Idea Transcript
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E2767 v. 1
ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR IRRIGATION (A.D.M.I) PROJECT IN WEST BENGAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
November 2010
Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
Environmental Assessment
ACRONYMS
ADMI ADO BCM BOD CCA CDM CER CGWB CGPL CIB CIL CIPMC COD COM CPCB CPL DO DPMU EA ECoP EIA EMF EMP FAO FC FFS FGD GEMP GSI HYV ICAR IISC IPM INM KPS KVK LEA LEISA MCL MCM MMW
Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Agriculture Development Officer Billion Cubic Metre Biological Oxygen Demand Culturable Command Area Clean Development Mechanism Certified Emission Reduction Central Ground Water Board Combustion, Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory Central Insecticide Board Central Insecticide Laboratory Central Integrated Pest Management Centre Chemical Oxygen Demand Cut-off Meander Central Pollution Control Board Central Petrological Laboratory Dissolved Oxygen District Project Management Unit Environmental Assessment Environmental Code of Practice Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Framework Environmental Management Plan Food and Agriculture Organization Fecal Coliform Farmers Field School Focussed Group Discussion Generic Environment Management Plan Geological Survey of India High Yielding Varieties Indian Council of Agriculture Research Indian Institute of Sciences Integrated Pest Management Integrated Nutrient Management Krishi Prajukti Sahayak Krishi Vigayan Kendra Limited Environmental Assessment Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture Maximum Contaminant Limit Million Cubic Metre Man-made Wetland
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Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
Environmental Assessment
MCM MRL NGO NAQMP OL PMGSY REA SAR SG SNA SPCB SPMU SPV SWID TC TOR TSS WBPCB WHO WRIDD WUA
Million Cubic Metre Maximum Residual Limit Non Governmental Organisation National Air Quality Monitoring Programme Ox-bow Lake Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Rapid Environmental Assessment Sodium Absorption Ratio Sacred Grove State Nodal Agency State Pollution Control Board State Project Management Unit Solar Photo Voltaic State Water Investigation Directorate Total Coliform Terms of Reference Total Suspended Solids West Bengal Pollution Control Board World Health Organisation Water Resources Investigation and Development Department Water Users Association
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Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
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Environmental Assessment
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ACRONYMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1
1.0 1.1 1.2
CHAPTER 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 CHAPTER 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 CHAPTER 4 -
Introduction Background of the Study Objectives Study Area Methodology Introduction Scope of Activities Building up environment and irrigation baseline Stakeholder Consultation Examination of Water & Soil Quality Environmental Screening of subprojects Preparation of limited EA Preparation of Generic Environmental Management Plan Preparation of Environmental Management Framework Preparation of Environmental Codes of Practice Implementation framework Capacity Building & Training Pesticide Management Environmental Setting Geology Soils Climate Land Use Drainage Surface Water Ground Water Resources Ground Water Quality Wildlife and Biodiversity Wetlands Sacred Groves Archaeological monument/historical sites in West Bengal Irrigation Resource Baseline
Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
Environmental Assessment
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 CHAPTER 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 CHAPTER 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 CHAPTER 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 CHAPTER 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 CHAPTER 9 9.1
Introduction Minor Irrigation Status Water Resources of the State Ground Water availability in Districts Ground Water aquifers and their yield Agriculture Water Demand Country / State Policy and Regulatory framework National Policies State Policy Regulatory Framework National Standards Operation policies & Directives of the World Bank Stakeholder Consultation Introduction Preliminary State Level Stakeholder Consultation Stakeholder Consultation in sample blocks Issues raised by Stakeholders during site consultation Screening Criteria for Sub-projects Need for defining screening criteria Selection of Criteria Selected Criteria Scales & Scoring Exclusion Criteria Standards Considered in developing criteria Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Introduction Anticipated Impacts Mitigation Measures Environmental Codes of Practice Terms of Reference for limited EA Energy Use in Minor Irrigation, Irrigation Water Management & Capacity Building Energy Use in Irrigation
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Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
Environmental Assessment
9.2 9.3 9.4 CHAPTER 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 CHAPTER 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 CHAPTER 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 CHAPTER 13-
Alternative Energy Sources for water pumping in minor irrigation schemes Irrigation Water Management Issues Capacity Building and Training Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Information Dissemination Introduction Steering Committees Implementation Water Quality and Water Level Monitoring Recommendation on Monitoring and dissemination Dam Safety Plan Introduction Types proposed under ADMI Classification of dams/embankments by height classes Safety considerations in design of mass concrete/stone boulder dams Design of earthen embankments Designing and checks Quality control in construction stage Responsibility for quality control during construction phase Certification for payments Inspection of dams and Checklist for Inspection Report Projects on International Waterways Introduction Details of projects proposed under ADMI Surface water in basins/sub-basins having International Waterways Water requirement for proposed surface water schemes Assessment of requirement of ground water Status of ground water in West Bengal and scope for future development beyond March,2010 Requirement vis-à-vis availability Observations of the World Bank on abstraction of surface water from international waterways Suggested Mitigation Measures Pesticide Management
13.1 13.2
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Introduction Project area for study
Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
Environmental Assessment
13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 CHAPTER 14 14.1 14.2
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Objective of the study Methodology Observation and Analysis of data Chemical pesticides used in the State Additional area under ADMI Pesticide management programme including IPM of the State Agriculture Department Strategies, Action plan and recommendations for ADMI Environmental Budget Introduction Cost Estimates
Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
Environmental Assessment
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LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure - I
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Map of West Bengal showing Environmental Features
Annexure – II
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Sample Blocks
Annexure – III
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Map of West Bengal Soils
Annexure – IV
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Ground Water Availability in Pilot Districts
Annexure – V
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Ground Water Availability in non-pilot districts
Annexure – VI
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Arsenic Contamination Maps of Districts
Annexure – VII
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Details of Wetlands more than 10 ha
Annexure – VIII
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Environmental Codes of Practice
Annexure – IX
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Terms of Reference for Limited EA
Annexure – X
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Environmental Survey Report of Sample Blocks
Annexure – XI
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Stakeholder Consultation
Annexure – XII
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Primary & Secondary Water Quality Data
Annexure – XIII
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Primary & Secondary Soil Quality Data
Annexure – XIV
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EMP Master Table
Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project
Environmental Assessment
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ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR IRRIGATION (A.D.M.I) PROJECT IN WEST BENGAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT (;(&87,9(6800$5PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 2 of 3 Date: , January 2011
Introduction
1.2
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Bring an additional area of 138900 ha through a judicious mixture of different types of minor irrigation schemes in 6 agro-ecological regions of the state through conjunctive use of surface and ground water.
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Raising the cropping intensity to 200% in CCA s proposed to be covered by the projects
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Strengthening community-based institutions like farmers’ associations, WUAs etc for facilitation of transfer of responsibilities for operation and management of such projects
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Adoption of best practices for technical design, construction quality and management of social and environmental aspects.
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Introduction of water saving technologies including ground water monitoring in the project area
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Provision of support services for intensification and diversification of agricultural systems and adoption of improved post-harvest technologies, purposeful and effective advisory services coupled with a higher degree of market integration.
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Capacity and Institutional Development to strengthen the Water Resources Investigation and Development Department for better and effective handling of issues related to project management, management of communications and environmental safeguard and taking up monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment activities after categorization of the sub-projects on the basis of screening criteria developed for the purpose.
Study Area The study area spans the length and breadth of the State covering 18 districts. From Jorebanglow - Sukhiapokhri blocks of the Darjeeling district in the North, the study area touches down to the Sagar block of the South 24-parganas district fringing the Bay of Bengal. The project sites are dispersed over a very large number blocks spread in 6 major agro-climatic zones of the State. The distributions of blocks in different agro-climatic zones are furnished in the table 1.2(i) : Table – 1.2(i) Agro-climatic zones 1. Hill Zone 2. Terai-Teesta Flood Plain 3. Vindhyan Alluvial Zone
No of blocks and districts 13 full blocks in Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts 26 full blocks in Darjeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, and Uttar Dinajpur 61 full and 4 part blocks in the districts of Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad , Birbhum, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 3 of 3 Date: , January 2011
Introduction
4. Gangetic Alluvial Zone
121 full and 4 part blocks in the districts Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, 24Parganas (\North), Howrah, Hoogly, Bankura and Bardhaman 5. Undulating Red 57 full blocks in the districts of Barddhaman, Bankura, Lateritic Zone Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum, and Purulia Agro-climatic zones No of blocks and districts 6. Coastal Saline Zone 59 full blocks of 24-Parganas (North), 24-Parganas( South), Purba Medinipur and Howrah It is thus clear that the study area has a very good coverage of the different physiographic zones of the State namely the Himalayan Mountain System, the Piedmont Region and the Terai and Dooars of the north, the extension of the Chhotonagpur Plateau in the south-west and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in central and eastern region. Four agro-climatic zones in the central, south and south-west of the state cover the bulk of the blocks of the proposed program. A map of the Study area showing environmental features is furnished at Annexure-I
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Methodology
CHAPTER- 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1
Introduction Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) is an ambitious project of the Water Resources Investigation and Development Department (WRIDD). It covers almost the entire state excluding Kolkata and thus spans the six agro-ecological regions of the State. The project will involve execution of schemes using both surface and ground water. Surface flow schemes , river lift schemes and water detention structures together target to provide irrigation to 63555 ha of the total of 138900 ha projected in then program and such schemes will have maximum CCA of 50 ha. Because of presence of issues of environmental concerns in different agro-ecological regions of the state - there is need for environmental screening of sub-projects on a set of criteria to take stock of environmental parameters and their sensitiveness before such subprojects can be taken up for execution following the operational guidelines of the World Bank funding the project.
2.2
Scope of Activities Environmental assessment is an important component of the project preparation along with other components of social and hydrological assessment. The ultimate objective of the environmental studies may sharply be focused under the following: • • •
Building up environmental baseline of the project area Building up baseline for irrigation resources Provision of the Environmental Management Frame Work(EMF) identifying all environmental issues in the project
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Preparation of the Environmental Codes of Practice (ECoP) to supplement the EMF
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Preparation of specimen Environment Management Plan for selected sub-projects to demonstrate how the ECP can be translated into project-specific EMP
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Preparation of TORs for limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) impact category sub-projects
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Preparation of Generic Environment Management Plans( Generic EMP) for low impact category sub-projects
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for medium
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 2 of 9 Date:January 2011
Methodology
2.3
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Undertake review of the State’s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy and the policy of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and revise the same in consultation with the Department of Agriculture.
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Provision of an implementation framework including the framework for monitoring inspection and environmental audit
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Devising a framework for Environment Management Capacity Building and Training for the officers and staff of the WRIDD and other stakeholders like the supervision consultants and the contractors.
Building up environment and irrigation baseline The consultants , keeping in view the wide spectrum of outputs of the services provided by them, will attach due importance to the building of the environmental and irrigation baseline data to identify environmental issues of concern in different agro-ecological regions of the State through extensive literature survey of the documents with the WRIDD, Department of Environment including the State Pollution Control Board , the Department of Agriculture, State Water Investigation Directorate, Central Ground Water Board (Eastern region ), the Department of Public Health Engineering, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, Department of Forests including the Wildlife Wing. . Such data will be strengthened through inputs of primary survey of 30 villages in sample blocks (Annexure II), selected by random sampling in consultation with the client. The samples have been selected to ensure that these are representative in consideration of the parameters like geology, hydrology, availability or otherwise of irrigation resources both surface and ground water, status of development of ground water, ground water quality and above all the quality of life indicators in the CCAs proposed to be covered by minor irrigation schemes. Extensive stakeholder consultation at the sample villages on a structured questionnaire will also yield additional data for specified sub-projects in the candidate site. Specific environmental issues will also come out through such consultation. It may be worth while to mention the studies on hydrology and social issues undertaken in parallel by another Consultant will contribute to the enrichment of the data. Collection of environmental baseline data at the level of proposed candidate site in sample blocks will include: •
Climatic data (temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc.)
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Land use data of the candidate sites in the sample blocks/villages
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Water resources (streams, rivers, rivulets, tanks, ponds, water harvesting structures, etc.)
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Methodology
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Cropping pattern and cropping intensity
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Use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides
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Disease vectors and water borne diseases afflicting local stakeholders.
During the survey of villages Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) has been done through a checklist. The checklist included the issues as below: • The location of the project site with reference to environmental sensitive areas like protected areas (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, community conservation areas, sacred groves etc) • •
•
Existence of wetlands, mangroves and areas of outstanding natural beauty Presence of wildlife migration corridors Habitats of indigenous population
During the process of Rapid Environmental Survey at the village level, potential environmental impacts have been identified and assessed on issues related to the environmental parameters as described below: •
Loss of precious ecological values keeping in view the siting parameters
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Loss of historical/ cultural structures
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Disruption of local hydrology, local flooding and drainage hazards
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Increased soil erosion and siltation leading to decreased stream/ reservoir capacity
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Excessive pumping of ground water leading to salinisation, arsenic/ fluoride contamination
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Water logging and salinisation due to inadequate drainage and farm management
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Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water
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Reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons and impact on fisheries and downstream users
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Pollution of soil and ground water from polluted run-off
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Risks of public health due to excessive use pesticides and insecticides
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Increased incidence of waterborne or water related diseases
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Soil erosion – rill, sheet , furrows , gulley and bank erosion
•
Clogging of canals due to increased sedimentation and invasion by aquatic weeds
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Methodology
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Saline water intrusion into down stream fresh water systems
2.4 Stakeholder Consultation Preliminary consultations have been carried out with the State level Stake holders. Such consultations included the client WRIDD, the Department of Environment and the State Pollution Control Board, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, Department of Forests (Wildlife Wing), State Water Investigation Directorate, Department of Agriculture and some Agriculture Universities. Village level consultations have been undertaken in sample blocks on dates convenient to the District Conveners. During such consultations at the village level of the candidate sites stakeholders have been categorised as primary and secondary stake holders. The former included the direct beneficiaries, implementing agencies at the district/block/subdivision level, representatives of the Agriculture Department and other relevant Departments at such levels. Secondary stake holders included some local NGOs working in related domains as available during such consultations. Such consultations were duly notified in advance indicating the venue and time. All consultations been adequately documented through audio/video recordings and digital photography. The attendance in the stakeholder meetings, FGDs have duly been recorded in attendance sheets. The stakeholder consultations, including review of the ongoing consultation by the WRIDD have been taken due cognisance of to ascertain whether additional consultations are required. To have the feedback from the stakeholders during the process of consultation, inputs of stakeholders on environmental issues have been obtained through a structured questionnaire. Selected village elders, the informed Govt. Officials related to minor irrigation were also brought under the fold of consultation. 2.5
Examination of water and soil quality The Consultants have undertaken examination of water quality covering the following issues:
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Methodology
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Issues related to water quality, supply and public sanitation specially in the fluoride and arsenic affected areas
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Examination of water quality parameters for potable water where there is possibility of use of irrigation water as drinking water.
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Water quality assessment included pathological and chemical contamination (particularly heavy metal and nitrate and nitrogen toxicity of surface water, especially in areas around industrial and urban centres. Heavy metals will include As, Pb, Zn, Cal, Ca, Ni, Fe, and Cr.
