3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
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May 26th - Abstracts PhD students ………………….………………………………………….…
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
PROGRAM May 22-24
Short courses (see all the courses at the end of the program) May 25 LOCAL: UFRJ – Centro Tecnológico – Bloco E – sala 212 (auditório) 08:30-9:15:
Opening session
09:15-10:00 - “Algae and elevated CO2: short and long-term responses in the lab, in the field and in the industry”. Mario Giordano. Università Politecnica delle Marche (Italy). 10:00- 10:15 - Coffee Break 10:15 - 11:00- “Use of food-crop wastes in buildings: a new thermal insulation material based in maize by-products” Mariana Palumbo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Spain). 11:00-11:45- “Resíduos da agropecuária e agroindústria - A atuação da Embrapa na pesquisa e na geração de tecnologias.” Caio de Teves Inácio. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa). 11:45-14:00 – Lunch 14:00 -16:00 - Oral session – Student Presentations (Doctor) 1 - EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE INTEGRATED LIVESTOCK- BIOENERGY SYSTEM: APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LAND USE CHANGE ASSESSMENT. Elisa Maria Mano Esteves (DSc. Student), Orientador: Cláudia do Rosário Vaz Morgado (Advisor). 2 - THE USE OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND GEOTECHNOLOGIES TO DEVELOP A NEW METHOD OF BIOGAS QUANTIFICATION FROM SOLID URBAN WASTE FROM ORPHAN AREAS. Gustavo Aiex Lopes (DSc. Student), Amarildo da Cruz Fernandes (Advisor). 3 - INTEGRATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR. Mohammad Najjar (DSc. Student), Assed Naked Haddad (Advisor). 4 - EXERGOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NATURAL GAS, COAL AND BIOMASS-FUELED POWER PLANTS WITH OXY-COMBUSTION AND PRE-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE. George Victor Brigadão (DSc. Student), José Luiz de Medeiros (Advisor), Ofélia Q. F. Araújo (Advisor).
17:00- 18:30 - Poster session – Student Presentations (Master) Coordenator: Cristina Nassar 1- USE OF MACROPHYTES FOR WATER OPTIMIZATION IN ANIMAL ENCLOSURES IN A ZOO Ciqueira, Barbara G. (MSc Student), Cristina A. Gomes Nassar (Advisor). 2- RELEVANCE OF THE OPERATIONAL AND QUALITY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE BRAZILIAN NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INFORMATION IN SANITATION FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Bernardo Costa Mundim (MSc Student), Isaac Volschan Jr. (Advisor). 3-ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION MODELS OF CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY IN CORPORATE STRATEGY João Paulo Moura Barata (MSc Student), Claudia R. V. Morgado, DSc (Advisor). 4-AIR QUALITY STUDY OF VOLTA REDONDA CITY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY. Náthaly Lacerda Tonon e Rocha (MSc Student), Claudinei de Souza Guimarães (Advisor). 5-BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM USING COMPOSITE OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER AND UREA. Rosana Maria Juazeiro Caetano (MSc Student), Selma Gomes Ferreira Leite (Advisor), Fernando Gomes Souza Jr (Advisor). 6-SAFETY TOOL FOR RISK MANAGEMENT IN OFFSHORE PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION. Simone Zappe Fernandes (MSc Student), Cláudia do Rosário Vaz Morgado (advisor)7- MUNICIPAL PLAN OF BASIC SANITATION OF THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO – CRITICAL ANALYSIS. Bruna Camila Pereira da Silva (MSC stutent), Monica Pertel (advisor), Iene Christie Figueiredo (Advisor). 7- STUDY OF CONTAMINATION OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERE DURING THE UNDERWATER WELDING PROCESS BY PARTICULATE MATERIALS AND METALS. Valdir Moreira de Souza (Msc student). Claudinei de Souza Guimarães (advisor), Eduardo Gonçalves Serra (Advisor). -3
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8-EVALUATION OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE PO 4 AND NH4 IN THE SUPERNATANT LINE OF 2 ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS FOLLOWED TREATMENT FOR REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE FORM OF CRYSTALLIZATION OF STRUVITE IN SUBSTRATES BASED ON SEWAGE SLUDGE, AS TERTIARY TREATMENT. Ruth Marcela Tafur Gómez (Msc student), Isaac Volchan Junior(Advisor), Lidia Yokoyama (Advisor). 9-INTERFERENCE OF THE TYPE OF RISK MATRIX IN THE RBI (RISK BASED INSPECTION) METHODOLOGYTITLE Luis Nathan Leal Giraldes (Msc student), Assed Naked Haddad (Advisor). 10-SAFETY TOOL FOR RISK MANAGEMENT IN OFFSHORE PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION Simone Zappe Fernandes (Mestrado), Cláudia do Rosário Vaz Morgado(Advisor).
May 26 09:00-09:45 - “Urban sustainable development: the 21st Century challenge”. Ana Isabel Miranda, Universidade de Aveiro (Portugal). 09:45-10:30 - .”Gestión de resíduos sólidos en Argentina- iniciativas de valorización”. Irma Mercante, Universidade Nacional de Cuyo (Argentina). 10:30-10:45– Coffee Break 10:45-11:30 - "Lixologia e Ecologia de Resíduos". Jorge Tonnera Junior. COMLURB (Brazil). 11:30-14:00- Lunch 14:00- 16:00 - Oral session – Student Presentations (Doctor) 1-URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PASSIVE SOLVING PROJECTS’ RISK MANAGEMENT. Gisele Blak Bernat (DSc. Student), Eduardo Linhares Qualharini (Advisor).
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 2-MONITORING FOREST RESTORATION THROUGH THE USE OF CONVERGENT METHODOLOGIES IN DIVERSE PHYSIOGNOMIES. Ciro José Ribeiro de Moura (DSc. Student). Supervisor: Maria Fernanda Santos Quintela da Costa Nunes (Advisor), Carla Bernadete Madureira (Advisor). 3-CCS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN CO2 RICH GAS PROCESSING AND EXPLOITATION: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS. Matheus de Andrade Cruz (DSc. Student), Ofélia de Q. F. Araújo(Advisor) , José Luiz de Medeiros (Advisor). 4-THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) AND SOCIAL LCA. Tiago Chagas de Oliveira Tourinho (DSc. Student), Eduardo Gonçalves Serra (Advisor). 5-SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF CO2 CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION FROM FLUE GAS. Igor Lapenda Wiesberg(DSc. Student), Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo (Advisor).José Luiz de Medeiros (Advisor). 6- PROPOSAL FOR ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF HDROELECTRICS IN BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION. .Felipe Affonso Dantas dos Santos (DSc. Student), Cristina Aparecida Gomes Nassar (Advisor), Josimar Ribeiro de Almeida (Advisor). 7 - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPENSATIONS IN THE PROTECTED AREAS OF THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO. Simone Ramos dos Santos (Doutorado),Maria Fernanda S.Q.C. Nunes (Advisor).
16:00- 16:15 – Coffee Break 16:15-17:00 – “Tecnologia Ambiental em recuperação de Áreas Degradadas“. Maria Fernanda S. Q. da Costa Nunes. Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 7:00- 18:30 - Poster session – Student Presentations (Master) Coordenator: Cristina Nassar 1-ANÁLISE DO CICLO DE VIDA DA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOGÁS DE DEJETOS DE BOVINOS SOB CONFINAMENTO: UM ESTUDO NA REGIÃO CENTRO-OESTE DO BRASIL. Ana María Naranjo Herrera (MSc Student), Cláudia do Rosário Vaz Morgado (Advisor). 2-LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AMMONIUM NITRATE FUEL OIL (ANFO) – A COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE. Danielle Souza Bonifácio (MSc Student), Assed Haddad (Advisor), Erick Galante (Advisor). 3-EFFICIENCY OF PERACETIC ACID IN DISINFECTION OF STORMWATER CONTAMINATED BY DOMESTIC SEWAGE. Dário Souza Santos (MSc Student), Isaac Volschan Jr. (Advisor). 4-INVENTORY OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON STEEL IN MINIMILL. Patricia Oliveira da Costa (MSc Student), Eduardo Linhares Qualharini (Advisor). 5-URBAN FOREST DIAGNOSIS IN RIO DE JANEIRO: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTEGRATION WITH URBAN ENVIRONMENT. Ricardo Bensabath Damiani (MSc Student), Maria Fernanda Santos Quintela da Costa Nunes (Advisor). 6-EVALUATION OF THE MEMBRANE BIOREATORS EFFICIENCY IN THE INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH FOCUS ON THE REUSE VIABILITY. Déborah de F. Brasil (MSc Student), Juacyara C. Campos (Advisor). 7-STUDY OF THE MAXIMUM FLOWS OF THE PAQUEQUER RIVER. Lais da Silva Esteves (MSc Student), Amarildo da Cruz Fernandes (Advisor).
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 8- STUDY AND FORMULATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR THE COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF LARGE AND SMALL AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES Mônica Coelho Varejão (MSc Student),Eduardo Gonçalves Serra (Advisor). 9-ENZYMES APPLICATION TO PREVENT THE ACCUMULATON OF SCUM AT THE TOP OF UASB REACTOR TREATING DOMESTIC WASTEWATER. Juliana Lemos Soares - (Msc. Student), Isaac Volschan Jr, Co-advisor: Melissa L. E. Gutarra (Advisor). 10-ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON BETWEEN SECTIONS OF THE PARAÍBA DO SUL RIVER, THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION; WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY AND THE USE OF FISHES COMMUNITY. Luís Fernando Faulstich Neves ( Msc student), Cristina Gomes Nassar (Advisor). 11-EVALUATION OF TREATMENT AND DESTINATION OF OIL REFINERY SLUDGE.Tayane Miranda Silva de Castro (MSc. Student), Elen Beatriz Acordi Vasques Pacheco(Advisor), Magali Christe Cammarota(Advisor). 12-AVALIAÇÃO DA EVOLUÇÃO DOS INDICADORES DE SANEAMENTO E SUA RELAÇÃO COM SAÚDE PÚBLICA: ESTUDO DE CASO DE SÃO LUÍS - MA. Andreia de Oliveira Conceição (Msc student) Mônica Pertel; Iene Christie Figueiredo; Márcia Gomide. (Advisors)
May 22 a 24 – SHORT COURSES Local : UFRJ – Centro Tecnológico. Bloco D-220 (Auditório André Rebouças) May 22: 9:00-12:00 Profas. Ana Lúcia Nazareth e Leila Visconte Title: "Tecnologias de reciclagem de materiais pós-consumo" May 22: 13:00-16:00 Profa. Elen Pacheco Title: “A Ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida" May 23: 09:00-12:00 Profa. Bianca Ramalho Quintaes Title: "Gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domiciliares e de resíduos de serviço de saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro" May 24: 13:00-16:00 Profa. Monica Maria Pena Title: "Perdas em Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água" May 24: 9:00-12:00 Prof. Caio de Teves Inácio Title: ”Compostagem na gestão de resíduos sólidos orgânicos: Princípios e Tecnologias”
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
May, 25th
PhD students
Abstracts
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE INTEGRATED LIVESTOCK- BIOENERGY SYSTEM: APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND LAND USE CHANGE ASSESSMENT Doutoranda: Elisa Maria Mano Esteves, Orientador: Cláudia do Rosário Vaz Morgado
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Bioenergy, Environmental Impacts, Life Cycle Analysis, Land Use Change
INTRODUÇÃO Fossil fuels, besides all the environmental problems they cause, also raise concern due to economic dependence and uncertainties over future availability, since they are not renewable (Rajaeifar et al., 2014). According to Lin et al. (2014) biomass is the renewable energy source with the greatest potential to supply energy needs. As biomass is also the main source of food, detailed studies are necessary to assure that land use for energy production does not interfere with food production, particularly in emerging markets. Biofuels, especially ethanol and biodiesel, are effective ways to obtain energy from biomass. These fuels are widely utilized because: a) they are renewable and biodegradable; b) they usually have a better carbon emissions balance to the atmosphere (since the carbon released from combustion was previously absorbed by the plant during growth) and c) their production can promote rural development (German et al., 2011). Nevertheless, crop cultivation for energy production has attracted criticism related to consumption of agricultural inputs, carbon and water footprint, competition with food crops and pressure on natural biomes (Hausman, 2012). This is particularly true for Brazil‘s Midwest region, where rapid expansion of farming and livestock grazing into the Cerrado and Amazon biomes has led to an important debate, due to impacts on land use change (LUC). A particular issue is the fact that the region‘s soils are generally acidic with low fertility, allowing fast degradation in different degrees, especially for poor, managed sown pastures (Gil et al., 2015). In this scenario, a new approach to the calculation of emissions by integrating MUT data obtained by satellite images into the biofuel life cycle analysis is required (Esteves et al., 2016). Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) is a promising solution to these problems, since they optimize land use through obtaining two annual crops and raising cattle in the same area. Growing soybean as summer crop followed by maize as an inter-seasonal crop is the predominant pattern for soybean faming in Brazil, with emerging use of cattle grazing over maize crop residues (Gil et al., 2015). Esteves et al. (2016) presented an advance of agricultural areas on pastures in the center-west of Brazil, demonstrating that integrated productive arrangements have been an attractive strategy. This dynamics of soil use brings great environmental advantages over traditional soybean crops because the environmental impacts related to energy use and GHG emissions are shared by all the products obtained in the system. The ability to grow raw materials for biofuels on marginal lands can also lead to the recovery of degraded land, making these areas productive again, thus avoiding the opening of new areas of native vegetation for cultivation (German et al., 2011). SILP benefits are not limited to the agropastoral phase, since soybeans and livestock can be considered as raw materials in the production of soybean oil and bovine tallow (fat), main raw materials in Brazilian biodiesel production. Thus, land use optimization between crops and livestock grazing is essential to preserve remaining natural areas and is a strategy to improve biodiesel sustainability (Esteves et al., 2017).
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 GOAL The aim of the study is develop a methodology for evaluating the biofuels matrix sustainability (soybean and sebum biodiesel, corn and sorghum bioethanol and bovine manure biogas in traditional and integrated systems), applying life cycle analysis (LCA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, aiming at proposing optimized productive arrangements: Integrated System - Livestock - Livestock - Bioenergy.
METODOLOGIA The work proposes to make comparisons of productive arrangements based on LCA. The first stage consists in the application of traditional LCA, addressing environmental aspects. The second stage consists in LCA and LUC integration, evaluating the evolution in the vegetation cover data and its environmental impacts, and creating scenarios using geographic information system (GIS) tool. The following stage combine LCA, LUC and socioeconomic indicators in sustainability evaluation. The last stage consists in the scenarios evaluation of integrated systems in different degrees of intensification and agroenergy arrangements (biodiesel of soybean and tallow, bioethanol corn-sorghum and biogas of bovine manure).
RESULTS The results obtained so far are associated with Life Cycle Assessment of soybean and tallow biodiesel from the Land Use Change (LUC) until the transesterification stage. From the analyzes, it was observed the importance of including the LUC in the analyzes, since it is responsible for more than 96% of the emissions in the biodiesel production. Besides that, when analyzing only soybean biodiesel production, results show no substantial difference between traditional and integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS). Therefore, the factors with the greatest impact on biodiesel production are the frequency of rotation (pasture/crop) and type of management in the agricultural system. Thus, land use management is essential for the preservation of remaining natural areas in order to make soybean and tallow biodiesel more sustainable.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The methodology developed will be applied in several scenarios to verify how each one affects the environmental impact indicators. The methods and inventories used by international environmental impact assessment guidelines do not consider several positive impacts such as agricultural management and Brazilian climate factors, no-tillage, maize-brachiaria consortium, SILP and the synergy between food production and bioenergy. The methodology to be developed will consider these aspects to evaluate the bioenergy production potential in Brazil, aiming the sustainability.
REFERENCES Esteves, V.; Esteves, E.; Bungenstab, D.; Loebmann, D.; Victoria, D., Vicente, L.; Araujo, O.; Morgado, C. 2016. Land Use Change (LUC) analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Brazilian soybean biodiesel. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 18, 1655-1673. DOI: 10.1007/s10098-016-1161-8. Esteves, V.; Esteves, E.; Bungenstab, D.; Feijó, G.; Araujo, O.; Morgado, C. 2017. Assessment of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from the tallow biodiesel production chain including land use change (LUC). J. Clean. Prod. 151, 578-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.063. German, L., Schoneveld, G.C., Pacheco, P., 2011. The social and environmental impacts of biofuel feedstock cultivation: evidence from multi-site research in the forest frontier. Ecol. Soc. 16 (3), 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04309-160324.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Gil, J., Siebold, M., Berger, T., 2015.Adoption and development of integrated crop–livestock– forestry systems in Mato Grosso Brazil. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 199, 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.008. Hausman, C. 2012. Biofuels and Land Use Change: Sugarcane and Soybean Acreage Response in Brazil. Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics 51, 163-187. DOI 10.1007/s10640-0119493-7 Lin, T.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Shastri, Y. N.; Hansen, A. C.; Ting, K. C. 2014. Integrated strategic and tactical biomass–biofuel supply chain optimization. Bioresource Technology 156 (2014) 256–266. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.121 Rajaeifar, M. A.; Ghobadian, B.; Safa, M.; Heidari, M. D. Energy life-cycle assessment and CO2 emissions analysis of soybean-based biodiesel: a case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 66 (2014), pg. 233-241. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.041.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 THE USE OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND GEOTECHNOLOGIES TO DEVELOP A NEW METHOD OF BIOGAS QUANTIFICATION FROM SOLID URBAN WASTE FROM ORPHAN AREAS Gustavo Aiex Lopes (Doutorado), Amarildo da Cruz Fernandes
[email protected] KEY WORDS: System dynamics; Geotechnologies; Biogas; Modeling; Open dump.
INTRODUCTION The disposal on the soil of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is still considered the most economic way of management adopted in almost every country of the world. Although other techniques are more advantageous regarding energy and substantially reduce the volume (e.g., composting, incineration), the tailings of these processes should also be eliminated, and preferably are deposited in landfills The solid waste management depends on structured plans and investment, and that is certainly a concern for developing countries to manage. It should be noted that the main negative environmental impacts from the disposal of waste on soil are the contamination of soil, surface and groundwater and the increase of greenhouse gases through emissions. The gases generated by the anaerobic degradation of the MSW known as biogas, consists mainly of methane (50-65 vol%) and carbon dioxide (30-40 vol%). (Wu et al, 2015) The effluent has more than one hundred potentially toxic chemicals. Methane is a major greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential 21 times the carbon dioxide potential. Brazilian Solid Waste Policy determined in 2010 that some forms of MSW management as open dump and controlled landfill sites are no longer allowed. This legal framework required every single city in the country to conform to the law, as far as they established the environmentally correct disposal of waste on soil and demanded that the best technology for waste treatment was used. To better understand the ways of Brazilian management of MSW the policy establishes the definition of some terms like the open dump that is an inadequate form of disposal, where MSW are arranged on the ground without waterproofing, there is no treatment for leachates, the disposed waste on the soil do not have coverage with earth and there is no capture of gases. The difference between the open dump and the controlled landfill is that the waste in controlled landfill is covered with soil or other inert material at the end of each working day. The sanitary landfill is the most correct way of MSW disposal, as it presents basic waterproofing, leachate and gas collection infrastructure and also provides treatment of the leachate. The current situation of waste management in Brazil has evolved slowly and gradually between the years 2000 / 2014, indicating an increase of 22.9% for disposal in sanitary landfills, a decrease of 15.1% to the provision in open dumps. The disposal in controlled landfills remained constant around 24% (Abrelpe, 2015). This information reports the need to mitigate environmental liabilities due to irregular MSW disposal in Brazil. In this context, the quantification of these effluents should be estimated as the starting point of any proposed recovery and treatment, to minimize negative environmental impacts and promote the recovery of areas. Despite the existence of several studies on biogas generation from MSW, usually the focus is on landfills, leaving aside biogas generation from open dumps and controlled landfills. Concomitant to
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 this issue it was observed the need to improve brazilian government biogas methods considering the uncertainties of estimates of calculations of greenhouse gas emissions for the waste treatment sector identified in the second Brazilian Inventory of Emissions in 2010 (56%) and the third Brazilian Inventory of Emissions in 2015 (23%). The characteristics of the leachate (liquid effluent coming from the biodegradation of MSW) and the biogas generated in landfills are closely linked to the degradation stage of organic matter and they are also variable within time. (Di Bella, 2012). Several factors influence these processes, such as: MSW physical chemical characteristics, landfill design and operation, climatic conditions, and site specific variables. Because of the temporal variation in effluents generation and the lack of complete historical records of solid waste quantity and quality due to insufficient budget and unavailable management capacity (open dumps and controlled landfills) it is necessary to apply specific tools that allow the modeling more accurate and closer to the reality of these interactions.. The representation of environmental phenomena can be performed through mathematical models with the objective of obtaining diagnoses and prognoses that support the development of sustainable management policies.For the construction of representative models systems and subsystems are used. Interdependent elements are identified and their integration can be done by information flow, matter flow and energy flow. This approach can be realized through Systems Dynamics in which complex systems can be understood through cause-effect relationships, response time, and feedback effects. Figure 1 illustrates the system dynamics process (Forrester, 1994).
Figure 1: System dynamics process Source: Forrester, Jay W. (1994). Normaly investigation starts with the development of mental models about a certain system behavior. A hypothesis about the problem must be created and properly represented. (Step 1). The hypotheses can be represented by model and equations (Step 2). The equations that make up the model through its several elements can be integrated so that their simulation can happen (Step 3). The simulation may not represent the behavior of the hypothesis, which makes the feedback important so that both the equations and the elements can be ascertained. After data generation, these need to be interpreted to develop solutions or adaptation measures for the system in question (Step 4, 5 and 6). According to the Brazi‘s National Solid Waste Policy the definition of an orphan area is: contaminated area whose disposers are not identifiable or individualizable, where controlled landfills and open dumps are examples of such areas.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 To overcome the lack of data from these areas the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) is necessary. It is a geotechnology of the Geoprocessing area used for spatial analysis and stands out due to the capacity of collecting data for several studies, besides performing complex analyzes, when integrating data from several data sources. When data are insufficient to determine and analyze systems through traditional statistics, there is a need to integrate the dynamics of these systems as a whole to explain the interrelationships between relevant dynamic characteristics. This integration allows exploring the interactions between a variety of environmental, spatial and economic factors while still dealing with data scarcity.
GOALS . This research presents a new approach - dynamic modeling of the system - for predicting the generation of biogas and leachate from MSW in orphan areas based on the integration between ® spatial data and models using a system dynamics simulation tool – Stella . Differences embedded in the prediction matrix based on the integration of the models may provide directions in a form of intervals number to address possible uncertainties in the model. An additional goal is to use the potential of geotechnology - images obtained with unmanned aerial vehicle (Drone)-, to obtain information about the terrestrial surface (hypsometric and slope maps), by means of different interpolation techniques and data base for the generation of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The objective of this aerial photographic search was to establish the precise location of solid waste disposal sites and to evaluate their size and morphometric parameters, which served as input data in the dynamic modeling of the system.
METHODOLOGY For the study and management of complex feedback systems will be used the system dynamics, which is designed based on the system thinking. It is necessary to construct "causal loop diagrams" or "stock and flow diagram" to develop a system dynamics model for applications in real problems. The first step is to identify the problems: 1 - biogas from MSW from orphan areas are not quantified and inserted into the external communications of greenhouse gas emissions inventories; 2 Environmental liabilities related to irregular MSW disposal in Brazil (landfills and controlled landfills) do not have adequate management; 3 - The identification of the morphometric characteristics of these areas through conventional techniques are time consuming and expensive. After identifying the problem, a dynamic hypothesis is developed explaining its cause: the diversity of the elements and factors involved in biogas generation must be identified and individualized, the main factor is the amount of MSW. Due to the lack of operational data in orphan areas, determination of the amount of MSW disposed can be determined by processing images obtained with Drone in specific software such as AgisoftPhotoscan and ArcGis. The topographic planialtimetric survey will be performed using images obtained by a camera coupled to an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone). Through the level curves obtained by the software AgisoftPhoScan will be generated the Digital Elevation Model of the surveyed area. This model provides data for the calculation of landfill volume and actual coverage area, that is, the area considered as terrain. Digital Elevation Models (DEM) are generated by rectangular matrix grids, in which for each pixel a numerical value is associated with the corresponding elevation. The generated DEM allows a reliable representation of the relief features, such as basin partitions and
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 talvegues, providing consistency for the working scale. An algorithm will be developed to represent the logic procedure. The modeling of physical systems will be carried out through the following steps: 1 - survey and use of secondary data related to the climatic, pedological and hydrological characteristics; 2 - survey and use of secondary data related to waste deposited in a given area - case study; 3 - survey and use of population data. The preliminary survey of the elements that interact for the formation of the biogas will be realized through the identification of the variables of the models usually accepted in the processes of biodegradation of RSU, listed below. To quantify the methane generation in MSW disposal area, the method of the first order decomposition proposed by IPCC (Equation 1) was used as well as the model used by USEPA (Equation 2). (1) -
Where: t = year of inventory [year]; x = years for which input data should be added [year];A = (1 - e k -1 ) k is a normalization factor which corrects the summation; Q CH4i = Methane produced in the year -1 -1 ―i‖ [ton.year ]; k = methane generation rate constant [1.year ]; Lo = Methane generation potential -1 [tonCH4 . ton MSWx]; MSWx = waste deposited in the year ―x‖ [ton]. (2) 3
-1
Where: QCH4i = Methane produced in the year ―i‖ [m CH4.year ]; i = 1 year time increment; n = (year of calculation) - (initial year of waste disposal); j = 0,1 year time increment; k: methane generation -1 -1 rate constant [1.year ]; Lo = Methane generation potential [ton CH4.ton mi]; mi = waste disposal in the year ―i‖ [ton]; tij = age of section j of mi disposal in year i [year] The potential for methane generation (L0) from waste was obtained by Equation 3 (3) -1
Where: Lo = methane generation potential [ton CH4 . ton MSWx]; MCF = methane correction factor in year x [fraction]; DOC = Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) in year x (fraction) [ton C . ton 1 MWS]; DOCf = Fraction of DOC dissimilated; F = Fraction by volume of CH4 in landfill gas; 16/12 = Conversion factor from C to CH4. The calculation of the amount of degradable organic carbon (DOC) was performed using the regression equation developed for the southeast region of Brazil, Equation 4. (4) -1
Where: angular coefficient = -0,000710593 [ton C.(ton MSW.year) ]; linear coefficient: 1,584468345 -1 [ton C.(ton MSW.year) ]. The dissimilated fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOCf) was calculated by Equation 5. (5) Where: DOCf = fraction of DOC dissimilated; T: temperature in the anaerobic zone [°C]. The simulation will be performed using STELLA program (Structural Thinking Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation) using all data previously identified. The simulation is performed in a system dynamics model governed entirely by the passage of time. Such time-based simulation analyzes lead to a series of simulation steps over the period of time to update the status of system variables..
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Quantitative and semiquantitative modeling uses objects such as tanks, valves, converters and connectors. The tank represents a quantity that can grow or decrease. The valve associated with the tank decides at what rate of time variation the magnitude represented by the tank will vary. The converter can be a constant or a quantity calculated by the model and the connector establishes a direct link between the objects that make up the model.
RESULTS Table 1 presents information on the types of MSW disposal in the state of Rio de Janeiro for the base year 2016. The information collected from the National Sanitation Information System also indicates the characteristics of the disposal areas. The model will be expanded to national assessment after calibration with regional data. (SNIS, 2017) Table 1 - Information on MSW disposal areas – Rio de Janeiro
Location City
Type of unit Type of according Environmental to reporting License municipality Angra dos Sanitary Operating Reis landfill Controlled Barra do Piraí Other type landfill Sanitary Barra Mansa Operating landfill Bom Jesus do Open dump Does not exist Itabapoana Cambuci
Open dump
Campos dos Sanitary Goytacazes landfill Sanitary Itaboraí landfill Italva
Open dump
Itaperuna
Open dump
Controlled Mendes landfill Sanitary Miguel Pereira landfill Natividade
Open dump
Niterói Nova Friburgo Nova Iguaçu Petrópolis Piraí Porciúncula Resende
Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill Controlled landfill Sanitary landfill Controlled landfill Controlled landfill
Rio das Flores Open dump Rio Ostras
das Sanitary landfill
Does not exist
Foundation waterproofing
Yes Yes Yes No No
Frequency of waste cover Daily Is not performed Daily Biweekly Biweekly Daily
Gas Drainage
Gas recovery
Drainage of water
Recirculation of leachate
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Operating
Yes
Operating
Yes
Does not exist
No
Biweekly
No
No
No
No
Yes
Biweekly
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Does not exist Does not exist
No
Operating
Yes
Does not exist
No
Other type
Yes
Operating
Yes
Operating
Yes
Operating
Yes
Other type
Yes
Does not exist
No
Does not exist
Yes
Does not exist
No
Operating
Yes
Daily
Daily Daily Biweekly Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Weekly
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Santa Maria Sanitary Madalena landfill Sanitary São Gonçalo landfill São Pedro da Sanitary Aldeia landfill Sanitary Seropédica landfill Três Rios Open dump Valença Open dump Sanitary Vassouras landfill
Operating
Yes
Installation
Yes
Operating
Yes
Operating
Yes
Does not exist Does not exist
No No
Operating
Yes
Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No No
Yes No
No No
No No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Source: Data extracted and compiled from National Sanitation Information System Several information is extracted from table 1, among them: 1- Only 30% of the municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro presented information on MSW management; 2- Among the cities that presented information, 53% had sanitary landfills, 19% had controlled landfills, and 28% had open dumps; 3- In relation to the administrative procedure of environmental licensing 40% are irregular; 4- 33% do not have foundation waterproofing; 5- 46% do not have gas drainage infrastructure; 6- 72% do not recover biogas; 7- 40% of the units perform leachate recirculation into the MSW mass. Six parameters that integrated the model were identified: Type of unit; Frequency of waste cover; Gas Drainage; Gas recovery; Drainage of water and Recirculation of leachate. The initial survey allowed the identification of 43 parameters for the first approximation of the model in question. 1 - Year of opening of the landfill or year of commencement of MSW disposal: this parameter is used in the equation to determine the biogas generation variation year by year; 2 - Year of closure of activities: this parameter is used in the equation to determine the variation of biogas generation year by year; 3 - k: methane generation rate: represents the rate of biological decomposition that is influenced by nutrient availability, pH, temperature and humidity; 4 – L0: potential methane generation capacity: depends on the waste composition, in particular the fraction of organic matter present and the biodegradable carbon content, the moisture content, the compaction of the waste and the recycling; 5 - Mass of deposited waste: amount of waste generated by the population minus the percentage collected; 6 - F: percentage of methane present in the biogas; 7 - A: fraction of paper and cardboard in the trash; 8 - B: fraction of waste from parks and gardens in the garbage; 9 - C: fraction of food remains in the trash; 10 - D: fraction of wood in the trash; 11 - FCM: methane correction fator 12 - DOC: degradable organic carbon: depends on the fractions of residues present in the mass deposited; 13 - DOCf: fraction of COD dissimilated: indicates the fraction of carbon that is available for biochemical decomposition, and is dependent on temperature and DOC; 14 - Temperature in the mass of waste: temperature in the aerobic zone of degradation; 15 - Real landfill coverage area: parameter to be determined through geotechnologies; 16 - Initial population: parameter used by the Brazilian government in modeling and that together with per capita generation will determine the amount of waste generated; 17 - Landfill: type of arrangement that influences the generation of biogas; 18 - Sanitary landfill (depth ≥ 5 meters): type of arrangement that influences biogas generation; 19 - Controlled landfill (depth 25 ppm Oxy-combustion 90-100% < 1 ppm In this context, as an innovative and promising method, the exergoenvironmental analysis was developed by Meyer et al (2009) as a tool to assess the location, magnitude, and sources of the environmental impacts associated with energy conversion systems (PETRAKOPOULOU et al 2011). Its methodology aims to determine the relation between the thermodynamic performance and the associated environmental impact of each process component. An exergoenvironmental analysis comprises basically three stages: an exergetic analysis of the process, a Life-cycle assessment of each component of the system and, finally, the exergoenvironmental balance, which associates those exergy rates and envinronmental impacts, allowing to identify the most impactful sections through both system thermodynamics analysis and environmental performance evaluation, so effective modifications could be made to improve process sustainability (MEYER et al, 2009).
