounted for 7 per cent in 2007 while domestic water consumption was limited to 6 per cent (figure III.1; table III.2).

‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ‬174.6 ‫ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬137 ‫ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬2007 ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬87 ‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬،(6)2003 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬7 ‫ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺒﻠﻎ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬6 ‫ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬2007 ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ .(III.2 ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬III.1 ‫)ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬

The total water abstracted in the ESCWA region amounted to 226,664 Bcm in 2007 (table III.3). At the national level, the agricultural sector accounted for more than 75 per cent of total water consumption in Egypt, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen (table III.2). However, and according to a FAO study in 2004,12 the agricultural share in total water use is expected to decline with the increased pressure from the domestic sector owing to rising population, increasing urbanization and the rapidly growing industrial sector.

‫ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ‬.(III.3 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬226 664 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ‬75 ‫ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬.(III.2 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺤﺼﺔ‬،(7)2004 ‫ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬

Average water abstracted per capita in the ESCWA region was estimated at 927 m3 in 2007, compared to 499 m3 in 2005 (figure III.2). However, the high population growth rate in the region exceeded by far the rate of water resources development. As a result, the annual per capita share of water resources is decreasing sharply. ESCWA member countries are using more than their internal renewable water resources either by overexploiting groundwater, desalinating seawater or recycling wastewater. The rate of average water use intensity in ESCWA was 73 per cent in 2007, with the highest intensities registered in Kuwait at 2,525 per cent, Saudi Arabia at 1,025 per cent and the United Arab Emirates at 622 per cent (table III.4).

‫ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻠﻎ‬ ،2007 ‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬927 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﻏﻴﺭ‬.(III.2 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬2005 ‫ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬499 ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ ﺴﺠل ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ‬،‫ ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﻀ ﹰﺎ ﺤﺎﺩﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ﺒل ﻴﺸﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬،2007 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬73 ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬2 525 ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬1 025 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ .(III.4 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬622 ‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

11

UNESCWA. Compendium of Environment Statistics in the ESCWA Region first issue. 2007.

12

FAO. 2004. Economic valuation of water resources in agriculture. From the sectoral to a functional perspective of natural resource management.

32

‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ‬

‫‪Groundwater Dependency and Water Deficit‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2007‬ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ‪ 1 643‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ‪The annual water deficit in 2007 was of the‬‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 263‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌ‪‬ﺒﹰﺎ ‪order of 1,643 m3 per capita in Saudi Arabia, 263‬‬ ‫‪m3 in the United Arab Emirates, 212 m3 in Qatar‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭ‪ 212‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪and 170 m3 in Kuwait (table III.4).‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ 170‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(III.4‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ ‪ 100‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ .2007‬ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ )‪27‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ )‪ 10‬ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 17‬ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺼل ﻤﻌﺩ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 4 584‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺏ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪ 1 281‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‪ 1 273‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‪‬ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻭ‪ 1 200‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ‪ 102‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‪‬ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Groundwater dependency, which indicates‬‬ ‫‪the ratio of groundwater abstracted to total‬‬ ‫‪freshwater abstracted, reached 100 per cent in‬‬ ‫‪Jordan and Palestine in 2007. Comparison between‬‬ ‫‪recharged groundwater (27 Bcm) and abstracted‬‬ ‫‪groundwater (10 Bcm) in 2007 indicates that the‬‬ ‫‪mining of groundwater reserves in the ESCWA‬‬ ‫‪region was about 17 Bcm per year.‬‬ ‫‪At a national level, Egypt’s depletion rate‬‬ ‫‪stands at 4,584 Mcm per year while the recharged‬‬ ‫‪groundwater in other ESCWA countries reached‬‬ ‫‪1,281 Mcm in Saudi Arabia, 1,273 Mcm in Yemen,‬‬ ‫‪1,200 Mcm in Lebanon and 102 Mcm in the United‬‬ ‫‪Arab Emirates.‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫‪Wastewater Treatment‬‬