The consultants compiled information on the existing water quality monitoring program undertaken by different agencies of the state govt. like the WBPCB, SWID and the Central Ground Water Board etc to asses its adequacy and provide recommendations for enhancing the capacity of the State agencies. A mechanism for dissemination of information on water quality among the rural users has also been developed in consultation with the Client. The Consultants have undertaken primary monitoring of water quality at 16 sites for incorporation of the result in the report. Soil Quality monitoring covered 9 samples in some selected sample blocks The quality of soil has been examined for organic matter content, inorganic nutrient content, water holding capacity, infiltration rate, soil salinity, and soil acidity. The Consultants have also compile information on soil quality of different agro-ecological zones from secondary sources to see how these data correlate to the data obtained through primary monitoring. 2.6
Environmental screening of sub-projects The Consultants after studying the environmental issues in the project area and taking inputs from stake holder consultations in general and the officers of the WRIDD at different hierarchical level have developed screening criteria of subprojects to ensure that execution of such sub-projects does not lead to significant adverse impact in the project surround and also avoids impact on human and livestock health of the project area of influence.. Such screening has been proposed to rely on the following issues: •
Location of the subproject with reference to sensitive issues like wildlife protected areas, wetlands of importance, wild elephant migration corridors, sacred groves etc.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 6 of 9 Date:January 2011
Methodology
•
Location of habitats of indigenous population
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Location of archaeological and historical sites
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Status of ground water development particularly for minor irrigation schemes proposing use of ground water
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Status of arsenic/ fluoride contamination
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CPCB standards on quality of irrigation water
Such screening parameters developed are easily identifiable or measurable and would be applicable for sub-projects in all agro-ecological regions. During this exercise the consultants have also developed some criteria for exclusion of subprojects considering the environmental sensitivity and significant irreversible adverse impacts. Environmental scoping has been done keeping in view the score of the sub-project as per screening criteria developed for the purpose. Environmental survey of sites in sample blocks have indicated that most of the sub-projects will be low impact category projects and environmental impacts arising out of such sub-projects can well be managed through the implementation of a Generic Environmental Management Plan. For higher impact categories in case of projects having scores of 9 to 12 limited EA will be required. The scoping of such limited EA to include:
2.7
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How, when and where of each activity recommended
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A list of environmental issues that do deserve a detailed examination
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Recommendation of studies that need to be conducted in parallel but are outside the EA process
Preparation of limited EA Scoring of sub-projects on the basis of the screening criteria may categorise some subprojects in the sample blocks as medium impact categories .TOR for Limited EA for such sub-projects has been prepared to guide implementing agencies to prepare limited EA. Because of the exclusion criteria high impact category sub-projects will be avoided and as such none of the sub-projects selected for implementation will get categorised as high impact category. Consequently no detailed EA will be required as per the operational policies of the
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 7 of 9 Date:January 2011
Methodology
World Bank. Limited EA for medium category impact projects will be prepared on the basis of scoping of such subprojects. These will necessarily include the following issues:
2.8
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Policy , legal and administrative framework guiding the preparation of the EA
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Project description describing the proposed project and its geographic ,ecological and social context
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Baseline data on physical, ecological and socio-cultural resources with reference to the project area of influence. Physical resources will include climate, air quality, topography, soils, geology, surface water/ground water and their quality. Ecological resources will cover wildlife protected areas, wetlands of importance, sacred groves, wild animal migration routes, reserved /protected forests, fisheries and coastal resources. Sociocultural resources will cover structures or sites that are of historical or archaeological significance, physical and cultural heritage like places of worship, debater land, habitats of indigenous communities etc.
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Identification, characterization and assessment of impacts on physical, ecological and social resources. Impacts will be assessed on duration, direction and severity; beneficial impacts will also be brought out. All impacts for the construction and operation phase will be spelt out and mitigation measures suggested to keep adverse impacts at acceptable levels. Residual impacts, if any will be specified.
•
Environmental Management Plans will be prepared Such EMPs will identify and summarise all anticipated adverse impacts and devise mitigation measures with technical details specifying the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required. The EMP will also identify monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring with linkages to the type of impacts identified in the EA.
Preparation of Generic Environmental Management Plan Generic Environmental Management Plan has been devised to take care of impacts during the construction and operation phase of sub-projects of low impact category. Associated activities like provision of access to the site of sub-projects have also been taken into consideration while devising the plan. This has been developed in the form of a matrix and this has allocated columns for project activities in construction and operation phase, mitigation measure, location, timeframe. Responsibilities for implementation and monitoring have been specified in the plan specified in the plan.
2.9
Preparation of Environmental Management Framework
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Methodology
The consultants after building up the environmental baseline and completing Stakeholder consultation, screening and scoping procedures through the methodologies adopted above will prepare limited EA for some identified sub-projects belonging to medium impact category and Generic Environmental Management Plan in the manner as indicated above. The consultants have prepared the Environmental Management Framework (EMF).to cover all the sub-projects in different agro-ecological zones. This framework developed addresses the following issues:
2.10
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Environmental base line and Irrigation resources baseline of the study area.
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Exclusion criteria for sub-projects
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Screening procedures for sub-projects
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Procedure for environmental scoping
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Procedures for undertaking limited EA for projects of medium impact category
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Generic EMP for low impact category projects
•
A plan for adequate environmental management capacity in WRIDD
Preparation of environmental codes of practice The Consultants have studied the PMGSY Environmental Code and taken guidance in the matter of preparation of the ECOP for the project. But naturally the proposed program of minor irrigation of WRIDD has a mixture of surface and ground water schemes and spread all over the state in different agro-ecological zones having different environmentally sensitive issues. The magnitude of operation and technology of construction will also vary across the set of subprojects. Thus there may be a requirement of specific project interventions. The Consultants have applied their mind to bring out such specific interventions in ECOP prepared for the program. EcoPs would be prepared in such a manner so as to make them amenable for incorporation in the bidding documents.
2.11 Implementation framework The consultants in consultation with the Client and other Official of the Department at regional and the district level have prepared a framework for monitoring, inspection and environmental audit. Agencies responsible for monitoring and inspection, and audit have duly been specified. Parameters and frequency of monitoring of environmental parameters including their locations also have been specified.
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Page 9 of 9 Date:January 2011
Methodology
2.12
Capacity Building and training The consultants understand that the officers and staff of the WRIDD have not been exposed to such environmental procedures during execution of minor irrigation schemes. They will require to be sensitised to these issues through proper training. Capacity building measure have been proposed to enhance the ability of individuals, institutions to make and implement decisions and perform functions in an effective, efficient and sustainable manner. At the individual level these measures stress on the process of changing attitudes and behaviours Capacity building at the institutional level will focus on overall organisational performance and functioning capabilities as well as the ability of an organisation to change. Capacity building exercise will cover officers and staff both at the local implementation level, the regional supervisory level and the state level. The Consultants have identified the needs at different levels through intensive consultation with the Client. Officers at all levels have been involved in such consultation during the process of stake holder consultations in different agro-climatic zones. Training modules have been developed for different target groups to meet the emergent needs of the program execution. Appropriate courses have been identified in the Institutes both at the state and national level for exposure of the officers to the situation of adapting to the changed environment implementation of the program in view the criteria of environment-friendliness and sustainability. Study tours to the Indian States of groups of officers to India and some Asian countries where such program has been implemented or under implementation have been suggested as this may go a long way to sensitise such groups to seriously work within the Environmental Management Framework. (EMF)
2.13
Review and revision of the state policy of Integrated Pesticide Management (IPM) and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and development of a project specific pesticide management plan Agriculture practices which include pests and disease control methods, application of plant nutrients, choice of crops play a very important role in environment management especially for healthy maintenance of agro ecosystem for sustainability and to avoid problem of pollution through insecticide/pesticides which can directly enter human system through crops indirectly through the route of animal product, fish etc, Nitrate, phosphate of the inorganic fertilizer leached from the soil tends to increase concentration of these elements in the ground water / surface water, and damage l physical, chemical and biological
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Methodology
productivity of soil due to lack of use of organic matter, etc. Since irrigated agriculture promotes intensification of the practices, the chances of pollution are even greater unless appropriate measures are taken to control pollution and to achieve sustainability. The consultants have developed a project specific Pesticide Management Plan •
Consultation with the Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Universities
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Review of the National Policy and Policies adopted by different states specially of the Eastern region
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Study of the trend in use of inorganic fertilisers, insecticide/pesticide in different agroclimatic regions of the State.
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Environmental Setting
CHAPTER- 3
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 3.1
Geology Unconsolidated sedimentary deposits of the Quaternary period cover 73,858 sq km of the total area of the state. The rest of the area is covered by hard rocks ranging in age from the Precambrian to the Tertiary periods, which are decidedly older than the sedimentary formations. The terrain formed of hard rocks can be broadly divided into two distinct regions. (ii)
Extra peninsular mountain-terrain of the Darjiling Himalayas in the north, and
(ii)
Peninsular tract comprising a rolling topography in the south west covering parts of Puruliya, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum and Bardhaman districts
The Pre-Cambrians are represented by the Darjiling Gneiss, Lingtse Gneiss and Daling group of rocks in the districts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri. Apart from the Precambrian formations, there exist some sedimentary rocks of the Gondwana period and also of Siwalik formations of the late Tertiary period. The Terai region of the northern part of Jalpaiguri and Darjiling districts has a belt of alluvial detritus. This Siwalik group of rocks has representation of coarse, hard, sandstone, siltstone, slate and conglomerate. The rocks follow the fringes along the foothills and have a thrust contact with rocks of Gondowana super-group towards the north. The Pre-Cambrians in the Peninsular West Bengal are mostly exposed in Puruliya district and also along the western margins of Bankura, Paschim Medinipur and Birbhum districts. There are also extensive exposures of Gondwana rock formations in the districts of Barddhaman, Puruliya, Bankura and Birbhum. The Gondwana rocks show extensive development in the Bardhaman district and extend into adjoining parts of Bankura and Puruliya districts and also occur as small basins in Birbhum district The Rajmahal basic flows and the associated inter-trappeans of Triassic and Cretaceous age are developed only in the district of Birbhum. Rocks belonging to Tertiaries, represented by pebbly grit, ferruginous sandstone, red shale, rare mottled clays and gravels are reported from several places in the peninsular extension ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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into West Bengal. These beds occur in a number of small plateau-like formations in the districts of Bardhaman, Bankura, Birbhum and Medinipur districts.
The Quaternary terrain of Peninsular West Bengal may be divided into the following geographical domains:
3.2
(i)
The area extending from Ganga flood plain in the north to Bay of Bengal in the south, and bounded by the Bhagirathi river in the west up to Indo – Bangladesh border in the east, including parts of Murshidabad, Nadia, 24-Parganas districts.
(ii)
The high plains of Hughli, Bankura, Medinipur, Bardhaman and Birbhum districts adjoining the peninsular mass sloping towards the course of the Bhagirathi-Hughli river system.
(iii)
The high plains to the east of the Mahananda River in Dinajpur and Malda districts sloping towards the Ganga-Padma river course.
Soils The features of soils can be best described in terms of climate and vegetation supported by it. On such considerations the soils of West Bengal can be classified into six agro-ecological sub-regions. These are: (i) Warm Humid (ii)
Warm to Hot Humid
(iii)
Hot Humid
(iv)
Hot Moist Sub-Humid
(v)
Moist Sub-Humid
(vi)
Hot Dry Sub-Humid.
Table – 3.2(i) Distribution of soils in agro-ecological sub-regions Sub-regions 1. Warm Humid 2. Warm to Hot Humid 3. Hot Humid 4. Hot Moist Sub-Humid
Extent in mha 0.26 0.17 0.85
% of the area of the state 2.9 1.9 9.6
4.39
55.7
Distribution in districts Darjeeling Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri, Kochbehar, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Howrah,
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Hoogly, 24-Parganas (North), Barddhaman, Bankura, Birbhum and Purba Medinipur 5. Moist Sub-Humid 0.68 7.6 24-Parganas (S), Purba Medinipur 6. Hot dry Sub Humid 1.98 22.3 Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum Warm humid agro-ecological sub region covers the mountainous region of Darjiling District. Soils of this sub-region are heterogeneous in nature. The soils developed on steep hill slopes are shallow, excessively drained with severe erosion hazard potential. The soils of the foothill slopes and valleys are moderately deep, well drained, loamy in texture with moderate erosion hazards. Soil acidity, high runoff rate and limiting soil depth (on steep hill slopes) are the most important problems of this region. Warm to hot humid agro-ecological sub-region comprising of foothills of Bhutan Himalayas constitutes the northern fringe of Jalpaiguri district with Tarai soils. The soils are partly developed and are mainly formed of young alluvium on alluvial fans of the foothills. These are shallow to moderately deep and at places deep with medium to fine texture. Mostly tea and horticultural plantation are supported by these soils. Severe flood hazards coupled with abrupt break in gradient and severe runoff poses serious water management problems. Hot humid agro-ecological sub-region covers the Teesta Plain (Duars) below the Bhutan Himalayas, the districts of Kochbehar, Jalpaiguri (southern part) and Uttar Dinajpur. The soils of this region have developed from the alluvium deposited by the rivers like the Teesta, Mahananda and Jaldhaka. These are moderately deep to deep, coarse to fine loamy in texture. At places these soils are moderately well drained but mostly they are imperfectly and/or poorly drained. The area is intensively cultivated for rice and jute. The major problems are water logging, severe flood hazards etc. Hot moist sub-humid agro-ecological sub region comprises of the Ganga Plain (an eastward continuation of Indo Gangetic Plain covering the districts of Maldah, Dakshin Dinajpur Murshidabad, Nadia, Haora, Hugli, 24 Parganas (North), Bardhaman (eastern part), Birbhum, Bankura and Purba Medinipur. The soils have been formed from the alluvium deposited by Ganga and its tributaries and sub tributaries viz. Ajoy, Damodar, Kangsabati, Bhagirathi, Haldi, Rupnarayan etc. These soils are greatly variable in their morphological, physical and chemical properties depending upon the geomorphic situations, moisture regime and degree of profile development. The soils are intensively cultivated for rice, wheat, potato and oilseed crops. Frequent inundation of low lying areas result in stagnation of water for certain times of the year. Besides flood hazards also affect the normal dry land crop yields. The soils of this sub-region have high nutrient content and mineral resource with ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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a high potential for a large variety of agricultural and horticultural crops. Moist sub-humid agro-ecological sub-region encompasses the coastal parts of the districts of 24 Parganas comprising mostly Sundarban areas of 24 Parganas (South) and coastal Medinipur. The alluvium deposited by Matla, Haldi, Rupnarayan Rivers have gradually developed into deep, fine loamy to fine textured soils, by and large salt impregnated due to tidal flow of sea water through creeks and sub-tributaries. These soils are imperfectly to poorly drained with moderate to very high salinity hazards. The soils remain wet and saline for considerable period of the year and are suitable particularly for salt resistant crops. Hot dry sub-humid agro-ecological sub-region comprising the outlines of Chhotonagpur Plateau includes the district of Puruliya and western parts of Bardhaman, Bankura, Birbhum and Medinipur. The soils have developed on parent materials of sedentary nature. They vary from shallow to deep reddish to yellowish red, loamy to clayey and are imperfectly to well-drained. Relatively less aggregated red and laterite soils are prone to frequent development of surface encrustation. Poor capacity for retention of rainwater leads to severe runoff and soil loss. Soil infertility and limiting soil depth also pose problems. 3.2.1
Soil types in agro-climatic zones The distribution of soil types with their features is furnished in the table 3.2.1(i): Table – 3.2.1(i) Sl. No. 1
2
3
Agro-climatic zone
Soil type
Districts
Northern Hill Zone
Soils are shallow, coarse and Parts of Darjeeling medium texture; highly susceptible and Jalpaiguri to soil erosion, reasonably high in organic matter, poor in base and phosphate and acidic in soil reaction Terai-Teesta Alluvial Soils are deep, medium in texture, Coochbehar and Zone moderate level of organic matter; pH parts of ranges from highly acidic to acidic, Darjeeling, low in bases, phosphate, potash Jalpaiguri and and some micro-nutrients Uttar Dinajpur Gangetic Alluvial Soils are very deep, medium fine to Dakshin Dinajpur, Zone medium in texture, neutral to mildly Malda, Nadia and alkaline in pH; N and P status parts of Uttar medium to medium low and potash Dinajpur,
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Sl. No.
Agro-climatic zone
Soil type
Districts
is medium to high
4
Vindhyan Zone
5
Coastal Saline Zone
6
Alluvial Soils are generally deep, texturally medium fine, mostly acidic in soil reaction; pH increases with depth, low in bases, organic matter and phosphate and medium in potash
Soils are mostly very deep, fine textured with varying grades of soil salinity: soil salinity increases with depth. Excessive presence of K and Mg under poor drainage has created typical physical condition problematic to soil tilth. Undulating Red and Soils are normally well-drained, Lateritic Zone susceptible to soil erosion; pH ranges from acidic on ridges to near neutral in valleys, base saturation, organic carbon content, phosphate and potash are significantly low
Murshidabad, North 24Parganas, South 24-Parganas, Howrah, Hoogly, Barddhaman and Birbhum Parts of Murshidabad, Howrah, Hoogly, Barddhaman, Birbhum, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur and Purba Medinipur Parts of North 24parganas, South 24- Parganas, Howrah and Purba Medinipur
Purulia and parts of Barddhaman, Birbhum, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur
A soil map of West Bengal showing detailed soil types is provided at Annexure III. Primary soil quality monitoring has been undertaken through Scientific Research Laboratory in 9 blocks. A large number of parameters have been monitored including texture, moisture content, pH, organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Such monitored values and secondary soil quality data of some blocks in the districts of Nadia, Murshidabad, Howrah, South 24-Parganas and Barddhaman have been furnished at Annexure XIII.