GOAL The goal of this research is to analyze and compare the exergetic and exergoenvironmental efficiency of power generation processes in thermal power plants fueled by natural gas, coal or residual biomass with CO 2 capture by oxy-combustion or pre-combustion, in order to enable geological, or even chemical, sequestration of inevitably generated carbon dioxide.
METHODOLOGY A residual biomass, available in large scale in Brazil, must be selected through an indicative score defined by weighting sustainability metrics of Araujo et al (2015). Process flowsheets of oxycombustion and pre-combustion cases will be based in literature data, in order to select the best configuration for each case. A technical performance evaluation will be carried out through process simulation, where the CO2 capture rate can be estimated. Then, the exergy rates will be calculated to evaluate the exergy destruction rates and the resulting thermodynamic efficiency of each component of the system. The following step is to perform a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Simapro® with a cradle-to-gate approach, resulting in a single indicator for the potential of environmental impact. The life-cycle inventory will be collected from Ecoinvent database. Then, an exergoenvironmental analysis will be finally implemented by associating the process exergy rates to the environmental impacts estimated by the LCA according to the method described by Meyer et al (2009), in order to identify the system components that most contributes for its environmental impacts. Objectively, the thesis research will proceed with the following stages: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Literature review; Composition of article in oxy-combustion; Biomass definition with sustainability metrics of Araújo et al (2015); Definition of process flowsheet and its operational conditions according to literature review data; Process simulation in Aspen Hysys®; Exergetic analysis (spreadsheet); Composition of article with exergetic analysis results; Life-cycle assessment: cradle-to-gate (Ecoinvent/Simapro®); Exergoenvironmental balance (MEYER et al, 2009); Composition of article with exergoambiental analysis results;; Thesis composition and defense.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 EXPECTED RESULTS From the environment point of view, the exergy can be understood as the potential impact of exergy deposition in the reference medium: the higher the exergy rate of a residual stream, the farther it will be from targeting the equilibrium with the environment, so the higher is the transformation potential of environment, which can occur either by physical processes or by chemical processes. The LCA of the system will evaluate the potential of the environmental damage caused by feedstock extraction, transport, pre-treatment and processing, as well as the effect of the life-cycle of other involved components of the system. Moreover, by associating exergetic analysis and LCA, the exergoenvironmental will evaluate the environmental impacts generated by process inefficiencies and also, in the context of the overall life-cycle of all the components of system, the influence of the background of those components. This work aims to compare the exergetic and exergoenvironmental performance of different fuels in power generation processes with non-conventional CO2 capture. The technical performance of those processes, as well as the CO2 capture rate and the rate of water consumption on cooling towers, will be evaluated via process simulation. Beyond the DSc. thesis, this research intends to result in the publication of at least two articles in firstrate journals. Comparing oxy-combustion and pre-combustion routes, from the economical viewpoint, Kanniche et al (2010) demonstrated a similarity of these routes for coal and a slight economical advantage of oxy-combustion for natural gas as fuel for a power plant. In this work, the environmental performance of those routes will be compared, and it is expected to find that, for the three considered fuel types, oxy-combustion route would be more sustainable than pre-combustion route
REFERENCES ARAÚJO, O. Q. F.; MEDEIROS, J. L.; YOKOYAMA, L.; MORGADO, C. R. V. Metrics for Sustainability Analysis of Post-combustion Abatement of CO2 Emissions: Microalgae Mediated Routes and CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). Energy, v.92, part 3, p.556-568, 2015. EIA. International Energy Outlook 2013, July 2013. Available in: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/pdf/0484(2013).pdf KANNICHE, M.; GROS-BONNIVARD, R.; JAUD, P.; VALLE-MARCOS, J.; AMANN, J.M.; BOUALLOU, C. Pre-combustion, Post-combustion and Oxy-combustion in Thermal Power Plant for CO2 Capture. Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, p.53-62, 2010. MEYER, L.; TSATSARONIS, G.; BUCHGEINSTER, J.; SCHEBEK, L. Exergoenvironmental Analysis for Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Energy Conversion Systems. Energy, 34, p.75-89, 2009. PETRAKOPOULOU, F.; TSATSARONIS, G.; BOYANO, A., MOROSUK, T. Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironmental Evaluation of Power Plants Including CO2 Capture. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 89, p.1461-1469, 2011. SUNDKVIST, S. G.; GRIFFIN, T.; THORSHAUG, N. P. AZEP - Development of an Integrated Air Separation Membrane - Gas Turbine. Second Nordic Minisymposium on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Göteborg, 2001.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
May, 25th
Master students
Abstracts
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 MUNICIPAL PLAN OF BASIC SANITATION OF THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO – CRITICAL ANALYSIS Mestranda Bruna Camila Pereira da Silva, Monica Pertel, Iene Christie Figueiredo
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Municipal Plan of Basic Sanitation; Municipality of Rio de Janeiro; Law nº 11.445/2007; basic sanitation; Public Policy.
INTRODUCTION In 1971, the National Sanitation Plan (PLANASA) was established with the objective of improving the sanitation situation in Brazil. According to the 1970 census, only 26,7 million Brazilians, or 50.4% of the urban population, were supplied with potable water and 10,1 million or 20% served by the sewer system (MONTEIRO, 1993). PLANASA basically operated in water supply and sanitary sewage using resources from FGTS and was managed by BNH - National Bank of Housing (FIOROTTI, 2008). Due to the economic crisis of the 1980s, BNH was extinguished and PLANASA came to an end. After approximately 20 years without a national regulatory framework dealing with sanitation services, Law No 11,445, which established the national guidelines and the federal policy for basic sanitation (FIOROTTI, 2008), was sanctioned on January 5, 2007. This Law complies with what was established in article 21, subsections XX, of the Federal Constitution of 1988, which says: it is the responsibility of the Union to establish guidelines for urban development, including housing, basic sanitation and urban transport. Law No 11,445 extends the concept of basic sanitation to four components: water supply, sewage, rainwater drainage and solid waste management. This law presents the fundamental principles that will be based on public services, deals with the exercise of ownership, regional services, planning, regulation, economic, social and technical aspects and social control, as well as the guidelines and objectives of public policy Of basic sanitation. In its article 52, this Law assigns to the Federal Government, under the coordination of the Ministry of Cities, responsibility for the elaboration of the National Plan for Basic Sanitation (PLANSAB) and in its article 19, the Law assigns municipalities, as service holders, the elaboration of the Municipal Plan of Basic Sanitation (PMSB). PLANSAB was published in the Official Gazette (DOU) on December 6, 2013, establishing guidelines, goals and basic sanitation actions for the country in the next 20 years (2014-2033). The plan was prepared with the participation of the government, the agents that work in the sanitation sector and the society. It presents audacious targets such as achieving 99% coverage in drinking water supply, 92% in sanitary sewage, universal collection in the urban area, and the absence of open-air dumps or leaks throughout the country over the next 20 years. Through the PMSB, guidelines and studies for resource feasibility can be provided, as well as defining investment programs and establishing timetables and goals in an organized manner, promoting the reduction of uncertainties and risks in the conduct of Municipal Policy. Consequently, this process will contribute to promoting water security, disease prevention, reduction of social inequalities, preservation of the environment, economic development of the municipality, adequate land occupation, and prevention and reduction of environmental accidents and events such as floods, lack of Water and pollution (INSTITUTO TRATA BRASIL, 2009). However, the elaboration of
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 a municipal sanitation plan is extremely complex since it involves many areas of knowledge, requires trained professionals to develop this work and financial resources. Pursuant to article 19 of Law No. 11,445, the SMP shall cover, as a minimum: I - Diagnosis of the situation and its impact on living conditions, using the health system epidemiological, environmental, and socioeconomic indicators and pointing out the reasons for occasional failure; II - Goals in the short, medium and long term with a view to universal and acceptable gradual and progressive solutions, upholding compatibility with other sector plans; III - Programs, projects, and actions needed both to achieve goals that are consistent with their respective annual plans and other related government plans, and to identify potential funding sources; IV – Remedial actions for emergencies and contingencies; V - Mechanisms and procedures for the systematic assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of programmed actions. Decree No 7,217, dated June 21, 2010, which regulates Law No 11,445 was amended by Decree No. 8,629 of December 30, 2015, determining that after December 31, 2017, the existence of a basic sanitation plan, prepared by the Holder of the services, will be a condition for access to budgetary resources of the Union or to resources of financing managed or administered by a body or entity of the Federal Public Administration, when destined to basic sanitation services. Although the date has already been changed twice, it is a way of putting pressure on the municipalities to draw up the plan. The Ministry of Cities published in January 2017 the Panorama of Municipal Plans of Basic Sanitation in Brazil, whose data were consolidated until October 19, 2016. Of a total of 5,570 Brazilian municipalities, only 3,903 contributed data for the elaboration of this Information about the remaining 1,667 municipalities. Of the municipalities that contributed data to the panorama, 1,692 (43%) said they had the municipal sanitation plan, 2,091 municipalities (54%) said they were in the process of drawing up the plan and in 120 municipalities (3%) there were inconsistencies The data found in different sources. As about 30% of the municipalities in Brazil say they already have the municipal plan, it is probable that in 2018 the goal of PLANSAB of 32% will be met and exceeded.
STUDY AREA The municipality of Rio de Janeiro is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which in turn is located in the eastern portion of the Southeast region of Brazil, in terms of coordinates, the municipality is located at 22 ° 54'10 ''S and 43 ° 12'28''W and has 1,200,179 km² of area. The city is divided into five planning areas, with a population of approximately 6.3 million (IBGE, 2010) and a population density of 5.265,81 inhabitants per km². According to data from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS), in 2015, the municipality's urban water supply index (IN023) was 98.3%, the sewage collection index (IN015) was 59.96% and the sewage treatment index (IN016) was 74.15%. It is observed that the priority of governments was the water supply to the population, but there was a disregard for the sanitary sewage which becomes an environmental, social and public health problem when this sewage is dumped without treatment in an inappropriate place. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, the State Water and Sewage Company (CEDAE) operates and maintains the abstraction, treatment, adduction, distribution of water networks, as well as the collection, transportation, treatment and final destination of the sewage generated, with the exception of 21 neighborhoods in the West Zone to which sewage services belong to Foz Águas 5 since May 2012.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 The concessionaire Foz Águas 5 is formed by the partnership between Odebrecht Ambiental and the Saneamento Ambiental Águas do Brasil (SAAB). It is the company responsible for sewage services in the West Zone of the city, operating in 21 neighborhoods, located in Planning Area 5 (corresponding to 48% of the entire municipal territory), serving approximately 1.7 million inhabitants since May Of 2012. The concessionaire also carries out the commercial management of water and sewage, which includes the reading and issuance of accounts, inspection actions to regularize the facilities and verification of regular use of water, among others. The Municipal Company of Urban Cleaning - COMLURB - is a joint-stock company, has the City of Rio de Janeiro as majority shareholder. Its main tasks are the collection of household services, cleaning of public places, beach sands, public parks, street furniture, tunnels, viaducts, and in particular cleaning and sanitation of municipal hospitals. Collection and proper destination of all waste produced in health units located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Transfer, treatment and disposal of waste. The CTR-Rio Waste Treatment Center in Seropédica is a concession from COMLURB to Ciclus. Opened on April 20, 2011 with an area of 220 hectares, it receives all the waste generated in the city of Rio de Janeiro and also serves the municipalities of Itaguaí and Seropédica. The Rio de Janeiro Water Institute Foundation (Rio-Águas) is the technical body of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro that has the competencies to plan, manage and supervise preventive and corrective actions against floods. The agency acts in the management of hydrographic basins of the municipality, which covers a wide area of performance. Rio-Águas works in the maintenance of the water bodies of the municipality, performing works of conservation and clearing of canals and rivers. In addition, it is the agency responsible for planning, supervising and operating, directly or indirectly, the sewage system. Since May 9, 2011, it acts as regulator and inspector of the provision of sewage collection and treatment services in the AP5, in 21 neighborhoods of the West Zone. According to article 19 of Law No. 11,445, the municipal sanitation plan may be specific to each service. The municipality of Rio de Janeiro chose to carry out the plans specifically for each type of service. Initially, the Municipal Sanitation Plan for Water Supply and Sanitary Sewage Services (PMSB-AE) was approved, approved by Decree No. 34,290 of August 15, 2011. On October 10, 2013, Decree No. 37,775 established the Plan Municipal Management of Solid Waste - PMGIRS of the City of Rio de Janeiro, which is complemented by Decree No. 42.605 of November 25, 2016. Finally, in December 2015, the Municipal Sanitation Basic Plan of the City of Rio de January Drainage and urban storm water management. According to Law No. 11,445, after drafting specific plans for all aspects of basic sanitation, they must be consolidated and made compatible by the holders, basic sanitation plans should be reviewed in a period not exceeding four years and proposals and Plan studies should be widely disseminated, including holding public hearings or consultations. It is imperative that the municipal plan meets the federal, state and municipal laws that deal with basic sanitation and its public policy and consider plans and programs already planned for the city. The plan for success must have achievable goals and goals that take into account local and regional peculiarities. Reflecting on all the issues raised, the present study seeks to analyze whether the Basic Sanitation Plan of the City of Rio de Janeiro was prepared in accordance with laws, decrees, resolutions, norms and ordinances dealing with water supply, sewage, drainage And solid waste management in all instances of power and as a contribution, to propose recommendations on possible improvements to be adopted in the next review of the plan evaluated. In view of the Brazilian municipalities that do not yet have plans or are in the process of elaborating the basic sanitation plans, based on the critical analysis carried out in this work, we intend to
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 highlight relevant legal and technical aspects to be considered in the elaboration of the plan, In order to minimize the risk of divergences in their application.
GOAL To analyze whether the Basic Sanitation Plan of the City of Rio de Janeiro was prepared in accordance with the legislation pertinent to basic sanitation and its public policies in all instances of power. SPECIFIC GOALS List and analyze federal, state, and municipal laws that address basic sanitation and public sanitation policies. To analyze the Municipal Sanitation Basic Plan of the City of Rio de Janeiro. To verify the adequacy of the Municipal Sanitation Basic Plan of the City of Rio de Janeiro with the legislations listed. Propose recommendations on possible improvements to be adopted in the next revision of the plan evaluated. Emphasize relevant legal and technical aspects to be considered in the preparation of future plans, in order to minimize the risk of divergences in their application.
METHODOLOGY The present work, aiming to reach the already stipulated objectives, will be realized based on the analysis of the federal, state and municipal legislations available in official electronic means of the Public Power and of dissertations and books that deal with the subject.
DISCUSSION With the present work, it is expected to know if the basic sanitation plan of Rio de Janeiro complies with all federal, state and municipal laws that address the issue of basic sanitation and its public policies, making recommendations on possible improvements to be adopted in the next revision of the plan evaluated. To contribute with relevant legal and technical aspects to be considered in the preparation of future plans, in order to minimize the risk of divergences in their application.
REFERENCES BRASIL. Lei Nº 11.445, de 5 de Janeiro de 2007. Estabelece as diretrizes nacionais para o saneamento básico. Brasília, 5 Jan. 2007. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 05/04/2017. FIOROTTI, Luis. Compreenda o Saneamento Ambiental. Presidente do Crea - Es: Creaes, 2008. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 13/04/2017.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 INSTITUTO TRATA BRASIL. Plano Municipais ou Regionais experiência legal: Cartilha de Saneamento, 2009. Disponível em:< http://www.meioambiente.pr.gov.br/arquivos/File/coea/pncpr/Cartilha_de_saneamento.pdf> Acesso em: 14/04/2017. MINISTÉRIO DAS CIDADES. Lei Nacional de Saneamento Básico. Perspectiva para as políticas e gestão dos serviços públicos. Livro I, 2008. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 06/04/2017. MONTEIRO, José Roberto do Rego. Plano Nacional de Saneamento – PLANASA: análise de desempenho. Edição do autor, 1993. Disponível em:< http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacg/e/fulltext/planasa/planasa.pdf>. Acesso em 13/04/2017.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 STUDY AND FORMULATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR THE COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF LARGE AND SMALL AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES Mônica Coelho Varejão (Master’s student)
[email protected] Eduardo Gonçalves Serra (Master’s advisor)
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Sustainability; Agriculture; Agricultural Properties; Sustainability Assessment Method.
INTRODUCTION The term sustainability stands out in the 70's with the publication of articles, reports and famous books that bring the term to the forefront. The Limits to Growth report, prepared in 1972 by a team 1 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for the Club of Rome , presents, through mathematical modeling, the consequences of five major world trends: accelerated industrialization, rapid population growth, generalized malnutrition, depletion of non-renewable resources and degradation of the environment. As a result, the Report indicated that if nothing were done to curb these global trends, the planet Earth would reach its limit of growth in the next 100 years and there would be uncontrollable population decline and industrial capacity. It should be noted that the survival of the species depends on the availability of natural and energy resources in quantity and quality, otherwise, man is at the mercy of what the ecosystem can provide. According to Meadows D. L. et al (1972, p.24): ―It is possible to alter these growth trends and to establish a condition of ecological and economic stability that is sustainable far into the future. The state of global equilibrium could be designed so that the basic material needs of each person on earth are satisfied and each person has an equal opportunity to realize his individual human potential‖.
This Report reinforces, in part, what Malthusian Theory advocated in 1798, when Thomas Robert Malthus, preoccupied with the accelerated population growth, due to the Industrial Revolution, publishes the Essay on the Principle of Population warning that the population grew in geometric progression while the production of food in arithmetic progression, which would, in the limit, result in food shortages, leading to a scenario of hunger, which would lead to a declining population growth. It is clear that Malthus' scenario, in which there was no mechanization of agriculture, is different from that of the 1970s, in which the report The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972) was written, but also does not preview current situations, such as the fact that technological innovations are able to minimize the use of resources and the negative impacts on the environment. However, both reports agree that the relationship between population growth and resource availability is intrinsic and definitive in terms of how a population will develop.However, it is important to emphasize that today, regardless the stage of population growth, the standard of living of human is increasingly associated with the consumption of energy and natural resources, since, in a globalized capitalist world, the accelerated technological development produces in people the sense of the necessity to have new technologies, goods and/or services, to update themselves with every innovation the market, through a strong marketing work, presents to the consumers. What is perceived nowadays is that there is a mismatch between demand and supply of resources to the population, being these ones natural or energetic.
1
Club of Rome: an informal organization that has been aptly described as an "invisible college." Its purposes are to foster understanding of the varied but interdependent components - economic, political, natural, and social - that make up the global system in which we all live; to bring that new understanding to the attention of policy-makers and the public worldwide; and in this way to promote new policy initiatives and action. (Meadows D. L. et al, 1972, p.9).
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Agriculture, a primary sector of the economy, is a prime activity for the development of society. According to Mazoyer and Roudan (2010), in their book History of the World's Agriculture: from the Neolithic to the Contemporary Crisis, the first systems of cultivation and creation arose in the Neolithic period, more than ten thousand years ago, and since then it passed through a series of transformations that dictate the development of the population, the occupation of the territory and the transformation of the ecosystem, making clear the relation of how natural resources are used by the dominant productive system. With the Green Revolution, in the middle of the 20th century, agricultural production accelerated as a result of the invention and dissemination of agricultural techniques and practices, such as the use of genetically modified seeds, chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals, as well as mechanization in planting, irrigation and harvesting. In this way, it was possible to expand the productive capacity and with that also the capacity of nutrition of the population, which becomes beneficial if consider this Revolution as an advance to the world scenario of hunger, since the mass production at a constant rate, in addition to increasing supply and / or expanding the agricultural frontier, reduces the cost of food to be sold to the population, making it more economically viable and available geographically, a factor that is also made possible by the evolution of transport logistics and distribution of food. However, this increase in productive capacity and / or expansion of the agricultural frontier, without proper evaluation of the potential environmental and social impacts that these actions may cause in the short, medium and long term, result in conflicts between different stakeholders, such as, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), farmers, agribusiness, civil society, among others. What is currently seen is a struggle for economic interests, which ignores some environmental and social issues and that, therefore, in this scenario, the government can be an important mediating actor, regulator and supervisory with decision-making power, able to seek a situation of global equilibrium. It is not appropriate to this Study to analyze the efficiency or inefficiency of the government in promoting this equilibrium, but only to cite its power to intervene in the process. Considering the various negative impacts that this intensive production model causes in the environmental sphere, such as the contamination of water bodies, and in the social sphere, such as diseases that direct contact (respiratory, cutaneous or oral) and indirect (through ingestion of food or water contamination) with industrialized inputs entails, there is a situation of unsustainable degradation of the ecosystem, which demonstrates the need to seek a more sustainable modality of agriculture that seeks a situation of equilibrium based on the tripod of sustainability, which involves the environmental, social and economic spheres. Certainly, that the perfect balance will not be achieved, but it will be of great importance that environmental aspects be valued in methodologies for evaluating the sustainability of agricultural production units, since this measurement tool acts as a key factor to find solutions more adequate to the impacts mentioned above (CANDIDO, G.A. et al, 2015). In addition to the importance of valuing environmental aspects for the evaluation of the sustainability of agricultural properties, it is necessary to consider in the evaluation methods aspects peculiar to small productive properties of organic products, which are free of industrialized inputs and where the relation man vs. environment is more rational in terms of the use of nature's resources. The relevance of considering these positive peculiarities, such as greater biodiversity, presence of springs of water, called in Brazil as ―water eyes‖, among others, is due to the current environmental scenario in which we live, characterized by water crisis, extinction of species, contamination of bodies of water and of land, deforestation, climate change, in other words, problems that represent a state of alert to the population, which depends on natural resources for their survival and that the harmony in the use and exploitation of resources must be rational and rationed. These environmental impacts can result in social and economic impacts, since they directly affect the relationship between man and nature. Owing to the fact that current methodologies do not consider these environmental positive aspects intrinsic to small organic production units, this study, concerned with the current environmental
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 scenario, proposes a methodology for assessing sustainability that considers these peculiarities, capable of minimizing or eradicating some of these environmental problems with high potential to cause social and economic problems.
MAIN GOAL To propose a methodology for evaluating the sustainability of agricultural properties and to validate the hypothesis that a small organic farm tends to present superior performance regarding sustainability than a great agricultural property based on monoculture.
SPECIFIC GOALS Identify and analyze methods of evaluating agricultural sustainability; Identify and analyze environmental, social and economic indicators relevant to the context of a small organic farm and to a large production unit; Identify the environmental aspects peculiar to a small organic agricultural property in order to consider them in the evaluation methodology to be proposed.
METHODOLOGY The development of this work will be based on bibliographical surveys, the analysis of agricultural sustainability assessment methods for the preparation and proposal of a methodology that considers the peculiarities of a small productive unit of organic products. In addition to field trips for interviews with farmers to collect information and the application of the methodology proposed for benchmarking sustainability between two farms, a large one based on monoculture and a small one based on the production of organic products. The bibliographical survey stage will be fundamental to cover topics such as sustainability, the relationship between agriculture versus the environment, the history of the evolution of Brazilian agriculture, the more sustainable agriculture modalities and the relevant indicators for assessing the sustainability of agricultural properties. The analysis of agricultural sustainability assessment methods will be of great importance for proposing a methodology that considers environmental, social and economic indicators applicable to any agricultural production unit, and the emphasis of this study is to identify and consider in the method to be proposed indicators that portray the environmental peculiarities of a small organic agricultural property, since regardless of socioeconomic viability, the preservation of the environment is a factor of attention in the world scenario and subject to increasingly restrictive and punitive regulations and public policies. In order to construct the method of evaluating agricultural sustainability, the stage of interaction with the rural environment, through field trips to conduct interviews with farmers to collect information, will be fundamental for the perception of the context and the identification of the key factors to be considered in the choice of the indicators. This perception will also be fundamental for the performance evaluation of the sustainability of two farms, a small one with an organic production process, that is, compromised with the organicity and sanity of the production of live food, and another, of great size, based on monoculture. The evaluation of the performance will occur through the application of the methodology proposed for both properties and then by comparative analysis of the results.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 EXPECTED RESULTS The expected results of this study are the proposition of a methodology for evaluating the sustainability of agricultural properties composed of environmental, social and economic indicators, which considers the positive environmental peculiarities of a small organic property and the application of this methodology in order to verify the validity of the following hypothesis: a small agricultural property of organic products presents superior performance in terms of sustainability than a large production unit based on monoculture. The relevance of proposing a methodology for evaluating the sustainability of agricultural properties that takes into account specific and positive environmental aspects of a small organic property is that this tool serves to generate technical subsidies for the proposal of public policies, whose objective is to incentivize a sustainable agriculture. This objective is in line with what international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, and its developments, such as NDC (Nationally Determined Contributions), have as main focus, which is: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world. The priority action front of Brazil in reduce GHG emissions is to combat the deforestation. Therefore, more sustainable forms of food production that value a more harmonic and rational relationship between man and the environment in the exploration and use of natural resources represent one of the efficient ways of combating climate change, an environmental problem with a global scope and with a potential to impact social and economic spheres.
REFERENCES OECD. "BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURE: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES‖ IN OECD-FAO AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK 2015. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2015. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2015-5-en. Accessed in 2/4/2017. Accessed in 4/2/2017. CANDIDO, GESINALDO DE ATAÍDE, et al. SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGROECOLOGICAL PRODUCTION UNITS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IDEA AND MESMIS METHODS. Ambiente & Sociedade, São Paulo, v. 18, n. 3, p. 99-120, 2015. Available in: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/asoc/v18n3/en_1809-4422-asoc-18-03-00099.pdf. Accessed in 4/2/2017. MEADOWS, D. L., et al. THE LIMITS TO GROWTH. Universe Books, New York, 1972. Avalaible in: http://www.donellameadows.org/wp-content/userfiles/Limits-to-Growth-digital-scan-version.pdf. Accessed in 4/2/2017. MAZOYER, MARCEL and ROUDART, LAURENCE. HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN THE WORLD: FROM THE NEOLITHIC TO THE CONTEMPORARY CRISIS. [tradução de Cláudia F. Falluh Balduino Ferreira]. – UNESP, São Paulo; NEAD, Brasília, 2010. Available in: http://w3.ufsm.br/gpet/files/Historia%20das%20agriculturas%20no%20mundo%20%20Mazoyer%20e%20Roudart.pdf. Accessed in 4/2/2017.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
Use of macrophytes for water optimization in animal enclosures in a zoo Barbara G. Ciqueira (mestrado), Nassar, Cristina A. Gomes Email do aluno:
[email protected] KEY WORDS: macrophytes; zoos; Eichhornia crassipes; Lemna sp.; absorption.