‫ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ‪Due to the unavailability of data, the total‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤل ﻜﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .2007‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻜﻤﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪wastewater volume produced in 2007 could not be‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ‪ 1 618‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‪‬ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪calculated. Nonetheless, the treated wastewater‬‬ ‫‪volume amounted to 1,618 Mcm in eight of the 14‬‬ ‫ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) 2005‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(III.5‬‬ ‫‪ESCWA countries for the year of 2005 (table III.5).‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2007‬ﻗﺩﺭﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 4.2‬ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ‪ 2 970‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜ ‪‬ﻌّﺏ‪ ،‬ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪ 550‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‪‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 166‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴﺠ‪‬ﻠﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ‪ 248‬ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺩﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻟﺭﻱ ﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻲ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫‪ .(III.5‬ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻑ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(III.6‬‬

‫‪The total volume of wastewater reused in‬‬ ‫‪the region was estimated at 4.2 Bcm in 2007.‬‬ ‫‪Wastewater reuse was the highest in Egypt at 2,970‬‬ ‫‪Mcm, followed by the Syrian Arab Republic at 550‬‬ ‫‪Mcm. While it is most needed in the Gulf‬‬ ‫‪subregion, wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia was as‬‬ ‫‪modest as 166 Mcm while it registered 248 Mcm in‬‬ ‫‪the United Arab Emirates. In Saudi Arabia,‬‬ ‫‪reclaimed wastewater is used for irrigation of non‬‬‫‪cash crops, landscape irrigation and industrial‬‬ ‫‪cooling. In Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman and the United‬‬ ‫‪Arab Emirates, it is used for municipal irrigation of‬‬ ‫‪landscaped areas, while Qatar exploits it to irrigate‬‬ ‫‪animal-food crops (table III.5). However, the‬‬ ‫‪number of wastewater treatment plants in the‬‬ ‫‪ESCWA region remains insufficient (table III.6).‬‬

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Box III.1. Wastewater reuse in Jordan*

*

‫ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬-III.1 ‫ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ‬

In Jordan, the reuse of treated wastewater reached one of the highest levels in the world. About 80 per cent of the treated effluent is discharged in Zerqa river where it is collected and stored downstream in King Talal Dam and used for restricted irrigation in the southern part of the Jordan Valley. The remaining 20 per cent which is not located within the Zerqa river watershed, is reused on-site. The Water Authority of Jordan was awarded 250,000 Euro from KfW Bankengruppe for 2003-2005 to develop water treatment facilities. USAID contributed with $28 millions to design and build a wastewater treatment facility with Water Reuse Implementation (WRIP) and The Reuse for Industry, Agriculture and Landscaping (RIAL) projects that ran between 2002 and 2007.

‫ﻭﻴﺤل ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ 80 ‫ ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ‬.‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘ‬ ‫ﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﻁﻼل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ‬20 ‫ﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴ‬ KfW ‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬.‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻴﻭﺭﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬250 Bankengruppe ‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬.2005‫ ﻭ‬2003 ‫ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬28 ‫ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺭﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫( ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬WRIP) ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫( ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﺠﺭﻯ‬RIAL) ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ‬ .2007‫ ﻭ‬2002 ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬

___________________ * “Jordan’s experience in treated wastewater reuse”, UNEP-Division of Technology, Industry and Economics.

Water Market Estimates of annual current account expenditure on the water sector include an element of cost of capital. The total water market for the ESCWA countries amounted to US$ 8.6 billion in 2007 (table III.7). The market included drinking water services, the rehabilitation of existing facilities, new pipelines and pumping stations, deep wells and desalination plants. The water sector amounted to US$ 3.5 billion and the wastewater sector reached US$ 654 million. While numbers are expected to treble over the coming decade, the pressure of growing population densities, the potential for water reuse and expectations for higher environmental standards require more investment in this sector. During the next eight years, the water sector will quadruple in Jordan, triple in Saudi Arabia and is estimated to double in Egypt, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. On the other hand, the wastewater sector will grow by 8.5 times in Saudi Arabia, and 5.8 times in Egypt while the lowest growth rates are estimated to be in the Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic13 (table III.8).