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3.3
Climate The State of West Bengal generally experiences Tropical Monsoon type of climate. Climatic features, however, vary in different regions. Under the new system of climatic classification 5 zones have been recognised. These are: (1)
Humid on the northern mountain slope and Humid coastal area
(2)
Super humid Terai and the southern Mountain slope,
(3)
Semi-humid north and south,
(4)
Sub-humid east and west
(5)
Humid coastal area
This new system is based on mean annual rainfall, mean annual range of temperature, evapo-transpiration and mean annual humidity. The table below presents the details of the system and the area of the state that can be grouped under each, showing vegetation types and recorded natural hazards. Table – 3.3(i) Climatic classification of West Bengal
Climate Types
Mean annual rainfall in mm
Super humid Super humid mountain southern slope Super humid terai
Above 3000 Above 3500
Humid
18003000 1800 3000
Humid mountain northern slope
30003500
Mean annual range of temperat o ure in C
10 - 13
10 - 13
10 - 13
Mean annual PPT in mm Above 2000 Above 2000
Above 2000
200 2500 200 2500
Mean annual relative humidity in %
Above 75
70-75
Above 75
Characteristic natural vegetation
Climatic hazards in the region
Evergreen and semi evergreen sub tropical wet hill forest Forest - Moist Sal Bearing forest
Heavy rain causes landslides and disruption of communication Heavy rain may cause flashing of river and floods
South facing Himalayan slope of Darjiling and Jalpaiguri District Plain section of Darjiling Jalpaiguri and almost whole of Koch Behar
Mountain wet temperate forest
Heavy rain causes land slide and disruption of communication less frequent
Northern side of Ghoom ridge covering Rangit and Tista Valley in the northern portion of
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Range
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Climate Types
Mean annual rainfall in mm
Mean annual range of temperat o ure in C
Mean annual PPT in mm
Mean annual relative humidity in %
Characteristic natural vegetation
Climatic hazards in the region than 1a. Winter rain and snow. Occasional flood due to heavy precipitation.
Humid interior
1800 3000
10 - 13
200 -2500
70 - 75
Cleared cultivation
for
Humid coastal
1800 3000
< 10
200 -2500
Above 75
Tidal forest
Semi humid
1500 1800
10 - 13
0-200
70 - 75
Topical Moist Deciduous forest
Storm surge frequent incantation of the low lying areas. Damage to property and loss of lives Occasional thunder storms during pre monsoon months.
Semi humid North
Range
Darjiling District. Whole of West Dinajpur upto Balurghat in the south, excluding north western part of Raigunj sub division Along the southern part of the state covering coastal areas of Medinipur and 24 Pargana(s)
Northern part of Malda and southern part of West Dinajpur Central Medinipur, southern Nadia, northern 24 Parganas, Hughli and almost whole of Haora, excluding its southern tip.
Semi humid South
Sub humid
Below 1500
Sub humid east
Below 1500
10 - 13
Sub humid west
Below 1500
More than 13
P is almost equal to PE or slightly greater but not more than 60 mm. P is less than PE
65 - 70
Cleared cultivation
for
Less than 65 (in dry season)
Tropical dry deciduous forest, scrub and thorny
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Occasional drought
Northern half of Nadia, eastern part of Bardhaman, whole of Murshidabad, and Southern part of Malda.
Frequent drought, heat wave during summer
Northern Medinipur, whole of Puruliya, Bankura,
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Climate Types
3.3.1
Mean annual rainfall in mm
Mean annual range of temperat o ure in C
Mean annual PPT in mm
Mean annual relative humidity in %
Characteristic natural vegetation
Climatic hazards in the region
bushes.
months.
Range
Birbhum and western Bardhaman.
Seasonal cycle Four well defined seasons cyclically rotate over West Bengal. These are: • Winter- December- February • Summer- March to may • Monsoon- June to September • Retreating monsoon or Autumn- October- November
3.3.2
Temperature The Latitudinal extension of the state exerts less influence on the temperature pattern of the State than the topography. The summer temperature in Darjeeling varies between 14º c in Sandakphu to 23º C in the foothills This goes to 27º C in Jalpaiguri and goes down to 23ºC -24º c in Uttar Dinajpur. The average summer temperature in Dakshin Dinajpur is between 26º C- 27º C and the same at Malda varies between 27º c - 28º C.. The entire South Bengal experience scorching summer temperature of 29º C but coastal Purba Medinipur records less summer temperature because of maritime influence. The average winter temperature in Darjeeling varies between 9º C and 14º C and that in Jalpaiguri varies between 17º C and 19º C. this temperature declines to 12º C to 16º C in Uttar Dinajpur. The temperature varies between 20 º C to 21º C in Western Rarh and fluctuates between South 24 –Parganas and Purba Medinipur
3.3.3
Rainfall and number of rainy days Annual rainfall in districts of West Bengal varies widely - Coochbehar records highest rainfall of 3584mm. This is followed by Jalpaiguri (3415mm), Darjeeling (2766mm), Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur (1824 mm). Amongst the districts of South Bengal, Puruliya receives the lowest (1387 mm), followed by Birbhum (1377mm), Barddhaman (1419 mm), Nadia (1435 mm), Howrah (1610mm), Murshidabad (1636 mm), Purba Medinipur (1755 mm) , Paschim Medinipur (1688 mm), North 24-parganas (1716 mm) and South 24- parganas 9 2248 mm).
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The average number of rainy days in the state is 79. However for the northern region of the state is 88. 3.3.4
Climatic Conditions in different agro-climatic zones Rainfall and air temperatures (maximum and minimum) in different agro-climatic zones during three well defined periods namely pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon are reflected in the table 3.3.4(i) : Table – 3.3.4(i) Sl No. 1
2
3
4
5
Agro-climatic zone Northern Hill Zone March to May June to Oct. Nov. to Feb. Terai Teesta Alluvial zone March to May June to Oct. Nov. to Feb. Gangetic Alluvial Zone March to May June to Oct. Nov. to Feb. Vindhyan Alluvial Zone March to May June to Oct. Nov. to Feb
Rainfall (mm)
Coastal Saline Zone March to May June to Oct. Nov. to Feb
Air temperature Max Min
398.5 2637.5 68.5
17.0 19.5 12.0
10.5 14.3 4.8
376.6 2134.0 42.6
32.3 31.3 26.0
20.5 24.5 12.8
233.8 1206.0 67.8
35.0 32.2 27.4
23.4 25.6 15.6
137.23 1206.12 66.68
35.3 32.0 27.0
23.2 25.2 15.1
195.0 1475.2 82.2
34.0 32.0 28.2
24.8 26.0 16.0
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6
3.4
Undulating Red and Lateritic zone March to May June to Oct. Nov. to Feb
137.0 1224.0 66.0
37.0 32.4 28.2
23.7 25.0 14.8
Land Use The total recorded under different categories of land use in West Bengal was 8.687 million ha in 2003-2004. Salient features of land use in the State are: •
Predominance of the net sown area. This stood at 63% of the recorded area. This reflects the intensity of land use when compared to the figure of 46% for the entire country.
•
The share of fallow land, uncultivable land and pastures in West Bengal is very low. This is only 1% of land under different uses in West Bengal whereas for the entire country the figure is high as 17.6%.
Land use in the state is characterised by its intensiveness. A recent report brought out by the Govt. of West Bengal reflects that the challenge for land use planning lies in achieving concurrently the objective of protecting and consolidating agriculture, diversifying agriculture production, enhancing rural development and moving firmly towards industrialisation and infrastructure. The table below gives the distribution of land allocated to nine categories:
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1.38 0.78
Fallow land other than current fallow
1.94 5.07
Culturable waste land
0.91 0.00
3.80 0.08
Net area sown
4.93 2.41
Current fallow
33.79 76.44
Land under misc. trees and groves
124.58 179.00
Permanent pasture & other grazing land
622.70
Barren and unculturable land
325.74
Jalpaiguri
Area under non-agriculture use
Forest area
Darjeeling
District
Total area
Table; 3.4 (i) Land use data of West Bengal (2003-2004)
11.15 21.46
143.00 337.46
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Cooch Behar Uttar Dinajpur Dakhsin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Birbhum Barddhaman Nadia 24-Pgs(N) Hoogly Bankura Purulia Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Howrah 24-Pgs(S) West Bengal
331.38 312.47
4.26 0.58
56.66 30.55
1.10 0.22
0.84 0.09
8.97 3.23
1.41 0.13
0.24 0.62
1.26 4.47
257.00 272.58
221.91
0.93
25.61
0.21
0.01
0.67
0.02
0.09
1.15
193.22
371.05 532.50 451.12 698.74 390.66 386.52 312.22 688.10 625.48 396.59
1.68 0.77 15.85 22.27 1.22 0.00 0.53 147.70 75.05 0.90
84.06 120.60 90.81 182.62 74.71 117.96 80.54 142.18 84.75 91.70
0.00 2.03 o.40 2.38 0.20 0.00 0.97 2.37 4.31 1.73
0.00 0.04 0.30 0.62 0.10 0.00 0.11 0.52 0.65 0.07
3.01 2.00 0.75 3.01 2.64 8.71 2.30 0.88 0.82 3.91
0.09 0.82 2.92 9.84 0.58 0.00 1.62 3.71 6.36 0.06
0.30 0.40 2.61 3.33 0.05 0.00 0.14 1.49 3.69 0.15
49.65 1.82 26.03 8.04 3.94 2.40 0.84 41.12 110.71 0.78
232.26 403.82 311.45 466.63 307.22 257.45 225.17 364.13 339.14 297.29
928.58
169.69
146.07
2.44
0.65
6.46
4.19
3.82
29.98
565.28
138.68 953.37 8687.54
0.00 426.30 1171.31
43.77 125.95 1608.97
0.75 0.59 27.04
0.14 0.00 5.05
0.74 2.76 57.87
0.14 0.45 34.50
1.11 0.21 22.13
4.92 13.66 333.38
87.11 383.45 5463.67
Cultivable area as per 2005-2006 data of the Department of Agriculture is estimated at 57.49 lac ha. This estimate projects the figures of gross cropped area and net cropped area at 95.32 lac ha and 52.95 lac ha. The distribution of such areas and the cropping intensity of different districts is furnished in the following table:
Table: 3.4 (ii) District wise cultivable area, Net Cropped Area, Gross Cropped area and Cropping Intensity (2005-2006) Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
District Darjeeling Jalpaiguri Coochbehar Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia 24-Parganas (N) 24-Parganas(S) Howrah Hoogly Barddhaman Birbhum Bankura
Cultivable area(ha) 162395 357928 260011 278586 191385 282465 404343 303196 266188 386401 88778 223166 477427 338258 388403
Gross cropped area (ha) 239773 561803 512378 497341 299867 439819 937782 730461 495911 507604 170994 528672 825028 514494 493854
Net cropped area (ha) 141773 336637 246939 270231 187948 221537 401369 291995 260537 370367 81652 218817 454939 319959 335583
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Cropping intensity (%) 169.12 166.89 207.49 184.04 159.55 198.53 233.65 250.16 190.34 137.05 209.42 241.60 181.35 160.80 147.16 ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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16 17 18
3.5
Purulia Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Total
442276 595691
329642 931881
308643 551720
106.80 168.90
302206 5749105
515303 9532607
294056 5294702
175.24 180.04
Drainage West Bengal is a land of rivers. Some of these are the tributaries and the others are the distributaries. The State is drained by three major basins namely the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Subarnarekha. These three rivers drain 46.30%, 39.17% and 2.74% of the total quantum of surface water. Table – 3.5(i)
CATCHMENT AREAS OF BASINS AND SUB-BASINS Sl no 1 2 3
Basin Brahmaputra Ganga Subarnarekha Total
Area in sq km 11860 74439 2160 88459
Break-up of areas in major basins Basin/Sub-basin A.
Brahamaputra 1.Sankosh 2.Raidak 3.TORSA
B.
4.Jaldhaka 5. Teesta Ganga 1.Mahananda, Nagor,Kulik, Phulhar,Barsoi 2. Punarbhaba 3. Atrai
Area in sq km 172 807 3419 3746 3716
Basin/Sub-basin 12. Damodar 13.Dwarkeswar 14.24-Pgs-Calcutta Port Drainage 15.Kangsabati
Area in sq km 5250 4430 4330 8369
9460
16.Silabati 17.Rupnarayan 18. Pichabhanga 19.Rasulpur
3952 2548 820 1130
730 910
20.Haldi 21.Tidal Zone
980 11320
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4.Bagmari- PaglaBansloi 5. Dwarka- Brahmani 6.. Bhagirathi- Hugli 7.Jalangi 8. Mayurakshi-Babla 9.Ajoy 10.Khari-Gangur-Ghea 11.Churni 3.5.1
930
(Sunderbans) C. Subarnarekha
2160
2500 1170 5640 5470 3252 5400 800
Rivers of North Bengal The northern part of the State has an area of 21763 sq km and is drained by six rivers. Five of these rivers drain into the Brahamaputra and only Mahananda drain into the Ganga. The Himalayan rivers debouch into the plains at approximately 90 m contour level and deposit substantial quantum of sediment in this stretch because of declining slope.
3.5.2
The Ganga- Bhagirathi System The Ganga – the most important river of the State enters the State of West Bengal from Jharkhand at the Rajmahal hill area and flows about 80km upto Farakka. The course of the Ganga between Rajmahal and Jalangi changes frequently. The Bhagirathi takes off from the Ganga at Mithipur – a village in Murshidabad Dist. It discharges into the Bay of Bengal at Gangasagar after flowing for about 500km southward. The stretch of 280km below Nabadwip is tidal. And this tidal reach is the river Hugli. The Jalangi and Churni- two offshoots of the Ganga-Padma flow southwest to join the Bhagirathi. Both Jalangi and Mathabhanga - Churni now stand cut-off from their feeder. The Mathabhanga forks into two channels – the Churni flowing west and the Ichhamati flows southwards towards the Sundarbans. The Bhagirathi continuously oscillates in Murshidabad and Nadia.
3.5.3
Western Tributaries The Bhagirathi – Hugli has tributaries like Pagla, Bansloi, Mayurakshi, Ajoy, Khari-Banka, Damodar, Rupnarayan, Kangshabati-Haldi, Rasulpur and Pichhabani. All these rivers excepting Rasulpur and Pichhabani originate from Chhotanagpur uplands and flow east or south-east to meet Bhagirathi. These rainfed rivers tend to go dry during lean months.
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Sundarbans extending over an area of 9630 sq km is demarcated by the Dampier and Hodge’s line in the north, Ichhamati- Harinbhanga in the east, Baratala estuary in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the south. Six creeks passing through the Indian territory are Saptaamukhi, Jamira, Matla, Bangaduni, Gosabaa and Baratala. The bulk of the area of the Sundarbans is only 3m above the mean sea level and tidal fluctuation is more than 5m.Very large areas go under water during high tide. 3.6
Surface Water
The major rivers, like Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa and Jaldhaka, really act as tributaries to the Teesta river. These originate in the Himalayan mountain zone or in the Piedmont fans. In addition, there are many smaller streams which originate from the piedmont fans and the diluvial plains, like the Chel, Mal, Dharla, Karla, etc., which join one or the other major streams as tributaries. It drains some 39% of surface water of the State. The features of the gangetic drainage basin are indeed complex. It drains some 46% of surface water of the State. The Mahananda is the most important stream amongst the left bank tributaries. It originates from the southern flank of the Himalayan mountain zone. Unlike the Teesta River, its channel has remained stable. The sediments carried by it are filling up the Tal lowland. Other streams originating from North Bengal meet the Padma river, the name given to the Ganges downstream of Farakka, in Bangladesh as left bank tributaries. Down stream of Farakka, the Ganges-Padma River has thrown several left Bank distributaries. Amongst these, the Bhagirathi is the major one. Many of these distributaries join each other in the eastern part of south Bengal. In the extreme south, the rivers are tidal in character. These are now filling up the depressions in the transition zone between riverine and tidal delta. Due to low gradient, stagnation of water is a frequent problem in the monsoon months. From the Deccan shield zone many rivers flow into the Ganges basin. These are all tributaries to the Bhagirathi. Amongst these, the Damodar is the major one. All these rivers are flood prone, although many reservoirs have been constructed on several of these streams. Many depressions widen their water spread areas in those months. Amongst all these rivers, the Damodar in its lower course has not yet attained any stable channel. The left bank tributaries, the south Bengal distributaries and the right bank tributaries ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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respectively drain 11.18%, 16.01% and 21.37% of the total surface water of the State. The Subarnarekha originates in the Deccan shield, but flows directly into the sea. Within West Bengal, its catchment area is the smallest accounting for only 2.74% of the total surface run off of the State. The Dolong river is its only major tributary within West Bengal. The Subarnarekha is experiencing lateral shift towards south-west. It is also a flood prone river. The floodwater passes from the left bank through the southern part of Medinipur District. Table – 3.6(i) Amount of surface water by basins in West Bengal Basin
Sub-basin
Ganges Left Bank Tributaries Mahananda Punarbhaba Atrai South Bengal Distributaries Jalangi Bhagirathi Tidal Rivers Right Bank Tributaries Pagla-Bansloi Brahmani-Dwarka Mayurakshi Ajoy Damodar Darakeswar Silabati Kangsabati Kaliaghai Rupnarain Haldi Rasulpur Pichabhanga Brahmaputra Sankosh Raidak
Surface Water (MCM) 64532 14855 13334 1034 487 21279 3707 13643 3929 28398 591 1957 2590 2509 8924 3330 2068 3233 818 1188 327 401 462 64728 1365 6666
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% of Total 48.56 11.18
16.01
21.37
48.70
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Basin
Sub-basin
Torsa Teesta Jaldhaka Subarnarekha Subarnarekha & Dolong Total 3.6.1
Surface Water (MCM) 11908 32124 12665 3645
% of Total
132905
100.00
2.74
Surface Water Quality A rough estimate done by the State Pollution Control Board of total domestic pollution, produced in the different basins and sub-basins is reflected below. About 80 per cent of the water used for domestic purpose returns back to the drainage systems as wastewater. The remaining part is either absorbed in the process of use or evaporated. For assessing the total organic load and wastewater produced, the urban and rural population has been estimated for the basins and sub-basins, based on 1981 census.