INTRODUCTION Macrophytes are plants visible to the naked eye, with photosynthetically active parts, adapted to the environment thriving on lakes, ponds, swamps and other flooded areas, being totally or partially submerged or floating on water (BRANCO, 2012). Using aquatic macrophytes to treat water and contaminated soils can be considered environmentally efficient, as well as being a cheap method, according to Nunes (2012). This is because they have the ability to concentrate essential and nonessential elements of water and soil through their roots. Also according to Nunes (2012), the advantages in this type of system are the low cost in the implementation, maintenance and high efficiency. Also plants present different ways "for the removal, immobilization or transformation of specific pollutants", either through the absorption of the pollutants by the roots or by the retention of the pollutants by the leaves, bio-available, etc. Plants and their associated micro-organisms can be used due to theirs cheap and effective potential for cleaning organic and Inorganic. As mentioned by Tavares (2009), in phytoremediation plants can act directly, absorbing, accumulating or metabolizing in their tissues, or indirectly in the reduction and / or removal of contaminants as for example Eichhornia crassipes. According to Nunes (2012 apud ZHU et al., 1999), Eichhornia crassipes doubles its biomass in six days under favorable conditions. For Henry-Silva & Camargo (2002, Westlake, 1963), it can double its weight in 12 days. Pontederiaceae family is mostly used in the treatment of industrial and sanitary effluents. Its depleting action can occur in three ways: by filtering (adsorbing) at its roots; by actively absorbing pollutants such as heavy metals, for example, or oxygenating the environment through its aerial part. Lemnas sp, also known as duckweeds or duckweeds, are often confused with algae because of their size. This macrophyte of the Lemnaceae family have a great ability to assimilate nutrients and provide favorable conditions for the biological decomposition of organic matter (GRAEFF, 2002 apud Brix and Shierup, 1989). They also show accelerated growth, and under optimal conditions doubles their number every three days (Graeff et al, 2002). In this work both species (Eichhornia Crassipes and Lemna sp.) were chosen to test the water absorption and filtration potential of the enclosures. They were already present in some of the tanks at the Rio Zoo, and although they occurred naturally in these tanks, no study has verified their effectiveness in improving water quality in these enclosures. GOAL To verify the effectiveness of the macrophytes Eichhornia Crassipes and Lemna sp in the reduction of the organic load in the water tanks inside animal´s enclosures in a zoo, in order to reduce the time of renewal of the water, allowing a better management of this resource.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 METHODOLOGY Place of study The zoo chosen for the study was the RIOZOO Foundation of the city of Rio de Janeiro, located in Quinta da Boa Vista. For the experiments, three tanks with different water characteristics were selected, both by the habit of the animal and by the presence of macrophytes (Figure 1): 1) Tank 1 (T1) - Spider monkey: in this enclosure water serves only as a physical barrier preventing the animal from escaping, that is, it is not used directly as a way to supply the animal's physiological needs. In this tank the E. crassipes species occurred in abundance and the plants used in the experiment were selected and removed from it. 2) Tank 2 (T2) - Swans and ducks: water is used directly by animals as part of their habitat. In this tank there were few specimens of E. crassipes and Lemna sp. 3) Tank 3 (T3) - Quati: water was also used only as a physical barrier in the animal enclosure and did not present any macrophytes, of any species, visible to the naked eye, since the tank was emptied and cleaned the previous month.
a
b
c
Figure 1: Aspect of the studied tanks: a) Tank 1: spider monkey; (B) Tank 2: swans and ducks; C) Tank 3: quati. Source: Author of Work The parameters defined for water analysis and verification of the filtering potential of the macrophytes were: Water temperature; pH; BOD; Dissolved Oxygen (OD); Nitrate; Nitrite and Phosphate. The other parameters such as coliforms and suspended solids were not analyzed because their presence was already expected and perceived, and we do not consider these analyzes to be of great importance for this study. The temperature was verified at the time of collection and the other parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. For both experiments, two water analyzes were performed: one at the time of collection, to verify the conditions and composition of the water, and a second one after 72 hours of the action of the macrophyte to measure the absorption of the nutrients.
Experiment I: Eichhornia Crassipes Collecting:
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Thirty E. crassipes plants were collected, with similar size, leaves and weight in the Spider Monkey (T1) enclosure (high number of plants and easy access to it). These were storage transparent plastic container for transport to the university. The temperature of the water was measured, and about 20 L of this water were collected and stored in a recipient (20L) for transportation to the laboratory.The same procedure of collecting the water occurred in the other tanks. Preparation of the experiment: Nine plants were chosen and separated in better conditions and similarity to be used in the study. The water collected from the tanks divided and arranged in 5 L containers each, duly labeled, for identification of the coming tank and the replica for identification in the next analysis. The plants were kept in a location in order to be exposure to sunlight from 9 AM to 14 PM. In each plastic container was inserted 1 plant with 6 leaves of E. crassipes (3 animal tanks X 3 replicates for each tank). Period of the experiment After 72 hours of exposure of the macrophyte animal tank water, a sample of the water was collected for analysis. Below is Figure 2 Experiment I, demonstrating part of the steps of the study using the macrophyte E. crassipes
Figure 2: Experiment I. a) Selected Eichhornia; B) cylinders containing water from tanks; C) insertion of the water and plant in the plastic container for the period of the experiment; D) final result of the study stages. Source: Author of Work Experiment II: Lemna sp Collecting: A sufficient quantity of Lemna sp plants from the tamanduá-flag enclosure was collected with a fine mesh sieve that was sufficient to cover the water mirror of the plastic containers used in the previous experiment. Like Eichhornia's collection, these were packed in a clear plastic container to transport. Then, the same tanks used in the previous experiment (T1, T2 and T3) were selected for the continuation of the experiments.The collection process was performed in exactly the same way as the previous experiment.This second experiment was carried out two months after the first one,
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 and the initial scenario changed only in the spider-monkey tank, since it had been washed and the Eichhornia plants removed. Preparation of the experiment: In each container was inserted a quantity varying between 40 and 50 g of wet weight of Lemna sp, ( 3 animal tanks X 3 replicates for each tank). Period of the experiment Same as for Eichornia. Figure 3 (Experiment II), demonstrating part of the study stages using the macrophyte Lemna sp.
Figure 3: Experiment II. A) Lemnas available in the enclosure of the tamanduá flag from where they were collected; B) collection of water in Tank 1; C) collection of water in Tank 2; D) final result of the study stages. Source: Author of Work
RESULTS In the first experiment, it was possible to verify that, after exposure to the same in the 72-hour period, there was an increase in OD, mainly in Tank 1 (Figure 4). At the time of water collection, this tank had a high degree of eutrophication due to the excess of macrophytes and, consequently, the accumulation of dead plants in the bottom of the tank. In fact, the DO concentration increased from 0.20 mg / L to 5.94 mg / L, a value close to that observed in the other tanks. This parameter, besides being important and necessary for the respiration of aerobic microorganisms, also prevents the formation of substances with unpleasant odors in the water body (FIORUCCI & BENEDETTI FILHO, 2005). In Tank 1 Nitrate values (3.83 - 3.92 mg N / L) were also higher than in the other tank, ranging from 0.36 to 0.61 mg N / L. The introduction of a macrophyte and the absence of organic debris certainly favored the increase of oxygen, although it did not alter the Nitrate expressively. The pH had an increase in all the tanks, going from 5.46 to 6.76 in Tank 1, from 5.10 to 6.06 in Tank 2 and from 5.22 to 6.02 in Tank 3. The highest value of Nitrite in Tank 2 (0.17 mg / L) can be justified by the fact that animals (swans and ducks) bathed and defecated in the water of this tank. Nitrite was found at high concentration, since for drinking water it is not commonly found at levels higher than 0.1 mg / L (GADELHA et al,
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 2005). After 72 h this concentration dropped to 0.03 mg / L. The initial phosphate was also elevated in this tank (1.03 mg / L), with a slight decrease after plant introduction (0.5 mg / L). The E. crassipes plants at the end of the experiment presented a healthy appearance, however, no measurements were taken to verify the growth of the plants. According to Nunes (2012), E. crassipes doubles its biomass in six days under favorable conditions, and for Henry-Silva & Camargo (2002) it can double in 12 days.
Figure 4: Graphs showing initial and final water analysis after 72 hours exposure to Eichhornia crassipes. Dark bar: inical; Clear bar: finish. Source: Author of Work
In the second experiment (Figure 5) it was also observed a satisfactory improvement of water parameters. Although there was no alteration in the nitrite parameter, it was found in an good concentration for drinking water, as it is not commonly found at levels higher than 0.1 mg / L (GADELHA et al, 2005).
Figure 4: Graphs showing initial and final water analysis after 72 hours exposure to Lemna sp. Dark bar: inical; Clear bar: finish. Source: Author of Work
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 The initial high concentration of nitrate is certainly due to animal manure were significantly reduced, especially in tank 2, which is used as animal habitat. It is also possible to verify the decrease of Dissolved Oxygen in tanks 1 and 3 after exposure to macrophytes. This still have to be explained. The abundance Eichhornia , besides to improve the quality of water in enclosures, can also reduce feeding cost by offering this macrophyte as part of the daily diet for some herbivorous animals.
CONCLUSION Based on the literature and experiments both plants showed favorable results in filtering / absorbing organic matter available in the tanks. Therefore, with correct management it is possible to use the macrophytes Eichhornia Crassispes and Lemna sp to reduce the costs of water replacement without exposed the animals in the enclosure to any risk at a very low cost.
REFERENCES BRANCO, FRANCISCO RICARDO LACERDA. Avaliação do potencial de duas espécies de lentilha-de-água Lemna minor e Lemna gibba na remoção de nutrientes em efluente aquícola. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia e Gestão da Qualidade da Água) - Universidade do Porto. Portugal, 2012. ESTEVES, FRANCISCO DE ASSIS. Fundamentos de Limnologia. Rio de Janeiro: Interciência: FINEP, 1988. GRAEFF, Álvaro; VIANNA, Adriano Gonçalves, TONETTA, Denise & PRUNER, Evaldo Nazareno. Avaliação do potencial nutritivo da Macrófita aquática Lemna minor, por meio da análise da composição química e por sua utilização em ração para carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio L.) na fase de recria. Evidência, Joaçaba, v. 7, n. 1, p. 37-50, jan./jun. 2007 NUNES, SIRLEI DA SILVA. Avaliação da inoculação de fungos na rizosfera da Pistia Stratiotes visando a sua utilização no tratamento de efluentes urbanos. Dissertação foi submetida ao Programa de Pósgraduação em Tecnologia Ambiental TAVARES, SÍLVIO ROBERTO DE LUCENA. Fitorremediação em solo e água de áreas contaminadas por metais pesados provenientes da disposição de resíduos perigosos. Tese (doutorado) – UFRJ/ COPPE/ Programa de Engenharia Civil, 2009 – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/COPPE, 2009.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 RELEVANCE OF THE OPERATIONAL AND QUALITY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE BRAZILIAN NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INFORMATION IN SANITATION FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS Bernardo Costa Mundim (Mestrando), Isaac Volschan Jr. Email do aluno:
[email protected] KEY WORDS: water supply; sewerage; performance indicators; Brazilian National System of Information in Sanitation – SNIS
INTRODUCTION The Law nº 11.445/2007, which establishes the national guidelines for sanitation, was the regulatory framework for the sanitation sector in Brazil. The National Policy on Sanitation, ruled by said law, states on in its article 23, the process of the assessment performance in the water supply and sewerage provision, through the main points: establishing standards of quality indicators of the provision; progressive goals of the expansion and quality of the services and their deadlines; monitoring costs; evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the services provided; and standards for customer service and mechanisms for participation and information (BRASIL, 2007). In this logic, the use of performance indicators emerges as an extremely important tool for the process of performance assessment in the water supply and sewerage provision, once Alegre et al. (2006) define performance indicator (PI) as a quantitative measure of a particular aspect of the performance of a management entity or of its level of service. In addition, these authors consider PI as an instrumental that assist in monitoring of the efficiency and effectiveness of the management entity, so, because it is a simple quantitative measure, it facilitates an otherwise complex and subjective assessment. In Brazil, the Brazilian National System of Information in Sanitation (SNIS) is an important system of information in the sanitation sector, it was conceived by the Federal Government in 1996. With the advent of Law nº 11.445/2007, the National System of Information in Basic Sanitation was created. This fact allowed the institutionalization of the current SNIS and, more than that, gave it greater comprehensiveness and scope (SNIS, 2017). The SNIS has a database managed at the federal level, which contains information and indicators about institutional, administrative, operational, managerial, economic-financial and quality of the provision of water supply, sewerage and solid waste management of the Brazilian municipalities. The indicators and information on water supply and wastewater services are updated annually, starting with the base year of 1995 (SNIS, 2017). In this context, due to the fact that SNIS consolidates data updated annually and because it has become the largest and most important database of the Brazilian sanitation section, the development of this work is justified.
GOAL Assessment the relevance of the operational and quality performance indicators of the Brazil National System of Information in Sanitation for water supply and sewerage systems.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 METHODOLOGY In the information and data available by the SNIS, there are several indicators that allow to identify, objectively, aspects of the management of water supply and wastewater services. These indicators are divided into 5 dimensions, being: economic-financial and administrative; operational – water supply; operational – sewerage; swing; and quality. Of the total of 84 indicators used by this entity, 43 are of the operation and quality domain, which were objects of this study and correspond to the base year of 2015, the last year available until completion of the work (SNIS, 2017). Initially, in order to assessment the relevance of the operational and quality indicators, a selection of the indicators was carried out according to the recurrence criterion, that is, from a survey in the literature, several national and international institutions that use indicators for water supply and sewerage systems were identified. Subsequently, from a comparison between the SNIS‘s indicators and the indicators used by these institutions, only similar indicators were selected, which are used by the entity studied and by at least one organization raised. This method of choice has the purpose of selecting the operational and quality performance indicators of the SNIS that are more relevant and more reliable. Once the indicators were selected, their characteristics and their degrees of recurrence were evaluated, moreover, their relevance were reflected.
RESULTS Performance indicators that cover the operational and quality dimensions of water supply and sewerage provision of the SNIS and 11 national and international organizations were raised, namely: ABAR, PNQS, ARCE, ADERASA, AWWA, OFWAT, ERSAR, WSAA, IWA, IBNET e ISO (MATOS et al., 2003; ALEGRE et al., 2006; XIMENES, 2006; ADERASA, 2007; ABNT, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c; ARCE, 2013; AWWA, 2013; OFWAT, 2013; ERSAR, 2015; ABES, 2016; BOM, 2016; IBNET, 2016; SNIS, 2017). 612 operational and quality performance indicators were collected, of which 332 were for water supply services, 233 for wastewater services and 47 that included both services. The Figure 1 details the number of indicators per organization studied, except for the ISO Standards, which present some indicators with the purpose of only exemplifying, therefore, were not considered in this study.
Figure 1: Number of performance indicators per organization studied.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 As described previously, the selection of the SNIS‘s indicators considered the recurrence, among the 30 operational indicators and the 13 quality indicators, 25 indicators were recurrent, with 17 being operational and 8 referring to quality, as detailed in Figure 2.
Figure 2: SNIS’s indicators available and recurrent. The SNIS‘s recurrent performance indicators, as well as their acting dimensions, their codes within the scope of the SNIS, their units and their degrees of recurrence are described in Table 1. Table 1: Details of the SNIS’s recurrent performance indicators. DIMENSION
SNIS’s CODE – INDICATOR (UNIT)
Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational
IN023 – Index of urban service with water network (%) IN055 – Index of total service with water network (%) IN022 – Average per capita water consumption (L/inhab./day) IN053 – Average water consumption per economy (m³/econ./month) IN009 – Index of hydrometric (%) IN011 – Index of macro measurement (%) IN049 – Index of water losses in distribution (%) IN050 – Gross index of linear losses (m³/km/day) IN051 – Index of water losses per connection (L/con./day) IN013 – Index of billing losses (%) IN058 – Index of electricity consumption in water supply systems (kWh/m³) IN024 – Index of urban service with collection wastewater referred to municipalities served with water supply (%) IN047 – Index of urban service with collection wastewater referred to municipalities served with sewerage (%) IN056 – Index of total service with collection wastewater referred to municipalities served with water supply (%) IN016 – Index of wastewater treatment in relation to collected wastewater (%) IN046 – Index of wastewater treatment in relation to generated wastewater (%) IN059 – Index of electricity consumption in sewerage systems (kWh/m³) IN075 – Incidence of non-standard analysis – residual chlorine (%) IN079 – Index of conformity of the quantity of samples - residual chlorine (%) IN076 – Incidence of non-standard analysis – turbidity (%) IN080 – Index of conformity of the quantity of samples – turbidity (%) IN084 – Incidence of non-standard analysis – total coliforms (%) IN085 – Index of conformity of the quantity of samples – total coliforms (%) IN082 – Wastewater extravasation by network extension (extrav./km) IN083 – Average duration of services performed (hours/service)
Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Operational Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality
Source: Adapted SNIS, 2017.
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DEGREE OF RECURRENCE 3 5 2 1 5 1 2 3 5 6 1 1 2 5 3 2 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 5 1
3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 DISCUSSION It can be seen from Figure 1 how wastewater services are considered less priority than water supply services for several entities and, consequently, for the places where they operate. This fact is represented by the lower number of indicators that are available to assess the operational and quality performance of wastewater services, except for AWWA, OFWAT, ERSAR and IWA, which have very close indicators for both systems. This fact becomes even more preoccupant when it is verified that the SNIS is one of the entities that presents one of the major reasons between the number of indicators for the water supply services and the number of indicators for the wastewater services. In view of the Figure 2, it can be verified that the indicators pertaining to the operationality of water supply services, despite being in greater number, only half were recurrent, that is, a large part did not show importance to the indicators of other entities. On the other hand, it can be seen that the operational indicators for wastewater services are much smaller, however, only 2 indicators are not used by other organizations, which demonstrates the relevance of a large number of these indicators. It is also observed that the SNIS contains more indicators in the operational field than in the quality scope, which demonstrates prioritization by the assessment for operationality of water supply and sewerage systems. In view of Table 1, at first, it can be seen that serving the total population with water supply and sewerage is considered much more important than just serving the urban population with these services, this is represented by the considerable greater recurrence of indicators IN055 and IN056 in relation to indicators IN023 and IN024/IN047, respectively. It is also important to note that the water losses theme has a significant relevance in the assessment of water supply systems, since the indicators that address this topic were recurrent in almost half of the organizations surveyed, namely: index of hydrometric (IN009); index of water losses per connection (IN051); and index of billing losses (IN013). In reference of the quality of services, two indicators stood out, one for water supply and the other for sewerage, namely: the incidence of non-standard analysis for residual chlorine (IN075) and wastewater extravasation by network extension (IN082). The IN075 depicts the concern of the entities with the quality of water supplied within the legal standards to the users, while the IN082 symbolizes the correct design, operation and maintenance of the sewerage systems. Finally, based on the facts described and in the institutions studied, it is considered that the assessment of water supply and sewerage systems of higher performance levels by the SNIS‘s indicators may not be ideal, since the indicators are simple, service providers with advanced performance will present high results for such indicators, making it difficult to compare them. However, it is known that the level of quality of water supply and sewerage systems of our country are not the best, therefore, it is believed that the recurrent indicators portray well the different levels of performance that we have in Brazil. From this angle, with the objective of monitoring the evolution of water supply and sewerage systems in our country, there is a need to revise the existing indicators of the SNIS and to include new indicators that evaluate more effective and efficient water and sewerage systems, such as the international reference indicators, in the case of the IWA, where is used (MATOS et al., 2003; ALEGRE et al., 2006): the level used in the treatment of wastewater, sludge reuse, degree of automation and remote control and etc.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 CONCLUSION The results showed that wastewater services are considered to be less priority than water supply services for most of the entities studied and, consequently, for the places where they operate. In addition, it is observed that the performance indicators are considered a tool of extreme importance and utility for the assessment of water and sewerage systems, being widespread worldwide, however, it should be noted that the indicators only depict a specific aspect of reality, therefore, its results should always be carefully analyzed, observing all the aspects that constitute basic sanitation. Among the 43 operational and quality indicators of the SNIS, 25 were recurrent. About the indicators of this entity, there are more indicators in the operational field than in the scope of quality, which demonstrates the prioritization by the assessment of the operational performance of water supply and sewerage systems. It is also noted that most indicators are for water supply services, this event confirms that wastewater services are treated with less priority in our country. Moreover, it is observed that although there are more indicators for water systems, a large part was not recurrent, suggesting that they are not important in relation to the indicators of other institutions. On the other hand, although the number of operational indicators for sewerage systems was lower, most were recurrent. Finally, it is considered that the water supply and sewerage systems evaluation of higher performance levels by the SNIS‘s indicators may not be ideal, since the indicators are simple, perhaps service providers with advanced performance will present high results, making it difficult to compare them. Therefore, it is necessary to include new indicators such as those suggested by the IWA.
REFERENCES ABES – ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA SANITÁRIA E AMBIENTAL. Guia PNQS 2015-2016: regulamento e critérios de avaliação. 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro: ABES, 2016. 227 p. ABNT – ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR ISO 24510: Atividades relacionadas aos serviços de água potável e de esgoto — Diretrizes para a avaliação e para a melhoria dos serviços prestados aos usuários. Rio de Janeiro, 2012a. ABNT – ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR ISO 24511: Atividades relacionadas aos serviços de água potável e de esgoto — Diretrizes para a gestão dos prestadores de serviços de esgoto e para avaliação dos serviços de esgoto. Rio de Janeiro, 2012b. ABNT – ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR ISO 24512: Atividades relacionadas aos serviços de água potável e de esgoto — Diretrizes para a gestão dos prestadores de serviços de água e para avaliação dos serviços de água potável. Rio de Janeiro, 2012c. ADERASA – ASOCIACIÓN DE ENTES REGULADORES DE AGUA POTABLE Y SANEAMIENTO DE LAS AMÉRICAS. Manual de indicadores de gestión para agua potable y alcantarillado sanitario. Assunção: ADERASA, 2007. 34 p. ALEGRE, H.; BAPTISTA, J. M.; CABRERA JR., E.; CUBILLO, F.; DUARTE, P.; HIRNER, W.; MERKEL, W.; PARENA, R. Performance indicators for water supply services. 2. ed. Londres: IWA Publishing, 2006. 312 p. ARCE – AGÊNCIA REGULADORA DE SERVIÇOS PÚBLICOS DELEGADOS DO ESTADO DO CEARÁ. Resolução nº 167, de 05 de abril de 2013. Diário Oficial do Estado do Ceará, Poder Executivo, Fortaleza, CE, 24 abr. 2013. Seção 3, p. 6-41. AWWA – AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. Benchmarking performance indicators for water and wastewater: 2013 survey data and analyses report. Denver: AWWA, 2013. BOM – BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY. National performance report 2014-15: urban water utilities, part A. Melbourne: Bureau of Meteorology, 2016. 140 p. BRASIL. Lei nº 11.445, de 05 de janeiro de 2007. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Poder Executivo, Brasília, DF, 8 jan. 2007. Seção 1, p. 3-7.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 ERSAR – ENTIDADE REGULADORA DOS SERVIÇOS DE ÁGUA E RESÍDUOS. Relatório anual dos serviços de águas e resíduos em Portugal: volume 1 – caracterização do setor de águas e resíduos. Lisboa: ERSAR, 2015. 177 p. IBNET – THE INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING NETWORK. IBNET. Disponível em: http://www.ib-net.org. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2016. MATOS, R.; CARDOSO, A.; ASHLEY, R.; DUARTE, P.; MOLINARI, A.; SCHULZ, A. Performance indicators for wastewater services. Londres: IWA Publishing, 2003. 192 p. OFWAT – OFFICE OF WATER SERVICES. Key indicators: guidance. Londres: OFWAT, 2013. SNIS – SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE SANEAMENTO. Diagnóstico dos Serviços de Água e Esgotos – 2015. Brasília: SNSA/MCIDADES, 2017. 212 p. XIMENES, M. M. A. F. A ABAR e a construção de instrumentos para a regulação. In: GALVÃO JUNIOR, A. C.; SILVA, A. C. Regulação: indicadores para prestação de serviços de água e esgoto. Fortaleza: Expressão Gráfica e Editora Ltda, 2006. p. 11-28.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION MODELS OF CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY IN CORPORATE STRATEGY João Paulo Moura Barata (MSc Student), Claudia R. V. Morgado, DSc (Advisor)
[email protected].
KEYWORDS: Corporate Sustainability; Strategic Management; Strategic Integration; Corporate Sustainability Integration Framework
INTRODUCTION In the context of sustainable development, businesses play an important role. Companies are confronted with the task of reporting sustainability related information responsibly, while at the same time incorporating sustainability results into their business decision making (GEORGE et al., 2014). Sustainability issues can be divided into economic, environmental and social issues, and are related to all input and output flows, providing the basis for the definition of a corporate sustainability strategy (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017). However, despite the fact that the number of related publications on the topic of the integration of corporate sustainability into strategic management has been growing throughout the last few years (ENGERT; RAUTER; BAUMGARTNER, 2016), progress towards sustainable development has been slow, indicating the need for more concrete guidance that will allow businesses to act strategically and successfully in a sustainable way (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017). The commitment of companies to corporate sustainability has been frequently discussed in theory and practice. Such a commitment to corporate sustainability demands a strategic approach to ensure that corporate sustainability is an integrated part of the business strategy and process (ENGERT; RAUTER; BAUMGARTNER, 2016). The term ‗strategic perspective‘ sheds light on two important aspects of corporate sustainability management: (i) the aspect of the goal and benefits of corporate sustainability management. Which individual group, organization, or system is expected to be better off after the implementation of corporate sustainability management? and (ii) the aspect of how to implement corporate sustainability management. This is related to the process of identifying sustainability-related goals and determining how they may be implemented in an organization. Developing a strategy for a company entails the definition of the content of a strategy. Specifically, the ‗what‘, ‗when‘ and ‗how‘ of strategic activities with respect to specific external and internal factors (the context) must be determined (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017). ENGERT et al (2016) carried out a literature review with the objective of exploring the integration of corporate sustainability in strategic management. Although they failed to identify the issues that influence integration in strategic management, the authors achieved important results. Among these results, we can highlight the growing importance given to the integration of corporate sustainability in strategic management in companies, as well as a list of issues related to the topic that were identified through its analysis (Figure 1). These emerging issues serve as a basis for managerial decisions and can be taken into account in order to ensure or promote success in the integration process.
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Figure 1 Emerged issues from exploring the integration of corporate sustainability into strategic management
The purpose of this paper is to analyze two frameworks the will help understanding the complexity involving integrated sustainability strategies in a company. One is a solid and comprehensive framework for strategic sustainable development (BROMAN; ROBERT, 2017), which comes with an application procedure in organizations for creative co-creation of strategic transitions, i.e., a procedure that supports execution of backcasting planning and redesign for sustainability. The other one highlight various paths towards sustainability integration or marginalization within organizations, which is suitable to explain the movement of an organization through different stages of the sustainability integration process (GEORGE et al., 2014; GOND et al., 2012). METHODOLOGY The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) is the result of a 25-year attempt at developing a unifying framework for strategic sustainable development. Key features of the framework include (i) a funnel metaphor of the sustainability challenge and the self-benefit of competent proactivity, (ii) a five-level structuring and inter-relational model distinguishing and clarifying the inter-relationships between phenomena of fundamentally different character, (iii) a principled definition of sustainability useful as boundary conditions for backcasting planning and redesign for sustainability, and (iv) an operational procedure for co-creation of strategic transitions towards sustainability (BROMAN; ROBERT, 2017). The FSSD is recommended because it provides robust, comprehensive and generic principles for sustainability, as well as a logical process for integrating these principles into strategic planning. It also provides a solid, stable and comprehensive basis for assessing whether corporations create societal values or not (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017). The funnel metaphor is used in the model to illustrate the benefits of proactivity in relation to sustainability (Figure 2), in the current context in which we live. The sloping wall represents the current trend of degradation stemming from the current design and mode of operation of society. Once we establish a sustainability vision based on principles that can address the challenge of sustainability without being too diffuse, vague, or cast, the funnel becomes a cylinder, representing sustainable stability and slowing the process toward collapse. After establishing the vision, the model provides a step-by-step way to identify the various possible paths to reach the vision, besides setting a priority according to the internal and external variables of the process.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
Figure 2: The funnel metaphor and the ABCD-procedure of the FSSD. A sustainable vision is captured in (A). The current challenges and assets in relation to the vision are captured in (B). Possible step towards the vision are captured in (C), and these are prioritized into a strategic plan in (D). (BROMAN; ROBERT, 2017) The framework suggested by (GOND et al., 2012) addresses the gap about the process whereby management control systems contribute to a deeper integration of sustainability within organizational strategy. They mobilized a configuration approach to theorize the roles and uses of management control systems (MCSs) and sustainability control systems (SCSs) in the integration of sustainability within organizational strategy to facilitate it. In order to appreciate the modes of sustainability integration within organizational strategy, they relied on the various uses of both sustainability and management controls (diagnostic vs. interactive) as well as on their level of integration to delineate organizational configurations. These configurations constitute a parsimonious set of ideal-types of relationships between strategy-making processes and control systems oriented toward different ends (sustainability vs. management), presenting various degrees of stability and empirical verisimilitude, and their impact on the organizational capacity to deliver a triple bottom line varies. A typology of sustainability integration within strategy through management control was proposed to clarify the paths and barriers to sustainability integration, stressing the difficulty of integrating sustainability and regular MCSs due to technical, organizational and cognitive barriers. The pathways to sustainability integration in strategy were also examined, and include systemic integration (moving from a low to a high integration level) and strategic mobilization (moving from a diagnostic to an interactive use of systems) (GEORGE et al., 2014; GOND et al., 2012). In short, the (GOND et al., 2012) framework provides an understanding of the various paths to the integration of sustainability that can emerge in the future through various configurations (Figure 3). This helps to understand the complex function of management control systems and sustainability control systems in the progression of integrating sustainability into a company's strategy.
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Figure 3: Various paths across different configurations towards sustainability integration (GOND et al., 2012) RESULTS There are several benefits from integrating corporate sustainability into strategy. (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017) tried to introduce strategic management into the discussion of corporate sustainability in order to clarify various aspects related to corporate sustainability management. They discussed the results in the generation of socio-environmental values as a consequence of the integration of corporate sustainability in the company‘s strategy. First, the concept of results was defined and then the question of who actually benefits from the results of sustainability was answered. According to the authors, it is necessary to distinguish between social values (nature and society) and business related to corporate sustainability. According to them, "Creating societal value through corporate sustainability management requires the achievement of compatibility between the content of the strategy and the needs of society and the biosphere." Furthermore, the authors raised 16 propositions to integrate strategic thinking in the management of corporate sustainability of a company. The objective was to clarify the relationships between the three dimensions of strategy - context, content and process - and the various elements of corporate sustainability management, as showed in Figure 4.
