We can't help everyone, but everyone can help someone. Ronald Reagan
Idea Transcript
Workshop 5. Metonymy and Metaphor. Conceptual metaphor theory 1.
Metonymy: traditional and cognitive approach. Identify the key features, include examples. Make use of the notion of contiguity, referring function and highlighting.
1.
Types of metonymy: place for event, place for institution, part for whole, whole for part, etc. Explain what is highlighted in each of the following examples: (1)
(…) if you hang a lamb chop in the window the whole town will come running. (BNC)
(2)
[He] made money, married money and [was] still playing the field. (COCA)
(3)
(…) Downing Street sources said no blame was being attached to anyone for the breakdown. (BNC)
(4)
Just 15 of the new faces attended Oxbridge. (BNC)
(5)
The first ever Olympic gold medal in women's hockey was won by the United States this week in Japan. The US beat Canada 3-1 to take home the gold. (COCA)
2.
Metaphor: traditional and cognitive approach. Identify the key features, include examples.
3.
CMT. Explain the key notions: source and target domain, conceptual metaphor and metaphorical expression, mappings; hiding and highlighting; invariance.
4.
Assignment. Identify the source and target domains of the underlying conceptual metaphors in the following linguistic expressions: (1)
Is that the foundation for your theory?
(2)
We need to buttress the theory with solid arguments.
(3)
He works for the local branch of the bank.
(4)
She devoured the book. (Examples taken from Kövecses 2002)
(5)
Carver is a man with (…) an unquenchable thirst for knowledge. (COCA)
(6)
This president played the race card, and for that alone he deserves to go back to (…) Texas. (COCA)
(7)
One of the primary functions of the arts throughout history has been to serve as a form of antibiotic for the ills of society (…) (COCA)
(8)
For a year life was good: Katrina’s business blossomed, and Brian was ready to branch out on his own. (COCA)
(9)
People are getting more dependent as time goes by. (COCA)
(10) (…) objects like these give an idea of the taste in art of a period. (BNC) 5.
Assignment (adapted from Dirven and Verspoor 1998: 47-48). The word head is known for its abundant polysemy. Below find 7 selected meanings usually included in most dictionaries of contemporary English. Explain the process of meaning extension in each case in terms of metonymy and metaphor. (1)
the top part of the body which has your eyes, mouth, brain, etc.
(2)
your mind: My head was full of strange thoughts.
(3)
understanding: This book goes over my head.
(4)
the leader or person in charge of a group: We asked the head for permission.
(5)
the top or front of something: Write your name at the head of each page.
(6)
the mass of leaves or flowers at the end of stem (in a plant): Remove the dead heads to encourage new growth.
(7)
(for) each person: We paid ten pounds a head for the meal.
Literature: Kövecses, 3-12, 15-25; Lakoff and Johnson, 10-13, 56–60.