‫ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻤل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ‬ ‫ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬،2007 ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬8.6 ‫ﺔ ﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬،‫ ﻭﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ‬.(III.7 ‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ‬.‫ﻀﺦ ﻭﺤﻔﺭ ﺁﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬3.5 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬.‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬654 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﹼﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬،‫ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺯﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ‬

The highest water cost in the ESCWA countries was observed in Oman (US$ 1.37 per cubic metre), Qatar (US$ 1.21 per cubic metre) and Palestine (US$ 1.00 per cubic metre). The highest percentage of unaccounted for water is observed

‫ﻠﺕ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻭﺴﺠ‬ ‫ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬1.21 ‫ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﺭ‬،‫ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬1.37 ،‫ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬.‫ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬1.00 ‫ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ ﺘﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬45 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﺒﻠﻎ‬

13

‫ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬،‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻋ‬ ‫ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬،‫ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬.‫ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻤﺭ‬8.5 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل‬ ‫ل ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺴﺠ‬‫ ﻤﺭ‬5.8‫ﻭ‬ .(III.8 ‫( )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬8)‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

Global Water Market, 2008.

34

in Jordan with 45 per cent, Qatar with 45 to 50 35 ‫ﻡ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺜ‬50‫ ﻭ‬45 ‫ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ per cent and both Oman and the Sudan with 35 per .(III.9 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ cent (table III.9). Existing wastewater treatment facilities in the region face difficulties in handling increasing volumes of wastewater generated by increased water consumption and urbanization. Wastewater discharge from major urban centers is polluting shallow alluvial aquifers and the coastline, and has caused urban water tables to rise. Rather than being treated and reused, wastewater is merely disposed of, owing to the extensive capital investment required. Total treatment plants capacity reached some 5.3 Bcm in 2007, compared to 4 Bcm in 2005. The highest wastewater treatment capacity is found in Egypt at 3,780 Mcm per year. This capacity drops sharply to 585 Mcm in Qatar and 250 Mcm in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, several countries including Bahrain, Jordan, Oman, Palestine, the Sudan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, had capacities the equal to or less than 50 Mcm in 2007 (table III.9).

‫ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻯ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ‬‫ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺩ‬.‫ﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻴﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ ﻭﺒﺩ ﹰ‬.‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﹼﺹ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﻴﺘ‬،‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺠﻤل‬،2007 ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬.‫ﻴﺘﻁﹼﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ 4 ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬5.3 ‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺯﻫﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻠﺕ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺠ‬.2005 ‫ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬3 780 ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ‬585 ‫ﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺩ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬250‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻭ‬‫ﻤﻜﻌ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌ‬50 ‫ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺨﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬2007 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ .(III.9

The most important markets for desalination in the world are found in the countries of the Gulf subregion, five of which are among the top ten, with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates as the biggest investors in desalination. The desalination industry was worth US$ 28 billion in 2007.

‫ﻡ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻀ‬ ‫ل ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ّ ‫ ﻭﺘﺤ‬،‫ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬.‫ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴ‬ ‫ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬،2007 ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ .‫ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬28

35

Table III.1 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Total Freshwater Abstracted (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬

Bahrain Egypt

Total Surface Water Abstracted

Total Groundwater Abstracted

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ‬

2004

2005

2006

2007

2004

2005

2006

2007

...

...

...

...

48a/, 1

50a/, 1

48a/, 1

40b/, 1, 2

51,800

a/

a/

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

a/

5,884

5,884

...

...

...

...

...

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

...

941b/

...

...

501a/

506a/

480a/

504a/

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

a/

a/

0

a

0

a/

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

a/

0

Lebanon

1,250a/

1,088c/

...

...

...

700c/, 3

...

2,000d/

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

...

...

...

...

...

53e/

...

...

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

...

...

...

...

249a/

268a/

27a/

286a/

Qatar

0

a/

Kuwait

d/

0

5,884

a/

... 0

5,884

a

... 0

52,030

a/

...

a/

52,500

a/

Iraq

a/

52,000

a/

c/

0

...

444

...

...

...

221

...

...

20,270e/

...

23,700f/

...

13,940f/

13,940f/, 4

21,400g/

919h/

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Syrian Arab Republic

17,669c/

...

...

...

...

8,339i/

...

...

United Arab Emirates





...

...

12j/, 5



15j/, 5

18j/, 5

Yemen

...

...

...

...

201a/

214a/

221a/

227a/





Saudi Arabia Sudan

ESCWA Sources: Statistics 2008.









20,835

a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment

6

32,976

Sources: Statistics 2008.

