Microeconometrics Using Stata. A. COLIN CAMERON. Department of Economics. University of California. Davis, CA. PRAVIN K. TRIVEDI. Department of Economics. Indiana University. Bloomington, IN. A Stata Press Publication. StataCorp LP. College Station,
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Idea Transcript
Video Demystified A Handbook for the Digital Engineer Fifth Edition
by Keith Jack
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
ELSEVIER
Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier
Newnes
Contents About the Author
xix
chapteri • introduction
1
Contents Standards Organizations
Chapter 2 •
Introduction to Video
Analog vs. Digital Video Data Digital Video Video Timing Video Resolution Standard-Definition Enhanced-Definition High-Definition Audio and Video Compression Application Block Diagrams DVD Players Digital Media Adapters Digital Television Set-Top Boxes
3 5
6 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 11 11 11 11 12 12
v
vi
Contents
chapter 3 • Color Spaces
15
RGB Color Space sRGB scRGB YUV Color Space YIQ Color Space YCbCr Color Space RGB-YCbCr Equations: SDTV RGB-YCbCr Equations: HDTV 4:4:4 YCbCr Format 4:2:2 YCbCr Format 4:1:1 YCbCr Format 4:2:0 YCbCr Format xvYCC Color Space PhotoYCC Color Space HSI, HLS, and HSV Color Spaces Chromaticity Diagram Non-RGB Color Space Considerations Gamma Correction Constant Luminance Problem References
Digital Component Video Background Coding Ranges 480i and 480p Systems 576i and 576p Systems 720p Systems 1080i and 1080p Systems Other Video Systems References
37 37 39 48 56 59 64 67
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Contents
chapter 5 • Analog Video Interfaces
68
S-Video Interface SCART Interface SDTVRGB Interface HDTV RGB Interface Constrained Image SDTV YPbPr Interface VBI Data for 480p Systems VBI Data for 576p Systems HDTV YPbPr Interface VBI Data for 720p Systems VBI Data for 1080i Systems Constrained Image D-Connector Interface Other Pro-Video Analog Interfaces VGA Interface References
Pro-Video Component Interfaces Parallel Interfaces Serial Interfaces Pro-Video Composite Interfaces Pro-Video Transport Interfaces Serial Data Transport Interface (SDTI) High Data-Rate Serial Data Transport Interface (HD-SDTI) IC Component Interfaces BT.601 Video Interface Video Module Interface (VMI) BT.656 Interface Zoomed Video Port (ZV Port) Video Interface Port (VIP) Consumer Component Interfaces Digital Visual Interface (DVI) High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) Digital Fiat Panel (DFP) Interface
Video Scaling Pixel Dropping and Duplication Linear Interpolation Anti-Aliased Resampling Display Scaling Examples Scan Rate Conversion Frame or Field Dropping and Duplicating Temporal Interpolation 2:2 Pulldown 3:2 Pulldown 3:3 Pulldown 24:1 Pulldown Noninterlaced-to-Interlaced Conversion Scan Line Decimation Vertical Filtering Interlaced-to-Noninterlaced Conversion Video Mode: Intra-Field Processing Video Mode: Inter-Field Processing Film Mode Frequency Response Considerations DCT-Based Compression Fixed Pixel Display Considerations Expanded Color Reproduction Detail Correction Non-uniform Quantization Scaling and Deinterlacing References
chapter 8 • NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview NTSC Overview Luminance Information Color Information Color Modulation Composite Video Generation Color Subcarrier Frequency NTSC Standards RF Modulation
Analog Channel Assignments Luminance Equation Derivation PAL Overview Luminance Information Color Information Color Modulation Composite Video Generation PALStandards RF Modulation Analog Channel Assignments Luminance Equation Derivation PALplus SECAM Overview Luminance Information Color Information Color Modulation Composite Video Generation SECAM Standards Luminance Equation Derivation Video Test Signals VBI Data Timecode CEA-608 Closed Captioning Widescreen Signaling and CGMS Teletext AMOL (Automated Measurement of Lineups) Raw VBI Data Sliced VBI Data Enhanced Television Programming References