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Figure 4 Strategic perspectives integrated into a corporate sustainability impact chain (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017) (BROMAN; ROBERT, 2017) listed several benefits of FSSD deployment. It is possible to observe that the model assists in the identification of the social values of business activities through the perspective of sustainability. In this way, it is easier to manage trade-offs, determine the sustainability potential of various materials, practices, techniques and tools, establish collaboration between disciplines and departments in the corporate environment, avoid unknown problems, among others. The (GOND et al., 2012) framework has major implications for the management process. The authors argue that integrating sustainability into the control system is sufficient to enhance sustainability strategy. In addition, the typology of configurations can be used as a repertoire to build an organizational diagnosis of the level of integration of sustainability. That is, the configurations raised in the framework serve as references for analyzing the effectiveness of the strategy used in the integration of control systems, both management and sustainability. A case study has already been concluded in an oil and gas company showing that sustainability integration in performance management systems could lead to better management and control of sustainability performance in organizations (GEORGE et al., 2014).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The lack of strategic orientation in corporate sustainability management is one major reason for lack of progress in this field. This can be offset to some extent by clarifying the respective opportunities, benefits, risks and trade-offs associated with the implementation of corporate sustainability (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017). The corporate sustainability strategy should be implemented in the operational management of the business, focusing on the vision, mission, long-term objectives and strategic plans established by the organization on how to reach it (BAUMGARTNER; RAUTER, 2017). In this regard, the FSSD provides us with a solid and comprehensive framework of integration. The (GOND et al., 2012) framework enables identification of the barriers to, and enablers of, management control systems and sustainability control systems integration (technical, organizational and cognitive), which is classified as either having a high or low level of integration. The level of integration, as well as use of control systems (diagnostic or interactive use), correspond
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 to different organizational configurations. The pathway to integration is traced from one configuration to the next, as the level of integration and interactive use of control systems increase (GEORGE et al., 2014). To conclude, the two frameworks provide a solid foundation for the integration process, complementing each other effectively during the process, and assisting managerial decisions focused on integrating corporate sustainability into business strategy. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BAUMGARTNER, R. J.; RAUTER, R. Strategic perspectives of corporate sustainability management to develop a sustainable organization. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 140, p. 81– 92, 2017. BROMAN, I.; ROBERT, K. A framework for strategic sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 140, p. 17–31, 2017. ENGERT, S.; RAUTER, R.; BAUMGARTNER, R. J. Exploring the integration of corporate sustainability into strategic management: A literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 112, p. 2833–2850, 2016. GEORGE, R. A. et al. Barriers to and enablers of sustainability integration in the performance management systems of an oil and gas company. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 136, p. 197– 212, 2014. GOND, J. P. et al. Configuring management control systems: Theorizing the integration of strategy and sustainability. Management Accounting Research, v. 23, n. 3, p. 205–223, 2012.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 INTERFERENCE OF THE TYPE OF RISK MATRIX IN THE RBI (RISK BASED INSPECTION) METHODOLOGYTITLE Luis Nathan Leal Giraldes (mestrado), Assed Naked Haddad, D.Sc.
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Segurança de processo; Equipamentos; Inspeção; RBI; matriz de risco .
INTRODUCTION Currently one of the most discussed topics in various industries is process safety. Not all hazards and risks are the same or can have the same consequences. Personal or occupational hazards / risks, such as slips, falls, cuts, and accidents with vehicles, generally have effects on a single worker. On the other hand, process hazards / risks can cause major accidents, involving the release of potentially hazardous materials, fires and explosions, or both. Process safety incidents can have catastrophic effects and can result in multiple deaths and injuries, as well as substantial damage to the economy, property and the environment. Studies of accidents have shown that equipment malfunction is one of the major causes of unexpected and undesirable events, such as toxic and flammable discharges, fire and explosions. Failures are usually caused by inadequate integrity management, which can result in cracks, holes, ruptures and consequently loss of containment of hazardous substances In this context, the inspection has been a technique to examine the actual condition of equipment exposed to damage mechanisms. RBI (Risk Based Inspection) is a tool that helps in prioritizing which equipment will have an intervention, and its basis is in risk analysis. The Risk Based Inspection has as principle the quantification of the consequences of a structural fault that causes a leak, as well as the calculation of the probability of this event occurring. This tool makes use of a "consequence vs. probability" matrix to determine proper inspection plans. The matrix used is that found in API 581 - Risk Based Inspection. Basically, the Risk Matrix presents in its axes scales of probability of occurrence and corporate impact for a given risk factor (there is no formal allocation for the scales between horizontal and vertical). Designed the structure of the matrix, each of the risk factors Identified (the identification of risk factors is the first step of a Corporate Risk Management system) should be assessed (qualitatively, a priori) in terms of probability and impact, and positioned in the Risk Matrix. Returning to the document API-581 - Risk Based Inspection, which aims to present a methodology for prioritizing the risks associated with equipment and industrial units. It establishes a normalization of concepts of fundamental importance to the area of risk based on inspection. The methodology outlined in the document helps operators focus on high-risk areas and defines actions to reduce overall risk. These actions minimize expenses with inspection and maintenance activities, increasing system productivity and reliability Under this simple conception, however, many questions emerge when applying this technique. Is there a standardized "scale" for the axes? How many "levels" should the qualitative evaluation present? Should any existing controls be considered when defining Probability and / or Impact (eg insurance or diversified investment structures)? The document API-581 defines the risk that a certain equipment as being a function of Product between the probability and the consequence of the failure, according to the equation shown below (Donato et al, 2001).
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 R=CxP Where R is the risk, C represents the consequences as a function of the area affected by the failure, and P is the Measure of the probability of failure, which in the case of the document (RBI) is defined by the damage factor. Being expressed by the sum of all damage sub-factors calculated for each Damage to the equipment. Consequences "C" are calculated from the area that the leak would affect, and then the damages caused to the population (fatalities), the equipment and the environment contained therein were calculated. It should also be considered as a consequence of production losses as a function of the time the unit will be out of operation. For this Standard Risk Matrix, the High, Medium-High, Medium and Low Risk domains were established. (Publication API581 Base Resource Document, 2000) The application of the RBI promotes an integration between the inspection and maintenance areas, allowing to classify and quantify the risks. In this way, the resources allocated to these areas (inspection and maintenance) are used effectively, ensuring greater productivity and reliability in industrial plants and equipment. The effectiveness of an inspection program can be quantified as the probability that the State observed or detected through inspection, represents in relation to the actual state of damage in the equipment. However, the effectiveness mentioned may not be the only way to improve the process The application of the RBI promotes an integration between the inspection and maintenance areas, allowing to classify and quantify the risks. In this way, the resources allocated to these areas (inspection and maintenance) are used effectively, ensuring greater productivity and reliability in industrial plants and equipment. The effectiveness of an inspection program can be quantified as the probability that the State observed or detected through inspection, represents in relation to the actual state of damage in the equipment. However, the effectiveness mentioned may not be the only way to improve the process. As already mentioned, the risk matrix may have variables in its structure, such as: number of levels, detail of established criteria, discipline to be analyzed (safety, environment, assets, etc.). Based on this, the intent of the study is to assess whether the use of different types of risk matrix modifies the accuracy of the RBI result, ie whether we can increase the effectiveness of an inspection program by changing the default matrix of the API 581 document, and using matrices with different scales and criteria. Does this kind of change modify the accuracy of the result given by the RBI? Can this type of change increase the reliability of inspection management by changing inspection timing and prioritization?
GOAL Based on what was presented in the theme, it can be said that the general objectives of this work are: • Expand knowledge and professional experience; • Apply new techniques; • Obtain results that reinforce the continuous improvement of the process safety system; It is also a general objective to study if there is a difference in the result of the Risk-based
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Inspection, if the study is done with a risk matrix different from that established in the reference standard, API 581. The question to be answered is whether the use of different risk matrices modifies or interferes with the accuracy of RBI (Risk Based Inspection) results.
In order to achieve the stated general objectives, a series of specific objectives must also be achieved, among which the following should be highlighted: • Detail the phases of analysis of the RBI methodology; • Define the risk matrix variables that will be used for the study; • Analyze and compare results obtained by the binomial RBI X Risk Matrix;
METHODOLOGY The methodology to be used for the development of the present study will initially be a bibliographical review. This literature review will be done through scientific articles and publications. Through material obtained through search engines and virtual libraries, such as Google and SciELO. After the bibliographic survey phase, a selection of all the material that specifically addresses the subject under study will be carried out. Parallel to the bibliographic review will be carried out a survey of data on inspection plans in process areas, analyzing mainly the criteria of periodicity, criticality and prioritization of inspections. With the data collected, a comparative analysis between results will be made to identify efficiency levels. This study will have a research aiming to generate practical application. The problem will be addressed through quantitative and descriptive research. In addition, the technical procedure will be experimental, since variables will be used to influence the object of study.
RESULTS No results so far
DISCUSSION With this study, it is expected to find results that prove that the greater the accuracy of the risk matrix, the greater the accuracy of the RBI, obtaining more assertive results for the definition of the intervention periods in equipment, achieving the best integrity management, and The best binomial safety versus cost.
CONCLUSION No conclusion so far
REFERENCES A.Jovanovic.(2003). Risk-based inspection and Maintenance in power and process plants in Europe. Safety Science, Elsevier,(2003)
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Carlos Bruno Eckstein.;Edneu Jatkoski.; José Aldemar Nucci Etter. INSPEÇÃO BASEADA EM RISCO SEGUNDO API 581 APLICAÇÃO DO API-RBI SOFTWARE 6ª COTEQ Conferência sobre Tecnologia de Equipamentos IEV 2002 - Conferência Internacional sobre Avaliação de Integridade e Extensão de Vida dos Equipamentos Industriais Salvador, agosto, 2002 Koje Daniel Vasconcelos Mishina. ABORDAGEM SOBRE INSPEÇÃO BASEADA EM RISCO SEGUNDO API-581 II Congresso de Engenharia Mecânica João Pessoa, agosto, 2002 Nijs Jan Duijim (2015).;Recommendations on the use and design of risk matrices, Safety Science, Elsevier (2015) R. M. Chandima Ratnayakea,*, Katarzyna Antoszb Development of a Risk Matrix and Extending the Risk-based Maintenance Analysis with Fuzzy Logic 7th International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 EVALUATION OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE PO4-3 AND NH4+ IN THE SUPERNATANT LINE OF 2 ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS FOLLOWED TREATMENT FOR REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE FORM OF CRYSTALLIZATION OF STRUVITE IN SUBSTRATES BASED ON SEWAGE SLUDGE, AS TERTIARY TREATMENT. Ruth Marcela Tafur Gómez (masters), Isaac Volchan Junior, Lidia Yokoyama (advisors). E-mail:
[email protected]
KEYWORDS: Treatment. Mg+, crystallized, Struvite, phosphorus, nitrogen. INTRODUCTION. O Wastewater. They present a high risk for human health and nature. Appropriate treatment of wastewater is essential before its final disposal receiving in aquatic bodies. Increased discharges of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, have contributed to the process of eutrophication of water bodies. Ammonia Nitrogen in the form of free ammonia is toxic to aquatic life, the nitrification process promotes the deoxygenation of water bodies (PASTOR et al., 2008). In the present study, it was observed that the water content of the water was higher than that of the water. In this sense is that the treatment of sewage must consider the presence of nutrients, which must be removed efficiently, taking into account the mandatory limit imposed by current environmental legislation, treatment at level tertiary. (TRÉPANIER et al., 2002) (DAYS X.L 2014) Despite CONAMA Resolution No. 430/2011, no further reference to the control of the release of + Ammoniacal Nitrogen NH4 through sanitary sewers, previous legislation established the maximum admissible value at 20mg/L. On the other hand, the INEA technical standard NT 202, which establishes criteria and standards for effluent release in force in the State of Rio de Janeiro, establishes as maximum limits the values of 5.0mg/L, 10.0mg/L and 1,0 mg/L for the control of Total + -3 Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Total NH4 and Total PO4 respectively. The formation of Estruvita is usually identified in the effluent supernatant line of the anaerobic digestion step of the sewage sludge and whose flows are obligatorily returned to the head of the ETEs and incorporated into the raw sewage. The precipitation of the Estruvita is capable of occurring in the return effluent line itself, causing scale formation in the pipes and consequently blocking the available hydraulic section, and severe + operational disruption to the treatment process as a whole. In contrast, the removal of NH4 and -3 PO4 via the precipitation of the Estruvita in specific unit operation, can besides avoid the mentioned operational problems, also to promote the desired nutrient removal from the sewage, and in a sustainable way, the recovery of the P as source of Nutrients for agricultural crops. In this context, the present work aims to present preliminary results of the research project that aims to evaluate the formation of Estruvita from the liquid supernatant discarded from an anaerobic reactor subject to the process of co-digestion of sewage sludge, organic waste crushed from food and Food + glycerol in the last test. Considering that the formation of salts of Estruvita depends on -3 + the establishment of ideal molar conditions between Mg2 +: PO4 : NH4 +, the work compares the -3 + concentrations of PO4 and NH4 obtained in the supernatant line of the co-digestion unit, as mentioned, with those usually obtained in Anaerobic digestion unit dedicated to the exclusive processing of sewage sludge. (Xavier, L D. 2012) METHODOLOGY. The apparatus experimental research is part of the set of facilities of the Experimental Center of Environmental Sanitation of UFRJ. It has 2 anaerobic digesters of 450 L each, equipped with mixing mechanism, by means of daily recirculation of 1 minute to each one hour of the useful volume.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 These pilot units mainly serve the ongoing research line at the CESA environmental sanitation experimental center at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ in Brazil, which aims to evaluate the potential for increased biogas and Methane production from the digestion of different matrices of Substrate, the production of struvite and the treatment of wastewater. It comprises two anaerobic digesters that are equipped with in-line control devices for temperature, pH, flow and biogas composition. It has an aerobic reactor with a volume of 70 liters + -3 for tertiary treatment removal of NH4 and PO4 in the form of struvite of 70L with mixing through a motor of rotation 300 rpm. Figure 1 shows the pilot unit. Summary of the process of treatment of domestic sewage, In the season CESA_UFRJ
D 3
1
3 2 Tertiary process that gives rise to the formation of Struvite FIGURE 1. Pilot unit for treatment of wastewater or domestic sewage conformed by; Pump, inlet, well or sewage receiving unit, coarse solids filtration unit, primary decanter, sludge receiving unit, 2 secondary treatment anaerobic digester and the aerobic R3 reactor used in the treatment for Struvite Formation As tertiary treatment of reutilization of nutrients present in the domestic sewage to produce fertilizer.
The sewage enters through a pump that sucks the sewage from the well where the raw sewage enters and sends it to the sewage receiving channel that has a grate used to filter the coarse solids the sewage flows to a tank that has another pump that Send the sewer to (in the part above). Channel with the blowing pump that directs the sewage to the primary decanter where it separates the sludge (used to feed the digesters D1 and D2) the sludge, which by gravity action falls into a tank that uses a pump sends 70 Lts from the thick sludge to the anaerobic digester D2, which digests: in the absence of air and presence of gases volatilized by the decomposition of organic matter by the action of the microorganisms; A portion of the solids settle at the digestion time of 46 hours and the 70 liters of sludge on the surface of the anaerobic digester D2. Under normal conditions the supernatant is light yellow in color with the nutrients nitrogen in the form of ammonia and phosphorus in the form of phosphate, they are suspended in the supernatant, when feeding in the D2 with the food crushed in the blender. The supernatant which is the liquid part becomes dark black with many suspended solids suspended solids product of decomposed organic matter from the food, with an unpleasant smell -3 that produces more gas and increases the concentration of the nutrients PO4 and N, which with the use of Bucket is passed to the anaerobic tertiary treatment reactor R3, where the methodology for crystallizing the struvite was followed, following the steps of NaOH adhesion to raise the pH to 10 in mechanical electric motor rotary mixing at 300 rpm for one hour with adhesion Of the -3 + magnesium source which reacts with the PO4 and NH4 , ammonia and the phosphate in 1: 1 molar portion to crystallize the struvite, in which case it has been found that MgSO4 is the reagent which uses the smallest amount in grams per liter.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 According to the molarity being a cheaper product on the market compared to other sources of mg+ and sample high efficiency similar to MgCL2. The pH is measured all the time of the test and it is important to keep it at 10 o'clock after one hour of mixing if the mixing engine is switched off, and if you wait a few minutes you can see the formation of the flakes that fall by the largest size and the smaller ones Together with other flakes being heavier and falling to the bottom inside the anaerobic reactor R3, leaving above the liquid with a light color, leaving the water of the above clean transparent serves for the reuse of plants etc. And the crystallized at the bottom of R3 is sieved to be dehydrated until powder is dried for the qualitative analysis of x-ray where it says the salt formed would consider Struvite. RESULTS Concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in 3 different treatment units during the second part of this research
Samples
phosphorus
nitrogen
United.
% [P]
%[N]
COD
3 15/02/2017 13, 353 88, 32 D2 0% 0% 1502D2 2 19/02/2017 19,038 61,226 D2 30% -31% 1902D2 D2 3 20/02/2017 20,28 92,088 (36) 6% 31% 2002D2 4 13-mar 11,4 78,01 D2 -44% -15% 1303D2 D1 5 14-mar 6,06 26,15 -47% -66% 1403D1 D2 6 14-mar 9,5 61,2 17% -21% 1403D2 R3 7 16-mar 1,53 47,11 -84% -23% 1603R3 D2 8 17-mar 14,68 44,44 89% -27% 1703D2 9 27-mar 13,41 80,07 D2 9% 44.4% 2703D2 10 29-mar 12,76 88,23 D2 -5% 53(9%) 2903D2 11 30-mar 3,84 77,09 R3 -70% -13% 3003R3 12 03-abr 15,02 103, 38 D2 15% 15% 0303D2 13 07-abr 5,87 35,22 D1 -61% -66% 0704D1 14 07-abr 14,56 142,24 D2 -3% 75% 0704D1 15 07-abr 5,34 141,26 R3 -63% -0,7% 0704D1 17 18-abr 10,73 93,27 D2 -26% -34% 1804D2 Table N° 1. Results, where the feed is ground within the digester D2 to modify the concentrations of -3 PO4 and ammonia, and observe the behavior of the concentrations during the digestion time and -3 the influence of the treatment for the formation of struvite. Within the table the columns% [PO4 ] + and% [NH4 ] taken from the behavior of the before and after values, what was and what happened. And converted to percent excretion.
-3
+
Graph N° 1. PO4 and NH4 concentration in mg/Lt. The variations of the concentration depend on: for nutrient removal, the struvite formation tests given in the aerobic reactor, and also depend on
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 the addition of food in the anaerobic digester D2, as compared to the Values of the anaerobic digester D1 in normal operation.
-3
Graph 2. Behavior of the PO4 concentrations, Increases 30% and 36% sequentially, decreases -3 44% in Digester D2 and compared to PO4 concentrations in D1 digester decreases 47% after PO 4 3 -3 increases 17% in anaerobic digester D2 and decreases 84% after removal of PO4 in the form of struvite , Reutilization of nutrients present in the domestic sewage product of this research, after the -3 adhesion of food in D2 the concentration of PO 4 increases 89% and during digestion the concentration decreases 9% and during another time of digestion it decreases 5% the -3 concentration of PO4 , this Perhaps by supernatant exchange. Or by microorganisms that digest, -3 After the treatment for struvite formation the concentration decreases 70% removal of PO 4 in the form of struvite. As soon as the food adherence in D2 increases by 15% and the concentration compared to D1 it decreases by 61%, and during digestion in D2 the concentration decreases by -3 3% after treatment for TFE struvite formation, a PO4 removal of 63%, and after food adhesion and glycerol the concentration decreased 26%.
+
Graph N°3. Behavior of the NH4 concentrations, Negative values indicate that the concentration decreases after of treatment for formation Struve, and the positive incremented the concentration, because addition of aliment in the digester anaerobic D2.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 TFE N° 1 2 3 D2 9,5 15,02 14,56 R3 1,53 3,84 5,34 -3 Removal PO4 % 83,89% 74,63% 63,32% -3 Table No 2. Removal of percent PO4 after the test for struvite formation where the values have variability -3 because they did not add the exact amount of Mg+ compared to the concentration of PO4 present in the supernatant on that precise day, since it has a variability by the time of digestion.
-3
Graph No 4. PO4 removal in the three experiments after food adhesion. -3 In the first experiment the PO4 was removed in 83.89% after step in the second experiment removed 74.63% the reaction efficiency was decreased by 11% with respect to the first experiment, it may be by the -3 variability of the concentrations of PO4 in D2 Adesão
1
2
3
4
Depois
20.28
14.68
15.02
10,73
Antes
13.35
9.5
12.76
14,56
Aumento
6.93
5,18
2,26
3,83
Percentagem
34%
35%
15%
26%
Table No. 3. experiments 1,2,3,4 and 5 were added different types of food where some influenced more than -3 -3 others in the percentage increase of the concentration of PO 4 in the form of PO4 inside the anaerobic digester D2.
Graph N ° 5. At each feed inside the decanter D2 the UP solution consists of the sludge + chopped aliment -3 + and bicarbonate for the three experiments, the concentration of nutrients [PO4 ], [NH4 ] in D2 had an increase after the first food adhesion of 34% for The first experiment, in the second food adhesion had a -3 percentage increase of 35%, is the largest increase in PO4 concentration, followed by a third feed with an
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 increase of nutrient concentrations of 15% constituting the lowest value of increase of concentrations of Nutrients.
DISCUSSION. -3
+
To increase the concentrations of PO4 and NH4 with adhesion of aliment inside in the supernatant line, the anaerobic digester D2, aliment decomposition causes the supernatant in D2 to be dark with many suspended solids which are the pieces of crushed food previously added In D2 that decomposed by the action of the microorganisms present in the feed sludge in D2, 70Lt every 49 hours, the time of digestion time is 70Lt / 450Lt = 6days. The time in which food was added on days: 0-30-45-57-65-70. So that the black colored supernatant passes to Reactor R3, where it receives the treatment that offers the conditions of crystallization of struvite, these conditions Are: Ph=10, if granulated NaOH adhesion is achieved ± 30 grams, for 70 liters of supernatant, taking into account that the initial Ph supernatant Ph = 6.6, mix with the rotary -3 engine at 290-300 rpm and taking into account the Concentration of phosphorus PO4 = 20mg/L adds 49 grams of dissolved MgSO4 in 10 ml of water and added to the volume R3 of 70 liters, while mixing dur One hour at room temperature. The amounts of mgso4 added with an excess of 300%. The supernatant becomes viscous if it is observed along the movement of the liquid inside the reactor R3 generated by the propeller moved by the engine, completed the time of one hour, it turns off the engine, and waits to observe, in the first five minutes form larger crystallized flakes a Each time allowing the action of gravity to fall to the bottom of the reactor R3 these white colored flakes when it is struvite no matter the color of the supernatant because the MO present is heavier than the salt if it is struvite, the dark part is glued In the bottom part of the flakes influencing so that the water becomes transparent color after the decantation stay all in the background of the R3 process which takes at least 4 hours. CONCLUSION. 1. Overall conclusion of the first part of the research during 2016 comparing the different sources of Mg+ in efficiency and economy found that the best source of Mg+ used was MgSO4 - magnesium sulfate because according to the economic analysis done in table n°2, is the cheapest in the market, and according to the tests done has the same effectiveness as the other Mg+ spending less amount in grams. However, the formation of struvite would compensate the investment made to the extent that struvite has an important function as a soil conditioner (fertilizer), and it can be commercialized. +
-3
2. Different substrates based on sewage sludge provide different concentrations of NH4 and PO4 in the supernatant line. The variability of the concentrations presented for the adhesion of the solution UP = food + -3 sludge increased the concentration of the nutrients PO 4 and N to that of 10 times more of the Initial state that at the first food adhesion 2.4k had a hydraulic retention time of 30 days where the supernatant at D2 -3 + becomes clear but below the concentration of PO 4 and NH4 step to have a concentration after the meal of -3 -3 -3 PO4 20mg/L. PO4 11mg/L decreased allowed solubilizing of about 62% of its PO 4 content so there appeared a need to not wait for the total digestion time which means to do the tests with dark supernatant and high percent concentration of nutrients. 3. Phosphorus is an essential and non-renewable resource that can be recovered from wastewater and -3 + sludge from sewage treatment as PO4 and NH4 nutrients in the form of struvite, contributing to sustainable development in addition to recycling of phosphorus from wastewater generates important environmental and the operation of sewage treatment stations. ETEs. 4. In struvite crystallization also the total suspended solids SST can be removed from the sewage. When the supernatant is black with the highest MO load. Proved that the supernatant in R3 is clear but black. -3
5. In the case of food sludge, it releases more N and PO 4 than only sludge and also the fact that the more + -3 NH4 and PO4 , the more Struvite because the concentration of phosphorus increased inside the digester D2 + during the days of digestion while the days of digestion The NH 4 tends to drop. This is because there are nitrifying bacteria that consume nitrogen. Hence the concentration does not remain constant changing with each sludge exchange.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 6. The variability of nutrient concentrations in the supernatant line of the anaerobic digester D2 makes it -3 + difficult to know the values of the concentration and can perform the tests of evaluation of PO 4 and NH4 concentrations one day before the same day that the TFE experiment will be performed. 7. It is understood that during the digestion time the decrease of the nitrogen concentration and increase of -3 the concentration of PO4 occurs. 8. In the best condition chosen in the second part developed was test 2 presented in table number 20 of this work where it had phosphorus removal of 83.8%, 49 grams of MgSO4 was precipitated to 70 liters of supernatant in pH_10 for phosphate concentration by 20%. 9. The influence of aliment on the increase of nutrient concentrations inside the anaerobic digester D2 mainly -3 the food that most helps in the digestion to increment of PO 4 is the beans and the okra. the highest concentration increase was in assay number 2. 10. The difference between the increase in the concentrations that generated the glycerol and food is lower than only food with a percentage difference in phosphorus of 26% and in nitrogen of 34%. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES. ADNAN, A.; MAVINIC, D.S.; KOCH, F. A. Pilot-scale study of phosphorus recovery through struvitecrystalization - examining the process feasibility. Journal of Environmental Engineering an Science. v. 2, p 315 - 324, Jul. 2003. AIDAR, F. N. Fatores intervenientes na cristalização da estruvita para a recuperação do fósforo de esgoto. Dissertação (Mestrado). Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental. 137 p. São Paulo, 2012. DIAS XAVIER, L. (2012) Recuperação de fósforo a partir da precipitação de estruvita na linha sobrenadante do digestor anaeróbio de lodo. Dissertação (Mestrado). Escola Politécnica da Universidade federal de Rio de Janeiro UFRJ. Departamento de Engenharia química e Ambiental. 134 pag MUSTER T. H.; DOUGLAS, G. B.; SHERMAN, N.; SEEBER, A.; WRIGHT, N.; GÜZÜKARA, Y. Towards effective phosphorus recycling from wastewater: Quantity and quality. Chemosphere 91, 676 - 684, 2013. MUSTOVO, E. V.; EKAMA, G. A.; WENTZEL, M. C.; LOEWENTHAL, R. E. Extension and application of the three-phase weak acid/base kinetic model to the aeration treatment of anaerobic digester liquors. Water S. A. v. 26, p.4, 2000.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 APLICAÇÃO DA TEORIA NZEB EM EDIFÍCIOS BRASILEIROS PARA OTIMIZAÇÃO DE UMA METODOLOGIA Nome do Aluno:Natâny Margraf Fernandes (mestrado) , Orientador: Assed Haddad. Email do aluno:natâ
[email protected] PALAVRA-CHAVE: Sustentabilidade, Net zero Energy Building,Energia renovável.
INTRODUÇÃO O conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável foi definido no Relatório Brundtland, ao fim da Convenção Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente, patrocinada pelas Nações Unidas, sob o nome ―Nosso Futuro Comum‖ .Esse relatório que coloca temas como necessidades humanas, crescimento econômico dos países, recursos ambientais, consumo de energia e poluição, passou a utilizar a expressão ―desenvolvimento sustentável‖ com a seguinte definição: forma como as atuais gerações satisfazem as suas necessidades sem, no entanto, comprometer a capacidade das gerações futuras de satisfazerem as suas necessidades. Anos depois,em 1992, na cidade do Rio do Janeiro, o assunto voltou a ser tratado de forma mais eficiente, estavam presentes autoridades de vários países, e o evento ficou conhecido como ECO-92. Duas importantes convenções foram aprovadas: uma sobre biodiversidade e outra sobre mudanças climáticas. Outro resultado de fundamental importância foi a assinatura da Agenda 21, um plano de ações com metas para a melhoria das condições ambientais do planeta. A indústria de construção civil é uma grande consumidora de recursos naturais e utiliza energia de forma intensiva, gerando grandes impactos ambientais. Além dos impactos relacionados ao consumo de matéria e energia, há aqueles associados à geração de resíduos sólidos, líquidos e gasosos. Considerando a importância desse segmento na transformação do meio ambiente, o setor é cada vez mais objeto de preocupação. Para serem consideradas sustentáveis as construções precisam respeitar ao ambiente que os cerca, a comunidade a os recursos naturais. Como exemplos podemos citar painéis fotovoltaicos para uso de energia solar, captação da água da chuva, estética inteligente utilizando a luz natural do sol e coberturas vegetais, afim de reduzir o uso de ventiladores e ar condicionado, são algumas tecnologias que ajudam a deixar o edifício sustentável. O Parlamento Europeu e o Conselho da União Européia aprovaram o principal instrumento legislativo com vista à melhoria da eficiência energética em edifícios, a Diretiva 2002/91/CE sobre o desempenho energético dos edifícios (EPBD). Esta Diretiva faz parte de um conjunto de iniciativas sobre as alterações climáticas e de compromissos assumidos no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto. O Desempenho energético dos edifícios (EPBD) define um novo conceito chamado Net Zero Energy Building como sendo ―as necessidades de energia quase nulas ou muito pequenas deverão ser cobertas em grande medida por energia proveniente de fontes renováveis‖ou seja um edifício residencial ou de serviços, em que, após aplicação de medidas de eficiência energética, terá reduzida necessidade de utilização de energia, e a que ainda resta, é suprida por energias renováveis, produzidas no local e de baixo custo energético, econômico e ambiental.Em Portugal, com a introdução do Decreto-Lei n.º118/2013, a partir de 31 de dezembro de 2020, todos os edifícios novos deverão ter necessidades quase nulas de energia (NZEB), e, após 31 de dezembro de 2018, os edifícios novos do estado deverão começar a dar o exemplo. Existe um conjunto de estratégias relevantes para alcançar a NZEB. As combinações de abordagens passivas, sistemas de energia eficientes e sistemas de energia renovável são os mais propensos a ter sucesso para alcançar as ZEB NET, essas estratégias não são padronizadas pelo mundo todo, tendo em vista que, cada região do planeta tem índices diferentes, como irradiação, temperatura e vento, que pode influenciar na melhor metodologia a ser utilizada para se chegar na NZEB. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho faz uma simulação energética de um edifício localizado no Brasil, com o intuito de analisar a viabilidade de otimização de uma possível metodologia deste conceito aplicado ao edifício.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
GOAL Neste trabalho pretende-se analisar a implantação de técnicas de redução das necessidades energéticas de edifícios, otimizar o uso da energia e a utilizar tecnologias de energia renovável, para tornar o edifício Net Zero Energy Biulding. Pretende-se, através do estudo de processos e soluções construtivas, e o seu contributo para a eficiência energética do edifício, criar-se uma metodologia de forma a tentar atingir-se o balanço energético nulo do edifício.