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment

b/ Aquastat 2005.

b/ Bahrain Ministry of Energy and Water Website.

c/ ESCWA calculation.

c/ Aquastat 2005.

d/ Aquastat 2007.

d/ Lebanon Statistical Yearbook 2007.

e/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD.

e/ Water Statistical Book for the GCC, 2008.

f/ Aquastat 2006.

f/ Ministry of Water and Electricity Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Documents) water affairs 2004 AD. g/ Aquastat 2006. h/ Saudi Arabia Annual Report, Ministry of Water and Electricity, 2007. i/ Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of Statistics, Syrian Arab Republic. j/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority. United Arab Emirates. Notes:

1. Groundwater Abstracted by Water Supply Industry (ISIC 36) only. 2. Conversion factor used for Bahrain is 0.004545 to convert from MIG into Cubic metre. 3. These are not per capita values. 4. 2004 figures are used for 2005. 5. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. 6. Excluding Iraq and Sudan.

36

Table III.2 ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬ Sectoral Water Consumption (Mcm/yr) (‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬/‫اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬

Bahrain*

Domestic Water Consumption

Agricultural Water Consumption

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬

2004

2005

2006

2007

2004

2005

2006

2007

...

161

166

171

...

158

160

161

a/, 1

Egypt

5,800

Iraq

...

Jordan

332

Lebanon Oman

e/

...

143

6,500

284 354

e/

291

153

e/

160

58,500

210

...

e/

379

17

59,000

e/

... 501 18

98

...

e/

e/

... ...

a/, 3

59,300

*‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ b/

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

b/

39,284

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

b/

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

53,586

... c/

...

b/

e/

a/, 2

...

b/

462

... e/

5,496

b/

...

... e/

a/, 1

1,281

d/, 4

371

b/ b/

... c/

...

...

Palestine

6,100

a/, 3

...

...

Kuwait

a/, 2

d/

431

750

e/

19

20

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

e/

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

b/

...

938

...

1,274

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

f/

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

b/

176

...

...

...

239

Qatar

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Saudi Arabia

...

...

...

1,730b/

...

...

...

15,397b/

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

...

...

...

1,119b/

...

...

...

36,181b/

...

...

...

597f/

...

...

...

18,905g/

148g/, 5

...

175g/, 5

529b/

...

...

...

1,564b/

...

...

...

264b/

...

...

...

6,270b/

Yemen

6

ESCWA Share of Total Water Consumption

12,511

174,569

6.25

87.16 Sources:

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. b/ Global Water Market 2008. c/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan.

a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. b/ Global Water Market 2008.

d/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006.

d/ M.Y. Sbeih. 2007. Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. In Water demand management in the Mediterranean, progress and policies ZARAGOZA, 19-21/03/2007.

e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.

e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.

f/ ESCWA calculation.

f/ Pricing the Irrigation Water in The Jordan Valley as a Mean Of Water Saving in Palestine.

c/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan.

g/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority. United Arab Emirates. Notes:

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

4

Sources: *Ministry of Water Bahrain, Country paper presented in the ESCWA-MEDSTAT training on Water Accounts, Jordan, March 2008.

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

g/ ESCWA calculation. Notes:

1. Data are for 2004-2005.

1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006.

2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007.

3. Data are for 2006-2007.

4. Includes drinking water.

4. Excluding Qatar.

5. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. 6. Excluding Qatar.

37

Table III.2 ‫( ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬continued) Industrial Water Consumption

Other Sectors Consumption (Commercial, Government...)

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬

(... ،‫ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ‬،‫ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ )ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬

2004

2005

2006

2007

2004

2005

2006

2007

...

10

10

10

...

...

...

...

1,150a/, 1

1,150a/, 2

1,150a/, 3

9,618b/

200a/, 1

200a/, 2

200a/, 3

...

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

...

...

...

2,135b/

...

...

...

...

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

...

32c/

40d/

40b/

...

...

...

...

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

37e/

39e/

41e/

42e/

57b/

60b/

63b/

65b/

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

...

...

...

14b/

...

...

...

...

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

...

...

...

28b/

...

...

...

...

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine*

...

...

19.3

...

...

Qatar

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Saudi Arabia

...

...

...

173b/

...

...