chapter 9 • NTSC and PAL Digital Encoding and Decoding NTSC and PAL Encoding 2x Oversampling Color Space Conversion Luminance (Y) Processing Color Difference Processing Analog Composite Video Color Subcarrier Generation Horizontal and Vertical Timing Clean Encoding Bandwidth-Limited Edge Generation Level Limiting Encoder Video Parameters Genlocking Support Alpha Channel Support NTSC and PAL Digital Decoding Digitizing the Analog Video Y/C Separation Color Difference Processing Luminance (Y) Processing User Adjustments Color Space Conversion Genlocking Video Timing Generation Auto-Detection of Video Signal Type Y/C Separation-Techniques Alpha Channel Support Decoder Video Parameters References
H.261 Video Coding Layer Video Bitstream Still Image Transmission H.263 Video Coding Layer Video Bitstream Optional H.263 Modes Profiles References
chapter i i •
Consumer DV
Audio Video Digital Interfaces IEEE 1394 SDTI 100 Mbps DV Differences HDVFormat AVCHD Format References
Chapter 12 •
MPEG-1
MPEG vs. JPEG Quality Issues Audio Overview Video Coding Layer Interlaced Video Encode Preprocessing Coded Frame Types Motion Compensation I Frames
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515 517 521 534 535 535 536 536 536 537
539 539 540 541 542 543 543 543 545 546
Contents
P Frames B Frames D Frames Video Bitstream Video Sequence Sequence Header Group of Pictures (GOP) Layer Picture Layer Slice Layer Macroblock (MB) Layer Block Layer System Bitstream ISO/IEC 11172 Layer Pack Layer System Header Packet Layer Video Decoding Real-World Issues References
Audio Overview Video Overview Levels Profiles Scalability Transport and Program Streams Video Coding Layer YCbCr Color Space Coded Picture Types Motion Compensation Macroblocks I Pictures P Pictures B Pictures
Video Bitstream Video Sequence Sequence Header User Data Sequence Extension Sequence Display Extension Sequence Scalable Extension Group of Pictures (GOP) Layer Picture Layer Content Description Data Picture Coding Extension Quant Matrix Extension Picture Display Extension Picture Temporal Scalable Extension Picture Spatial Scalable Extension Copyright Extension Camera Parameters Extension ITU-T ext. D Extension Slice Layer Macroblock Layer Block Layer Motion Compensation PES Packet Program Stream Pack Layer System Header Program Stream Map (PSM) Program Stream Directory Transport Stream Packet Layer Adaptation Field Program Specific Information (PSI) Program Association Table (PAT) Program Map Table (PMT) Transport Stream Description Table (TSDT) Conditional Access Table (CAT) Network Information Table (NIT) IPMP Control Information Table (ICIT)
Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) MPEG-4.2 Video over MPEG-2 Transport Streams MPEG-4.10 (H.264) Video over MPEG-2 Transport Streams SMPTE 421M (VC-1) Video over MPEG-2 Transport Streams MPEG-2 PMT/PSM Descriptors MPEG-4 PMT/PSM Descriptors APJB PMT Descriptors ATSC PMT Descriptors DVB PMT Descriptors OpenCable PMT Descriptors Closed Captioning VBI Standard Teletext Active Format Description (AFD) Subtitles Enhanced Television Programming Data Broadcasting Decoder Considerations References
Video Capability Audio Capability Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP) Required Tables Optional Tables Descriptors E-VSB Data Broadcasting Application Block Diagrams References
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Contents
chapter 16 • OpenCable™ Digital Television Video Capability Audio Capability In-Band System Information (SI) Required Tables Optional Tables Descriptors Out-of-Band System Information (SI) Tables Descriptors In-Band Data Broadcasting Data Service Announcements Service Description Framework (SDF) Conditional Access Related Technologies Application Block Diagrams References
chapter 17 • DVB Digital Television Video Capability Audio Capability System Information (SI) Required Tables Optional Tables Descriptors Data Broadcasting Conditional Access Application Block Diagrams References
chapter 18 • ISDB Digital Television ISDB-S (Satellite) ISDB-C (Cable) ISDB-T (Terrestrial) Video Capability Audio Capability Still Picture Capability Graphics Capability System Information (SI) Tables Descriptors Captioning Data Broadcasting Application Block Diagrams References