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Table – 3.6.1(i) Basin and sub-basin wise organic pollution load Basin & Sub-basins Brahmaputra Raidak II & Sankosh Torsa & Raidak I Jaldhaka Teesta Ganga Mahananda & Atrai Bagmari & Pagla Jalangi & Churni Mayurakshi & Babla Ajoy Damodar Rupnarain Haldi & Kangsabati Rasulpur Tidal Rivers Subernarekha Total
Organic Pollution Load Kg per Day Rural Urban Total 202049 27171 229210 11549 145 11694 70072 8370 78442 35560 11021 46581 35560 11021 46581 2038038 824712 2862750 161124 36440 197564 51868 5608 57476 184070 38336 222406 138150 12857 151007 64815 23115 87930 160771 81807 242578 276796 22481 299277 201580 23920 225500 97510 2116 99626 363430 301104 664534 59518 2499 62018 2299605 854382 3153978
Source: State Pollution Control Board.
In West Bengal, there are three distinct zones of industrial activities. The largest number of industries is situated along the banks of the river Hugli in the districts of 24-Parganas, Kolkata Haora, Hugli and Nadia. Huge quantity of untreated or partially treated industrial effluent is discharged into the river Hugli from these industries. Large number of industries is also situated on the bank of the Damodar in Durgapur-Asansol region. The next important place where large industries have come up and more industries are likely to come up soon is the Haldia region in the district of Purba Medinipur. Here the discharged waste water is a source of pollution to the rivers Haldi and Hugli. Among the polluting industries in other areas, some industries are at Kharagpur-Medinipur region and Siliguri. Common pollutants from these industries are shown in the table 3.6.1(ii) :
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Table – 3.6.1(ii) Common Industrial Pollutants Common Pollutants BOD & COD
Types of Pollution Generating Industries Breweries & Distilleries, Paper & Pulp, Tannery, Dairy, Textile, Organic Dye Mfg., Iron & Steel, Vegetable Oil Refinery & Wool Combing Oil & Grease Iron & Steel, Vegetable Oil Refinery, Mineral Oil Refinery & Wool Combing Heavy Metals Organic Dye Mfg., Electroplating & Storage Battery Mfg. Mercury Chlor-alkali CN Electroplating & Iron & Steel Phenol Iron & Steel & Mineral Oil Refinery Arsenic & Nitrogen Fertiliser Compound Sulfides Mineral Oil Refinery Chromium Tannery Insecticides Pesticides Source; State Pollution Control Board
The use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides for agriculture has increased over the years. A good portion of these fertilisers and pesticides along with other organic matters is drained into the rivers and lakes with surface runoff during the monsoon. High inorganic nutrient levels, particularly of nitrates and phosphates accelerate the eutrophication process in water. At several stretches of different rivers in West Bengal some eutrophication has been observed. The situation in the Lower Damodar river as also in the estuary of the Hugli river is remarkably worse. 3.6.2 Surface water quality of rivers in different agro-climatic zones West Bengal Pollution Control Board had undertaken monitoring of water quality of some rives at different sites during the period March, 2004 to March, 2005. These rivers are the Tista, Kaljani, Mahananda in North Bengal, the Rupnarayan, Kasai, Silabati, Dwarekswar, Subarnarekha in South-western part of the State, the Jalangi, Churni in Central Bengal. The Bhagirati-Hugli has been monitored during April-October 2007. Parameters relevant for domestic and non-domestic purpose were used for such monitoring. Results of such monitoring are tabulated Table 3.6.2(i):
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Table 3.6.2(i) Surface water quality of rivers River
Location
BOD (mg/l)
DO (mg/l)
TC (100MP N/100 ml)
pH
0.73.8 0.33.7 0.42.7 0.51.4 1.44.6
6.810.7 5-8.8
80088667 696778333 3.9-78.3
Daksshinewar
2-5.3
4.76.6
Jalangi
Diamond Harbour Station-!
Churni
Station
1.83.2 0.93.4 0.5-6
Dwarak eswar
Rajgram Bankura Municipality. Rangamati, Medinipur, Municipality Garhbeta
0.73.5
5.47.1 5.39.1 0.94.1 5.049.2
0.92.6 0.92.07 0.92.6 1.052.7
Teesta
Sevoke Bridge
Karola
Maskalaibari Bridge Champasari Rd Bridge Birpara Rd Bridge Howrah -Shivpur
Mahana nda Kaljani Bhagira thiHugli -Do-
-Do-
Kasai
Silabati Rupnara yan Subarna rekha
Kolaghat town Gopiballavpur
Total dissolved solids
Total Hardness (100MPN / 100ml )
CaHardness (100MPN/ 100ml )
MgHardness (100MPN/ 100ml)
7.298.1 6.838.28 7.17.5 7.18.06 7.967.99
24.5148.83 18.850.32 55.3101.2 59.9100.54 96
20-32.66
17-27
3.33-10
12-31.83
9-21.33
3-13.83
42.1-57
9.5-18
53.1677.33 110
31.1639.3 34.66-52 NA
18.534.16 NA
7.588
176
90
NA
NA
174
560-2838
NA
NA
111-374
103-298.3
71.6-220
145-405
137-337
150-227
57-108
106.6266.6 39.3-70.7
31.6151.6 30-143.3
6032133
7.857.96 7.28.2 7.47.8 6.97.2
6.78.3
4132133
6.67.1
128-207
76-113
59.370.06
15.9-41.2
6.28.3 5.68.5 6.48.5
7932400 7931640 3501373
6.67.6 6.67.5 6.57.2
170-194.3
62-129.3
17.9-60.6
393-933
135-209.3
160-199.3
61.3-93.3
38.0380.06 84.07140.7 41.370.05
2.18.9 4.59.1 5.17.1
626774933 135000650000 250000120000 0 33000110000 NA NA
15.3-52.6
39.277.8 19.9-39.2
Source: West Bengal State Pollution Control Board Note: i. Parameter values for Bhagirathi –Hugli are for the period April’07 – October, 07 ii. For all other rivers figures are for the period between March’04 and March’05 iii. Values indicate minimum and maximum values in different months of the period. Primary surface water quality monitoring has been undertaken in 6 blocks namely Purulia-II, Berhampore, Suri, Habibpur, New Barrackpore and Basanti Blocks during post monsoon by Scientific Research Laboratory – an approved and accredited laboratory. Physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters have been monitored. These include odour, turbidity, pH, ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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BOD, COD, alkalinity, total hardness, dissolved solids, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, iron, cadmium. nickel, copper, lead, manganese and mercury. Bacteriological parameters like total coliform, fecal coliform and E.coli also have been estimated. Of pesticides D-BHC, JBHC and endosulphan also have been monitored. Values of parameters are within the permissible limits of BIS standard for irrigation water (IS-11624-1986). Details of parameter values of primary monitoring are reflected in Anneuxure XII. The West Bengal Pollution Control Board has monitored surface waters of the river Ganga at locations on different stretches within the State during 2006. Values of parameters relevant for irrigation water quality as per BIS and CPCB standards are generally well within permissible limits. Values for BHC, aldrin, dialdrin, endosulphan and DDTT are low. Details of primary and secondary data on water quality have been reflected in Annexure XII. 3.7
Ground Water Resources
The state of West Bengal is broadly divisible into three distinct groundwater-bearing zones on the basis of physiographic features and geologic set-up. These are : (1) (2) (3)
3.7.1
Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan zones of Darjiling and parts of the Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar districts lying in the north, Crystalline or compact rocky uplands of Purulia and the western fringes of Bankura, Birbhum, Bardhaman and Medinipur districts including marginal lateritic tracts, and the low lying alluvial plains of the northern, central and southern parts of the state encompassed within the districts of Jalpaiguri, Koch Behar, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Hugli, Haora, the eastern parts of Bardhaman, Bankura and Medinipur, and 24-Parganas.
Regional Variation of Groundwater Availability
The aquifers are the products of the geomorphologic processes governing the annular spaces in the different types of sedimentary depositions. Such processes have changed over time. Additional complexities have been added to the aquifers by the tectonic processes. Hence the pattern of groundwater availability varies regionally. 3.7.2
Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Zone
The larger part of the Darjiling district and extreme northern parts of Jalpaiguri district are covered by Archaean gneisses and schists and consolidated to semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks of Gondwana and Siwalik periods. The topography is rugged. The rise in elevation is abrupt. The rivers flow through gorges. Such features make the aquifers difficult to tap.
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The southern sub-montane region is composed essentially of terraces underlain by a sequence of pebbles, cobbles, boulders along with sands of varying grades and clay. The relatively highlands form the Bhabar zone which merges southward with Terai zone. Lithological logs of boreholes show that the area is underlain by unconsolidated sediments of varying texture with several granular zones having considerable thickness down to a depth of 150 metres from land surface. Rain water enters the Bhabar zone by direct percolation and emerges as springs in the Terai zone. Groundwater occurs in a continuous thick zone of unconsolidated sediments down to a depth of about 65 metres. But due to rugged topography and steep hydraulic gradient, a very small part is stored as groundwater. The open wells are deeper in the Bhabar zone, ranging in depth from 3 to 10 metres. The water table fluctuates widely between monsoon and winter periods. The depth to water generally ranges from 1 to 6 metres below land surface. In southern part under Terai zone, the open wells are less deep and show less variation in seasonal fluctuations of water table. The depth to water in this zone also ranges from 1 to 6 metres below land surface. The deeper aquifers contain groundwater under confined conditions and piezometric surface rises within 1.7 to 3.8 metres from the land surface. It has been found that groundwater potentials in the area gradually increase south of Siliguri. The prevailing hydro-geological condition precludes any large scale development of groundwater in the area. 3.7.3
Western Shield Area
The shield area consists of an Archaean basement complex consisting of varieties of crystalline rocks on which Gondwana deposits and a possible deposit of Purana age occur in intracratonic basins. A few exposures of Tertiary rocks as well as late Mesozoic volcanics of Rajmahal also occur in the Shield area. The Archaean formations of the Western part of the state are in fact an easterly continuation of the Archaeans of Chhota Nagpur plateau. The Gondwanas crop out mainly in the district of Bardhaman and possibly continue further east and southeast below the Quaternary alluvial fill. On the eastern margin of the shield area a thick outcrop of horizontal to sub-horizontal basaltic lava flows occur with intercalation of thin layers of shale and claystone. A few possible Tertiary deposits occur in the eastern margin of the shield near Suri and Durgapur. Almost entire area of Puruliya district, the western parts of Medinipur, Bankura, Bardhaman and Birbhum districts are underlain by Archaean crystalline rocks. Thin veneer of Recent Alluvium occasionally occurs above stream courses. Groundwater in the entire area occurs under water table condition and is tapped by the open wells, generally varying in depth 9 to ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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20 metres below land surface. In Puruliya the water level lies between 5 to 8 metres below land surface and most of the wells go dry during summer because of the recession of water table. In Bankura and Medinipur districts the water table ranges from 3 metres to 17 metres below ground level and the seasonal fluctuation is of the order of 1 metre to 6 metres. The heterogeneous nature of the weathered mettle and uneven distribution of rainfall have precluded the possibility of adequate recharge to the groundwater bodies. Apart from the occurrence of Archaean crystallines, in the Western parts sedimentary rocks of Gondwana age crop out in the extreme south-western parts of Birbhum district. Groundwater occurs under water-table conditions in weathered zone in this area varying in thickness from 3 metres to 15 metres. The depth to water level generally ranges from 2 metres to 14 metres below land surface. Groundwater in this area is exploited through open wells. 3.7.4
Main Alluvial Plains
The main alluvial area constitutes about three-fourths of the State and is of great importance as far as groundwater development is concerned because of its huge potentials. This vast tract can be divided into: (1)
The Northern part and
(2)
The Southern part. ƒ ƒ
The sunken Deccan shield is the dividing line between these two parts:
ƒ ƒ
The area lying to the north of the above dividing line is composed of three distinct units.