...

...

b/

...

...

...

...

Bahrain

*

Egypt

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

*

19.2

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

...

...

...

373

...

...

...

398f/

...

...

...

...

11g/, 4

...

15g/, 4

207b/

84c/, 4

...

105c/, 4

...

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

...

...

...

...

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬









‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

...

...

...

66

b/

13,1245

ESCWA Share of Total Water Consumption

6.55

* Sources: Country paper presented in the ESCWAMEDSTAT training on Water Accounts, Jordan, March 2008. Ministry of Water Bahrain, and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.

0.04 Sources:

a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008. b/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008.

a/ Egypt Statistical Yearbook 2008.

f/ Dubai Electricity and Water Authority. United Arab Emirates.

b/ Global Water Market 2008. c/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan. d/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. e/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. f/ ESCWA calculation. Notes:

*

1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007. 4. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. 5. Excluding Qatar.

38

Notes:

1. Data are for 2004-2005. 2. Data are for 2005-2006. 3. Data are for 2006-2007. 4. This figure refers to Dubai only. Data for the United Arab Emirates is not available. Includes Commercial consumption.

Table III.3 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Total Freshwater Abstracted

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ‬ 2004 Bahrain

106

a/, 1

2005

2006

a/, 1

110

121

a/, 1

2007 173b/, 1, 2

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

57,684a/, 1

57,884a/, 1

58,384a/, 1

68,700c/, 1

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬







42,700c/, 1

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

866a/, 1

825d/, 1

925e/

1,000c/, 1

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

596f/, 3

632f/, 3

645f/, 3

661f/, 3

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

1,250a/, 1

1,7884

...

2,0005

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

...



...

1,400c/, 1

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

2495

2695

2755

2865

...

6655

...

300c/, 1

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

34,2105



45,1005

45,1006

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

...

...

...

37,300c/, 1

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

Syrian Arab Republic

17,6697

8,3395

...

19,900c/, 1

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

United Arab Emirates

1,003g/, 4

1,144g/, 4

1,249g/, 4

1,369g/, 4

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Yemen







6,600c/, 1

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

ESCWA







227,489

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Egypt Iraq

Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan

Sources: a/ UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics 2008. b/ Bahrain Ministry of Energy and Water Website. c/ Global Water Market 2008. d/ Status of Agricultural Sector Report for 2005, Jordan. e/ Water Balance 2006, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan, 2006. f/ Annual Statistical Abstract 2007, Central Statistical Office of Kuwait. g/ Yearly Statistical Report for Electricity and Water, United Arab Emirates, 2003-2007. Notes:

1. Value as reported by source. 2. Conversion factor used for Bahrain is 0.004545 to convert from MIG into Cubic metre. 3. Includes potable and brackish water. 4. ESCWA calculation: sum of surface and groundwater values. 5. ESCWA Calculation: Groundwater values only. 6. Estimated same as 2006. 7. ESCWA calculation: surface water values only.

39

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Figure III.1 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ Sectoral Water Withdrawal (Mcm/yr)

(‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬

Industrial water withdrawal 6.55%

٪ %

\ !% %! \%%

Other Uses 0.04%

\ &$%!

Agricultural water withdrawal 87%

% ٪ ! $%! ! \ &%

40

Domestic water withdrawal 6.25%

%

!% %! & \%$

Figure III.2 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ Per Capita Total Water Withdrawal

‫ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ 2007

930

ESCWA

499 296

Yemen

313

UAE

684 966

Syria

434 919

Sudan

1,820

Saudi Arabia

263

Qatar

750 71

Palestine

‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬Country

2005

71 512

Oman

476

Lebanon

434 177

Kuwait

174 84 258

Jordan

1,441

Iraq

1,504 853

Egypt

746 227

Bahrain

151

-

500

1,000

1,500

‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬/‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬cubic meters/yr

41

2,000

Table III.4 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Water Use Indicators

‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ Per Capita Total Water Abstracted (cubic metre/p/yr)

‫ﻨﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺔ‬ (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ‬

Water Deficit1 (cubic metre/p/yr)

Water Use Intensity2 (percentage)

Groundwater Dependency

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ‬ (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫)ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ (‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬

2005

2007

2005

2007

2005

2007

2007

Bahrain

151

227

-14

-75

110%

149%

30%

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Egypt

746

853

12

-124

98%

117%

9%

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

1,504

1,441

1,138

2,336

57%

38%



‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

258

84

-80

72

145%

54%

100%

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

174

177

-167

-170

2360%

2525%



‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

434

476

537

1,260

45%

27%

100%

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman



512



347



60%



‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

71

71

141

202

34%

26%

100%

Qatar

750

263

-637

-212

665%

517%



Saudi Arabia



1,820



-1,643



1025%

2%

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates



919



670



58%



434

966

920

1,630

32%

37%



684

313

-635

-263

1400%

622%

1%

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Yemen



296



-116



165%

4%

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

ESCWA

499

927

523

337

49%

73%

5%

‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Iraq

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

Source: ESCWA calculation. Notes: 1. Water deficit is the difference between water resources available per capita per year and the water abstracted per capita per year. 2. Water use intensity is the ratio of water abstracted per capita per year to the water resources available per capita per year.

42

Table III.5 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Wastewater Management

‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬ Wastewater Produced (Mcm/yr)

Wastewater Treated (Mcm/yr)

Treated Wastewater Reuse (Mcm/yr)

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫)ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫)ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ (‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬/‫)ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬

2005

2005

2007

Bahrain Egypt

... 3,760

a/, 1

(2000)

790 (2007) c/

Jordan

114 (2007)

Kuwait

...

Lebanon

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

730

(2000)

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

a/

83.5

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

250

a/

a/

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

a/

78

f/

...

a/, 1

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

107

... 2 (2006)

0

a/

a/

12

e/

Saudi Arabia

364 (2007)

9.49

Palestine

2,970

4 (2006) d/

Qatar

… b/

a/

...

Oman

16.3a/

62

b/

Iraq

Yemen

a/

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

37

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

...

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

a/

a/, 1

a/

43

548

2

a/

43

a/, 1

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

166

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

a/

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

a/





0

825a/, 1 (2000)

550a/, 1

550a/

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

881a/, 1 (2000)

289a/ (2006)

248a/

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

a/, 1

74

(2000)

a/, 1

46

6

Sources: a/ Aquastat 2000. b/ Report of Environment Statistics in Iraq for 2007, COSIT, 2008. c/ Water Authority of Jordan, Annual Report 2007. d/ ESCWA calculation. e/ Qatar Annual Abstract 2007. f/ Oman Water Statistics 2008. Note: 1. Average 1998-2002.

43

a/

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

Table III.6 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Wastewater Treatment Plants

‫ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬ Conventional Treatment Plants

Non-Conventional Treatment Plants

‫ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬

Number

Year

Number

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Bahrain





0 (2005)

Egypt

67a/

1999



‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

0b/

2006



‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

13c/

2000

6 (2000)

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait







‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon







‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

10d/

2000



‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine





11 (2007)

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

4e/

1998

0 (2005)

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

Saudi Arabia

30f/

1995



‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

Syrian Arab Republic

5g/

2002



‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

United Arab Emirates

4c/

2000



‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

Yemen

11a/

1999

9 (2007)

ESCWA

149



Sources: a/ Aquastat 1999. b/ Report of Environment Statistics in Iraq for 2007, COSIT, 2008. c/ Aquastat 2000. d/ Aquastat 2001. e/ Aquastat 1998. f/ Aquastat 1996. g/ Aquastat 2002.

44

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬

Table III.7 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Water Market 2007 (Million US$)

(‫ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬2007 ‫ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

Bahrain

Municipal Water

Municipal Wastewater

Total Water Market

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

Opex1 2007

Capex2 2007

Opex 2007

Capex 2007

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ 1 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ‬ 2 ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

93

180

14

2007

14

310

Egypt

490

488

8.2

110

1,352

Iraq

81.8

266.7

200

13.3

377.8

Jordan

30.5

75.9

26

28.3

167.9

Kuwait

297

240

30

65

684.7

Lebanon

36.6

26.3

27.3

20.7

123.4 343.1

Oman

84

200

21

18

Palestine

29.6

14.6

2.8

9.2

59.7

Qatar

141

157.5

35.3

61.1

408.9

Saudi Arabia

925

831

231.3

134.4

2,455

Sudan

133.4

25

5.6

2

176.9

Syrian Arab Republic

73.4

46.3

18.4

7.7

159.7

United Arab Emirates

648

900

97.2

170

1,908.4

Yemen

55.4

27

4.6

0.1

93.9

Source: Global Water Market 2008. Notes: 1. Opex is the Operation Expenditure. 2. Capex is the Capital Expenditure.