METODOLOGIA Neste trabalho será feita a Revisão de literatura, do conceito Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB),e o seu enquadramento nas políticas e estratégias energéticas dos vários Estados-Membros da União Européia. O estudo será feito em um edifício brasileiro, adotando estratégias passivas e ativas, através da integração de medidas de melhoria da eficiência energética ,além disso será utilizado tecnologias de energia renovável, afim de tornar a edificação auto sustentável, ou seja com gasto zero ou quase zero de energia.Será avaliado também o impacto e a viabilidade econômica das parametrizações propostas para o edifício. RESULTADOS Espera-se obter como resultados o impacto causado no edifício e ao seu redor pelo uso de soluções de eficiência energética e de utilização de energias renováveis, ou seja, o quanto as tecnologia usadas ajudaram ou não, para o desenvolvimento da teoria NZEB em um edifício no Brasil e compará-las com edifícios de outras regiões do mundo.Espera-se também tomar conhecimento sobre as diversas técnicas e tecnologias que potencializam a eficiência energética de um edifício, com o objetivo de atingir um balanço energético anual quase nulo, e assim transformar um edifício num NZEB. Além disso, precisamos estimar a viabilidade financeira de cada parâmetro utilizado para o edifício chegar a zero ou quase zero gasto de energia. O balanço energético do edifício deve ser controlado de forma a verificar se o objetivo foi alcançado. Se o objetivo não foi alcançado a análise do balanço energético poderá ajudar a encon-trar as soluções ou as estratégias que não permitiram que o objetivo fosse atingido. Através da análise do balanço energético é possível corrigir alguns aspetos do balanço energético que não estejam a ser alcançados de acordo com os objetivos que foram traçados. Esta monotorização deve ser feita de forma que se proceda à otimização dos usos energéticos do edifício.
DISCUSSÃO A eficiência energética pode ser definida como a redução de consumos mantendo os mesmos serviços (Sá, A. 2010).Para diminuir a necessidade energética do edifício a redução de consumos de energia com equipamentos e iluminação são essências.Para isso, diversas medidas podem ser tomadas como medidas de otimização energética como a alteração de lâmpadas para tecnologias LED,substituição de equipamentos altamente eficientes, isolamento térmico, colocação de sistemas de controle da iluminação natural. Mesmo com todo investimentos em técnicas para baixar o consumo energético a diminuição ainda não é suficiente para a aplicação da Teoria Net Zero Energy Building, para isso será implantada uma tecnologia sustentável para sustentar o edifício energeticamente sem o uso de outras fontes.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS CUNHA, F.A.O.(2015). Estudo de estratégias e tecnologias de climatização para atingir Edifícios nZEB.Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica-Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. FERREIRA, A. (2012). Estudo de soluções de otimização para Edifícios de Balanço Energético Nulo. Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil de Construção, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa. LABORDA, D., JORGE,D.,LOPES, R. Net zero buildings” – aplicação do conceito a um edifício existente. Instituto Superior Politécnico Gaya. SÁ,A.(2010). Guia de aplicação de gestão de energia e eficiência energética. Porto : Publindústria. TAVARES,F.M.L.(2013).Metodologia para edifícios de balanço energético nulo.Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Civil- Perfil de Construção, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 AIR QUALITY STUDY OF VOLTA REDONDA CITY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY. Náthaly Lacerda Tonon e Rocha (Mestrado), Claudinei de Souza Guimarães. Email do aluno:
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION The steel industry has great strategic importance in the economy, supplying inputs for infrastructure, industries, as well as employment generating (NOLLI et al., 2012). Steelmaking industries, depending on their processes, are considered major polluting activities, and cause hydric pollution, greenhouse gases emission and atmospheric pollutants that can cause a lot of human health problems (SOUZA, 2013; BRITO, 2015). As a result, concerns about atmospheric pollutants emissions become even bigger, which requires the use of new environmental control systems. These restrictions are established through pollutants emission limits and, at federal level, are defined by the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), and may be complemented by state environmental control agencies (OLIVEIRA, 2014).
GOAL The goal of this work is to perform an analysis of the air quality of Volta Redonda city, considering the data provided by the State Environmental Institute (INEA) between the years 2010 and 2014, comparing Brazilian, European and North American legislations, as well as the possible influence of the steel industry activities located in the center of the city.
METHODOLOGY The air quality data of the parameters Total Suspended Particles (PTS), Inhalable Particles (MP 10), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Ozone (O 3) were generated in the Monitoring stations of Volta Redonda city and were available in the INEA reports from 2010 to 2014. The results were compared through tables and graphs with the established limits for the pollutants in the Brazilian, Europen and North American legislations, in order to find possible overtakes. In addition, in analyzing critically the mentioned legislations, differences between the pollutants monitored and the legal limits established in the countries considered were identified. Finally, the location of the monitoring stations, the steel industry and the wind direction were observed in order to correlate the overtaking of the pollutant limits to the influence of the steel industry.
RESULTS Air quality monitoring in the study area For the analysis and correlation of the air quality of Volta Redonda with the steel industry emissions, it is necessary to analyze the meteorology present in that atmosphere and its preponderance. In analyzing the wind rose, it is observed that the predominant direction is to North-west and the monitoring stations are classified in relation to the dispersion of the pollutants by the wind as upstream, that is, before industrial interference, and downstream, after interference from the steel industry. In this case, the stations considered upstream are the stations Centro, Aeroclube, Volta Grande, Santa Cecília and Jardim Paraíba. The stations considered downstream are the Conforto, Belmonte, Siderville, Retiro and Limoeiro stations .
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Figure 1: Wind rose and location map of monitoring stations
Total Suspended Particles (PTS) The comparisons between the maximum mean daily concentrations of PTS with the established standard by the legislation are shown in Figure 2 for short-term exposure (24-hour average) and in Figure 3 for long-term exposure (annual geometric mean). The results show that the concentrations of PTS from short-term exposure increased over the years, observing an overtaking in 2014 at the Conforto station. It is also noted that the Centro and Aeroclube stations also presented results close to the limit, showing that 2014 is the worst year, among those evaluated.
Figure 2: Mean concentration graph for the Total Suspended Particles (PTS) In relation to long-term exposure, there was a violation of the limit in 2014, at the Conforto Station, in 2011, in the Conforto, Siderville and Jardim Paraiba stations and, in the year 2010, at the Conforto station.
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Figure 3: Annual mean concentrations for Suspended Total Particles (PTS) Among the stations that are downstream of the steel industry, the Conforto station has exceeded the limit of the legislation for several years, while the Siderville station exceeded only in the year 2011. Because they are in the wind predominant direction, these stations, have greater influence of the steel industry pollution, they are also close to a high-traffic highway, BR 393. The Jardim Paraíba station, which is upstream, registered a violation of the limit in 2010 and results close to the limit in 2012 and 2013. Due to its positioning becomes less likely the influence of the steel industry, but of the traffic of the center of the city.
Inhalable Particulate Matter (MP10) The comparisons between the maximum mean daily concentrations of MP10 with the established standard by the legislation are presented in Figure 4, for short period and in Figure 5 for long period (annual arithmetic mean). In Figure 4 it is observed there was no violation of the limit during all years. After graph analyzing, it should be noted that the Retiro station reached close to the standard in 2014, being this year the year with the highest historical value considering all evaluated stations.
Figure 4: Graph of maximum mean daily concentrations for Inhalable Particles (MP 10) In figure 5, the values of the Inhalable Particle concentrations indicate only one exceeding to the limit established by the legislation, in 2011, at the Siderville station.
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Figure 5: Annual Concentrations Graph for Inhalable Particles (MP 10) Analyzing the graphs, there was only one violation of the limit at Siderville station, in the year of 2011, which is downstream of the steel area, allowing that some of the contribution to the standard violation occurred due to the steel industry emissions, but it is emphasized that this station is located near a high-flow highway, BR393. In relation to the limits established by the other countries, it can be observed that the limit of the European Legislation is much more restrictive than the Brazilian, for both short and long period. In relation to the North American limit, the values are the same as those of the Brazilian legislation, but in Brazil, the limit should not be exceeded more than once a year, while in the United States this annual overtaking is not allowed on a recurring basis. As for the results of the stations, it is noted that the short-term European limit was violated in all the evaluated years.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). Air quality analysis for pollutants SO2, NO2 and CO showed a great deficiency of monitoring, since these parameters are monitored in only three of the stations (Belmonte, Santa Cecília and Retiro) and showed absence of data for several years, evidencing the lack of control in the monitoring network. It was observed that there was no record of exceeding the air quality limit of SO2 in any of the monitored stations. Compared with the limits of European legislation, although much more restrictive, there were no overtakes. For Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), there were no exceedances of the Brazilian limit. When comparing the maximum hourly concentrations with international limits, the Belmonte station exceeded both the European and North American limits in 2014. In 2011, the American limit was exceeded and it was close to the European limit. Such results discrepancies, when comparing the values to the different laws, demonstrate the greater permissiveness of the Brazilian legislation. Carbon monoxide did not show any exceedances for the maximum hourly concentrations and also for the 8 hours maximum average concentrations for the Brazilian standard, which is the same as the American standard. In relation to the established limit by Europe for the analysis of the maximum average concentrations of 8 hours, all monitoring stations exceeded the established limit. Again, there is a greater restriction of European legislation against the others.
Ozone (O3) The comparisons for Ozone, are presented in Figure 6, highlighting that this content is only monitored in the stations of Belmonte, Santa Cecilia and Retiro. As for the results of the controls, occurred violations of the limit for all stations, in the year 2014, episode not previously recorded in other years history.
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Figure 6: Graph of Maximum Hourly Concentrations for Ozone. For being a secondary pollutant, O3 does not essentially have the highest concentrations in locations close to the major sources of primary pollutants, making the analysis against the influence of the steel industry, complex and dependent on mathematical models.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS With the data analysis results, it was possible to verify that the Total Suspended Particles (PTS), Inhalable Particulate (PM10) and Ozone (O3) exceeded the limits of Brazilian legislation, from 2010 to 2014. It should be noted that Conforto and Siderville stations presented the largest violations, located downstream of the steel industry, as well as near the BR 393 highway. The control suggestions to be adopted include the improvement of emissions treatment equipment and possible changes in fuels, while, for the traffic, stand out the vehicular supervision and adoption of means of collective transportation. In relation of the absence of monitoring data, it is the responsibility of the responsible agencies to ensure the correct functioning of the stations. Comparing Brazil's air quality standards with those of Europe and the United States, the permissiveness of the Brazilian limits is visible, as regards the established values and regarding the limitation of the monitored parameters, due to the existence of an obligatory analysis of the Breathable Particulate Material (MP2.5) in other countries. Even so Brazilian legislation has not been revised since 1990. These facts denote the urgent need to revise Brazilian standards.
REFERENCES BRASIL, Resolução CONAMA 03, Brasília, Diário Oficial da União, 1990. BRITO, Haroldo. Impactos da inovação na empresa siderúrgica Arcelormilttal Monlevad: Estudo de Caso. CONCISA - Revista Multidisciplinar da Área de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, ISSN 2448-1602, Coronel Fabriciano, n. 2, p. 264-287, nov. 2015. NOLLI, THALITA.; ANDRADRE, VAGNER. Oferta de Exportação de Laminados Planos no Brasil Frente à Nova Organização Produtiva do Setor Siderúrgico, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2012. OLIVEIRA, André Albuquerque Bittencourt. Inventário das emissões atmosféricas na indústria siderúrgica. 2014. 85f. Monografia (Curso de Engenharia Metalúrgica) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2014. SOUZA, RODRIGO. Análise dos Impactos de Emissões Atmosféricas Locais da Indústria Siderúrgica: Um Estudo de Caso no Rio de Janeiro. Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2013.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM USING COMPOSITE OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER AND UREA Rosana Maria Juazeiro Caetano (mestrado), Selma Gomes Ferreira Leite, Fernando Gomes Souza Jr.
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Biodegradation, poly (butylene succinate), urea
INTRODUCTION Oil spill accidents of medium and large sizes cause severe environmental and socioeconomic impacts [1]. So, solution to deal with these impacts must be always pursued, aiming to reach new alternatives for remediation of the damages. Recently, alternative techniques based on biological processes are being deeply researched as they are safer and cheaper compared to physicochemical ones [2]. One of the techniques most used in biological remediation is the bioestimulation, which is based on the insertion of nutrient sources in the contaminated site [2]. However, high levels of nutrients may generate inhibitory effect, with potential eutrophication of the affected area. In order to obtain composites that allow the gradual release of nutrients and avoid the super-availability of these materials, urea was immobilized in poly (butylene polysuccinate) (PBS) / clay composite [3,4]. The PBS has a significant degree of biodegradability and can be synthesized in a completely renewable form, since the monomers are obtained by biotechnological routes [3].
GOAL The objective of this work was to evaluate the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons with oil degrading microorganisms using poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), clay and urea composites.
METHODOLOGY The composites of PBS, clay and urea were obtained by simple emulsion in which the polymer was solubilized in organic solvent. The clay and urea were added under exposure to ultrasonic energy. The mixture was added to polar solvent for precipitation of the composites. The combination of the constituents of the composites was studied using an experimental design (DoE), aiming to predict the best condition of incorporation of urea and clay in the polymer (Table 1). Table 1 – Experimental design (DoE) to obtain polymer composites. Polymer # Urea * Clay composites 1
-1
-1
2
-1
+1
3
+1
-1
4
+1
+1
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0 #
Amounts: * Urea -1 (0%), 0 (0.1%) e +1 (0.2%) and Clay -1 (0%), 0 (2.3%) e +1 (4.8%)
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 The polymer composites were characterized by physical-chemical analysis such as optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (ATG) and infrared analysis (FTIR). To determine whether polymer composites filled with urea would be capable of releasing that nutrient gradually and promoting bacterial growth, a bacterial growth kinetics assay with Pseudomonas sp. using modified mineral medium (Table 2). The measurement of bacterial growth was by means of the dosage of proteins by the method of Lowry [5]. The measurement of released urea was also evaluated during the test. The dosing was done using a colorimetric determination kit. Table 2 – Composition of the modified mineral medium used for the bacterial growth kinetics test. Polymer composites filled with urea – 0,75 g urea /L (Mg2SO4) – 0,2 g/L (CaCl2) – 0,02 g/L (KH2PO4) – 1,0 g/L (K2HPO4) – 1 g/L (FeCl3) – 0,05 g/L (C6H12O6) – 2 g/L
RESULTS Physico-chemical characterization of the polymer composites The Table 3 shows the results of the physico-chemical characterization of the polymer composites obtained according experimental design (DoE). Table 3 - The results of physico-chemical characterization of polymer composites. T Onset T Endset Polymer Diameter RMSE Residue RMSE # Urea* Clay composites (µm) (XRD) (°C) (°C) (ATG) (FTIR) 1 -1 -1 13.5 0 376.58 422.27 1.81 0 2 -1 1 9.81 160.49 361.5 405.51 5.54 0.69 3 1 -1 20.32 113.88 367.01 423.43 1.11 1.33 4 1 1 14.93 50.54 360.35 405.28 4.93 1.45 5 0 0 24.64 119.15 356.75 421.29 0.90 2.40 6 0 0 17.69 70.35 366.82 423 4.88 0.86 7 0 0 18.82 89.05 370.63 420.53 5.73 1.96 Amounts: * Urea -1 (0%), 0 (0.1%) e +1 (0.2%) and # Clay -1 (0%), 0 (2.3%) e +1 (4.8%) For a more objective analysis of the characterization results, a statistical correlation analysis was applied on the results of the Table 3 to evaluate the influence of the urea and clay components on the physical and chemical properties of the polymer composites. The statistical correlation analysis is shown in the Table 4.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Table 4 - Statistical correlation analysis showing the influence of urea or clay components on the physical and chemical properties of the polymer composites. Urea Clay Diameter (µm)
-
-
RMSE (XRD)
-
-
TOnset (°C)
-
-0.66
TEndset (°C)
-
-0.87
ATG (Residue)
-
0.71
RMSE (FTIR)
-
-
Note: Statistical relevance p 1111 < 1250
>1250
Zoochory (%)
60
Canopy cover (%)
< 50
≥ 50 < 70
≥ 70
Equity J‘
< 0,6
≥0,6 < 0,8
> 0,8
Richness S'
< 1,5
≥ 1,5 < 2,5
≥ 2,5
Height (m)
< 2,0
≥ 2,0 < 3,0
> 3,0
Grass cover (%)
> 30
> 20 < 30
< 20
Results
Score
Final score*: *The final score is a result of the sum of indicators scores multiplied by 1,42857. Rapid Environmental Diagnosis (D.A.R.) Rapid Environmental Diagnosis (D.A.R.) developed by Moura et.al. (Unpublished data) based on the application of the structured questionnaire in which the evaluator fulfill by visiting systematically point (sample) distributed in the area of the project. The number of points (samples) it´s defined respecting a sample intensity (SI) according to the following equation: SI = AP-1 + 5 Where: SI = sample intensity; AP = project area in hectares After obtaining data in the field, the data should be analyzed using Microsoft Excel and evaluated according to Table 1.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Rapid Ecological Diagnosis (D.E.R.) Rapid Ecological Diagnosis (D.E.R.) developed by Moura et.al. (Unpublished data) the evaluator visits predetermined plots (samples) systematically distributed in the area. The number of plots (samples) should be defined respecting sample intensity (SI). Within the identified plots all individuals up to 0,6 meters should be identified and counted. For calculation of the parameters, different formulas are used. The percentage of zoochoric species, will be determined after a field data collection, starting with a bibliographic review will be performed for determination of the dispersal syndrome, where should be obtained the percentage in comparison with total of individuals sampled. The density of individuals (number of individuals per hectare) will be provided by counting all individuals inside the plot larger than 0,60 meters height and then extrapolated to hectares. The height of the individuals will be determined with the use of graduated rod. For a determination of the richness index is necessary to identify the Ni = number of individuals sampled to the nth species. For a determination of Equity (J ') the Pielou Equity Index will be used, varying in the interval of [0,1], where 1 is the maximum of diversity. Measurements of canopy cover will be performed according to the protocol of the Rodrigues et. al. (2013), where the canopies that form a set installed in the center of the plot are measured. The same applies to a measurement of grass cover. The results obtained in the field using the D.A.R. and D.E.R. approaches using the Table 1 will be compared and analyzed using remote sensing techniques. Remote Sensing Assessment (RSA) During the study is expected to use images of different satellites as Landsat, Sentinel, Rapid Eye to be analyzed and evaluated their spectral responses in a attempt to differentiate and correlate to the D.A.R and D.E.R approaches. The images should be interpolated to the software eCognition or similar where object oriented classification will be performed. The classification will be carried out in the Inea - Geoprocessing Laboratory. In this sense, the classification process will be carried out with the segmentation of the image in objects identified through the field survey. Is expected that the spectral responses of the images, allow the classification and correlation of ecological parameters obtained through field surveys, thus creating an essential tool for the monitoring of forest restoration on a large scale. EXPECTED RESULTS
Protocols adopted as a public policy Clear rules settled for environmental licensing and offsetting policies. Establishment of reference values for Rio de Janeiro State Forests Supporting decision making Reducing the subjectivity of evaluation of forest restoration projects. Definition of decision trees for remote sensing classification. Create a benchmark for the standardization of monitoring and evaluation.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 CONCLUSIONS At this moment, we are adjusting the remote sensing methodologies to confirm which is the more appropriated to follow up forest restoration at the landscape level by choosing which sensors are better to achieve our goals. Indeed some indexes are under evaluation in this pre-experimental phase as NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and SAVI - Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index. Knowledge gaps Despite all techniques, there are challenges. Foremost remote sensing methods requires a degree of technical skill that is not mastered quickly. Though the analysis of the images by advanced software‘s, it is still necessary to learn the functioning and the limits of these results. Second, is very important to obtain a good sampling data using D.E.R and D.A.R. of the target areas, as well satellite images of the study areas to look for possible correlations, between the field reality and the remote sensing. Third, the accuracy of the images and its temporality is strongly dependent on accurate atmospheric correction, angle of imaging, which are not always possible to control. REFERENCES VALLAURI, DANIEL, et al. "Monitoring and evaluating forest restoration success."Forest restoration landscapes. Springer New York, 2005. 150-158.
in
SER (SOCIETY FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION). "The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration". (2004). RUIZ‐JAEN, MARIA C., AND T. MITCHELL AIDE. measured?." Restoration ecology 13.3 (2005): 569-577.
"Restoration
success:
how
is
it
being
BLASCHKE, THOMAS. "Object based image analysis for remote sensing."ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing 65.1 (2010): 2-16. RODRIGUES, RICARDO RIBEIRO, PEDRO HENRIQUE SANTIN BRANCALION, AND INGO ISERNHAGEN. Pacto pela restauração da mata atlântica: protocolo de monitoramento da restauração florestal. Escola Superior de Agricultura" Luiz de Queiroz"/Instituto BioAtlântica, 2013.
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CCS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN CO2 RICH GAS PROCESSING AND EXPLOITATION: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Matheus de Andrade Cruz (doutorado), Ofélia de Q. F. Araújo (orientador), José Luiz de Medeiros (coorientador) E-mail:
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Energy Efficiency, Carbon Capture and Storage; Associated Gas, Floating Power Generation Plant, Gas-to-Wire
INTRODUCTION Renewables share on worldwide energy matrix is expected to continue increasing, but, in virtue of the inherent intermittency of this kind of energy sources (Fig. 1), fossil fueled thermal power plants will remain necessary, as back-up power and to supply peak demand. Without well-developed large scale energy storage systems, the diffusion of renewables has been possible only when integrated with fast-reacting gasfired power plants. In fact, 1% of fossil based energy enables 0.8% of renewables entrance in the long-term. (VERDOLINI et al., 2016) Besides the fast response to peak demands of gas-fired power plants, natural gas is considered the least polluting fossil fuel, and is hence considered a bridge to achieve a low carbon energy grid. In virtue of the continued need of fossil fuels to supply the energy demand in the mid-term, carbon capture and storage (CCS) from power generation is a key factor to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, and limit the overall increase in Earth‘s temperature to 2°C, as settled in COP 21. The International Energy Agency estimates that one sixth of the cumulative emissions reduction by 2050 is expected to come from CCS. (IEA, 2013) Brazil voluntarily assumed obligatory emissions reduction goals in 2008, when the Nacional Climate Change Policy was launch. A cut of 36.1% to 38.9% in GHG emissions until 2020, based on 2010 levels, is stated by regulation resulting from this policy. The projected GHG emissions reduction is estimated in 1.2 GtCO2eq (MMA, 2013). The O&G exploration and production (E&P) industry is under pressure because of the society perception of its impact to the environment, leading to new policies related to mitigate climate change, like carbon taxation. On the other hand, expansion of proven reserves of O&G and shale gas around the world has triggered prices decline. This scenario has been forcing O&G producers to improve energy efficiency of E&P operations aiming at CO2 emissions reduction and cutting down operational costs. Henceforth, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) started to compile information to support the improvement of the energy efficiency and environmental performance of its members and encourage the development and implementation of energy planning and sustainability guidelines, as a requisite for their operations. Energy planning includes reviewing the energy consumption inventory and its affecting variables, enabling the selection of key performance indicators. Although O&G industry uses energy-based indicators to assess the energy quality of products and resources, the exergy-based approach is also useful. Compared to energy, exergy analysis allows to better identify improvement opportunities to offshore platform performance, providing rational information on how the systems consume exergy and how far from ideal operation they are. (CARRANZA SÁNCHEZ; DE OLIVEIRA, 2015) According to NGUYEN et al. (2016), centrifugal compressors and oil heating are major energy consumers and exergy devourers, depending on the process plant characteristics. According to IOGP (2014), the total GHG emission of the E&P industry in 2013 was 264 MtCO 2eq, of which 55% is related to fuel combustion for in-place energy production. In Brazil, an average of 13% of the gas production is consumed for internal heat and power supply. However, this internal use depends on the producing field. In Campos basin (post-salt area) the internal consumption increases to 31%, in Santos basin (pre-salt area) this percent is 7%. (ANP, 2017). In Norway, O&G production accounts for 26% of national CO2 emissions, with on-site gas combustion of offshore platforms as the main contributor to CO2 emission. Consequently, carbon tax was adopted and reached 67 US$/t CO 2eq in 2011 (NGUYEN et al., 2016). CO2 emission taxation is already a reality in many countries, as shown in Fig 1.
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Fig. 1. Carbon tax around the world. Source: (IEA, 2017) Simple cycle (SC) electricity generation, using aero derivative gas turbines (due to its reduced weight and footprint, and fast reacting characteristics), are the most common choice in FPSOs. However, SC kind has low energy efficiency (~35%) when compared to combined cycle (~50% efficiency) (BIMUELLER; NORD, 2015). This tradeoff weight/footprint x efficiency demands optimization, from the energy generation side. From the energy use side, energy-efficient and environmental friendly solutions for offshore processing, notedly of CO2 rich natural gas, examples of initiatives are: (NGUYEN et al., 2016) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
O&G processing optimization, reducing energy and exergy losses and consequently energy demand; improved waste heat recovery from gas turbines exhaust; installation of CO2 capture unit on platforms; platform electrification, by connection with the on-shore grid, offshore wind power facilities or offshore floating thermal power generation plants (FPGP) with CCS. 3
3
Brazilian pre-salt reserves show high gas-to-oil ratio (GOR), from 250 to 500 m /m . Between 2018-2030, the average Brazilian gas production is estimated to grow 30%, from 75 to 97 million m³/day, especially driven by natural gas produced on pre-salt fields (PETROBRAS, 2017). Therefore, natural gas is the focus of government actions to expand transport infrastructure and market, which will result in expansion of gas-fired power in the Brazilian energy matrix in the short-term. Due to location in ultra-deep waters (UDW), E&P in Brazilian pre-salt reserves use Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) platforms, which are the leading platforms in UDW for oil and gas (O&G) production. Due to the high GOR, and resulting compression demand of large amount of gas, offshore processes for production of oil and gas (O&G) are energy intensive, resulting in fuel combustion for power generation, with production of exhaust gases, contributing to CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. The last and greatly stringent characteristics of the Brazilian pre-salt reserves is that the associated gas is rich in CO2 (e.g., natural gas from Libra field has nearly 50% of CO2). With the global concern about the greenhouse effect, gas flaring was prohibited for new projects. In Lula pre-salts projects, with GOR of 3 3 250m /m , CO2 is separated by membrane permeation, compressed and reinjected for EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery). The treated gas is compressed and exported to onshore natural gas processing units (NGPU), by pipelines. The topside process is highly populated by gas processing operations, and energy generation to supply compressors with required power. Hence, concerns arise: (i) FPSOs with heavy and complex topside layouts, with 60% occupied by gas processing and energy generation (~100 MW) systems are costly and more energy intensive than FPSOs operating in conventional oil fields. (ii) Long and large diameter pipelines for gas exporting is needed. (iii) Under carbon taxation scenario, onshore power plants will need to install carbon capture, and the pre-salt reserves are a natural geological destination of the captured (and compressed) CO 2,
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 requiring a pipeline, from the power plant to the reservoir. In this arrangement, carbon travels ―round trip‖, from the reservoir (as CH4) to onshore facilities (NGPU and power plants), captured (as CO 2) and returned to the reservoir (CO2-EOR). (iv) The existent gas pipelines capacity will not accommodate gas transportation in a long-range scenario (where new FPSOs will be launched), demanding investments for infrastructure expansion. 3 3 (v) As higher GOR are being faced (Libra filed has 400-500m /m ), to maintain the same oil production of Lula (150 kbpd) gas production would double compared to Lula´s FPSO, and the topside of a VLCC (Very Large Cargo Carrier, adapted to FPSO) will not be able to accommodate the required equipment. Hence, as the pre-salt E&P grows to new fields, solutions to the CO 2 rich associated gas must be developed. Energy efficient gas processing and gas/CO2 management strategy is a key for the economic feasibility of pre-salt fields and a challenge for O&G companies. In this scenario, the goal of the present work is to evaluate the use of Floating Power Generation Plants (FPGP) with CCS, making the storage of recovered CO 2 on the proper pre-salt originating reservoirs. Therefore, the conversion of gas energy into electrical power occurs offshore and the electricity is exported as High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) by subsea cable, supplying the producer FPSO and sending the excess of electricity to the onshore distribution grid. This could be an alternative way to monetize the gas production, increase the national share of cleaner energy offer and avoid the reinjection of unused gas into reservoirs. In fact, natural gas reinjection would be a great energy waste and negatively impact energy efficiency and environmental indicators of pre-salt O&G production. Additionally, as electricity, the energy price becomes more stable, reducing market risks and permitting more precise long-term predictions (ANGAYS; GUILHEM; ARJONA, 2013). Another advantage is weigh, space and cost savings on FPSO topside, in virtue of the power generation decoupling. This advantage could be replicated if nearby FPSOs are connected to the FPGP, in a hub. Considering that platform energy demand consumes ~10% of the produced natural gas (after CO 2 separation, in case of CO2 rich associated gas), the gas production of a single FPSO would supply energy for 10 FPSOs. Furthermore, the gas production of the remaining 9 FPSOs (with extra deck space due to elimination of energy generation equipment) could be exported by pipelines, sent to other FPGP or reinjected (in this option, CO2 is separated only from the fraction of the gas used for energy generation to support E&P activities). The last option is the less desired, because it does not use the gas energy potential. The number of FPGP/FPSO is a function of the FPSO associated gas production and CO 2 concentration, that varies depending on the explored field and operation lifetime. For instance, on pre-salt FPSO gas production is expected to vary between 3 – 10 MMSm³/d and the CO2 concentration between 8% (Lula) - 80% (Jupiter). Besides, during the FPSO lifetime the CO2 concentration is expected to increase due to CO 2-EOR, and natural gas production decline. In this case, oil (a valuable product) must be used as fuel (Fig. 2). Using the proposed hub, FPGP gas supply is guaranteed, and consequently FPSOs power supply. Angays et al. (2013) evaluated a 1000 MW FPGP with combined cycle (18 gas turbines + 6 steam turbines). The gas consumption was about 4 MMSm³/d. The negative aspect is the offshore cost, that could be 1.5 – 2 times the on-shore power generation. But, considering CCS in a scenario of carbon tax incidence, the CO 2 pipeline avoidance has a positive impact on costs. The FPGP, a floating thermal power plant, concept is not a novelty and was developed by some companies, like Sevan Marine and Siemens (Fig. 3). A 600 MW FPGP, with CCS and net efficiency of 45% has an estimated cost of 400 MM US$.