These are:
(i)
Alluvial sediments of Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar districts of the Brahmaputra basin,
(ii)
the Barind highland comprising parts of Malda and Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur districts in the east of the Mahananda river, and
(iii)
the Flood Plain zones of the Ganga and the Mahananda rivers comprising the western part of Malda and parts of Dakshin Dinajpur districts. ƒ ƒ
The southern part of the alluvial tract comprising central and southern districts of the state
can also be grouped into:
(i)
the Alluvial plains of the Bhagirathi river comprising the moribund and mature delta area lying in Murshidabad, Nadia, 24-Parganas (north) districts,
(ii)
the Alluvial plains of Bardhaman, Hugli and Haora districts, and
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(iii)
the Eastern Alluvial fringe of the shield area comprising parts of Birbhum, Bankura and Purba Medinipur and 24-Parganas (south) districts. ƒ ƒ
The districts of Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar are covered by alluvial sediments consisting of
clay, silt, coarse to fine sand and gravel. The aquifers are likely to be encountered down to a depth of 150 metres separated by clay lenses. Groundwater occurs under both unconfined and confined conditions. The depth to water level generally ranges from 3 to 6 metres, the seasonal fluctuation being 1 to 2 metres. ƒ ƒ
The Barind tract represents an upland lying above the recent flood plains. The tract is
covered by argillaceous sediments (lithomerge and clay) and ferralite of reddish brown colour of Pleistocene age. In Malda district groundwater occurs in a confined state in Old Malda and Gazole Blocks where the top 15 to 20 metres thick clay bed holds groundwater under pressure. Water-saturated granular material occurs in the depth span of 90 to 110 metres. In rest of the area groundwater occurs under water table condition. Depth of water table in this area varies widely ranging from 6 to 22 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ
The area to the west of the Mahananda-Kalindi river forms a part of the east Ganga basin
and is more or less flat. Very loose unconsolidated granular sediments occur in this area and continuous aquifer 950 metres to 100 metres thick or even more is found below the soil cover. Depth of water table ranges from 2 to 6 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ
In the Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur district, groundwater occurs in a thick zone of saturation
within the alluvium. The aquifers occur within a depth of 150 metres below land surface and the thicknesses of such aquifers vary from 25 to 45 metres. The groundwater occurs under both water table conditions (Balurghat area) and confined conditions (Karandighi-Raiganj-KaliaganjIslampur area). The depth of water table ranges between 1 metre and 7 metre. ƒ ƒ The area lying to the east of the Bhagirathi river in Murshidabad, Nadia and 24-Parganas (North) is generally flat consisting of a succession of sand (coarse to fine), sand mixed with kankar, sandy to silty clay and clay. The geological controls indicate that groundwater occurs under water table condition. This is due to the occurrence of permeable material from surface as far as down to 157 metres below land surface. These aquifers generally become semi-confined to confined in the active delta region in the south. Depth to the water table in the area lying east of Bhagirathi is very close to the land surface. Certain sporadic occurrences of slightly deeper water table in parts of Krishnanagar, Krishnaganj, Tehatta and Chakdah blocks have also been noticed. Depth of water level is usually deep near the river being of the order of 6 to 9 metres from land surface. ƒ ƒ Except the coal field and Tertiary belt, most parts of Bardhaman and Hugli districts have ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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reasonably thick deposits of loose unconsolidated alluvial materials of recent age. The alluvial fill tends to thicken towards the east and southeast; and towards the west it thins out on TertiaryGondwana terrain. The upper flood plains of the Bhagirathi and in a narrow sector of the Damodar basin occurrence of unconfined groundwater is the predominant hydrogeological feature. The cumulative thickness of aquifers as encountered ranges from 60 to 130 metres in the eastern part of Hugli district and 12 to 15 metres in the west beyond the Darakeswar river. In Bardhaman district aquifers range in thickness from 20 to 110 metres. A single aquifer having a thickness of 94 metres occurs in Jamalpur-Memari area within a depth of 125 metres below land surface. The deeper aquifers in Hugli district occur under confined conditions, whereas in parts of Burdwan district it occurs under unconfined to semi-confined state. Depth to water table in Hugli district varies from 1.15 to 8.80 metres whereas in Bardhaman district it varies from 3 metres to 9 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ The eastern part of Birbhum district is covered by Older Alluvium and laterite, whereas in the southern part fluviatile sediments of recent age occur along the course of the Ajay river. In the south-astern part, Older Alluvium gradually merges into the wider spread of Recent Alluvium of the adjoining Burdwan district. The alluvial fill contains a number of aquifer zones within a depth of 210 metres having a cumulative thickness ranging from 25 to 55 metres. ƒ ƒ In Bolpur-Labhpur area the lithology changes abruptly and important granular zones occur between 250 to 450 metres below land surface having a cumulative thickness of around 100 to 110 metres. In these areas groundwater occurred under water table conditions in shallow aquifers and under confined conditions in the deeper aquifers. Depth to water table generally varies from 2 to 14 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ The easternmost sector of Bankura district is generally covered by alluvium consisting of a succession of sand (coarse to fine), clay and silt. The depth of the alluvium generally increases towards the east from 80 metres near Govindapur to 458 metres near Repatganj. In laterite belt towards the central part, sands of various grades usually occur up to a depth of 20 to 25 metres below land surface. In the near surface aquifers water table conditions prevail, whereas deeper aquifers are in confined conditions. The water level varies widely both in Older Alluvium and Recent Alluvium, ranging from 1.5 to 22 metres. A number of flowing tube wells exist along the banks of the Dwarakeswar river, the Jaipanda Nadi and the Chanpa stream. Artesian flows are generally obtained from aquifers occurring between depth span 30 to 75 metres. In the Dwarakeswar river basin free flow of 25 to 34 litres per minute is obtained from a 50 mm diameter tube well. The artesian pressure is weak and varies from 1.1 m to 6.5 m above land surface. ƒ ƒ The Archaean highland of Paschim Medinipur disappears eastward below the deltaic plains of the Ganga. The alluvial plain formed by the Damodar, Rupnarayan and Subarnarekha rivers constitute the eastern plains of Purba Medinipur district and these plains extend right up to the ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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Bay of Bengal. In the central part of the district, a thick pile of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments occur comprising clay, sand and silt with occasional streak of lignites. Groundwater occurs under confined conditions in those formations and artesian tube wells have been successful in low lying areas of the Silai and Kaloghai river basin. Several aquifers have been intersected within the depth span of 20 to 165 metres below ground level. The depth to water table in the northern part of the district covered by crystallines and in the lateritic highlands varies widely, ranging from 2 to 28 metres, while in the central part it lies between 3 to 8 metres. ƒ ƒ The interfluve of the Rupnarayan-Damodar-Bhagirathi river systems occurring in the eastern and the southern part of Haora district and the coastal tract of the Bay of Bengal, that is, the southern part of Medinipur district and the area lying south of Calcutta city in 24 -Parganas district, are facing problems of salinity. Salinity problem in these areas is manifold, affecting all surface water storage by incursion of saline water through various cracks, streams and rivers in the tidal region. There hazards are aggravated by bank overflow during the period of cyclone. This surface salinity affects the underlying soil zone and irrigation practices. In the same area saline groundwater occurs at varying depths within a zone of 15 km to 20 km from the coast line. The salinity of groundwater in the adjoining area away from the coastal influences has rendered it unsuitable for irrigational use. The problem of occurrence of confined groundwater in this belt is essentially attributed to past geological events. ƒ ƒ The aquifer system underlying the coastal region demonstrates a wide variation in the disposition of the fresh and saline groundwater bodies. Throughout the coastal area a thick blanket of top clay is underlain by aquifers where both type of groundwater co-exist and as a system do not maintain any uniform hydraulic continuity. This characteristic is very much true in the case of the upper surface aquifers occurring within the depth of 120 metres below ground level. However, a group of fresh water bearing aquifers generally occur in the depth span of 140 to 280 metres below ground level. The lower group of aquifers are effectively separated from the upper aquifers by a thick clay bed and exist under confined condition. The piezometric head of the lower aquifers is generally less than 4 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ The transmissivity value of the aquifers occurring in the alluvial belt in the Ganga delta varies 2 2 2 widely from 500 m /day to 30,000 m /day; but on an average this value ranges from 3000 m 2 /day to 9000 m /day. The water yielding capacity of potential aquifers generally ranges from 100 3 3 m /hour to 250 m /hour. ƒ 3 3 ƒ However, the large diameter deep tube wells are found to discharge 100 m /hour to 200 m /hour with an average drawdown of 6 to 10 metres. The thickness of the aquifer zones tapped in these tube wells are of the order of 25 to 35 metres. The small diameter shallow tube wells are 3 generally sunk within 40 to 60 metres below ground level and can yield 25 to 30 m /hour.
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3.8
Ground Water Quality
The northern districts of Darjiling, Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar in the Brahmaputra basin the ground water is less mineralised having conductance values ranging from 100 to 600 micromhos/cm at 25o C and Cl values less than 200 g/l in majority of water samples. In hard rock terrain of Bankura, Birbhum and Puruliya districts, it is similarly less mineralised and specific conductance values range between 150 and 1000 micromhos/cm at 25o C and Cl values vary from 20-150 mg/l. In South 24-Parganas, Medinipur and Haora district specific conductance of ground water from deeper aquifers ranges between 1000-2000 micromhos/cm at 25o C and Cl values varies from 50 to 300 mg/l. In the rest of the state, mineralisation of ground water lies in between the two extreme limits of Northern and Southern districts. The important chemical types of water in the state are Ca-Mg-HCO3 type for low mineralised water, Na-HCO3 type in South 24 Paraganas district and Ca-Mg-Cl type in Kolkata and some isolated pockets. In the coastal tracts of Purba Medinipur, South 24 Parganas and Haora districts lying in the active delta of the Ganga-Bhagirathi river system ground water is, in general, high in chloride content in upper aquifers (in Subarnarekha basin 8-100 m, in Haldia area, Kasai Basin 40115 m, in South 24 Parganas and Haora districts 20-150 m depth range), and specific conductance also records a higher value (above 1500 micromhos/cm at 25o C. However, aquifers occurring in the depth span of 115-350 m in South 24-Parganas district are relatively fresher and chloride content of ground water is within permissible limit. A high concentration of chloride in ground water in these upper aquifers is probably related to the sub-marine and estuarine environment in which the sediments were deposited as also owing to sea water intrusion owing to proximity to the sea and tidal influence. In the northern part of the state, Ground water is very fresh electrical conductivity being generally below 500 micromhos/cm at 25o C. Similarly in the western part of the state comprising Bankura, Puruliya, Birbhum and parts of the Bardhaman and Medinipur districts ground water is fresh with conductance being below 1000 micromhos/cm being essentially a recharge area. Specific conductance values the fresh water group of aquifers are higher in the southern part of the state lying in the coastal tract and its adjoining areas. In general the entire state of West Bengal except the coastal and deltaic part quality of water is in general suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes as specific conductance values are well within permissible limits. In the upper aquifers of coastal area, it indicates that the iso-conductance contour values increase towards south-east direction. In north-western part the value is 500 micromhos/cm and in south-eastern part the value becomes 2000 micromhos/cm. The water is in general not ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. Ground water availability, their status, arsenic and fluoride contamination etc are provided in Annexures IV and V separately for pilot and non-pilot blocks of different blocks of West Bengal. Primary monitoring of ground water quality has been undertaken during post-monsoon by an approved and accredited laboratory namely Scientific Research Laboratory at Santoshpur, Jadavpur, Kolkata. These blocks include Phansidewa (Darjeeling), Nabadwip (Nadia), Raina (Barddhaman), Dhupguri (Jalpaiguri), Sitai (Coochbehar), Barrackpore-I (North 24Parganas), Gangarampur (Dakshin Dinajpur), Goalpokhar I (Uttar Dinajpur), Uluberia I (Howrah), Kulpi (South 24-Parganas), Garbeta-I(Paschim Medinipur), Ranibundh ( Bankura ), and Balagarh( Hoogly). Such monitoring covered physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. Such parameters included odour, turbidity, pH, total hardness, dissolved solids, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, iron, cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, magnesium, copper, mercury, chromium. In addition to these, alkalinity, BOD, COD have been evaluated. Bacteriological parameters like α-BHC, γ-BHC and endosulphan also have been monitored. An examination of the values of parameters monitored in these locations indicate ground water quality at all these locations satisfy limits prescribed for parameters included in BIS standards for irrigation water. Values of monitored parameters are furnished in Annexure XII. The West Bengal Pollution Control board has published comprehensive water quality data. Such secondary data primary relate to areas in industrial areas in the districts of Kolkata, Howrah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, Hoogly, North and South 24-Parganas. This monitoring was done during the pre-monsoon of 2007 and the values of parameters relevant for irrigation water quality as per BIS or CPCB standards are within permissible limits mostly. As far as values of aldrin, dialdrin, endosulphan and DDT are concerned these are mostly below detection limits. Use of excess pesticide for increase harvest of cultivated crops pose a threat to contamination of ground water resources through leaching. Ground water being a closed system generally takes years to decontaminate. Residues of pesticides in agricultural crops also has serious implications on human health. In view of this West Bengal State Pollution Control Board had undertaken a continuous ground water monitoring programme in association with the Central Pollution Control Board at selected stations in the districts of Bardhaman, Howrah, North and South 24-Parganas, Nadia, & Maldah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and Kolkata at 22 stations. Monitored pesticides are BHC, DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Malathion, Methyl Parathion, Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos. The analysis of 22 samples resulted in detection of -BHC only in four samples and DDT in 2 samples only. Malathion was present only in one ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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sample. Aldrin has been detected in a few samples but this was well below the quantification of the analytical set up. Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos were not detected. Pesticides have also been monitored by an accredited environmental laboratory in a good number of ground water samples collected from stations located in districts like Darjeeling, Nadia, Bardhaman, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, North 24-Parganas, Dakshin Dinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur, Howrah, Hoogly, South 24- Parganas, Paschim Medinipur & Bankura. All such samples had -BHC, -BHC and Endosulphan below detection limit.
bdl bdl bdl
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt
nt nt
nt nt
bdl bdl
nt nt
nt nt
nt nt
nt nt
nt nt
nt nt
nt nt
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bdl
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bdl
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0.0218 nt 0.0272
0.0160 bdl 0.0127
bdl nt nt
nt nt nt
bdl bdl bdl
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
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0.014 bdl
bdl 0.0213
nt bdl
nt bdl
bdl nt
nt nt
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nt nt
nt nt
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bdl bdl nt
bdl nt nt
nt nt nt
bdl nt bdl
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt 0.02 77
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
-BHC
Tangra(1773) Topsia(1774) Cen. Howrah(1934) Howrah(1933) Cossipore (1931) Cen. Kolkata ( 1932) Sonarpur (1936) Domjur (1778) Behala(1777) Garia(1776) CL Complex (1935) Maldah(1945) Rajarhat (1937) Haldia(1769) Haldia(1770) Haldia(1942)
nt nt bdl
bdl bdl 0.0094
nt nt
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Kharagpur (1943) Kharagpur (1944) Asansole (1766) Durgapur (1767) Durgapur (1768)
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Detection Limit: Organochlorine pesticides- 0.01ppb; Organophosphorus-0.1ppb; Nt- not traceable; bdl – below detection limit Source: WBPCB Annual Report – 2007-2008 Central Pollution Control Board also have undertaken monitoring of ground water quality in some problem areas of Howrah and Durgapur during the years 1994 and 2001-2002.Result published on such monitoring have brought out the values against each parameter and observations have been recorded as necessary with reference to BIS standards of drinking water. Secondary data as mentioned are provided in Annexure XII. 3.8.1
Arsenic Contamination The arsenic contamination problem in ground water in West Bengal has been reported from time to time since 1978. Clinical manifestation of arsenic poisoning takes the form of dermatitis, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, gastro-enteritis etc in the initial stage. In the second stage peripheral neuropathies, melanosis, hepatopathy, hyper-keratosis etc occur. The last stage shows malignant neoplasm, gangrene in the limbs etc. The toxicity of arsenic depends on the concentration (maximum permissible limit is 0.05 mg / l) in water as well as the type of arsenic compound present in water. In order of decreasing toxicity these compounds are arsenite, arsenate, methylarsenic acid and dimethylarsenic acid. Arsenite is four time more toxic than arsenate. The source of Arsenic is geological. Arsenic is present in alluvial sediments of the delta. The mechanism and cause of leaching Arsenic has not been firmly established. The theories of oxidation, reduction and carbon reduction have been suggested. SWID study has identified 81 blocks as arsenic affected ( concentration > 0.05mg/l ). These blocks are: 24-Parganas ( North): Habra-I, Habra-II, Barasat I, Barasat II, Amdanga, Deganga, Rajarhat, Bagdah, Bongaon, Gaighata, Baduria, Haroa, Minakhan, Swarupnagar,
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Hasnabad, Sandeshkhali II, Basirhat I, Basirhat II, Barrackpore I, Barackpore II 24-Parganas ( South): Baruipur, Bhangar I, Bhangar II, Bishnupur I, Bishunupur II, Sonarpur, Budge Budge II, Jaynagar I, Basanti, Mograhat II Nadia : Chakdah, Chapra, Hanskhali, Haringhata, Kaligung, Karimpur I, Karimpur II,, Krishnaganj, Krishnanagar I, Krishnanagar II, Nabadwip, Nakashipara, Ranaghat-I, Ranaghat II, Santipur, Tehatta –I, Tehatta-II, Murshidabad: Beldanga I, Beldanga II, Nawda, Hariharpara, Domkal, Bahrampur, Jalangi, Jiaganj, Raninagar I, Raninagar II, Lalgola, Samsergang, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Farakka, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathgunge II Maldah: Manickchak, Englishbazar, Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Ratua I, , Ratua II Howrah: Shyampur II, Uluberia II, Balijagchha Barddhaman: Purbasthaali I, Purbasthali II, Katwa I, Katwa II, Kalna II Hoogly Balagarh School of Environmental Studies of Jadavpur University have published their report on Arsenic contamination in ground water of West Bengal. Based on Arsenic concentrations found in the 19 districts of West Bengal, It has been assessed that the total area in 9 severely affected districts cover an area of 38861 sq km having a population of 80.4 million. They have classified the districts into three categories namely severally affected, mildly affected and arsenic safe. Districts where more than 300µg/L arsenic concentrations were found have been categorised as severally affected; districts where arsenic concentrations were mostly below 50µg/L (only a few above 50µg/L and none above 100 µg/L were categorised as mildly affected and where all the recorded concentration was below 10µg/L the districts were categorised as arsenic safe. The categorisation of districts as on December 2005 stood as below: •
Severely affected districts: Malda, Murshidabad. Nadia, North 24-parganas, South 24-Parganas, Barddhaman, Howrah , Hugli and Kolkata
•
Mildly affected districts: Kochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling , North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur
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•
Arsenic safe : Bakura, Birbhum, Puruliya, East and West Medinipur
The Table below summarises the arsenic contamination of ground water in 8 severely affected districts. Kolkata not being a part of the project has been excluded. Table – 3.8.1(i) Status of arsenic contamination in 8 severally affected districts Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
District
Murshidabad North 24- Pgs Nadia South 24-Pgs Malda Howrah Barddhaman Hoogly Total
No. of Blocks
No. of blocks Asaffected
% of samples > 10µg/L
% of samples > 50µg/L
26 22 17 26 15 15 32 18 171
26 22 17 17 14 12 22 17 147
53.8 53.4 51.2 42.0 52.2 24.2 17.6 17.9
26.7 29.5 17.2 28.3 34.6 11.1 8.4 6.6
No. of blocks mildly affected 7 5 5 9 8 9 20 16 79
No. of blocks severely affected 19 17 12 8 6 3 2 1 68
Source: Report of School of Environmental Sciences, Jadavpur University # Blocks where more than 10% samples showed contamination more than 50µg/l
The details of 68 severely affected blocks are furnished below. • Hoogly : Balagarh • Barddhaman : Purbasthali I and Purbasthali II • Howrah: Bagnan I , Bally-Jagachha , Uluberia II • Maldah : Englishbazar, Kaliachak I , Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak , Ratua II • Nadia : Chakdah , Chapra , Haringhata , Kaligang , Karimpur I , Karimpur II , Nabadwip, Nakashipara , Ranaghat II , Santipur , Tehatta I , Tehatta II • North 24-Parganas: Amdanga , Baduria , Bagdah, Bongaon , Barasat I, Barasat II , Deganga, Gaighata, Habra I, Habra II, Hasnabad, Haroa, Rajarhat, Swarupnagar, Barrackpore I, Basirhat I, Basirhat II • Murshidabad : Behrampur , Beldanga I, Beldanga II , Bhagawangola I, Bhagwangola II, Domkal , Farakka , Hariharpara , Jalangi , Jiagang , Lalgola , Nawda, Raghunathgang I , Raghunathgang II, Raninagar I, Raninagar II, Samshergang, Suti I, Suti II • 24-Parganas ( South): Baruipur, Bhangar I, Bhangar II, Bishnupur I, Canning II, ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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Jaynagar I, Mograhat II, Sonarpur Graphical representation of arsenic contamination in different blocks of these eight districts is provided in Annexure – VI. 3.8.2
Problem of arsenic contamination of soil and food crops In a recent study conducted by the Department of Environmental Science by Kalyani University I five blocks of Nadia, it has been established that the upper soil in the study area got contaminated with arsenic due to continuous irrigation by arsenic contaminated ground water. The paddy soil gets contaminated from ground water thus enhancing bioaccumulation of arsenic in rice plants cultivated with contaminated groundwater and soil. In the study area irrigation water had average concentration of 0.53mg/l during pre-monsoon and during post-monsoon this average dipped down to 0.32 to 0.49mg/l.The average arsenic concentration in the agriculture field was observed between 4.578 to 9.720mg /kg during pre-monsoon while in the post-monsoon season it was found to vary between3.233 to 9.131mg/kg. This study in the five Blocks of Nadia district concluded that arsenic concentration in irrigation water in many places was above the WHO permissible limit of 0.01mg/l but arsenic concentration in agricultural field was below 20.0mg/kg – the maximum acceptable limit for agriculture soil as recommended by the EC. The results obtained from the study clearly show that arsenic is bio-accumulated in various parts of the rice plant. Concentrations of arsenic in the various parts of rice plant have been observed to vary between ranges: straw- 0.45 to 2.88mg/kg dry weight of As, husk: 0.27 to 1.34mg/kg dry weight of As, and grain: 0.03 to0.73mg /kg dry weight of As. Concentration of Arsenic in the grain part did not exceed 1.0mg/kg dry weight of Arsenic food hygienic concentration limit by WHO. World Water Council while dealing with the problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater observed ‘ Less well understood but potentially more serious to food security is the rise of arsenic accumulated in soils irrigated with arsenic-laden water, thus exposing food crops to potential high arsenic uptake. The map placed below reflects the ground water arsenic status in different agro-climatic regions of West Bengal.