45

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

Table III.8 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Municipal Water and Wastewater Capital Expenditure Forecast (Million US$)

(‫ﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ )ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬ Water Capital Expenditure

Wastewater Capital Expenditure

‫ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬

2008

2012

2016

2008

2012

2016

Bahrain

201.3

285.2

344.3

15.8

30.8

78.4

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Egypt

520.5

720.2

1,110.2

128.3

276.3

744.6

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

257.0

232.9

228.7

11.3

9.8

18.8

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan

84.8

150.8

329.7

29.9

41.1

67.0

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait

272.7

404.0

494.9

70.3

97.7

138.4

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon

28.8

40.4

54.8

22.5

32.0

45.9

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

Oman

226.0

334.2

422.2

20.6

43.6

127.8

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

15.0

17.9

24.2

9.2

11.2

18.9

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬

Qatar

177.9

267.5

354.5

67.2

103.5

173.5

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

Saudi Arabia

990.4

1,861.8

3,115.3

183.4

578.8

1,559.9

Sudan

25.5

28.1

31.9

2.0

2.3

2.7

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

Syrian Arab Republic

49.0

62.8

83.9

8.0

10.0

13.1

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬

United Arab Emirates

1,062.7

1,698.1

1,974.2

191.5

309.7

504.6

‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

27.9

38.7

73.0

0.1

0.1

0.3

Yemen

Source: Global Water Market 2008.

46

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

Table III.9 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Water Market in the ESCWA Region

‫ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ Average Tariffa/, 1 ($)

Water Coveragea/ (percentage)

Wastewater Coveragea/ (percentage)

Wastewater Total Treatment Capacitya/ (million m3/yr)

UFW Unaccounted for Waterb/ (percentage)

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬

Bahrain

0.07

100%

75%

50

23.5

Egypt

0.06

70%

55%

3,780

34

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

Iraq

0.00

60%

20%

108



‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

Jordan



84%

44%

43

45

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

Kuwait



86%

65%

132

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬

Lebanon



82%

35%

85

5 25% 65%2

Oman

1.37

80%

16%

11

35

‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

Palestine

1.00

89%

35%

42

34

Qatar

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬ 3

‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬

1.21

78%

65%

585

45-50%

Saudi Arabia



26%

2%

250



‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

Sudan Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

0.04

86%

30%

19

35

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ‬

0.07

60%

38%

199

25 - 40%4

0.22

93%

60%

19

13



32%

5%

17

26.4

Yemen

Sources: a/ Global Water Market 2008. b/ Water Market Middle East 2010. Notes: 1. Price of 1 m3/ month for the first 15 m3. Price as of June 2007. 2. Depending on Municipality. 3. Estimation. 4. Depending on Governorate.

47

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ‬

‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬

Freshwater Quality Monitoring water quality is used to define the condition of a water body in order to understand its status quo and recommend better solutions for its improvement. Water quality indicators are based on the physical, chemical and biological measurements of a defined water body, period and amount of samples.

‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺭﺼﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴ‬‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬

Water quality monitoring programmes are still insufficiently developed in ESCWA member countries. Those programmes on water quality changes allow a better understanding of the causes of change in the short and long terms. In addition, water quality is affected by the use of fertilizers. The region relies heavily on chemical fertilizers. In 2002, the regional average use of fertilizers amounted to 111 kilograms per hectare, compared to a world average of 92 kilograms per hectare.14

‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﻭﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺭﺼﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ .‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ ﻭﺘﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬.‫ﺍﻷﺠﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴل‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴ‬،‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ‬ 111 ‫ل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺩﺓ‬‫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩ‬،2002 ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ 92 ‫ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﻌﺩل ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ‬،‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ .(9)‫ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ‬

Generally, water quality indices and environmental standards are adopted from the World Health Organization (WHO) or according to other international standards without modifications to suit national conditions. The WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities disseminates water quality, namely drinking water and wastewater reuse standards for the eastern Mediterranean region. Moreover, the United Nations Global Environment Monitoring System Water Programme (GEMS) provides environmental water quality data and information used in water assessments and capacity-building initiatives across the world.

‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬،‫ﻭﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ‬ ،‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬‫ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺏ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬‫ﻻ ﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ‬‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻤ‬.‫ﻁ‬‫ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﺌﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬ .‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬

The variables collected to monitor water quality are several including calcium, chloride, fluoride, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulfate in addition to metals namely aluminum, arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, total chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. On the microbiological level, faecal and total coliform are the most widely monitored due to their effect on humans. As for nutrients, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are important to check. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand, as well as total alkalinity (CaCO3), dissolved oxygen,

‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬‫ﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬‫ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﻨﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻴل‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬،‫ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺜﻴﻡ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺌﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺭﺼﺩ‬ ‫ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺫﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬ‬.‫ﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭ‬ ‫ ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ ،‫ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺏ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬

14

UNESCWA Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region 2005.

48

electrical conductance, pH, temperature and ،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‬ suspended solids at 105°C and 180°C are highly 180‫ ﻭ‬105 ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ required to be monitored. .‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬ For instance, Bahrain monitored the quality of water from 2003 till 2005 (table III.10). Egypt and Palestine are two ESCWA countries that publish water quality data. Tables III.11 and III.12 show the water quality in Cairo and Alexandria from 2004 till 2007 in Egypt, and that of the West Bank, Ramallah and Al-Bireh in 2004, 2006 and 2007.

‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬‫ ﺭﺼﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬،‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﺩﺭ‬.(III.10 ‫ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬2005‫ ﻭ‬2003 ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ‬‫ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬III.12‫ ﻭ‬III.11 ‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻻﻥ‬‫ ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‬.‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‬2007‫ ﻭ‬2004 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ‬‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬ .2007‫ ﻭ‬2006‫ ﻭ‬2004 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ‬

Data presented in tables III.13, III.14 and III.15 on water quality parameters in the countries of the GCC provide a general overview. However, it is difficult to present an analysis of water quality given that the temporal and spatial information is not available, which renders it impossible to establish comparisons across sites, background sites and polluted sites throughout time. The 2005 water data was published in 2008 for the first time by the Gulf Cooperation Council in a regular water statistics report for the GCC countries.

‫ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬III.15‫ ﻭ‬III.14‫ ﻭ‬III.13 ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﻭﻋﻴ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴ‬ ‫ ﺃﺼﺩﺭ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬،2008 ‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺩﺓ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﺤﺩ‬‫ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺭ‬2005 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ .‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬

Discharge of organic water pollutants in the ESCWA countries was monitored based on the World Development Indicator throughout the years. Tables III.16 and III.17 show the concentration of these pollutants between 2000 and 2003 on one hand, and between 2000 and 2004 on the other.

‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬‫ﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴ‬‫ﺭﺼﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻠﻭ‬‫ﻭﻴ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭ‬III.17‫ ﻭ‬III.16 ‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻻﻥ‬‫ﻭﻴﺒﻴ‬ ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ‬2004‫ ﻭ‬2000 ‫ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬2003‫ ﻭ‬2000 ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻲ‬ .‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬

49

Table III.10 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬ Selected Indicators for Groundwater Quality in Bahrain

‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ 2003

2004

2005

Annual Average Flow (000 m3/s) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg O2/I) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg O2/I) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg O2/I)

26,299

29,188

21,699

301

301

301

502

502

502

(‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬/ 3‫ ﻡ‬000) ‫ﻤﻌﺩ ل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ (O2/I ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ )ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬ (O2/I ‫)ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

0.1

0.1

0.1

(O2/I ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺏ )ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/l) Conductivity Level of Ground Water (µmhos/cm)

1,296

1,260

1,260

(‫ﻟﺘﺭ‬/‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺒﺔ )ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

1,966

1,960

1,960

(‫ﺴﻡ‬/‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ )ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻤﻬﻭﺱ‬

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