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Fig. 2. Gas Production versus CO2 concentration along FPSO lifetime. Source: CRUZ, M. (2016)
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Fig. 3. Sevan Marine FPGP with flue gas CCS by Fluor Daniel Process. Source:(HETLAND et al., 2009)
GOAL The overall objective of this doctoral project is the management of CO 2 rich associated gas and exhaust gases from turbines in FPSOs of the pre-salt fields, including CCS of gas turbines exhaust, reducing CO 2 emissions and increasing energy efficiency. Cost savings are desirable and a secondary goal. METHODOLOGY The research stated goals will be pursued using process engineering framework and thermodynamics fundamentals to evaluated the following scenarios: SCENARIO 1: a single FPGP and FPSO with CCS, using CO 2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and surplus electricity exportation to grid (onshore), by HVDC subsea cables. (Fig.4) SCENARIO 2: a hub with a single FPGP connected to multiple FPSOs, also with CCS, using CO 2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). In this case, surplus gas is exported by pipelines. (Fig. 5). The configuration must be determined by Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Optimization (MINLP). SCENARIO 3: FPSO with deeper seawater (DSW) intake, with on-site power generation. Aiming at increasing energy efficiency, a solution explored in this work is the use of DSW intake as cooling water. This
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 practice enables the reduction of gas temperature with reduction of compressors power and other positive effects on gas processing. Process design, economic and environmental effects of the admission of DSW intake at 4ºC (900m of depth) on a typical Pre-Salt FPSO will be assessed and compared to the traditional practice (superficial SW intake at for about 30ºC). FPGP
Natu Raw Gas
a ral G
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Fig. 4. Scenario 1. Source: adapted from Windén et al. (2011)
Fig. 5. Scenario 2.
The methodology will follow the following steps: 1. Power plant and/or FPSO simulation: HYSYS x Thermoflex x GateCycle 2. Scenarios evaluation: (A) flowsheet development, using ASPEN HYSYS, CCS with chemical absorption will be considered for scenarios 1 and 2; (B) Technical-Economic-environmental assessment, using recognized methodology and computer aided tools. (C) Cost, Footprint, Environmental and energy efficiency indicators comparison.
EXPECTED RESULTS Applying the proposed methodology, it is expected to produce the following results for each considered scenario: process heat and mass balances; main equipment sizing (weight and footprint); CAPEX, OPEX and, if pertinent, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE); Energy Efficiency and GHG emission data and metrics. The main expected result is to determine the best option for use and monetization of associated gas from CO2 rich petroleum fields. Remembering that, different fields has different properties, that could lead to a variety of best solutions depending on the considered case. Based on project results, another goal is the production and submission of papers for first quality scientific journals and conferences, concerning oil & gas industry, energy and environment.
MAIN REFERENCES ANGAYS, P.; GUILHEM, J. C.; ARJONA, J. Monetization of associated gases from offshore oil fields by electrical power generation. PCIC Europe. Anais...2013 BIMUELLER, J. D.; NORD, L. O. Process Simulation and Plant Layout of a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine for Offshore Oil and Gas Installations. Journal of Power Technologies, v. 95, n. 1, p. 40–47, 2015. CARRANZA SÁNCHEZ, Y. A.; DE OLIVEIRA, S. Exergy analysis of offshore primary petroleum processing plant with CO2 capture. Energy, v. 88, p. 46–56, 2015. HETLAND, J. et al. Integrating a full carbon capture scheme onto a 450MWe NGCC electric power generation hub for offshore operations: Presenting the Sevan GTW concept. Applied Energy, v. 86, n. 11, p. 2298–2307, 2009. NGUYEN, T.-V. et al. CO2-mitigation options for the offshore oil and gas sector. Applied Energy, v. 161, p. 673–694, 2016.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) AND SOCIAL LCA Tiago Chagas de Oliveira Tourinho (Doutorado), Eduardo Gonçalves Serra (Orientador) E-mail do aluno:
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Life Cycle Assessment; Social Life Cycle Assessment; Social Indicators; SimaPro
INTRODUCTION Modern society is increasingly concerned with issues related to the depletion of natural resources and the environmental impacts of its activities, which indicates the importance of environmental analysis in the quest for sustainable technologies. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an environmental management tool that quantifies and evaluates all relevant emissions, resource consumption, environmental load, environmental aspects and their potential impacts, in a holistic, systematic and multidisciplinary way, associated to a service, process, activity or product life cycle (PIERAGOSTINI et al., 2012; EC, JRC & IES, 2010; HOSPIDO et al., 2012). LCA is a structured, comprehensive and internationally standardized method. Due to its considerable importance, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has created specific guidelines for this type of study: the ISO 14040 series of standards, which focus on the standardization of the LCA study. This standard has become a decision-making tool, by: enabling development framework and products and their life cycle improvements; obtaining environmental certification; increasing level of information for decisionmakers in industry and in governmental or non-governmental organizations; promoting Environmental Marketing; selecting environmental indicators; establishing environmental policies; comparing different products and/or material options (ABNT, 2009). LCA currently encompasses the compilation and evaluation of inputs, outputs and potential impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle (GOEDKOOP et al., 2010); in other words, from the resource extraction, production, use, recycling until its final waste disposal (from cradle to grave). Although this analysis has, in some aspects, subjective components, the LCA is widely used as a decision-making tool in process selection, design and optimization (PIERAGOSTINI et al., 2012). Its study is carried out in four distinct phases: a) definition of the Goal and Scope; b) inventory analysis; c) impact assessment; and d) interpretation (ABNT, 2009). One of the fundamental aspects of a LCA is the impact calculation, for which Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods are used (GOEDKOOP et al., 2008). The objective of these methods is to connect, as far as possible and desirable, each life cycle inventory (LCI) result to its corresponding environmental impact, using characterization factors (HUMBERT et al., 2012). These methods assist the modeling of the environmental aspect effects over the study object, by suggesting affected impact categories (climate change, for example) and quantifying these effects. Although LCA is consolidating itself as a form of potential environment impact assessment, sustainability also includes two other aspects: economic and social. Contrary to economic and environmental aspects in the sustainability assessment, social analysis still does not have a consensus regarding the appropriate indicators or a standardized proposal. In this context, the Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) is emerging as a social impact (and its potential impact) evaluating technique, that aims to evaluate social and socioeconomic aspects of products and their potential positive and negative impacts throughout their life cycle, including raw material extraction and processing; manufacturing; distribution; use; reuse; maintenance; recycling; and final disposal. S-LCA supplements LCA with social and socioeconomic aspects and can be applied alone, or combined with LCA itself (UNEP, 2009).
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 S-LCA differs from other social impact assessment techniques by its objectives: products and services, and their scope: a whole life cycle (UNEP, 2009). In the S-LCA guidelines, the proposed methodological framework is similar to LCA‘s structure: definitions of Goal and Scope; LCI analysis; LCIA; and interpretation. S-LCA, when seeking sustainability, is concerned with the human aspect. Saldanha (2007) mentions that, when sustainability is observed from a social perspective, the emphasis is on human well-being, human condition and the means used to increase quality of life. Social aspects present distinct topics that can be weighted in different ways by several stakeholders (workers, employers; local community; national and global communities; consumers; etc.). Therefore, it is possible to consider that S-LCA evaluates the impact of an organization, system product in society, more specifically, in these different stakeholders (BORK et al., 2015). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describes five key stakeholders: workers, consumers, local community, society and value chain actors; and 31 subcategories and relevant social aspects (UNEP, 2009). Finkbeiner et al. (2010) argue that the social benefits can be estimated by analyzing stakeholder effects at local, national and global levels and that most social indicators measure the extent to which these social values and objectives can be achieved in specific areas of life. The work of Chang et al. (2015), for example, focuses on two critical social conditions: "fair salary" and "health and safety" and, according to the authors, it is necessary to stipulate, or at least to suggest, social indicators that might be used in S-LCA. Petti & Campanella (2009) attest that there is no widely accepted definition for the social dimension of sustainability, once this dimension is distinguished by the fact that presents particular characteristics, such as: bipolarity (refers to individual and collective levels); it is reflexive (personal perceptions and interpretations of social conditions alter the social behavior of individuals and collectivity); it is immaterial (social phenomena are difficult to understand and analyze quantitatively). S-LCA studies have increased significantly over the last 3 years; however, the method is considered to be very recent (CHANG et al., 2015). On the other hand, publications related to social themes of general consensus, as well as specific business subject considerations, guided the determination of damage categories, impact categories and category indicators. It is also necessary to find a balance between the use of site-specific primary data and generic data to consider the whole life cycle. Furthermore, for many social indicators, there is no agreement in the international community about the definition of social goals. Moreover, it is still not possible to obtain a complete and robust interpretation of S-LCA results, due to the large number of methodological obstacles faced. However, due to the importance of the social dimension in the sustainability evaluation and due to the lack of methodological consensus, any effort that may represent an advance in the application of S-LCA is recommended (MARTÍNEZ-BLANCO et al., 2014).
GOAL The goal of the investigation is to develop a social and environmental performance integrated analysis of product and process life cycles, incorporating regional (economic and cultural development) aspects.
METHODOLOGY Initially, metrics and indicators will be defined, and supply chains will be selected, in addition to the proposition of a S-LCA framework. Next, there will be a process selection to S-LCA methodology test specifically of three supply chains that presents different results for the same social indicators: i) one that presents results known as good; ii) one with results known as average; and, iii) one with poor results. Quantitative aspects that reflect the three levels of performance will be identified (models/indicators that will estimate the social performance of each selected supply chain).
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Following this step, metrics will be developed to quantify supply chains in relation to social indicators, incorporating them into the life cycle assessment. After this step, a methodological framework that associates social and environmental performances of the life cycle will be proposed. The metrics and social indicators will be inserted into the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method: ReCiPe 2008 and, subsequently, simulations of the proposals will be carried out in the SimaPro LCA Software. This computational program was chosen to perform the analyzes, since it is the most used for LCA applications according to the researched literature (PIERAGOSTINI et al., 2012; LAPINSKIENE & MARTINAITIS, 2013; GOEDKOOP et al., 2010; HOSPIDO et al., 2012). Subsequently, simulations of results and validation of the methodological framework will be conducted, in order to consolidate a robust procedure to analyze the S-LCA results. As a premise, the power utility companies will be used as foundation, since there is a large set of environmental aspect inventory data in the Ecoinvent database, considering national data. It will thus be possible to focus particularly on the social aspects in order to enrich the chosen impact method. It is believed that it is possible to develop a social impact matrix, which can be incorporated into the existing LCIA methodology and, through a normalization and weighting system, a single socio-environmental score can be achieved.
RESULTS Thus far, a bibliographical survey has been carried out to assist the creation of quantitative category indicators applicable to different processes.
DISCUSSION When analyzing the work of Chang et al. (2015) it is possible to see that this study focused on two critical social conditions: 'fair salary' and 'health and safety' for German welders. By comparing the salary status of welders with the wage base above the poverty line, it is possible to have a notion of wage adequacy. For the authors, the wage above the poverty line reflects the status of real living standards better than the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Based on the poverty guidelines for a family of three in the United States according to the United States Census Bureau, the non-poverty salary of other countries can be deduced by multiplying the United States non-poverty salary and the country‘s GDP, to the GDP per capita in the United States. In the research of Tecco et al. (2016), on the other hand, the chosen social subcategories and the desired inventory were clear; however, the S-LCA analysis procedure was subjective, which renders it difficult to establish measurable indicators. So far, Duarte's work (2015) presents itself as the most robust. After completing all the data collection and observing that they did not follow a standardization because they were distinct, the author attributed a value to each indicator, following the logic of Likert scale (1 to 5), i.e. the indicators used to assess the stakeholder category impacts on the life cycle, received a score considering the qualitative analyzes already carried out, the information found in the sustainability reports of the studied companies and international standards also understood as basic requirements to be accomplished by organizations. Afterwards, the author applied a Social Impacts Identification and Characterization Tool (FICIS) and, considering criteria such as Severity, Importance and Range, these were defined and characterized by means of weights, until reaching a Social Significance Index (ISS). This parameter made it possible to point the indicators and the most critical subcategories in the case study, according to a hierarchical scale of social relevance. It is interesting to note that, according to Duarte (2015), it is true that the perception of social impacts varies a great deal, which is why the author chose to use the method developed by Dreyer, Hauschild & Schierbeck (2006), who defend that the S-LCA must be directed at institutions rather than being process-oriented, given that the verified social impacts are visibly related to the company behavior and to the way in which it organizes itself and manages its activities.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 The use of this method allowed the author to use several social impact categories, but pointed out that the construction of a general model of social impacts becomes almost impossible, since the interaction of the company with the affected people (workers, local community, Consumers, social actors and society) is very specific and complex. In this sense, the authors of the present summary seek a method to study process-oriented social impacts. The authors hope that this research will develop a S-LCIA method that will expand the indicators and impact categories, incorporating social performance into the environmental performance in the LCA.
REFERENCES ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR ISO 14040: gestão ambiental – Avaliação do ciclo de vida – Princípios e estrutura. Rio de Janeiro, 2009. 21p. CHANG, Y-J.; SPROESSER, G.; NEUGEBAUER, S.; WOLF, K.; SCHEUMANN, R.; PITTNER, A.; RETHMEIER, M.; FINKBEINER, M. Environmental and Social Life Cycle Assessment of welding technologies. Procedia CIRP 26 (2015) 293 – 298. DUARTE, Sibele Thaíse Viana Guimarães. Proposta de Ferramenta para Identificação e Caracterização de Impactos na Perspectiva da ACV-Social: um estudo de caso nas usinas eólica e termoelétrica no Estado da Paraíba. Tese (Doutorado) – Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2015. TECCO, N.; BAUDINO, C.; GIRGENTI, V.; PEANO, C. Innovation strategies in a fruit growers association impacts assessment by using combined LCA and s-LCA methodologies. Science of the Total Environment 568 (2016) 253–262. UNEP/SETAC. Guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products. United Nations Environment Programme, Paris, 2009.
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SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF CO2 CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION FROM FLUE GAS Igor Lapenda Wiesberg (doctorate), Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo, José Luiz de Medeiros Email:
[email protected] KEYWORDS: Carbon Capture and Storage; Flue gas treatment; CO2 utilization; Sustainability analysis INTRODUCTION The world economy is widely dependent in fossil fuels, which upon combustion creates emissions that contaminate the environment. Besides other pollutants, it is emitted a high concentration of CO2, which is a Greenhouse Gas (GHG). Reducing CO2 emissions in a context of expanding energy demand, strongly supported by fossil fuels, is the challenge of the century. There is currently no mature technology that mitigates carbon emissions without imposing a strong economic penalty on the primary industry. The transition to a low-carbon economy requires technological solutions that build bridges to a sustainable future. In the case of a power plant, the emission source is stationary, which makes it suitable for carbon abatement. The Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the leading route for this purpose. However, besides technical barriers, the CCS has no revenue, and thus it imposes economic penalty to the primary industrial activity (the emitter) because of the significant investment of capital. It contributes to the sustainability of the system the scenario in which the capture costs are fully or partially compensated by the utilization of the CO2, namely Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU), adding value to the process by monetizing this GHG. The utilization step has also the potential to reduce industrial dependence on oil and natural gas. The CO2 capture can be: pre-combustion, oxyfuel or post-combustion. The first two technologies have the disadvantage of requiring adaptations in the power plant, while the latter can be coupled at the end of the process, without downstream changes. Post-combustion is the main route considered in this work for the capture stage. A disadvantage of CO2 capture is the decrease in the amount of electricity generated because of the need to use part of the vapor or the electric power of the thermoelectric plant itself. Post-combustion capture of CO2 from flue gas is investigated in approaches employing various technological routes (ARAÚJO et al., 2014). However, there are few applications on a commercial scale in energy sector and other industrial activities, resulting in emissions into the atmosphere because of the lack of competitive technology capable of capturing and allocating CO2. At the capture stage, the developments are based on the industry's long experience in treating gases containing CO2. The following are among the alternatives: (a) chemical and physical absorption; (B) adsorption in solids; (C) cryogenic separation; (D) membrane permeation; and (e) chemical conversion. Chemical absorption is the alternative with higher technological maturity, especially the absorption with aqueous alkanolamines, which has been used for more than 50 years for the removal of H 2S and CO2 in the oil and natural gas industries. However, the chemical absorption with amines presents a high economic penalty in the solvent regeneration stage, besides suffering thermal and oxidative degradation, presenting corrosion problems and losses by evaporation. The weight of the negative aspects stimulates the development of new solvents to CO2 capture. The selection of solvents for chemical absorption is the main capture approach in this work. Since the CO2 is thermodynamically very stable, which makes it practically inert, it requires severe reaction conditions for its conversion into chemicals. Consequently, it is still little used in the chemical industry as raw material, with low technological maturity. However, a potential solution for its utilization is the chemical conversion into value-added products such as chemical commodities, polymers, methanol (WIESBERG et al., 2016), and biofixation by microalgae with oil extraction (WIESBERG et al., 2017). Methanol production from CO2 can be performed indirectly by the production of syngas through a reforming step (e.g. bireforming) and its subsequent conversion into methanol or directly by the CO 2 hydrogenation.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 GOAL The goal of this research is the development of a feasible system of CO2 capture and utilization, evaluating the integration of technologies with different levels of maturity, guided by sustainability indicators. The work proposes an innovative technology, by means of the selection of new solvents in the capture step, identification of a new utilization process and them integration, which benefits the environment and possibly have economical return, eliminating the economic penalty of the CO 2 abatement. The sustainability indicators are selected according to the environmental, economic and exergetic impact of the technologies under analysis (social metrics are not part of the scope).
METHODOLOGY Figure 1 depicts the methodology used in this work. STAGE 3 – Thermodynamic Model (Biphasic Solvent Capture)
STAGE 1 – Literature Review
Main Parameters
STAGE 2 - Process Simulation and Inventory Compilation
Mass and Energy Balance
STAGE 4 – Sustainability Analysis and Alternatives Comparison
Figure 1. Overall methodology performed in this work. Dashed line: future work STAGE 1 comprises the literature review to identify the main parameters of technological alternatives and guide the development of process configurations. STAGE 2 comprises a compilation of processes inventories (mass and energy balances) by simulation in the ASPEN HYSYS environment. For this compilation, the functional unit of one ton of net CO2 captured is used. The performance of the biphasic solvents capture will be compared with experimental data obtained by the pilot plant installed at the Centro de Excelência em Gás Natural (CEGN), located in the Technology Park of UFRJ. It is designed and operated by the H2CIN Laboratory. The performance of CO 2 utilization technologies will be compared with literature data. STAGE 3 fills a gap in the process simulation software about the thermodynamic model of a biphasic solvent, required in Stage 2 only for this capture route. The model parameters will be estimated based on literature data and in a set of experiments in the Unidade de Screening de Solventes Bifásicos (Biphasic Solvent Screening Unit), also located in the CEGN. STAGE 4 comprises the evaluation of quantitative and qualitative performance metrics, based on environment, exergy and economic results. The alternatives are compared with a multicriteria decision methodology (ARAÚJO et al., 2015). The CO2 balance will be carried out to evaluate carbon footprints and capture efficiency. The economic performance analysis will be carried out via PROCESS ECONOMIC ANALYSER (ASPEN-PEA) software, in both the capture and utilization of CO2. Because CO2 mitigation is not the only objective from an investor point of view, economic analysis limits the decision to invest by establishing a Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) of 0%. That means that if the investment is reimbursed, it achieved its economic goal. In addition, sensitivity analyzes are part of the methodology and will be performed on the variables of greater uncertainties. Also of great importance in Stage 4 is the exergetic efficiency metric. Exergy is a thermodynamic property that indicates the maximum work that a stream can perform and is evaluated by processing the mass and energy balances obtained by simulation (STAGE 2). Exergy analysis is performed to identify and quantify the main sources of process irreversibility and suggest possible directions for improvement of its efficiency.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 The analyzed processes for the capture step are the chemical absorption with MEA and with biphasic solvents, while the processes for the utilization step are the indirect methanol production through bireforming and the direct CO2 hydrogenation. The microalgae biorefinery, with oil extraction, is analyzed as well, but it comprises the capture and the utilization step in the CCU at once. Moreover, CCS with MEA is used as a benchmark.
RESULTS Figure 2 shows the results of environmental metrics per ton of net captured CO2 for microalgae based biorefinery and CCS routes. It is normalized by the maximum absolute value, so it ranges from ˗1 (more environment-friendly) to 1 (less environment-friendly). The electricity demand is supplied by a coal power plant.
Figure 2. Radar diagram for the impact categories. Scores are expressed per ton of net CO 2 captured and normalized by the maximum absolute value. AP: Acidification potential, HTPI: Human Toxicity Potential by ingestion, HTPE: Human toxicity potential by inhalation/dermal exposure, TTP: Terrestrial toxicity potential, ATP: Aquatic Toxicity Potential, GWP: Global Warming Potential, ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential, PCOP: Photochemical Oxidation Potential Figure 3 shows the result of the carbon footprint for microalgae based biorefinery and CCS technologies. The captured item is estimated by withdrawing the direct (purges) and indirect emissions (electricity and heating demand). Two scenarios are analyzed: (a) conventional fossil fuel based, with heat provided by Natural Gas (NG) and electricity by Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) and (b) a renewable source scenario, with Biomass (BM) and Hydroelectric (HE) as heat and electricity supplier, respectively.
Figure 3. Carbon footprint for capture efficiency estimation. NG: Natural Gas, NGCC: Natural Gas combined cycle, BM: Biomass, HE: hydroelectric.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Table 1. Economical and technical results for Biorefinery and CCS routes located in Brazil. Biorefinery CCS (MEA) Net Present Value (NPV) (MMUS$) -$1,341.0 -$1,945.0 CO2 Feed (t/h) 92.21 92.21 CO2 capture efficiency 73% 48% Net CO2 captured (t/h) 67.30 44.63 Net CO2 captured cost in 20 years (US$/t) 139.17 304.39 Footprint area (ha) 1046 negligible
Table 1 shows the economic results and the technical metric ―footprint area‖ for the microalgae based biorefinery and CCS technologies. Table 2 shows the results for the exergetic metric for the methanol production, considering only the utilization step, without capture (future work). The routes considered are indirect bi-reforming and the direct CO2 hydrogenation. Efficiency 1 ( ) is defined as the ratio by the outlet of exergy the process and the inlet, while Efficiency 2 ( ) is the ratio between the product and the inlet of exergy. Table 2. Results for the exergetic metrics in the methanol production Exergy rate Efficiency (%) ROUTE Inlet Outlet Product Lost Bi-reforming 812400 668700 218100 143700 82,3 26,8 CO2 hydrogenation 609400 522400 215000 87000 85,7 35,3 Table 3 shows the environmental results for the methanol production in terms of total CO 2 avoided by its alternative production. The not produced CO2 is defined as the difference between the CO2 emission of the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario, which is the average of conventional plants, and the emission from the alternative route. In turn, the CO2 avoided is the not produced plus the inlet of CO 2 in the process. Table 3. Environmental results for the methanol production (2) (2) Metrics (Unit/t MeOH) Unit Biorefinery bi-reforming CO2 Hydrogenation Direct CO2 emissions t CO2 1.66 0.01 0.03 Indirect CO2 emissions t CO2 0.13 0.40 0.16 CO2 emissions t CO2 1.79 0.41 0.19 Inlet CO2 t CO2 5.08 0.28 1.40 CO2 not produced t CO2 -1.03 0.36 0.58 CO2 avoided t CO2 4.05 0.64 1.98 1 Average of the existing MeOH synthesis plants in Europe for comparison. 2 Accounts only for utilization Step, i.e. it does not yet consider the capture.
(1)
BAU 0.695 0.073 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00
Figure 4 shows the economic result for the methanol production in Brazil in terms of the maximum price of the raw materials. It analyzes the Bi-reforming and CO2 Hydrogenation routes in an integrated scenario with the raw material and the product (i.e. there is no need for methanol and raw materials storage). This analysis accounts only for CO2 utilization and does not consider yet the capture.
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Figure 4. Maximum raw material price for a MARR of 15% to produce methanol from CO 2 in integrated scenario located in Brazil. CASE A: Bi-reforming and CASE B: CO2 hydrogenation
DISCUSSION The microalgae based Biorefinery has good performance in the economic and environmental metrics. The Biorefinery has six negative metrics values, i.e. it reduces these impacts in the environment, and all of them are lower than CCS route. Moreover, the CO2 capture efficiency and the net CO2 captured cost performed better for the Biorefinery than for CCS route. It is noteworthy that optimistic assumptions were used in the simulation and in the sustainability analysis of the Biorefinery (e.g. the project lifecycle of 20 years). However, it still requires a very large total land area, mainly for the photobioreactor, which is the biggest drawback of this route and somehow prohibitive. One can note that the capture cost of 140$/t for the Biorefinery is still high and just paying the carbon taxation should be the best alternative, when compared to the investment in the CCS or Biorefinery, in economic terms. The integrated scenario for the CO2 utilization for methanol production, however, has a high performance for a 15% of MARR and must be economically feasible when coupled with a capture process. For example, if the CO2 capture cost plus the cost for conditioning it to the required pressure were 40 US$/t, the maximum natural gas price would be 4 US$/MMBtu and the H 2 900 US$/kg for a 15% of internal rate of return, which are reasonable values. The exergy analysis shows that the CO2 hydrogenation has a higher thermodynamic efficiency than the Bireforming route. Thus, it can convert the raw material into products in a more efficient and sustainable way and this value can be used in the multicriteria methodology for decision making. The irreversibilities from both processes can be identified to improve the efficiency and for its optimization. The methanol production from biorefinery has the biggest avoidance of CO 2, followed by the CO2 hydrogenation and, finally, by the bi-reforming route, mainly because of the higher input of this GHG in this process. This value can also be considered when evaluating the capture efficiency of the route, given that only the CO2 that is no longer emitted from the primary activity, was considered. CONCLUSION It was shown that, despite having a good environmental performance and an acceptable economic metrics, the main obstacle to microalgae based Biorefinary implementation is the total area required, which is unlikely to exist near a power plant and would result in deforestation. This makes the CCS the only technically feasible option when these two routes are compared. However, methanol production from CO2, despite still not evaluated with the capture scenario, has strong evidence of being viable. This is believed, because of the reasonable values in the integrated scenario for the maximum raw materials prices for viability in a 15% MARR analysis (higher than the used for the microalgae and CCS of 0%)
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REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ARAÚJO, O. Q. F.; MEDEIROS, J. L. De; ALVES, R. M. B. 2014. CO2 utilization: a process systems engineering vision. In: MORGADO, Claudia do Rosário Vaz; ESTEVES, Victor Paulo Peçanha (Ed.). CO2 sequestration and valorization. InTech. cap.2. ISBN 978-953-51-1225-9. ARAÚJO, Ofélia, O.Q.F., de MEDEIROS, J.L., YOKOYAMA, L., MORGADO, C.R.V. 2015. Metrics for sustainability analysis of post-combustion abatement of CO2 emissions: Microalgae mediated routes and CCS (carbon capture and storage). Energy, 92 (3), 556–568. LUIS, P. 2016. Use of monoethanolamine (MEA) for CO2 capture in a global scenario: Consequences and alternatives. Desalination, 380: 93-99. WIESBERG, I.L., de MEDEIROS, J.L., ALVES, R.M.B., COUTINHO, P.L.A., ARAÚJO, O.Q.F. 2016. Carbon dioxide management by chemical conversion to methanol: HYDROGENATION and BI-REFORMING. Energy Convers Manage, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.041. WIESBERG, I.L., BRIGAGAO, G.V., de MEDEIROS, J.L., ARAÚJO, O.Q.F. 2017. Carbon dioxide utilization in a microalga-based biorefinery: Efficiency of carbon removal and economic performance under carbon taxation. Journal of Environmental Management (2017), 10.1016/j.jenvman.2
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPENSATIONS IN THE PROTECTED AREAS OF THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO Simone Ramos dos Santos (Doutorado), Maria Fernanda S.Q.C. Nunes (advisor)
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Public politics, environmental management, conservation, envinronmental engineering
INTRODUCTION The implementation of conservation projects became inevitable due to the historical process of environmental degradation from various sources: deforestation, desertification, conversion to agricultural land and urban areas, forest fires, soil erosion, dams, mining industry, transport routes, air, soil and water pollution, among others (VILLARROYA & PUIG, 2010). This degradation, as a consequence of capitalism, proved to be extremely harmful to the environmental balance in long term, because it reduces the value of landscapes and habitats by changing some of the functions of these environments (VILLARROYA & PUIG, 2010). The strategy adopted in various countries to slow down biodiversity loss as a function of these economic activities was the creation of protected areas. However, the simple creation of protected areas (PAs) with the aim of protecting biodiversity does not guarantee that this will, in fact, occur. One of the mechanisms created to increase the protection of the PAs is the Environmental Compensation (EC), which started its implementation in Brazil with the issue of law n° 6.938/81, establishing the National Policy on the Environment (NPE), making it compulsory the environmental licensing to enterprises which can potentially cause pollution and environmental degradation. In the licensing process, the article 4 of the law 6.938 (BRASIL, 1981) imposes on the polluter and the predator, the obligation to recover and/or indemnify the damage caused and the user, the contribution by the use of environmental resources for economic purposes (BRASIL, 1981). The environmental compensation is regulated by Federal Decree nº 4.340/2002, establishing in article 33, the order of priority for allocation of resources: I - land regularization and land demarcation; II - preparation, review or management plan implementation; III - aquisition of goods and services necessary for the implementation, management, monitoring and protection of the area, including its damping zones; IV - development of studies necessary for the creation of a new protected area; and V - development of necessary research for the management of the protected area and damping zone. The destination of the resources of the compensatory measures from the licensing made by the environmental agencies (federal, state and municipal, when applicable) is decided by a council called Environmental Compensation Chamber - ECC, which approves compensation projects and defines which projects will fund them. So, the environmental compensation means not only a source of funding protected areas, but also an instrument of environmental and territorial policy in the quest for the ecological balance of the environment.