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3.8.3
Fluoride Contamination Fluorosis is a deadly disease affecting millions of people across the world. Fluorosis caused by drinking F rich water is endemic in 20 states of India affecting more than 65 million people including 6 million children (UNICEF 1999). The amount of F occurring naturally in groundwater is governed principally by climate, composition of the host rock, and hydrogeology. In Indian continent the higher concentration of F in groundwater is associated with igneous and metamorphic rocks. Some anthropogenic activities such as use of phosphatic fertilizers, pesticides and sewage and sludges, depletion of groundwater table
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etc., for agriculture have also been indicated to cause an increase in F concentration in groundwater. According to WHO (2006) the permissible limit for F in drinking water is 1.5 g mL 1. Physiologically, fluoride is a potent enzyme inhibitor (comparable to lead and to cyanide ion) that accumulates in bones and teeth and is readily transported to sensitive soft tissues. Mottled enamel or dental fluorosis, which results from disturbance of the enamel forming cells by fluoride during the period of tooth formation, is one of the first signs of general chronic fluoride poisoning. Persons in poor health and those who have allergy, asthma, kidney disease, diabetes, gastric ulcer, low thyroid function, and deficient nutrition are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride in drinking water.
The Habitation Survey 2003 conducted by WBPHED reveals the occurrence of fluoride in ground water beyond 1.50 mg/l in 46 Blocks in 8 districts is in a rather sporadic manner than following a definite pattern.
The data obtained from SWID indicate that fluoride has been reported in 49 blocks in six districts of Bankura, Birbhum, Purulia, Maldah, Dakshin Dinajpur and Uttar Dinajpur. Purulia shows contamination range of 1.01-3.38 mg/l , Dakshin Dinajpur has a low of 1.0mg/l and a high of 5.03mg/l. Maldah and Uttar Dinajpur the contamination level is rather low varying between 1.06 and 1.52mg/l.. The details of affected blocks are as below:
• • •
• •
Birbhum: Nalhati I, Murarai I, Rampurhat I, MD. Bazar , Dubrajpur , Rajnagar, Suri I, Suri II, Khairasole Bankura : Bankura I, Chhatna, Saltora, Mejhia, Gangajalghati, Barjora, Ranibundh, Taldangra, Simplapal, Bishnupur, Sonamukhi, Patrasayer Purulia : Arsha, Barabazar, Bandwan, Hura, Jhalda I, Jhalda II, Kashipur, Manbazar I, Neturi, Para, Purulia I, Purulia II, Raghunathpur I , Raghunathpur II and Santuri Maldah : Bamangola , Englishbazar, Habibpur, Ratua I Dakshin Dinajpur : Balurghat, Bansihari, Gangarampur, Tapan, Kumarganj, Kushmandi, Harirampur
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• •
3.8.4
Uttar Dinajpur : Itahar South 24-Parganas: Sonarpur
Fluoride accumulation in crops
A study by A. Anusyua and others of National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research on concentration of fluoride in some food crops brought out higher levels of concentration on crops grown in fluorotic areas. Samples of rice (Oryza sativa,), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), and bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) were collected from normal and endemic fluorotic areas located in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India Samples of rice and sorghum grown and consumed in the fluorotic area had significantly higher concentration of fluoride than those collected from the normal area. The values were 0.4 ± 0.32 in rice and 0.4 + 0.16 in sorghum from the fluorotic area and 0.16 ± 0.05 in rice and 0.15 ± 0.04 in sorghum from the normal area.
In a study undertaken by Khandare and others of the National Institute of Nutrition(ICMR) the uptake of fluoride by leafy vegetables like amaranth spinach, cabbage, tomato and lady’s finger grown using irrigation water with 10 ppm F has been confirmed .The study showed that fluoride levels was higher in edible parts of all vegetables compared to controls irrigated with 0.3ppm F. Fluoride contents ( mg/kg dry weight )with tap water and fluoridated water were 0.71 vs 1.70 for spinach, 3.88 vs20.29 for amaranth, 0.12 vs 0.17 for cabbage, 0.14 vs 0.43 for lady’s finger and 0.12 vs 0.2 for tomato.
S.S Randhawa (Current Science, Vol.78, No.7) has observed that prolonged exposure of dairy animals to toxic levels of fluoride (> 1mg/l) in drinking water resulted in anemia, hepatic, kidney and bone disorders.
Status of Fluoride contamination has been reflected in Annexures IV and V.
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The map reproduced below shows fluoride contaminated areas of West Bengal.
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3.8.5 Salinity
The sea coast in the state stretches from Digha in the Midnapur district in the east to the outfall of River Raimangal in the 24- Parganas district in the east. The whole of this coastal region is affected by the problem of salinity to varying extent. Besides, a strip along the bank of Hoogly in Howrah district covering parts of Bagnan I & II Shyampur I, Shyampur II, Uluberia I & II, Panchala, Sankrail and Balijagacha Blocks, have shown a marked presence of saline water. Random sampling of water from existing wells in the area have indicated presence of saline water almost parallel to the bank of Hoogly stretching from South West to North East. On a broader estimate, about 1/3rd of the Howrah district is covered by this strip.
The coastal region can be divided into two distinct parts according to the geographical and topographical nature viz. (i) South 24 Parganas District which form part of the huge Gangetic delta, lies to the east of River Hooghly and is covered by dense brushwood forest; (ii) South Midnapur which lies to the west of river Hooghly and has been found mainly from the silt carried by rivers; Rupnarayan, Cossye and Subranarekha. In South 24 Parganas district, the area on the south of ’Dampier Hodges’ line is highly saline and is generally known as "Sundarban". The Sundarbans are criss- crossed by numerous tidal creeks of varying widths and depths and comprises mainly of islands, some of which are covered by forests. But the rest of the area is reclaimed by putting marginal embankments and drainage sluices and is cultivated. The general topography of the land is, flat and consists mainly of a series of saucer shaped basins. Unlike the Sundarban, the South Midnapur area is attached to the main land but here also the general topography of the land is flat and there are also a number of saucer shaped basins in this area. It is estimated that 16 Blocks of south eastern ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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part of Medinipur district covering a total area of 2500 sq. km poses salinity problems. Similarly 7360 sq. km. of 24- Parganas (south) and part of 24-Parganas (north) comprising of 34 blocks are found to be affected with salinity problems. On this basis, approximately 53% of 24 Parganas District both North and South and15% of present Purba Medinipur district may be classified as saline areas The entire saline belt lies in the active deltaic plains of the Ganga where in the aquifers occur under confined condition. The fine sands are the main constituents of these multiple aquifers. From the available information, indication of occurrence of fresh aquifers in limited scale of depth has been observed.
3.9
Wildlife and Biodiversity
According to classification of Rodgers and Pawar (1992), there are four bio-geographical zones in the state. These are as follows: • • •
•
3.9.1
2C- Central Himalayas: Darjiliing district 6D- Chhotonagpur Plains of Deccan peninsula: Purulia and part of Bankura district 7B- Lower Gangetic Plains: Jalpaiguri, Koch Behar, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Maldah Murshidabad,, Nadia, North 24-Parganas, South 24- Parganas (part), Barddhaman, Birbhum, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, and part of Bankura district. 8B- Coastal Littoral Forests; North and South 24-Parganas
Forest Types
Out of a total geographical area of 88,752 sq. km., 11879 sq. km is the recorded forest area accounting for 13.4% of the total geographical area. According to Champion and Seth’s classification, the state has eight forest types. The forest types, region-wise distribution and their extent are furnished in the table 3.8.1(i):
Table – 3.9.1(i) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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Group
Name
1B
Northern Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests Northern Subtropical Semievergreen Forests North Indian Moist Deciduous Forest Littoral swamp Forests-Mangroves Littoral and Swamp forestsTropical seasonal Swamps Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest Northern Subtropical Broadleaved Wet Hill Forest Northern Montane Wet Temperate Forest East Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest Sub-Alpine Forest
2B 3C 4B 4D 5B 8B 11B 12C 14C
Location
North Bengal Plains upto 150m North Bengal Plains from151mto 300m North Bengal Plains up to 150m
Area in sq. km. 167.0 25.0 1757.0
Estuarine South Bengal 4263.0 Maldah and Dakshin Dinajpur 20.0 districts South Western Bengal 4527.0 North Bengal Hills from 301m to 1650m North Bengal Hills from 1651 to 3000m North Bengal Hills
800.0
North Bengal Hills from 3001m 3700m
20.0
150.0 150.0
Distribution of forest areas has been shown in the map placed below:
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3.9.2
Wildlife Protected Area Network
The protected area network in the state is well laid out covering different bio-geographic regions of the State. Currently there are 5 National Parks, 15 Wildlife Sanctuaries, and 2 Tiger Reserves (overlapping with NPs and WLS).
Table – 3.9.2(i) Protected Area Network of the State
Sl. No.
Protected area
Area in sq. km.
Biogeographic zone
i. National Parks 1. Singhalila NP
78.60
2C
Darjiling
2.
Neora Valley NP
88.00
2C
Darjiling
3.
Buxa NP
117.10
7B
Jalpaiguri
4.
Gorumara NP
79.45
7B
Jalpaiguri
1330.10
8B
South 24-Parganas
5. Sunderban NP ii. Wildlife Sanctuaries
Districts
1.
Jorepokhri WLS
0.04
2C
Darjiling
2.
Senchal WLS
38.88
2C
Darjiling
3.
Mahananda WLS
158.04
7B
Darjiling
4.
Chapramari WLS
9.60
7B
Jalpaiguri
5.
Jaldapara WLS
216.51
7B
Jalpaiguri
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Sl. No.
Protected area
Area in sq. km.
6.
Raiganj WLS
1.30
Biogeographic zone 7B
7.
Bethuadohri WLS
0.668
7B
Nadia
8.
Ballavpur WLS
2.021
7B
Birbhum
9.
Ramnabagan WLS
0.14
7B
Barddhaman
10.
Bibhutibhusan WLS
0.64
8B
N24-Parganas
11.
WLSNarendrapur WLS
0.10
8B
S 24-Parganas
12.
Sajnekhali WLS
362.40
8B
S 24-Parganas
13.
Halliday Island WLS
5.95
8B
S 24-Parganas
14.
Lothian Isand WLS
38.0
8B
S 24-Parganas
15. Buxa WLS iii. Tiger Reserves 1. Buxa Tiger Reserve
368.99
7B
Jalpaiguri
760.87
7B
Jalpaiguri
2. Sunderban Tiger Reserve iv. Biosphere Reserves 1. Sundarban Bio-sphere Reserve
2585.00
8B
S 24-Parganas
9630.00
8B
N 24 Parganas
Districts
UttarDinajpur
S 24-Parganas
3.10
Wetlands
In West Bengal there are about 54 natural and 9 manmade wetlands which are more than 100ha in extent. In addition to these there are large numbers of tanks, ponds, puddles and a
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variety of small water bodies. The first two categories combine to cover an area of about 3,44,527 ha which is about 8.5% of the total wetlands in India.