GOAL The goal of this study was to analyze the number of projects and the amount of money (in Reais) approved by the ECC, comparing it with the priority order of application of environmental compensation resources defined by the article 33 of the Federal Decree nº 4.340/2002.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 METHODOLOGY Data on the application of environmental compensation resources in the state of Rio de Janeiro PAs were collected through the analysis of the meeting minutes of the ECC, available on the INEA website. Based on this survey, a database was set up on projects approved to receive resources, beneficiary PAs, values and which licensing processes will fund each of the projects, over a period of 9 years, from 2007 to 2016. With the database ready, the approved projects were categorized within the priority order of application of CA resources defined by article 33 of the Federal Decree nº 4.340/2002, and were evaluated to answer primarily to the following questions: 1) How many projects have been submitted and approved within each category; 2) What was the amount allocated to each of the categories, relative to the total amount applied; 3) What types of PAs has been benefited by environmental compensation resources.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 196 projects were submitted to the ECC for the application of environmental compensation resources, totaling R$ 333 million. The category that received the most projects was "Management of PAs", with 101 (51.5%) approved projects and 194 million reais (58.3%). At the other extreme, "Creation of a new PA" was the category that received least projects (6.6%) and "Elaboration of management plan" was the one that received the least amount of resources (2.7%) (Figure 1). The legislation defines as a priority the application of environmental compensation resources in ―Land regularization and demarcation‖, but the data show that most of the resources were applied in the category of "Management of the PA", which is the last one in the order of priority. These data allow us to raise at least two explanatory hypotheses: the first is that most PAs already have their land situation regularized, and the second is that there is a group of PAs that are most affected by projects of significant environmental impact, receiving the most resources and are therefore better structured.
Projects for PAs (%)
Applied values(%) 58,3
51,5
16,2 9,7
21,4
18,2
10,7
6,6
2,7
4,6
Land Elaboration of Infrastructure Creation of a regularization Management new PA and land Plan demarcation
PA Management
Figure 1 – Percentages of approved projects and of applied values in Protected Areas benefiting from environmental compensation resources within each category of article 33 of the Federal Decree nº 4.340/2002
The first hypothesis cannot be validated, because analyzing the database, there is a specific project called "Project for the provision of funds for land regularization of Protected areas of Integral State Protection", which totals around R$ 20,000,000.00 (twenty million reais). We can infer from this project that there is still a lot of work to be done to regularize land tenure in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The land regularization of these areas is a complex and time-consuming task, since it includes the identification and transfer of the domain or possession of the properties that are within the perimeter decreed of each PA for INEA. In these cases, the expropriation of rural properties, indemnification of possessions and obtaining the management of the state lands inserted in the State Protected areas can still occur. The second hypothesis, that there is a group of PAs that are most affected by the projects of significant environmental impact, receiving most of the resources and consequently are better structured can be corroborated by analyzing figure 2.
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1% 1% 4% 3%
4%
Ecological Station Biological Reserve
14%
1%
Parks
2%
Natural Monument Wildlife Refuge Environmental Protection area National Forest Extractive reserve
70%
Private Reserve of Natural Heritage
Figure 2 – Classes of protected areas benefiting from environmental compensation resources from 2007 to 2016.
These results indicate that the PAs that received most environmental compensation resources were the Parks (70%) and the Environmental Protection Areas (EPA) (14%). The Parks belong to the Integral Protection group, a class of PAs where environmental compensation resources are mandatorily allocated according to law nº 9.985 (BRASIL, 2000), which established the National System of Protected areas (NSPA). The exception is when the enterprise directly affects Units of Sustainable Use (a specific class of PA), allowing the application of part of the resources in these areas, as is the case of Environmental Protected Areas, which received 14% of the resources.
CONCLUSION Additional studies need to be carried out to evaluate if there are other PAs that, even if not directly affected by the projects, need resources to minimally carry out the role for which they were created, estimating the degree of risk and vulnera//bility of these PAs to justify the priority of applying resources in these areas.
REFERENCES LEMOS, R. A. B.; YOUNG, C. E. F.; GELUDA, L. Orçamento público para gestão ambiental: uma análise voltada para as áreas protegidas. III Simpósio de Áreas Protegidas. Anais... 2005. Disponível em http://www.ie.ufrj.br/gema/pdfs/2005-2.pdf Acesso: 20 de abril de 2017. VILLARROYA, A. and PUIG, J. Ecological compensation and environmental impact assessment in Spain. Environmental impact assessment review, 30(6), 357-362. 2010. BRASIL. Lei nº 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981. Dispõe sobre a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, seus fins e mecanismos de formulação e aplicação, e dá outras providências. Disponível em http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L6938.htm Acesso: 20 de abril de 2017.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 BRASIL. Decreto Federal nº 4.340, de 22 de agosto de 2002. Regulamenta artigos da Lei no 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000, que dispõe sobre o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza SNUC, e dá outras providências. Disponível em http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L6938.htm Acesso: 23 de abril de 2017. BRASIL. Lei nº 9,985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Regulamenta o art. 225, § 1o, incisos I, II, III e VII da Constituição Federal, institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências. Disponível em http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9985.htm Acesso: 23 de abril de 2017.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 PROPOSAL FOR ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF HDROELECTRICS IN BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION Felipe Affonso Dantas dos Santos (Doutorando), Cristina Aparecida Gomes Nassar, Josimar Ribeiro de Almeida e-mail:
[email protected] /
[email protected]
KEY WORDS: Environmental Licensing, Hydropower, hydroelectric, KPI - Key performance indicators, Environmental Programs, Environmental KPI - Key performance indicators. INTRODUCTION The mains social and environmental challenges of 21st century Brazilian society can be considered water scarcity and increasing energy demand. When are hydroelectric dams in river basins, the main instruments of environmental management for the shared use of water are the granting of water use and the environmental licensing of hydroelectric plants (HPP‘s). The complexity of the implementation and evaluation of the environmental programs of environmental licensing are the main difficulties in the environmental management of UHE's. These programs are derived from environmental impact assessment studies and are proposed to establish the controls and monitoring developed during the installation and operation of the HPPs, phases. In all four phases (planning, design, installation and operation) the environmental impact assessment is evaluate and mitigating actions are proposed and implemented. However, nor are always identified performance indicators of these assessments. The main Brazilian federal laws‘ hat require environmental studies by the competent environmental agency are: Federal Law No. 6.938 / 81 regarding the demand for environmental licensing as a public environmental management tool and CONAMA Resolutions No. 01/86, 06/87, 237 / 97 and 279/01 on the demand for environmental studies for hydroelectric projects. The environmental impact assessment and their reduction, mitigation or compensation are developed within the scope of the environmental licensing process. The social and environmental key performance indicators (KPI‘s) of HPP's can be characterized during the four phases of the project. This characterization of KPIs usually can be made by impacts assessment and respectively through control and mitigation measures applied to them. In the first phase, the planning phase, the evaluation of environmental impacts is carried out through the Energy Research Company (EPE), linked to the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME). At the design and installation stages, developed in environmental licensing, environmental impact assessment studies are carried out, for example Environmental Impact Studies (EIAs), suggesting mechanisms for prevention, control and monitoring of impacts, developed through basic environmental programs ( PBA's) during the installation and operation phases of the hydroelectric plants In the phases of installation and operation, the measures of prevention, control and monitoring of the social and environmental impacts of hydroelectric dams are developed by the implementation of basic environmental programs (PBAs). The results are presented in periodic progress reports of the mentioned environmental programs, identifying the use of performance indicators in some projects and programs. The environmental licensing process has an essentially continuous nature, which is not exhausted in the approval of the project, to the contrary, accompanies the project during its existence, from design, installation, operation and in certain cases until the deactivation and management of environmental liabilities . The monitoring programs, developed by PBA, are an important tool in assessing the evolution of impacts and in measuring the efficiency of the mitigation measures implemented in the project development. These programs are
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 of fundamental importance in the consolidation of the environmental planning process, since they are the instruments of data generation of environmental monitoring over time, which allows the monitoring of the socioenvironmental performance of the projects. From the data provided by IBAMA, it is identified that the dissemination of environmental performance data does not occur systematically through indicators. If information is available, it is only in the form of PBA's monitoring reports. Therefore, there is no disclosure and limited systematics access for the socio-environmental performance information of the HPPs, through PBAS monitoring reports. RELEVÂNCIA According to ANEEEL, National Electric Energy Agency, the national regulatory nstitute of the electric system, the biggest obstacles to the country's hydroelectric expansion has environmental and judicial nature. The hydroeletric‘s constructions, mainly in the Amazon region, have an impact on the life of the population, on the local flora and fauna, as they interfere in the natural layout and the volume of water of the rivers. However, ANEEL still considers it imperative to build new hydroelectric plants - with a minimum socio-environmental impact - to produce sufficient energy for the country's development. (ANEEL, 2008). According to the EPE, one of the great challenges faced in the Ten Year Energy Expansion Plan (PDE) has been to consider the socio-environmental criteria in the definition of hydroelectric projects to be implemented throughout the national territory. In this way, the EPE considers the collaboration of the entrepreneurial agents necessary for the continuous updating of the information about the projects, throughout the course of the studies, in order to contribute to the consistency of the socio-environmental evaluation (EPE, 2012). Management challenges in hydroelectric projects are not restricted to the reservoir area and direct influence of the enterprise, since the water flow of the enterprise can change the flow and the condition of multiple use of water in the hydrographic basin. The need for strategic planning and periodic social and environmental performances evaluation throughout the life cycle of the hydroelectric dams is based on the use of performance indicators that aim to aid in the systematization of the socio-environmental performance data of hydroelectric dams. In this way, it will increase governance and transparency in the performance of social and environmental indicators. Therefore, it is relevant that this work aims to create performance parameters of socio-environmental sustainability in hydroelectric dams, through the development of continuous assessment methodology, the phases of installation and operation of HPPs through performance indicators, appropriate to the Brazilian reality. GOAL Main Goal The main goal is to elaborate a methodological proposal for the evaluation of the social and environmental performance of hydroelectric plants, for use in the licensing process. It will be suggested a new methodology for the continuous evaluation of the socio-environmental performance of hydroelectric dams, for the phases of installation and operation. Taking into account the protocols of international assessments and the management of aspects and impacts developed in compliance with Brazilian legislation.
Specific Goals To verify the theoretical framework of the sustainability indicators applicable to hydroelectric projects, analyzing their performance evaluation efficiency. Considering the information provided by the federal environmental agency (IBAMA), referring to the socio-environmental performance indicators of HPPs, proposed in the basic environmental programs (PBAs). Develop an evaluation methodology through social and environmental sustainability indicators that can help consolidate performance evaluation in the Brazilian scenario. Apply a systematic evaluation of the indicators of the proposed methodology, aiming at its validation as a methodological tool for performance evaluation.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Evaluate the methodology proposed through the application in a case study, as opposed to evaluations of socioenvironmental sustainability performance carried out by different methodologies, of those studied. METHODOLOGY The steps described below make up the sequence of the methodology that is being developed in the elaboration of this work: Step 1: Literature review Searches in digital libraries of theses and journal articles of Brazilian and international universities and institutions, using the terms: sustainability indicators, socio-environmental indicators of hydroelectric, basin indicators, shared water use indicators, multiple water use mechanisms. Identify the main methodologies for evaluating the performance of socio-environmental sustainability in hydroelectric dams, coming from public and private institutions and their respective performance indicators. Other information acknowledged in this stage includes the legislation applicable to the environmental management of hydroelectric dams, as well as methodologies for assessing the performance of socio-environmental management through indicators. Step 2: Selection of evaluation methodology (s) and environmental programs At this stage, the identification and selection of the international methodology (s) for evaluation of socioenvironmental aspects will be studied, according to the application incidence in the Brazilian hydroelectric dams; A selection of key performance indicators identified in selected major environmental programs (PBAs) will be made, considering statistical information on at least 10 projects, the IBAMA environmental licensing information directory is available at http://licenciar.ibama.gov.br/, among the 60 available hydroelectric projects (53 HPU and 7 PCH). Step 3: Selection of key performance indicators It will be identified the performance indicators in the federal licensing, of control, monitoring resulting from the methods of evaluation of the environmental impacts. The quantitative and qualitative indicators, usually associated with natural sciences and social sciences, will be statistically selected, considering the higher incidence in the environmental methodologies and programs of the previous stage. and the effectiveness of the evaluation that it is proposed to measure. A comparative analysis of existing indicators in the sustainability assessment protocols applied to hydroelectric dams will be conducted. Step 4: Development of a socio-environmental sustainability assessment methodology, in hydroelectric dams, through key performance indicators. Based on the selection made in the previous stage, a proposal for a methodology for assessing sustainability for Brazilian hydroelectric projects will be elaborated through indicators that includes the information used both in the international evaluation protocols and those used in the environmental management programs developed in the scope of the environmental licensing process. Step 5: Case study (Application and validation of the proposed methodology) The last step is to verify the suggested proposal as a counterpoint to the specifications of the indicators already used in the sustainability protocols and the environmental licensing programs. It is intended to seek the evaluation of the proposed methodology according to the following activities: 1. Selection of case study. 2. Application of the proposed assessment methodology compared to the secondary data available.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Audiences, interviews and meetings with users of sustainability protocols (such as energy generating companies, evaluators / auditors and final clients of the protocol) are intended to discuss and evaluate indicators developed as the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. RESULTADOS ESPERADOS Through the analysis of social and environmental performance indicator, this work intends to enable the continuous evaluation of hydroelectric performance, within sustainability indicators defined according to the main socio-environmental management structure - the development of environmental licensing environmental programs. The main result of the work is a protocol that can be introduced in Brazilian legislation for the socio-environmental assessment of hydroelectric dams during the installation and operation phases of the project. The evaluation and periodic monitoring of these social and environmental sustainability performance indicators will contribute to the development of better governance for Brazilian hydroelectric dams, by helping to systematize socio-environmental performance data. As a result of these actions, the regulatory bodies will be able to disseminate cohesive information on the socio-environmental performance of the hydroelectric dams. The systematic disclosure of performance data generates greater transparency in decision-making for shared water use management, contributing to the management of environmental aspects throughout the cycle, from the design to the deactivation of hydroelectric projects.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES EPE (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética), Série Estudos do Meio Ambiente, Nota Técnica DEA 17/12, Metodologia para Avaliação Socioambiental de Usinas Hidrelétricas, Rio de Janeiro, 2012. FACURI, M. F. A implantação de usinas hidrelétricas e o processo de licenciamento ambiental: A importância da articulação entre os setores elétrico e de meio ambiente no Brasil. Itajubá 2004. Dissertação de Mestrado. Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Pós-Graduação em Engenharia da Energia, Universidade Federal de Itajubá. FEARNSIDE, Philip M. Hidrelétricas na Amazônia: impactos ambientais e sociais na tomada de decisões sobre grandes obras. Manaus: Editora do INPA, v. 1 e 2 il., 2015. Corrêa, Michele de Almeida. Ferramenta de Apoio à gestão dos recursos hídricos (FAGRH): sistematização de informações para o processo de tomada de decisões em comitês de bacia hidrográfica com base em indicadores de sustentabilidade. Tese (Doutorado), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2014. WORLD BANK, Licenciamento Ambiental de Empreendimentos Hidrelétricos no Brasil: Uma Contribuição para o Debate Escritório do Banco Mundial no Brasil, Volume II: Relatório principal. Estudo Econômico e Setorial, Região da América Latina e do Caribe, Banco Mundial, 28 de março de 2008.
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May, 26th
Master students
Abstracts
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017
ANÁLISE DO CICLO DE VIDA DA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOGÁS DE DEJETOS DE BOVINOS SOB CONFINAMENTO: UM ESTUDO NA REGIÃO CENTRO-OESTE DO BRASIL 1 linha em branco, fonte Arial 10 Ana María Naranjo Herrera (mestrado), Dsc. Cláudia do Rosário Vaz Morgado. Email do aluno:
[email protected] 1 linha em 10 RESUMO Currently, fossil fuels continue to be the world's leading energy suppliers, leading to severe environmental impacts such as the increase in global warming caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs). An alternative with important development in recent years, for the production of renewable energy and GHG reduction, is the production of biogas in the centralized or decentralized areas of cities from the Anaerobic Digestion (DA) of raw materials such as biomass. In the present work, the Holistic Life Cycle Assessment methodology, standardized by ISO 14040/14044 (2006), is used to evaluate the life cycle of biogas production in the center-west region of Brazil on a small and large scale from bovine manure generated in confinement to define which of the two strategies is mostly sustainable and environmentally friendly characterizing their GHG emissions, and thus, in addition, significantly reduce the use of non-renewable energies and obtain a more sustainable development in the country's livestock system. As a result, it is expected that the produced biogas can provide the necessary energy for the different farm activities in the case study; That the production of biogas on a small scale has in the beginning a greater advantage and a better coupling regarding the practicality of use of the method to be developed and implemented as a strategy of mitigation and use of wastes; That the production on a large scale is not so viable due to the great environmental loads that it contains; And finally, determine and compare significant differences in GHG emissions that contribute to the environment when biogas is produced on a small and large scale. All this, to develop a sustainable renewable energy alternative as a strategic component of new industrial policies. 1 linha Arial 10 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Biogas; Life cycle assesment (LCA); Animal waste; Greenhouse Gases (GHG) INTRODUÇÃO Fossil fuels are, in general, the leading energy suppliers in the world providing approximately 80% of total consumption. This fact has serious environmental impacts, mainly in the generation of pollutants such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the BRITISH PETROLEUM statistical reports (BP, 2010-2014), the natural gas (NG) reserves / production ratio can not be maintained for more than 65 years worldwide and 30 years in China. This indicates an urgent need to obtain new sources of NG to meet demand in the future (WANG et al., 2015). Accordingly, many regions and countries set ambitious related targets for reducing both the use of fossil fuels (FUSI et al., 2016) and GHG emissions (LEOPOLDINA et al., 2012) and increasing energy generation from renewable sources. Renewable energies have become vital elements of rural electrification, goals and cleanup policies in many countries. In the case of bioenergy (from biomass), its use can help to meet the targets for renewable energy and carbon reduction, and this type of energy does not suffer directly from some intermittency or dependence on the climate like other Technologies such as wind and solar energy. An alternative with important development in recent years, for the production of renewable energy and GHG reduction, is the production of biogas in the centralized or decentralized areas of the cities. It is considered a future substitute for NG (MORERO et al., 2015). In fact, it is a gas capable of producing heat and energy, produced from Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of organic matter (biomass). The DA system is technically and economically convenient from an economical point of view; the variety of biomass as raw material is well diversified, and usually depends on the characteristic economic activities and production of each country. Agricultural and livestock residues (crops and animal waste), and industrial and municipal solid waste (Sewage, organic matter, food, among others) are used in the production of biogas.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Brazil is a country with great biogas potential, since it presents a great variety of biomass demolished from the activities of agriculture and livestock, being these two economic activities currently industrialized and of great importance, corresponding to more than half of the world meat market Bovine and also occupies a prominent position in the world production of bovine milk. The confinement system of cattle in Brazil, in fattening regime for slaughter or for milk production, is a practice currently with great possibilities of expansion and increment for the advantages that it presents. Highlighting the process control; The increase of the productive efficiency of the herd, quality of the meat, reduction of the age of slaughter of the animal thanks to the average daily gain of weight in comparison with other alimentary regimes, programming of slaughterings throughout the year; Acceleration of the return of capital; The reduction of the idleness of the refrigerators in the off season; Use of surplus forage and release of pasture areas for categories with lower nutritional requirements; More efficient use of labor, machinery, equipment and inputs of rural property. This practice has increased more than 50% since 1994, and while the semiconfining activity (with feed concentrated twice a day on average and cattle grazing during the rest of the day) increased by 240% over the same period -Oeste and the State of São Paulo are the main responsible for this increase). Ruminants, especially cattle, the second largest herd in the world, and their grazing are activities responsible for 25% of methane production, while in Brazil this contribution can reach 70% (DICK, et al., 2015). Statistical data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), related to livestock production in the year 2014, establishes that it was approximately 212,343,932 million bovine heads, obtaining an approximate of 6497724.3192 Tons of bovine manure for that period, having On account of the fact that the daily production of faeces and urine accounts for about 6% -10% of the live weight of an adult bovine animal (up to a total volume of between 24 and 30 kg per day). According to GOMES (2014), animal waste produced by livestock activities in rural areas has caused serious environmental problems due to the large volumes that are produced. These wastes are misdirected in crops such as fertilizers and organic fertilizers, contributing to acidification of soils, thanks to inorganic substances such as nitrates, sulfates and phosphates; The emission of greenhouse gases, mainly by methane (CH4), coming from feces and the respiration of the animal; To the pollution of bodies of water, causing eutrophication and acidification of the bodies with the improper disposition of the wastes in rivers, streams or lakes, and also by the superficial runoff in pastures and crops fertilized with excess of these wastes. The production of biogas by means of bovine waste, besides being an environmental impact mitigation strategy, has a high energy and calorific potential that is not widely used or produced in its entirety, since a large part of the production units is (With little or no confinement time). From another perspective, it is possible to more efficiently exploit the potential of waste in the confinement and semi-confinement systems. In addition, not all farms, especially small farms, do not always operate with anaerobic digestion (DA) alone to produce energy, but it is one of the many benefits associated with this method, including waste disposal and fertilizer production. Many studies have been conducted on the environmental sustainability and performance of biogas production systems as well as the conversion of biogas into electricity. In particular, special attention was given to GHG emissions, energy balance related to these biogas production systems and the variety of sources producing it with raw materials; Most of these studies followed the standardized and holistic life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology structured by ISO 14040 (2006), which identifies the environmental consequences of the life cycle of a product, process or activity by assessing potential Impacts throughout its production chain. In spite of having several studies evaluating the life cycle of biogas production in different parts of the world with animal waste as raw material, the studies evaluating this technology in Brazil are very few, since still the grazing system predominates over the system of Confinement, making the method of collecting waste unviable, just as the confinement system is currently growing. Even so, the country still has great potential for biogas production. According to data provided by ANEEL, "Information Bank for Generation, Biomass Fuel", Brazil presents a total of fifteen projects in operation and four in grant that use biogas as fuel, obtaining a power of 114,680 kW and 32,305.00 kW, respectively , Which remains a very low value related to its potential producer. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the production of biogas, in small and large scale, from the bovine manure generated in confinement to determine which of the two strategies is largely
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 sustainable and environmentally friendly characterizing its greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and thus, significantly reduce the use of non-renewable energy and achieve a more sustainable development in the system. Last but not least, it is of great importance for rural producers to know and be aware of all the problems arising from the inadequate disposition of animal waste and the multiple advantages that the biogas production from these wastes both for themselves , As well as for the development and image of the country in terms of renewable energies. In this work, the life cycle assessment methodology is adopted for the biogas production from the manure produced specifically from livestock, since it presents the characteristic of easy collection of the manure. Comparing its production in small and large scale, from "barn to grave", considering: a) Collection of local data from farms that carry out livestock activities such as cattle confinement; B) data on the amount of manure generated on farms and what percentage is used for the generation of fertilizers, fertilizers or other by-products; C) data on the stages of biogas production, transportation and use within the selected farms in the scope of the study d) data on the use of biogas in the different agricultural activities. METHODOLOGY The methodology used for the development of the present work is the Holistic Life Cycle Assessment (CCA) and standardized by ISO 14040/14044 (2006). This tool has been used in different studies in the field of renewable energy, providing solid bases for the knowledge of each process, product or activity, and thus to improve the efficiency of such systems eliminating their environmental impacts. The present work aims to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the biogas production process from the agricultural stage, considering a type of crop as a form of feed for the animals, until the use of biogas in the same agricultural activities. The steps described in the project will be related to the input of the inputs in the agricultural phase for the production of animal feed, food transport, input inputs for confined livestock, transport of manure to storage or digester, construction of the production plant Biogas, and the use of biogas as a source of energy. Lastly, it intended to compare biogas production on a small scale with a large scale to identify the significant differences that biogas production systems could bring. The study will be based on primary data on the production of biogas on farms located in the central-western zone of the country, due to which it is the largest region related as agricultural activities, within the scope of confined livestock, having the capacity to provide the volume Biomass for its production, considering that the production or recovery of raw material involves important environmental issues. Biogas production systems have two functions: i) digestion of organic material in biogas and ii) subsequent use as fuel for electricity and / or heat generation as a substitute for natural gas (NG) or transport fuel. For this study we want to use two different functional units for the calculations. For the production of raw material and collection / collection, the functional unit was defined as 1 t of raw material, which facilitates easy comparison with other studies, in turn, can be converted into a biogas equivalent according to the literature. In addition, kW of electricity per ton of raw material (kW) will be used as a functional unit for the use of biogas as energy. All the LCA studies can use one of three methods of allocation of impacts: mass allocation, energy allocation and market allocation, in this work, we will use the three methods of allocation to achieve an adequate comparison between each stage of the process. In data analysis, many studies use LCA software that help process all of the inventory data. The software also often includes some life cycle inventory databases. In this study, the SimaPro® software and the EcoInvent database will be used in case it does not have the primary process database, and the IPCC data to be used as the GHG data base, and, With everything, perform the steps of classification, characterization, normalization and evaluation of the data. Lastly, the results of the farms under study are compared with a large-scale biogas production system with a large-scale production system in order to assess important differences in GHG emissions, and To define which of the two strategies is more sustainable and less impactful to the environment, characterizing its greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), to be developed as a strategic component of new industrial policies.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 RESULTS According to the methodology presented previously, in this study, the following results are expected: I)
Regardless of the biogas production scale, according to the amount of manure generated on the farms, the biogas produced has sufficient potential to provide the necessary energy for the different activities of the farms in the case study. And in turn, it contributes to a considerable reduction of the use of energy from fossil fuel inside the farm and thus to make more sustainable the process of confined cattle raising. II) That the production of biogas on a small scale (scale of the farm) has in the beginning a greater advantage and a better coupling with respect to the practicality of use of the method to be developed and implemented as a strategy of mitigation and use of the manure on the farms, since In this one can obtain a better control and management of the system, the comparison of a large-scale production. III) That production on a large scale is not so viable in the short term for the Midwestern region of the country, initially due to the scale of mechanization of field operations because this increment of inputs plays an important role in the definition of a load Environmental, economic, process knowledge, production, maintenance and the skilled workforce; In which the country does not yet have much infrastructure in rural areas. IV) A percentage or significant differences in reduced GHG emissions could be determined in the country if all farms with the containment system implemented a biogas production facility on a small scale, compared to a large scale, and Thus establishing which of the two is a potential alternative for the reduction of the GHG emissions of the country, starting with the center-west region. REFERENCES BP, 2010–2014. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-ofworldenergy.html#BPstats DICK, M.; DA SILVA, M. A.; DEWES, H. Mitigation Of Environmental Impacts Of Beef Cattle Production In Southern Brazil E Evaluation Using Farm-Based Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015. 87, 58e67. HIJAZI, N.O.; MUNRO, B. S.; ZERHUSEN, M.; EFFENBERGER. Review of life cycle assessment for biogas production in Europe. Renew able and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016. 54 - 1291–1300. INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE), Efetivo dos rebanhos por tipo de rebanho, 2014. https://goo.gl/fq5bhP Acessado em: 04/04/201 WANGA, Q.; LI, W.; GAO, X.; LI, S. Life Cycle Assessment on Biogas Production from Straw and Its Sensitivity Analysis Bioresource Technology. (016. 201 - 208–214. Science Direct.
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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AMMONIUM NITRATE FUEL OIL (ANFO) – A COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE Danielle Souza Bonifácio – Mestrado Profissional, Orientador Assed Haddad, Co-Orientador Erick Galante Email do aluno:
[email protected] KEY WORDS: life cycle assessment, commercial explosives, ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO)
INTRODUCTION Most of the mineral ores used in engineering require explosives during extraction. Explosives are used in mining operations as well as other civilian applications, such as roadworks, opening tunnels and canals, and buildings engineering in general (RESENDE, 2011). Depending upon the application, different explosives are used, being TNT mostly in military explosive ordnances and a mix of Ammonium nitrate with fuel oil (ANFO) in mining. The usage of ANFO can be explained by understanding two fundamental aspects related to its manufactory process: cheap and easy to make. Explosive environmental issues and its hazard analysis has always been focused in reducing the risk of accidents in cases of unforeseen detonations. Likewise. commercial explosive manufactories, however, it is necessary to analyze the life cycle as whole, due to the need to identify and quantify aspects and impacts in each production phase, which is carry out applying the methodology proposed by ISO 14040 series. To apply this method one compiles an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system; evaluates potential environmental impacts and interprets the inventory analysis in relation to the objectives of the studies (ISO 14040). ISO14040 states that LCA examines the environmental aspects and potential impacts throughout the life of a product (ie from "cradle to grave"), which starts with raw material acquisition, its use and disposal. The general categories of environmental impacts to be considered include resource use, human health and ecological consequences. A typical LCA structure includes scope and goal definition; clear goal Setting (which revolves around the desired application, the reasons and to whom one wishes to show the result); and scope definition. Moreover, the following information is key for any successful LCA: a. Function and functional unit b. System frontiers c. Data quality requirements d. Comparisons between systems e. Critical review considerations Life cycle inventory analysis Prior to conclude a full LCA, the analyst must compile the inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of the production system under evaluation, which involves the collection of data and calculation procedures to quantify the inputs and outputs of a product system. The inputs may include use of resources and releases for air, water, and soil (waste) and need to be quantified for all variables (raw material, energy, transport, emissions, effluents, waste, and others) (Araújo, 2013). Life cycle impact assessment The evaluation of the potential environmental impacts associated with the inputs and outputs compiled in the inventory is a qualitative/quantitative activity of understanding and assessing the significance and magnitude of the environmental impacts (Araújo, 2013).The general categories of usual environmental impacts are: resource use, human health and ecological consequences.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 The methodology of the LCA allows one to analyze several subcategories of impact, such as: eutrophication, ecotoxicity, bioaccumulation, climatic changes, human toxicity, depletion of the ozone layer, acidification, land use, photochemical oxidants and others. Interpretation of the life cycle The interpretation is the last part of a LCA and is when the analyst compares and contrasts the results of the inventory analysis and the impact assessment with the objective and the scope, aiming to conclude and recommendations actions to reduce environmental impacts (Araújo, 2013). The basic question to revolves around defining the best alternative to conduct said activity at minimal environmental (Hauschild, 2010).