According to physiography and hydrology the wetlands of the state can be divided into four regions: •
Wetlands of the Gangetic alluvial plains
•
Coastal islands
•
Wetlands of the semi arid regions
•
Wetlands of North Bengal
The only Ramsar Wetland is known as the East Kolkata wetland.This has an extent of 12500 ha and is located in the eastern part of north and South 24- Parganas. National Lake Conservation Program has identified Ahiron Beel, Rasik Beel under the program. 3.10.1 Wetlands of the Gangetic Alluvial Plans Waterbodies in this region can be divided into four types on the basis of physico-chemical parameters viz. oligotropic, mesotropic, eutrophic and brackish. These wetlands include transboundary wetlands like Bhutnir Char, Bhalia Beel, in the district of Malda, temporary cyclical wetlands like the Borti beel of North 24-Parganas, wetlands of Nadia, Murshidabad, 24-Parganas (S), Howrah, Hoogly and Barddhaman district. 3.10.2 Coastal Islands Coastal islands of West Bengal are mostly saline in nature. These are mostly confined within the districts of 24-Parganas (S) and Purba Medinipur. Active deltas in the coastal region form the World’s largest mangrove region – the Sunderbans, an area of significant biological diversity. 3.10.3 Wetlands of the Rarh region Most of the water bodies of this region are of manmade perennial reservoir type. All these water bodies are rainfed and remain saturated during monsoon to winter months. These generally dry up in summer. These ancient or perennial reservoirs stand on old alluvial or laterite alkaline soil with occasional coarse sand or gravel being located at about 50 to 100m above mean sea level. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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3.10.4 Wetlands of Northern Bengal Water bodies of the Terai and Duars region are distinctly different in their hydrology and physiography. Waterbodies of the hilly region include hilly streams (jhoras) rivers and a few perennial lakes and reservoirs mainly distributed in Darjeeling. The Terai region has mainly marshes, backwater wetlands and several other manmade ponds, ditches, lakes distributed in Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur districts. 3.10.5 Spatial distribution of wetland types Of all the type of wetlands in the districts of West Bengal water-logged type of wetland (WSL) is the most abundant occupying an area of 20956.0 ha in Malda. Lakes/ponds occupy 8069 ha in Murshidabad Dist., while swamps in Uttar/Dakshin Dinajpur cover 5477.0 ha. Cut-off meander type of wetlands (COM) and ox-bow lakes (OL) occupy 6543.0 ha. Inland man-made wetlands (IMMW) have a spread of15012.0 ha in Puruliya whereas Barddhaman has tanks covering an expanse of1789.0 ha. Ashpond/cooling ponds occupy an area of 667.0 ha in Murshidabad Dist. Abandoned quarries (AQ) in Barddhaman cover an area of 415.0ha Wetlands having areas more than 10ha are many and their district wise distribution is furnished in Annexure- VII. 3.10.6 Floral bio-diversity Floral biodiversity is undoubtedly the most impressive in the Terai, Dooars and Darjeeling Himalyan region of the Northern Bengal. The mangrove forest of the Sunderbans is also particularly rich in species diversity of true mangroves and associate mangroves. The eastern Himalayan vegetation is characterized by abundance of Rhododendrons,Orchids, Ferns, Bryophytes, Lichens etc. a large variety of tree species of genera like Michelia, Acer, Quercus, Magnolia, Machilus, Castanopsis etc occur in the higher hills of Darjeeling. Gymnosperms are principally represented by species of Abies, Tsuga and Taxus. Lower and middle hills host a variety of species belonging to genera like Terminalia, Schima, Shorea, Gmelina, Populus, Lagerstroemia, Eugenia, Bucklandia, Chukrassia etc. The Southern Deltaic Part of West Bengal represents a Distinctive Floristic Combination of 70 species n the Sunderbans. Of these 35 are true mangroves, 28 are associate mangroves and 7 are obligate mangroves. Such a combination outnumbers the taxa in other mangrove ecosystems of India. Predominant species are Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agalocha, Bruguiera aeviflora, Rhizophora mucronata and Zylocarpus granatum. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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Five distinct types of grasslands are found in India of which three are represented in West Bengal viz _Pharagmites- Saccharum-Imperata type, Themeda-Arundinella type and Temperate- Alpine type. The table below depicts species richness in different taxa as compared to their occurrence in India. Table – 3.10.6(i)
Taxa Bacteria Virus Algae(fresh water ) Fungi Lichens Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
No of species West Bengal India NA 850 NA Not known
% West Bengal to India
490
6500
7.54
860 600 550 450 15 3580
14500 2000 2850 1100 64 17500
5.93 30 19.29 40.91 23.43 20.45
3.10.7 Faunal diversity The State occupying only 2.7% of the total area of India has about 29% of the vertebrate fauna of the country. This eloquently speaks of the species richness in this sector. As far as invertebrates are concerned, the state fauna represent % 0f the fauna of the country. The faunal diversity appears to be highest in Darjeeling Himalayan region. In case of species of mammals more than 50% of the species recorded in India could be located in Darjeeling district. On the other hand the faunal diversity in the Sunderbans is more specific. The table below brings out the level of occurrence of faunal species in the state as compared to India. Table – 3.10.7(i) Fauna in West Bengal vis-à-vis India
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Sl. No.
Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Protozoa Porifera Rotifera Sipuncula Echiura Annelida Arthropoda Crustacea Insecta Xiphosura Arachnida Scorphnoida Acari Arnae 8 Mollusca 9 Bryozoa 10 Heichrdata Total Invertebrate 11 Fish 12 Amphibia 13 Reptilia 14 Aves 15 Mammal Total Vertebrates Grand Total
3.11
West Bengal 971 160 148 3 3 179 92 4030 2 679 14 419 213 360 9 1 7283 574 39 139 497 176 1425 8708
Number of species India % West Bengal to India 2577 38 519 31 330 45 38 8 43 7 1093 16.3 270 59353 2 5818 102 1915 1250 5070 200 12 81292 2546 209 485 1232 390 4862 96154
3 7 100 12 14 22 17 7 4 8 9 23 19 28 40 45 29 10
Sacred Groves
Conservation is often a side effect of customs or tradition that associates or dedicates forest resources to the deities. Sacred groves are such means of biodiversity conservation, which serve as an important reservoir of local biodiversity preserving several species of plants, insects and animals. Increasing attention is being paid to their potential as a tool and model ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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for biodiversity as they are the storehouse of genetic diversity too. In one sense these groves are the ancient sanctuaries where living creatures are given protection by a deity.
In West Bengal several districts of South and North Bengal house such groves which are declining fast under the anthropogenic pressure and continuing encroachment on land. In the tribal belts of Puruliya and Paschim Medinipur such traditions are still going on.
Sacred Groves are more abundant in forested districts where the forest tract is interspersed with human settlements. Fragments of earlier forest vegetation are likely to have survived as SGs in these forest bearing districts. The candidate districts with significant forest cover in West Bengal are Bankura, West Medinipur, Puruliya and Darjeeling. There is consistent evidence that the abundance of sacred groves is high in the southwestern districts (Deb and Malhotra 1997, 2001), but low in Darjeeling district .In the alluvial non-forest districts lying on both sides of the Ganga, SGs are conspicuously scarce. This seems to relate to the past expansion of settled agriculture, which erased all riparian forest habitats, and also to the industrial growth that intensified on the banks of the river since the 1930s. The abundance of distribution of sacred groves is reflected in the following table. Table 3.11 (i) Abundance of distribution of sacred groves in districts Districts High
Abundance of Sacred Groves Moderately Low Very low high
Nil
Darjeeling Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Maldah Murshidabad Bankura Birbhum Barddhaman * Nadia * Howrah Hoogly Purulia Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur North 24-Parganas ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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South 24Parganas
It has been estimated that there are more than 670 sacred groves in West Bengal Such sacred groves are known locally as Garamthan, Harithan, Jahera, Savitrithan and Sitabalathan etc.
In study by Debal Dev et al, it has been established that there are large numbers of sacred groves in se blocks of Purulia and Bankura districts. The numbers of sacred grove and tree diversity in these blocks are as follows:
Table – 3.11(ii) Sacred groves in some blocks of three districts Sl. No. 1 2 3 4
3.12
District
Block
Bankura Birbhum Purulia Purulia
Bishnupur Mayureswar II Neturia Santuri
No. of sacred groves 267 103 99 72
Tree Diversity 73 56 58 55
Archaeological monuments and historical sites Some districts in West Bengal are rich in archaeological and historical sites. These districts are Bankura, Murshidabad, Malda, Medinipur, and Hoogly. Each of such monument or site has a declared protected zone around the site or a group of sites. It will therefore be necessary to avoid encroachment into such protected zones during execution of subprojects. The list of protected sites in each of the district is produced in the table 3.11(i): Table 3.12(i) Archaeological monuments/historical sites in West Bengal Sl. No 1 2 3
Monument/ Sites Chandraketu’s Fort Barah Mihirer Dhipi Barakothi- Clive’s House
Location
District
Berachampa Deulia & Kaukipar Dumdum
24-Pgs(North) 24-Pgs(North) 24-Pgs(North
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Sl. No 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Monument/ Sites 26 Siva Temples Warren Hasting’s House Jhater Deul temple Ancient Temple Dalmadal Gun Gate of Old Fort Jore Mandir Jore Bangla Temple Kalachand Temple Lalji Temple Madan Gopal Temple Malleswar Temple Murali Mohan Temple Nandlal Temple Patpur Temple Radha Binod Temple Radha gobinda Temple Radha Madhav Temple Radha Shyam Temple Rasmancha Shyam Rai Temple Small satewy fort Stone chariot Saileswr Temple Sareswr Temple Radha Damodar Jew Temple Gokulchand Temple Ratneswr Temple Shyam Sunder Temple Mound and statue of Surya Mound with a Jain Statue Durga image slaying Mahisasura Mound of a temple site Mound with Statues of Ganesha and Nandi Mound with an image of Nandi Chandra Varman Rock Inscription Joydev Temple Dhamraj Temple Two Mounds Basuli and 14 other temples Damodar temple and Rasmancha Two ancient Temples Rudreswar temple Four Ancient Temples Tombs of Sher Afghan, Baharam Sakka andNawab Qtabuddin
Location
District
Barrackpore- Khardah Barasat Jhata Bahulara Bishunupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Bishnupur Dihar Dihar Ghatgoria Gokulnagar Jagannathpur Madanpur Paresnath Pareshnath Saregarh Saregarh Saregarh
24-Pgs(North 24-Pgs(North 24- Pgs (South) Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura Bankura
Saregarh Susunia Hill Joydev-Kenduli Kubilashpur Bhadreshwar Nannor Suri Baidyapur Bamunara Begunia Barddhaman
Bankura Bankura Birbhum Birbhum Birbhum Birbhum Birbhum Barddhaman Barddhaman Barddhaman Barddhaman
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Sl. No
Monument/ Sites
Location
District
Garui
Barddhaman
50
Stone Temple
51 52 53 54 55. 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Ichai Ghosh Temple Ancient site Sat Deul Jain Temple Group of 12 Temples Pandu Rajar Dhipi Ancient Mound Coochbeher Palace Rajpath site Tomb of Alexander Cosma Tomb of Gen. Llyod Darga of Shah Ata Mounds Haneswari and Vasudev Temple Dutch Cemetary and associated tombs Susan Maria monument Brindaban Chandra’s Math Mounds Minar Mosque Mosque and Tomb Danish cemetery and all associated structures Dargah of Jafar Khan Ghazi Dupleix Palace Sri Mayer Ghat
Gouangpur Nadfhia Deulia Kalna Pandu Bharatpur Cooch Behar Khalsa Gossanimari Darjeeling Darjeeling Gangarampur Gangarampur Bansberia Chinsurah
Barddhaman Barddhaman Barddhaman Barddhaman Barddhaman Barddhaman Cooch Behar Cooch Behar Darjeeling Darjeeling South Dinajpur South Dinajpur Hoogly Hoogly
Chinsurah Guptipara Mahanad Pandua Pandua Satgaon Serampore
Hoogly Hoogly Hoogly Hoogly Hoogly Hoogly Hoogly
Triveni Chandan Nagore Howrah
Hoogly Hoogly Howrah
75 76
Adina Mosque Adina Mosque, Baisgazi Wall, Baraduary Maszid, Chand sadagar Bhita, Chamkati Masjid, Chika Maszid, Dakhil Darwaza, Firoj Minar,Gumti Gateway, Gunmant Mosque, Kotwali Darwaza, Lottan Moszid, Lukachuri Gateway, Qudam Rasul Mosque,, Fateh Khan Tomb, Tantipara Maszid, Two Tombs of Tantipara moszid, Two Stone Pillars
Pandua Gaur
Malda Malda
77 78 79 80 81 82
Tower Eklakhi Mausoleum Qatab Shahi Masjid Dharamraj Temple Bandopadhaya Family Temples Sitala Temples
Nimasarai Pandua Pandua Pathra Pathra Pathra
Malda Malda Malda Medinipur Medinipur Medinipur
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
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Sl. No 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 97 98 99 100 101 102
103 104 105 106 107 108
Monument/ Sites Navratna Temple Complex Kurambera Fort John Pierce Tomb Azimunnisha Begum Tomb Station burial ground Bhavaniswar Mandir Four Siva Mandirs Mir Madan tomb Dutch Cemetery Old English Cemetery Mosque Alivardi Khan and Serajududllah Tombs Barkona Deul Mound Raja Karna’s Palace and Devil’s Mound Sujauddin Tomb Murshid Kuli Khan Tomb Jahan Kosa Gun Hazarduari Palace & Imambara South Gate, Kella Nizamat,, Imambera, Kella Nizamat,White Mosque, Kella Nezamat, Yellow Mosque, Kella Nezamat, tripoli Gate , Kella Nizamat Nilkuthi Mound Bahanpukur Mound Ruins of Fort Temple Tamluk Rajbati Old Temple at Banda
Location
District
Pathra Gaganeswar Medinipur Azimnagar Babulbona Baranagar Baranagar Faridpur Kalikapur Kashim Bazar Kheraul Khosbagh
Medinipur Medinipur Medinipur Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad
Panchthupi Rangamati
Murshidabad Murshidabad
Roshnibag Sabzkatra Topkhana Killa Nizamat Lalbagh
Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad Murshidabad
Mouza Chak, Chandpara Bamanpukur Bamanpukur Palpara Padumbasan Banda
Murshidabad Nadia Nadia Nadia Purba Medinipur Purulia
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
CHAPTER- 4 IRRIGATION RESOURCES BASELINE
4.1
Introduction West Bengal has done pretty well in agriculture sector. The position that the state enjoys in production of rice and some varieties of vegetables eloquently brings out this. There is no denying that there has been a slow down in growth of agriculture sector for some years and this needs reversal to ensure higher productivity through increased cropping intensity, crop diversity, better market integration. The State Government has a focus on this as this will pave the way for augmentation of rural employment potential with the resultant beneficial impact on alleviation of rural poverty. It is also a fact that the ongoing major and medium irrigation projects have a long gestation period. Therefore the State Government through externally aided project of ‘Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation” program wants to create an additional potential of 1,38900 ha of minor irrigation through implementation of minor irrigation schemes designed on judicious and conjunctive use of existing surface and ground water resources of the state. About 46% of the additional CCAs will be covered by schemes of RLIs and surface flow schemes.
4.2
Minor Irrigation Status Third Minor Irrigation Census figures have been carried out in the State. This census puts the figure of minor irrigation potential at 3427193 ha and actual irrigated area at 1962824 ha. It is thus apparent that at this stage there is a substantial gap between the minor irrigation potential (both surface and ground)and the actual area irrigated. The status broken down districtwise is reflected in the Table- 4.2(i). Tables .4.2(ii), 4.2(iii), 4.2(iv), 4.2(v) & 4.2(vi) detail the status of ultimate irrigation potential, potential created and utilised for different types of irrigation schemes.: Table – 4.2(i)
RD
STATUS OF IRRIGATION IN DISTRICTS AS PER 3 . MINOR IRRIGATION CENSUS Sl. No
District
1
Bankura
CCA (ha ) Surface Ground water water 102288.65 50966.07
Irrigation potential(ha) Surface Ground water water 166514.11 96016.67
2
Bardhaman
36410.21
168362.84
55667.82
361751.93
28301.32
183821.70
3
Birbhum
54946.02
50169.27
94880.71
96294.54
35875.82
45015.18
4
Dakshin Dinajpur
22406.35
49547.54
34475.78
65151.85
14775.81
44688.44
5
Darjeeling
14631.57
8144.00
17706.06
15085.14
8994.59
3581.94
6
Howrah
58326.41
8124.29
132437.80
15948.73
75031.21
8657.59
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Actual area irrigated(ha) Surface Ground water water 70545.97 56493.69
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
Sl. No
District
CCA (ha ) Surface Ground water water 29580.79 93717.72
Irrigation potential(ha) Surface Ground water water 45688.17 155842.49
Actual area irrigated(ha) Surface Ground water water 33022.29 107630.19
7
Hoogly
8
Jalpaiguri
32280.13
45734.22
40499.12
64437.65
29030.98
22452.77
9 10 11 12 13
Coochbehar Maldah Medinipur Mursidabad Nadia
8826.40 24352.08 89610.11 24834.15 18797.48
62943.95 9776.61 211479.27 170700.94 119774.68
15518.18 27428.34 107787.96 46368.88 36647.73
106505.54 125299.91 290490.23 315199.91 209678.94
4208.70 15243.11 70067.05 I8664.83 11199.83
52865.20 99631.69 188784.15 191767.59 155806.05
14
North 24Parganas Purulia South 24Parganas Uttar Dinajpur Total
7971.82
1039526
12980.55
199084.29
7012.90
113876.76
12365.85 78343.94
5003.38 15897.66
115859.89 105804.65
10119.76 20269.51
62872.49 63892.29
4029.91 13974.72
8857.78 714829.74
11794.42 1381019.12
14580.52 1070841.27
209175.08 2356352.17
4357.56 553096.75
116650.60 1409728.17
15 16 17
Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India have published some data on minor irrigation in India and different States in the Water Data Complete Book, 2005. Tables below bring out the status of irrigation both major /medium and minor in the Country and West Bengal. Table – 4.2(ii) Ultimate Irrigation Potential (In ‘000ha) Region
India West Bengal
Major and Medium ( surface water) 58465 2300
Minor irrigation Surface water
Ground water
17372 1300
64171 3318
Total
140008 6918
Source: Central Water Commission (P & P Directorate )
Table – 4.2(iii) Minor Irrigation ( surface & ground ) – Potential and Utilised ( in ‘000ha ) Region India West Bengal
Ultimate Irrigation Potential 81428 4618
Achievement up to IX th Plan Potential created Potential utilised 56900.10 49047.90 3792.50 3098.10
Source : Annual document ( 2003-2004 ) Planning Commission
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
Table – 4.2(iv) Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised - Major, Medium and Minor Irrigation Region
India West Bengal
Ultimate irrigation potential 139893.00 6918.00
Achievement up to IXth Plan PC PU 93946.38 80058.10 5475.81 4625.24
Target for Xth Plan PC PU 15154.60 10360.90 700.00 455.00
Source: Annual Document 2003-2004 ( Planning Commission )
Table – 4.2(v) Variation in Irrigation Potential- Utilisation and Gross Irrigated Area ( up to 2001-2002 ) In ‘000 ha Region India West Bengal
Potential utilised 80058 4625
Gross irrigated area 76443 3661
Variation( absolute) 3615 964
% variation 4.7 26
Source: Annual document, 2003-2004 (Planning Commission )
It will thus appear that the figure of minor irrigation potential of the State as assessed by the Central Water Commission (P&P Directorate) is way above the figure of the 3rd. Minor Irrigation Census. The CWC figures also depict that there is a still a gap between the irrigation potential assessed and the irrigation potential created taking all forms of Irrigation (major, medium and minor) even if it is assumed that Xth plan target has been achieved in full. The figures of variation in irrigation potential and gross irrigated area clearly points out that the percentage variation between these two figures is more than five times the figure for the whole country. This does not bode well for the irrigation sector of the state and definitely calls for remedy. Analysis of the figures of irrigation status at the end of the 3rd. minor irrigation census indicate that there is a demand and scope for development of minor irrigation using ground and surface water resources both at macro level of the state and the districts at the micro level.