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this work is to present a comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis of a typical AmmoniumNitrate-Fuel-Oil (ANFO) production. The main components of ANFO are ammonium nitrate and diesel. The boundaries of the system were delimited from the start of the raw materials up to the final stage of production within the Factory, hence containing the whole production process, which includes the component mixing, packaging and transport phase. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of three alternative explosive compositions will be analyzed to identify compositions with lower impacts and opportunities for improvement.
METHODOLOGY This work carries out LCA applying SimaPro® software to calculate the indicators. SimaPro® (Ferreira, 2004) was introduced in 1990 and has been widely used for environmental analysis of products for decision making in product development and product policy. SimaPro® is a tool for collecting and analysing both data and environmental performance of products and services. In this software it is possible to study complex life cycles using the ISO 14040 series approach and recommendations. Figure 1 shows the start screen of the data insertion program.
Figure 1 - Start screen of the data insertion program
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 RESULS AND DISCUSSION The SimaPro® modeling was applied, initially, to the production of ANFO in its standard qualitative composition (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil). The detailed inventory was based on the primary data collected from a national manufacturer of the product. For reasons of confidentiality the company name was kept anonymous. Ultimately, the methodology was applied following the steps dictated by the norm NBR ISO 14040: 2001: a.
Definition of the objective: Verify the ecological contribution of the manufacturing process and effect on human health and the environment.
b.
Definition of the scope: the system boundary is the ANFO production within a larger factory and the functional unit is kg of manufactured product. The data used are actual and there will be no comparisons between simulations. The simplified assembly of the system's ACV was schematized as shown in Fig 2.
Figure 2 - Simplified assembly of the system's ACV
c.
Inventory analysis: The production process can be described according to Fig. 3. The perceptual composition is 95.5% of ammonium nitrate, 4.5% of diesel oil, plastic bag for packaging and more transport to the client.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 Energia Elétrica
Nitrato de amônio
Óleo Diesel
ANFO
Transporte Rodoviário
Saco plástico
Figure 3 - Production process
d.
Life Cycle Impact Assessment: Impact 2002+ was selected for this evaluation, since it proposes a combination of the classic (midpoint) and damage-oriented (endpoint) approaches, thus grouping the positive points of the methods Not used in LCA studies, such as Impact2002, Eco-Indicator99, CML 2000 and IPCC. The result is shown in Fig 4.
Figure 4 - Life Cycle Impact Assessment e.
Interpretation of the life cycle: In analyzing the previously selected categories of impacts, it is possible to verify that they were the most significant in relation to the others, being related to global warming, the consumption of non-renewable energies, health toxicity Human, carcinogenic and respiratory inorganic substances, except for the consumption of resources that did not have such expressive results.
For single impact type, the modelling results were based upon assessing impact levels in light of the limits of Brazilian legislation.
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CONCLUSION The work is an on-going investigation and only some of the simulation were completed. There is also the progressing part of the study in which the simulation shall be carried out comparing three compositions of different products, changing some of the items of the process and / or product. In this case, it is assessed which input contributes less negatively, in terms of environmental impact, to the production of the evaluated product.
REFERENCES ARAÚJO, M. G. 2013. Modelo de avaliação do ciclo de vida para a gestão de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos no Brasil. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Programa de Planejamento Energético. COPPE. Rio de Janeiro. FERREIRA, C., FREIRE, F., RIBEIRO, J., Life-cycle assessment of a civil explosive. Journal of Cleaner Production. P159-164. 2015. FERREIRA, J. V.R., Analise de ciclo de vida dos produtos, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 2004. NBR ISO 14040:2001 - Gestão ambiental - Avaliação do ciclo de vida - Princípios e estrutura. RESENDE, S.A.,Desenvolvimento de explosivos utilizando combustíveis não-convencionais, dissertação de mestrado, Universidade federal de Ouro Preto, 2011. https://simapro.com/
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EFFICIENCY OF PERACETIC ACID IN DISINFECTION OF STORMWATER CONTAMINATED BY DOMESTIC SEWAGE Mestrando: Dário Souza Santos, Orientador: Isaac Volschan Jr. E-mail:
[email protected]
KEY WORDS: peracetic acid; stormwater drainage systems; wastewater disinfection. INTRODUCTION Effluent treatment plants must eliminate the pathogenic microorganisms present in their effluents before the final disposal phase due to public health and environmental preservation. For decades, the most widely used disinfection method, which is based on the application of chlorinated compounds, produces by-products toxic to aquatic life, which include trihalomethanes (THMs). In recent years, increasing pressure from society and the regulatory bodies has been increasing restrictions on the allowable limits of residual chlorine, and in many cases dechlorination steps have been required. That obligation reduces their cost-effectiveness and thus new disinfection alternatives have been put into practice. One of these new alternatives is the use of peracetic acid (PAA) as a substitute for chlorination. The PAA has shown satisfactory results in the efficiency of inactivation of microorganisms and on their ease of application. Although there is no doubt about the high efficiency and low cost of chlorination technologies, the toxicity problem is increasingly requiring post disinfection dechlorination steps that significantly affect its cost benefit. In Brazil, CONAMA 357 defines that total and free residual chlorine should have maximum concentrations of 0.01 mg / L and more restrictive for trihalomethanes (eg 0.1 μg / L 2-Chlorophenol). Other alternative disinfection methods such as ultraviolet radiation and ozonation have high installation and maintenance costs and do not reach the same level of inactivation as chlorine and PAA. Several studies point to the benefits of PAA that include: harmless wide range of residual concentrations to the biotic environment; use of existing infrastructure; high inactivation efficiency (similar to chlorine); short contact time required; more dosage-dependent efficiency; does not change the pH of the medium and supports wide pH range; It has been shown that it is important to maintain a high concentration of organic matter and a longer time of activity (Dell 'Erba et al, 2007; Kitis, 2004; Koivunen and Heinonen-Tanski, 2005; Luukkonen et al, 2014; Cavallini et al, 2012;). Data available in the last National Survey of Basic Sanitation of 2008 indicated that 94.4% of the municipalities participating in the survey have paved streets and 76.5% have underground drainage systems. In contrast, the average attendance in 2015 by sewerage systems is 58%, and only 74% received adequate treatment. These data indicate that in Brazil there is a notable disparity between the coverage of water and sewage services provided, and as consequence, many urban areas end up using stormwater drainage systems, turning them as sources of pollution. The following dissertation project seeks to evaluate the feasibility of the use of the PAA in the emergency disinfection of effluents from stormwater drainage systems that receive domestic sewage discharge. The optimal dosage, contact time, the levels of inactivation of Escherichia coli, Total Coliforms, and also the possible influences of the physical-chemical parameters on the efficiency of the PAA will be determined. In order to, simulate the different conditions of the effluent, three samples will be diluted with demineralized water (raw sewage/water): (1) 40% simulating first rainfall; (2) 15% simulating normal conditions and (3) 5% simulating extreme events.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 OBJECTIVES The general objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of peracetic acid as a disinfection agent in effluents from rain gutters that receive drainage from sewage using the structure of these galleries as a contact tank, and the specific objectives are: (1) define contact time and optimum peracetic acid dosages in 3 different conditions simulating rainy events; (2) to elaborate curves of the concentration of PAA vs time and PAA vs microorganisms for the 3 effluents simulating first rainfall, normal conditions and extreme events; (3) evaluate possible parameters that influence the inactivation efficiency of peracetic acid. METHODOLOGY
The peracetic acid used will be the commercial version available by Peroxides do Brasil® at 15% (m/V). It is estimated that the applied PAA dosage range will be between 1 and 20 mg/L, and the analyzes performed on the bench will follow the guidelines of ASTM Internationtal and ABNT. Residual concentrations of PAA will be determined by colorimetric method combined with iodometry (PROXITANE®), as suggested by the acid manufacturer and by the spectrophotometric method with DPD for concentrations between 0.1 and 0.5 mg / L, as indicated by the study by Cavallini et al (2012). The effluent used in the analyzes will be the domestic effluent generated at the UFRJ campus. In order to simulate the different conditions of the effluent in rainy events, the analyzes will be carried out with 3 different reasons of dilution of the raw effluent/demineralized water simulating the following situations: (1) 40% as first flush; (2) 15% normal conditions and (3) 5% extreme events. This approach is supported by studies by Chhetri et al (2014), where the efficiency of peracetic acid in the disinfection of combined system extravasation effluents (CSOs) was analyzed. The characterization of the effluent will follow the guidelines of ASTM's Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waster (1999). The parameters to be determined are related to the respective methods present in the table below, which was extracted from the studies elaborated by Cavallini et al (2012). Table 1: Parameters and methods for effluent characterization. Parameter
Method
DO
Oximetric
BOD (5 days)
Oximetric
QOD
Spectrophotometry
Total Phosphor
Spectrophotometry
Ammoniacal nitrogen
Distillation / Titulometry
pH
Potentiometric
Total solids
Gravimetric
Total suspended solids
Filtration / Gravimetric
Total dissolved solids
Gravimetric
Turbidity
Nephelometric
Microorganisms
Filter membranes
The disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid will be evaluated by varying the dosage of the oxidant at 1 mg/L up to 20 mg/L with 5 mg/L implementations and with contact time ranging from 5, 10 and 20 minutes. Disinfection efficiencies will also be compared under turbulent and static mixing conditions by mechanical agitation
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 RESULTS 6
It is expected that in the analyzed effluent the initial fecal coliform count will be in the range of 10² to 10 4 -1 MNP per 100 mL (mean of 10 MNP 100 mL ) and that the final coliform count will decrease by approximately 90% (inactivation in order of 3 log). Similar results in various and different conditions have been reported in a series of studies, which will be better described in the dissertation.
Therefore, it is expected that the results indicate that the structure of the stormwater drainage systems may serve as point of application of the peracetic acid, since the required contact time will be effectively short and the inactivation efficiency of the microorganisms will satisfy the limiting parameters present in the legislation
REFERENCES
CAVALLINI, G. S.; CAMPOS, S. X.; SOUZA, J. B. Estudo do ácido peracético na desinfecção de esgoto sanitário: Influência das características físico-químicas do efluente, determinação de concentração residual e cinética de degradação, 2012b. Disponível em: Acesso em 30/09/2014 às 12h10min. DELL’ERBA, A.; FALSANISI, D.; LIBERTI, L.; NOTARNICOLA, M.; SANTORO, D. Disinfection by-products formation during wastewater disinfection with peracetic acid. Desalination 215 (2007) 177–186 M. KITIS. Disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid: a review. Environment International, 30 (2004) 47–5. J. KOIVUNEN & H. HEINONEN-TANSKI. Peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection of primary, secondary and tertiary treated municipal wastewaters. Water Research 39 (2005) 4445–4453. T. LUUKKONEN et al. Chemical aspects of peracetic acid based wastewater disinfection. Water SA (2014) 40: 73-80.
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INVENTORY OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON STEEL IN MINIMILL 1 linha em branco, fonte Arial 10 Patricia Oliveira da Costa (MESTRADO), Eduardo Linhares Qualharini.
[email protected] 1nha em branco, fonte Arial 10 KEYWORDS: inventory; life cycle; steel; minimill; sustainability; production, eletric arc furnace.
1. INTRODUCTION With the advancement of the industry and changing the habits of the population, finished products have been advised, and the more we produce, the more we degrade the environment around us, we extract from the environment the resources we need for our development and return to the same waste pollutants . In order to minimize man-made impacts and to ensure sustainability, new production alternatives have been sought, in addition to the awareness and oversight of competent bodies. From the 1970s onwards, there was a greater awareness of the importance of the environment for humanity. Several agreements have been signed and signed, such as the Montreal Protocol (1987) and Rio Eco92, and society has become increasingly demanding, as it is a stakeholder in this process. One term came to be widely used and discussed: sustainable development - "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations" (WECD, 1987). Sustainability is directly related to economic and material development, without harming the environment, so that the use of natural resources is done intelligently so that they can be maintained in the future. Sustainability is supported in three dimensions: environmental, social and economic and for sustainable development, actions are needed in these 3 pillars so that, in fact, we can get together with companies, countries and individuals, protect the world from the future and move forward without impacting And destroy them drastically. Figure 1 covers these three dimensions and shows how each dimension interrelates, and the intersection of the three guarantees sustainable development.
Figure 1 – Sustainability Triple: Sustentarte, 2013. On top of this sustainable development, companies are being increasingly demanded not only for their results, but also how these results have been achieved, resulting in a kind of corporate sustainability that goes beyond social responsibility and social and environmental marketing that has been sought . A sustainable corporation is one that creates a sustainable strategy in multiple areas, embedding the idea of sustainability in the economy, reducing costs, exploring new market models, codes of ethics, seeking to improve the brand's vision, as well as promoting meritocracy Of its employees.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 The construction industry is one of the activities that generate the most waste in Brazil due to the housing shortage in the early 2000s, which resulted in an ancestry of civil construction in Brazil, resulting in an immeasurable amount of waste and impacts to the environment. According to data from the United NationsEnvironmentProgramme (UNEP), buildings globally account for 40% of annual energy consumption and account for up to 30% of energy consumption related to the emission of greenhouse gases . The construction sector accounts for one third of the consumption of natural resources, including 12 percent of all freshwater use, and the production of up to 40 percent of solid waste. The steel industry participates in the civil construction, supplying steel for the most diverse works and enterprises. Based on this supply and direct relationship with this sector, it was decided to verify the carbon steel production of a semi-integrated plant located in Rio de Janeiro, and to create a life cycle inventory on this production.
1.1. Brief Summary of the Steel Productive Process
The steel consists of an alloy of iron and carbon, and iron is found in every earth's crust, strongly associated with oxygen and silica. Iron ore is an iron oxide, mixed with fine sand. Carbon is also relatively abundant in nature and can be found in various forms. In steelmaking, coal is used, and in some cases charcoal. The steel production process is divided into three stages: reduction, refining and conformation. In the reduction process, the iron liquefies and is called pig iron or first fusion iron. Impurities such as limestone, silica etc. They form the slag, which is raw material for the manufacture of cement. The next step in the process is refining. The pig iron is taken to the melt shop, still in a liquid state, to be transformed into steel by burning impurities and additions. The refining of the steel is done in ovens to oxygen or electric. Oxygen or electric mills are used to transform liquid or solid pig iron and scrap iron and steel into liquid steel. In this step part of the carbon contained in the pig iron is removed together with impurities. Most liquid steel is solidified in continuous casting equipment to produce semi-finished, ingots and blocks. Finally, the third classical phase of the steelmaking process is conformation. Steel, in the process of solidification, is mechanically deformed and transformed into steel products used by the processing industry, such as thick and thin sheets, coils, rebar, wire, profiles, bars, etc. The plants are classified according to their production process: integrated or semi-integrated. The integrated ones constitute the three basic stages: reduction, refining and conformation, that is, they participate of the whole productive process and produce steel. The semi-integrated are only the two phases: refining and conformation. These plants depart from pig iron or scrap metal purchased from third parties to transform them into steel in electric mills and their subsequent lamination. In addition, depending on the products that preponderate in their production lines, the plants can also be classified as follows: - Semi-finished (plates, blocks and billets) - From carbon steel plans (plates and coils) - Of flat special / bonded steels (sheets and coils) - Long carbon steels (bars, profiles, machine wire, rebar, wire and seamless tubes) - Long / special steels (bars, wire rods, wire and seamless tubes) - There are also production units called non-integrated, which operate only one phase of the process: processing (lamination or drawing), reduction or transformation. The present work encompasses a semi-integrated unit, with a simplified productive flow in figure 2.
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Figure 2 - Simplified steel production flow in a semi-integrated plant. Source: IABR, adapted, 2017.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The work will be developed based on the ABNT NBR 14040: 2009 Standard, which divides the Life Cycle Assessment into four phases, observed in Figure 3 and described below, but the impact and interpretation will not be evaluated at that moment, limited to inventory.
Figure 3 - Structure of Life Cycle Assessment (Source: ABNT NBR 14040,2009) 2.1 Definition of Objective and Scope (Phase 1) 2.1.1 Purpose Develop a life cycle inventory of the production of carbon steel in a semi-integrated plant, limited to the processing of scrap and steelmaking, with electric arc furnace.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 1.4.1.2 Scope The steel has several standards that govern it and according to its application and resistance the steel receives a specific nomenclature. But in the world it is usual to report steel in tons. However for the study the kg was adopted as functional unit. Functional unit: 1 kg of crude steel production. Reference flow: measure the outputs of processes in a given product system, required to perform the function expressed by the functional unit. (Developed based on Kg). Function of the Product Systems: product used in several market segments, in the present work it is limited to raw material (billets) for Lamination. Target audience: the company, society, industry and commerce. Systems and Product Frontiers: the steel product system had its boundaries determined from the extraction of the raw material until its recycling. The step of rolling (conformation), use and landfill were not contemplated. 1.4.1.3 Inventory Analysis (Phase 2) This step aims to perform data collection and determine the procedures for quantifying the relevant inputs and outputs of a product system. For the analysis, production of a semi-integrated unit located in the city of Rio de Janeiro will be used.The entries and exits of the steps of the Scrap yard and its respective processing and steelworks will be analyzed.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The expected results will be the input and output quantification of each step, comparing the production history and performance used, according to different energy matrices, since there was a change in the energy supply during the years. Based on the results, it is expected to create a correlation with the type of energy, since the electric arc furnace, which aims to melt metallic scrap, converting it into liquid steel, using electric energy, converted into heat through the radiation of Electric arcs created between the electrodes and pieces of solid scrap.
REFERENCES ABNT NBR ISO 14040: Gestão Ambiental – Avaliação do ciclo de vida – Princípios e estrutura. Rio de Janeiro, 2009. AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA. Banco Nacional de Inventário de ACV. Available in . Accessed on april 10, 2017. BAWDEN, Kim R.; WILLIAMS, Eric D,BABBIT, Callie W.Mapping product knowledge to life cycle inventory bounds: a case study of steel manufacturing. 2015. BIEDA, Boguslaw. Application of stochastic approach based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for life cycle inventory (LCI) to the steel process chain:Case study. Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier. 2013. INSTITUTO AÇO BRASIL. Sustentabilidade e Reciclagem de Aço. Available . Accessed on November 20, 2016.
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URBAN FOREST DIAGNOSIS IN RIO DE JANEIRO: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTEGRATION WITH URBAN ENVIRONMENT Ricardo Bensabath Damiani (Mestrando), Maria Fernanda Santos Quintela da Costa Nunes, D.Sc. (Orientadora) Email do aluno:
[email protected] KEY WORDS: Urban Forest; City Forest; Nature; Integration; Rio de Janeiro;
INTRODUCTION Arriving in the Guanabara Bay in 1502, the Portuguese explorer Gaspar de Lemos found an incredible and untouched forest. Today, 515 years later, streets and buildings replaced part of that forest and the ―terras com palmeiras onde cantavam os sabiás‖ (allusion to a Brazilian famous poem) host nowadays the second most important economic city in Brazil. Nowadays 47,1% of the city of Rio de Janeiro, with 6.5 million inhabitants and 1.200 km2 (according to the IBGE 2016 results), is covered by the forest and green areas (trees, vegetation, bushes and different grasses). The State of Rio de Janeiro, whose territory was originally 100% covered by the Atlantic Forest, in 2013 registered 20,9% (SOS MATA ANTLÂNTICA & INPE, 2015), and its capital in 2014 only had 18% of its territory covered by the Atlantic Forest (SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA, 2014). The history of Rio de Janeiro shows a constant degradation of its natural space; since the Portuguese colonization, through the empire and the republic period, forests gave place to extractive, agriculture and cattle breeding activities. The advancement of the cities over the forests represents not only a loss of biodiversity and permeable surfaces, but it also leads to scarcity of resources. The progress, or urbanization process, implies, in almost every cases, the removal of vegetation and consequently, the headway of the city boundaries over the forest patches. This advancement creates forest fragments, which, because of the isolation, loose their ecological functions in broad scale dynamics. Reiner (2012) assigns the preservation or the degradation of these urban fragments to two conflicting forms of occupation: formal and informal. The first is normally due to the difficulties of occupation of the areas, because of physical conditions (slope, access, etc.), or legal restrictions that impede the occupation itself. The second, which regards the informal way, that leads to a chaotic and poorly planned growth, is primarily due to the lack efficient public housing policies for the low class population and lack of surveillance from the authorities. These forest environments connect with other green areas in the city, creating a bigger net that is called urban forest. Even though Magalhães (2006) points out that some authors do not consider isolated trees in the city as part of the forest, the author underlines that this terminology is accurate to represent a group of vegetation, which includes street trees, squares, parks, as well as conservation units and preservations zones, public or private areas and natural or planted ecosystem spots. Following this thought, Embrapa (2009) states that ―trees in parks, groves and green public areas, unoccupied lands, stream margins, dales, streets, residential domains and public buildings‖ could characterize urban forest. These green areas and forests represent great environmental importance for cities, as microclimate regulators, reducing air and noise pollution, intercepting rainwater, preventing erosion, retaining carbon and conserving biodiversity (fauna and flora). Besides that, the presence of these areas in the urban environment positively reflects in humans‘ well being and in the society behavior. This perception of the function performed by these areas for the improvement of the environment quality of the cities is fundamental to create ways for managers to contribute for the integration between the natural environments with the surrounding build environment. However, it is important that this integration process contributes positively for the region. For that reason, Mazzarotto et. al. points out that vegetation management represents a big challenge for the urban planning and
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 that, according to Badiru et. al. (2005), the lack of ecological and integrated planning with the urban environment make the urban forests perish because, in most cases, they show unplanned structure with low resilience. Expanding the vegetation management concept, we could consider protection and activities, which aims to boost the quality of these forests patches. The organic legislation of the city of Rio de Janeiro considers the green areas and forests as regions that must be untouched as they are considered an ―inalienable public heritage‖. In this way, it is granted its preservation and prosperity, as well as the duty for those who deteriorate, to restore these areas in a responsible way. Both Municipality and private sectors are developing actions, even though in a incipient way, which turn the city greener, promoting the integration between the buildings and the nature. Activities like the ―Mutirão Reflorestamento‖, the implementation or maintenance of reforestation projects through compensatory measures, adoption of parks and gardens, the continuous plantations of urban trees and the most recent trend for the rehabilitation areas using vertical gardens give new perspectives to the region and aim to the restoration of landscapes once degraded or without a proper function. In this way, it is necessary to understand how urban forest and green areas provide improvements and interfere with the behavior of the citizens and how Municipality activities could empower the positive effects that these environments bring for the city. Also, this knowledge is important for the urban environment management, aiming to increase the resilience of the city of Rio de Janeiro.
GOAL Identify urban green areas in the city of Rio de Janeiro and their contribution in the integration between natural and built environment, identifying the main forms of afforestation and how public policies in three spheres of power relate to urban green areas protection.
METHODOLOGY Secondary data will be accessed through bibliographic research as well as public and private institutional websites, databases and existing maps. In addition, primary data will be collected through interviews with government agencies, private companies, visits to relevant sites and, whenever possible, through satellite images and pictures.
EXPECTED RESULTS This paper expects to identify, and possibly spatialize, the relevant green urban areas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Also, expects to present the main forms of afforestation, which promote the integration of urban forests into the built environment. Finally, to raise awareness of the importance of green areas, generating knowledge to provide important qualitative information for decision makers to define strategies for the integration and protection of these areas.
REFERENCES INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE). Estimativas enviadas ao TCU. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.ibge.gov.br// SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA & INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS (INPE). Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica, período de 2013 a 2014. 2015. Retrieved from https://www.sosma.org.br/ MAZZAROTTO, ANGELO DE S.; CUBAS, SELMA; MARANHO, LEILA T. Florestas Urbanas: Método de Avaliação para Gestão das Áreas Verdes. Floresta, Curitiba, PR, v. 41, n. 3, p.501-518, jul/set. 2011. ROTERMUND, RENIER M. Análise e planejamento da Floresta Urbana enquanto elemento da Infraestrutura Verde: estudo aplicado à bacia do córrego Judas/Maria Joaquina, São Paulo, SP. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. 2012. MAGALHÃES, L. M.S. Arborização e Florestas Urbanas -Terminologia Adotada para a Cobertura Arbórea das Cidades Brasileiras, Série Técnica: Floresta e Ambiente, jan/2006, p.23-26, 2006.
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EVALUATION OF THE MEMBRANE BIOREATORS EFFICIENCY IN THE INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH FOCUS ON THE REUSE VIABILITY 1
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Déborah de F. Brasil, Juacyara C. Campos Student Master's Degree - Environmental Engineering Program - Area: Environmental Sanitation – PEA/UFRJ. 2 Professor of Environmental Engineering Program, D.Sc., PEQ/COPPE/UFRJ, 2000 UFRJ Chemistry School.
[email protected] 1
KEY WORDS: Bioreactors; MBR; Industrial Wastewater; Reverse Osmosis; Reuse.
INTRODUCTION Water is a natural resource indispensable for the maintenance of life. The problems of scarcity of this valuable resource are increasingly frequent, contrary to the concept upon which a great part of mankind was based for thousands of years, that water resources were an inexhaustible source, culminating in the unrestricted and irresponsible use of this resource. The availability of natural water in sufficient quantity and quality to meet current and future demands has imposed a great challenge on all who depend on this essential resource not only for life, but also for the development of several activities, such as industrial ones, demanding urgency in the management of water resources. From the manifestation of problems related to water scarcity and water pollution, especially in large urban centers, where demand is even more intensive, the various economic sectors whose activities are dependent on the use of water have shown a greater interest in this resource, and they have been motivated by federal and state policies on their management. In addition, environmental legislations that discuss launch standards are increasingly restrictive, which has led to the adoption of more efficient water and wastewater management strategies. Within the scope of this new management model, new options and solutions emerge in order to rationalize consumption and provide autonomy in supply. In this scenario, wastewater reuse is an important alternative for reducing water consumption in the production chain and, consequently, for effluents discarded in water bodies. The reuse consists of the recovery of effluents in order to reuse them according to their final quality, which will be determined from the treatment technologies employed. Thus, it is possible to decrease the scale of the water cycle, favoring the energy balance (METCALF & EDDY, 2003). In general, reuse can occur directly or indirectly, be internal or external, for potable and non-potable purposes and through planned or unplanned actions. The industrial activity is intensively dependent on the use of water, which is a basic input in several industrial processes. Whether due to the demand for water or the impact of the discharge of its effluents, this dependence makes it essential for the industry to adopt practices that result in a rational and effective use of this resource. In view of this scenario, the reutilization of treated effluents appears as an interesting alternative environmentally and economically, considering the mechanisms of granting and charging for the use of water in Brazil, as established by PNRH (National Water Resources Policy, Law 9433/1997) (POMBO, FR, 2011). This reuse associated with water conservation consists of managing demand through the use of alternative sources and reducing the abstraction of water volumes by optimizing their use.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 According to MAGRINI & SANTOS (2011), the aggregation of economic value to the water resource, established through the collection by its use, is able to establish conditions of balance between its supply and demand, being also the instrument of granting responsible for ensuring the The right to water, for a fixed period, with the establishment of the flow with which it will be collected and the application to which it will be destined. However, for some industrial segments, such as petrochemicals, which will be the approach of the present study, the value of water collection currently in force does not constitute a motivating factor for reuse, with the granting and scarcity of impacts most striking to stimulate this activity (PERES, 2003). In this scenario, reuse appears as an attractive measure, both environmentally and economically, since it presents lower implementation and operating costs than those related to the collection and treatment of raw water and also to the costs related to the purchase of water from sanitation companies. The quality of the final treated effluent is determinant in the application of its reuse. Therefore, the technologies selected for the treatment should be evaluated according to the purpose for which it is desired to be reused. Based on this, membrane separation processes represent an excellent alternative for the treatment of effluents, especially when the final objective is to reuse (WINTGENS et al.,2005). Membrane bioreactors are currently promising technologies for treatment improvement, allowing the reuse of the treated effluent. This is the association of a biological process, usually an activated sludge system and a membrane separation process of Microfiltration (MF) or Ultrafiltration (UF). They present several advantages over the conventional activated sludge system, among them the excellent effluent quality and the lower physical area demand required for system implantation.
GOAL This work has as general objective evaluate the biological wastewater treatment system efficiency of a nitrile rubber factory, already in operation, focusing on the feasibility of reuse of the treated wastewater through it physical and chemical characterization by a period of one year, promoting the evaluation of the wastewater treatment system used by the company. The work also includes the realization of a diagnosis of the parameters of the MBR system used, verifying possible improvements. According to the characteristics of the current treated effluent, possible reusable uses will be verified, proposing additional technologies to polish treated effluent for reuse in nobler applications. Through a bench scale evaluation, the performance of the reverse osmosis application as polishing for the treated effluent destined to these applications will be observed. In this way, the material balance of water consumption in the company will be developed, the water quality standards will be presented for each indication of reuse, and the different scenarios of the impact caused by the reuse of the treated effluent will be evaluated.
METHODOLOGY The effluent that will be the object of the present study comes from the company Nitriflex S/A Indústria e Comércio, producer of special polymers, especially nitrilic rubbers and resins of high styrene content. The company presents a diversified production line in which each product has its characteristics, reagents and production processes that are very different and that, therefore, produce effluents with different parameters to be treated. The Nitriflex industrial wastewater treatment plant started operating in 2012 and was initially designed for 3 60m /h flow to process industrial wastewater from Nitriflex production processes, whose coagulation of latices and equipment washing and pipes are the main sources. In its current configuration, the effluent treatment process begins in a pretreatment, where the effluent from the entire industrial area is directed to a tank where it passes through a rotating sieve, designed to promote the separation of coarse solids and floated material in the process of squeezing between the sieve well and the primary separators, such as rubber lumps and clots of larger size.
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3rd WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Programa de Engenharia Ambiental (PEA) Escola Politécnica e Escola de Química da UFRJ 22 a 26 de maio de 2017 From this tank the raw wastewater is pumped into a system of gutters following by gravity towards the ETE recharge tank. At the present time, the effluent presents a pH range predominantly in the acidic region (pH