Third Minor Irrigation Census has also broken down the figures of CCA, irrigation potential and actual area of irrigation down to the Block level in different districts proposed under the program. These figures are brought out for 30 sample blocks in the table below to indicate that there is gap between the figures of irrigation potential and the actual area irrigated at this level also.
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
Table – 4.2(vi) District
Bankura Barddhaman Birbhum Dakshin Dinajpur Darjeeling Howrah Hooghly Jalpaguri Coochbehar Maldah Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Murshidabad Nadia North 24- Pgs Puruliya South 24-Pgs Uttar Dinajpur
Blocks
Ranibundh Kotulpur Ketugram II Rampurhat I Gangarampur
CCA(ha)
Irrigation potential
Ground water 396.91 7316.48 4387.50 1036.96 9335.78
Surface water 5416.14 2778.07 1449.84 221.87 3009.49
Ground water 511.97 14666.86 8484.48 1903.87 12041.26
Surface water 9171.54 5522.37 1923..63 4108.54 4905.26
Actual area irrigated(2000-2001) Ground Surface water water 303.03 6615.64 289.18 2890.94 2537.88 610.21 999.43 1577.09 10013.22 2150.39
Phansidewa Uluberia I Balagarh ChinsurahMogra Mal Dhupguri Tufangung II Sitai Ratua II Gajole Khejuri I
3804.00 20.00 7289.17 1303.08
917.42 5544.50 3103.79 840.54
7724.82 39.80 10895.52 2113.01
1297.44 12385.54 4504.82 1158.21
1289.31 0.00 7065.64 1795.57
637.87 7370.12 3540.33 967.54
3424.00 6633.33 4111.78 2718.70 6007.15 6023.12 154.02
1992.20 1765.80 479.30 211.49 2566.92 5230.18 100.70
5063.00 10421.62 8152.56 4961.75 7507.82 6509.31 162.04
3026.76 2933.60 909.41 407.50 2848.47 5481.17 102.98
2132.92 5082.52 3285.48 2565.10 5903.85 5384.56 125.69
1807.85 1215.94 241.04 182.23 1403.80 3994.50 99.69
Panskura I Garbeta I
5820.47 7461.63
1325.21 1703.73
7576.67 14191.36
1668.63 2839.58
4601.48 10837.78
813.34 2024.79
Sagardighi Bharatpur I Nabadwip Habra I Barrackpore I Minakhan Jaypur Neturia Canning I Kulpi Goalpokhr I
6923.51 4953.76 2131.28 11133.54 2230.28 1615.09 454.85 98.90 1369.49 44.03 9755.21
2505.16 880.00 465.0 1302.80 69.09 13.22 3133.95 4193.70 233.56 2480.90 662.00
13348.56 11549.96 3330.84 8485.12 4409.90 3563.63 963.19 201.34 1815.89 73.01 14343.06
4935.75 1867.08 889.80 91.44 97.13 13.22 3249.76 4798.66 438.40 4858.56 907.81
10275.52 4595.49 2141.56 4804.07 2408.83 1909.09 464.52 53.66 745.31 28.30 7603.81
3380.64 717.53 146.41 78.36 57.98 13.22 2846.16 1251.32 154.61 2084.15 292.28
Figures against sample blocks in different agro-climatic zones reflect that the gap between irrigational potential and the actual area irrigated is quite significant. In absence of the data for 4th. Minor Irrigation Census and assuming that there has been a net increase of 10% in actual area irrigated during the period covered by the last census the gap will exist even after 2006-2007. Thus there is a demand for minor irrigation at the block level. This also got support form stakeholder consultations wherein the participants stressed on expansion of the area under irrigation to help augmentation of cropping intensity attendant with crop diversification. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
4.3
Water Resources of the State The Expert Committee on irrigation (1987) made a comprehensive assessment of both surface and ground water in 25 basins of West Bengal and this report of the Expert Committee is the first baseline work towards the sustainable water management of the State. The Committee estimated the surface water resource of West Bengal as 13.29 Mham and only 40% of this quantum was earmarked as utilisable.Ground water was assessed to be 1.46 Mham and the entire quantum was said to be utilisable. The table brings out the status as determined by the Committee. Table – 4.3(i) Availability of water in West Bengal Surface and Ground Water Surface Water Ground Water Total
Availability (mham) 13.29 1.46 14.75
Utilisable 5.31 1.46 6.77
Source: :State Irrigation Department, 1987
The Committee also assessed availability of surface and ground water in the State for 25 basins in the manner as given in the following table-4.3(ii): Table – 4.3(ii) Basin-wise water availability Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Basin Sankosh Raidak Torsa Jaldhaka Tista Mahananda Punarbhava Atrai Pagla-Bansloi BrahmaniDwarka Mayurakshi Ajoy Damodar DwarekeshwarGandeswari Silabati Kanshabati Kalighai Rupnarayan
Surface water (mcm) 1365 6666 11908 12665 32124 13334 1034 487 591
Groundwater (mcm) 41 246 1295 822 439 1425 211 172 162
Total (mcm) 1496 6912 13203 13487 32563 14759 1245 659 753
1957
629
2586
2590 2509 8924
798 810 877
3388 3319 9801
3330
638
3968
2068 3233 818 1188
709 653 253 63
2777 3886 1071 1251
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
Sl. No. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total
Basin Pichaboni Rasulpur Haldi Jalangi Bhagirathi 24-Pgs Basin Subarnarekha
Surface water (mcm) 462 401 327 3707 13643 3929 3645 132905
Total (mcm)
Groundwater (mcm) 44 39 1 964 2408 639 241 14579
506 440 328 4671 16051 4568 3886 147484
It will be clear from the figures in the table that the Tista basin has the largest surface waters followed by the Bhagirathi, the Jaldhaka, Mahananda and the Torsa. As far as ground water resources are concerned the Bhagirathi is the richest followed by Mahananda, Torsa, Jalangi, Damodar, Jaldhaka, Ajoy, Mayurakshi, and Silabati. Central Ground Water Board assessed annual ground water availability as 1.76 Mham While the Irrigation Commission of the Government of India put it as 2.38 Mham. Thus there has been an upward revision of ground water availability in the State. The State Irrigation Department in their 1999 report projected the sectoral demand of for water as projected in the table below. Table – 4.3(iii) Sectoral requirement of water Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sector Agriculture Domestic Industry Power(Thermal) Inland Navigation Forestry Ecology, Environment and Others
Total (Mham)
2000 5.38 0.26 0.26 0.31 3.63 0.01
2011 7.71 0.28 0.38 --3.63 0.01
2025 10.98 0.38 0.59 --3.63 0.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
10.85
13.02
16.60
Source: State Irrigation Department
CGWB in their assessment of ground water resources of the country and the State arrived at the figures as furnished below;
a. Total Replenishible GW resources b. Available GW resources for irrigation. c. Net Draft
India 431.89 360.95 115.07
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West Bengal 23.09 19.63 4.75 ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
Central Ground Water Board in their March, 2004 assessment of the ground water resources of the State have arrived at the following figures; • • • • • • •
Total ground water recharge; 3.036 m ham Unaccounted gw recharge : 0.29 m ham Net ground water availability : 2.746 m ham Gross ground water draft for all uses: 1.165 m ham Stage of ground water development: 42% Annual allocation of ground water for domestic and Industrial water supply: 0.124m ham Net ground water availability for future irrigation: 1.532 m ham
District-wise picture emerging from the CGWB study is presented in the table below :
29.93
6376
131453
2
Burdwan
660119
333868
30573
303295
131900
43.49
12187
161807
3
Birbhum
419017
166715
14103
152612
39359
25.79
6473
111252
4
Darjeeling
84804
52175
5218
46957
2507
5.34
1719
43539
5
Dinapur(S)
216844
95203
8083
87120
41231
47.33
3519
44555
6
Howrah
60776
37034
3703
33330
6870
20.61
2421
25813
7
Hoogly
266150
169601
16960
152640
59093
38.71
8419
91175
8
Jalpaiguri
371135
263621
26362
237259
10335
4.36
5957
224667
9
Coochbehar
286492
231666
23167
208500
34783
16.68
5006
172412
10
Malda
356616
140338
13210
127128
72379
56.93
8278
51613
11
Medinipur(E)
169574
82601
8260
74341
28882
38.85
3965
44342
12
Medinipur(W)
911350
381808
37362
344447
123847
35.96
10453
217653
13
Murshidabad
503485
252264
25226
227038
200837
88.46
18303
16842
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Net gw Availability for Future use ham
56837
Stage of gw developMent (%)
189926
Existing Gross gw draft for all uses ham
19227
Net gw Availability ham
209153
Natural Discharge During Non-mon Soon ham
688245
ham
Bankura
Total gw Recharge
Area in ha Total gw assessment unit
1
SL no
District
Allocation for dom. And ind. Uses for 25 yrs ham
Table 4.3(iv) Ground water availability in districts
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Net gw Availability for Future use ham
Allocation for dom. And ind. Uses for 25 yrs ham
Stage of gw developMent (%)
Existing Gross gw draft for all uses ham
Net gw Availability ham
Natural Discharge During Non-mon Soon ham
ham
Total gw Recharge
Area in ha Total gw assessment unit
SL no
District
Irrigation Resources Baseline
14
Nadia
367122
217234
21727
195511
171919
87.93
9320
20358
15
24-Pgs(North)
279353
157640
15764
141876
101005
71.19
10859
36951
16
Purulia
620409
76745
6598
70147
9666
13.78
4940
59207
17
Dinajpur(N)
313182
168191
14505
153686
72265
47.62
5808
79221
Total
6574673
3035857
290044
2745813
1164738
42
124005
1532016
West Bengal ranks second (MCM of ground water/1000ha) and third (MCM of ground water/100 sq km of geographical area amongst major Indian States. The figures for West Bengal stand as below: • Gross replenishable GW per unit of net cropped area: 5.55MCM/1000ha • Gross replenishable GW per unit of geographical area: 34.12 MCM/ 100 sq km The study instituted by the West Bengal State Pollution Control Board on water resources and quality in West Bengal has made an assessment of total water resources of the state. The report of the Board summarizes the water resources of the state as reflected in the table below;
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
Table – 4.3 (v) Total Ground Water Resources (BCM per year)
District
Darjeeling Jalpaiguri Coochbihar Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Maldah Murshidabad Birbhum Barddhaman Nadia N 24-Pgs Hoogly Bankura Purulia Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Howrah S 24Parganas Kolkata West Bengal
Area ( sq km)
Monsoon resources (bcm) from
Non-monsoon resources (bcm) from
Annual resources (bcm) from
Annually replenishi ble ground water , including discharge (bcm)
Rainfall
Upstrea m runoff
0.61 1.45 2.08
5.78 11.30 6.42
16.25 32.56 44.12
0.52 2.64 2.32
-0.43
0.97
3.31
16.86
1.68
17.72
-0.31
0.93
1.55
18.64
0.95
2.84 2.50 2.56 3.68 1.61 2.60 1.61 3.85 4.44
446.16 454.17 4.02 22./43 25.03 26.87 39.99 10.63 7.93
-0.70 -1.96 -1.10 -1.83 -1.88 -0.69 -1.03 -1.78 -0.76
107.05 107.71 0.47 23.71 23.22 23.45 25.29 2.72 1.67
2.14 0.54 1.46 1.84 -0.27 1.91 0.59 2.06 3.68
553.21 561.88 4.50 45.54 48.25 50.33 65.28 13.35 9.60
1.40 2.52 1.67 3.34 2.17 1.58 1.70 2.09 0.77
4795.2
3.66
50.49
-0.38
26.19
3.27
76.68
0.83
9285.8
4.82
2.81
-2.46
0.80
2.36
3.61
3.82
1467
1.15
41.95
-0.19
25.41
0.96
67.36
0.37
9960
5.45
54.65
-3.59
26.39
1.86
81.03
3.84
185
0.21
26.64
0.04
23.43
0.25
50.07
0.00
88752
69.78
488.26
-18.76
110.30
51.02
598.56
34.21
Rainfall
Upstream runoff
Rainfall
3149 6227 3387
5.72 11.32 6.17
15.64 31.12 42.09
0.06 -0.02 0.25
3140
3.73
15.88
2219
1.85
3733 5324 4545 7024 3927 4094 3149 6882 6259
Upstream runoff
Source: WBSPCB report on water resources and quality,2009
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
It will thus appear that the districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Uttar Dinajpur, Maldah, Bankura, Puruliya, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and South 24-Parganas are comfortably placed as far as annual resources from rainfall are concerned.. Similarly the districts of south 24-Parganas, Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Barddhaman, Murshidabad, Jalpaiguri and Coochbehar have high replenishible ground water including discharge. Ground water availability in districts The summary as presented in the table that follows shows the status of ground water availability as assessed by the CGWB data together with Arsenic and Fluoride status of the corresponding blocks as of 2007. Table – 4.4(i)
Darjeeling Jalpaiguri Coochbehar Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Maldah Murshidabad Birbhum Barddhaman Nadia 24-Pgs(N) Hoogly Bankura Puruliya Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Howrah 24-Pgs (S) West Bengal
12 13 12 9 8 15 26 19 31 17 22 18 22 20 26 28 14 29 341
2 8 12 9 8 15 26 19 29 17 17 18 22 20 10 28 5 0 265
As found in blocks
Blocks classified as
8.0 16.6 102.7 230.1 185.8 193.9 377.2 86.6 187.8 440.4 246.7 187.7 82.6 15.4 60.2 133.4 46.8
5.3 4.4 16.7 47.0 47.3 56.9 88.5 25.8 43.5 88.5 71.2 38.7 29.9 13.8 38.9 36.0 20.6
0 0 0 0 2 0 5 4 7 0 1 10 3 3 8 13 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 5 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0
148.2
42.4
60
17
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2 8 12 9 8 13 10 15 23 11 17 16 22 20 9 27 5
Fl found in Blocks
critical
Postmonsoon safe
Pre-monsoon depletion
No of blocks
semicritical
GW development stage
Blocks with GW data
District
AV. Annual GW draft(mm)
Status of ground water availability in the districts of West Bengal
Total no of Blocks
4.4
2 15 4 6 6
1
7 22
1 7 4 9
5 17 17 1
2
12 15 1 1
227 37
1
69
48
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Irrigation Resources Baseline
The table clarifies that ground water development in the districts of Murshidabad and Nadia is at the stage of 88.5% corresponding to the average annual ground water draft of 377.2 mm and 440.4 mm. On the basis of the assessment made by State Water Investigation Directorate (SWID), ground water status of the districts stands as reflected below in the table-4.4(ii): Table – 4.4(ii)
Cooch behar 2 Jalpaiguri 3
Birbhum
4
Bankura
5
24 Pgs ( North)
6
Darjeeling ( part)
7
Uttar Dinajpur
8
Dakshin Dinajpur
9
Malda
124333
Existing gross GW draft for Dom. & Ind use(ham)
Existing GW draft for irrigtn (ham). 20901
2475
Aquifer conditions
13814
Net av. GW available(ham)
Nat. disc . during nonmonsoon(ham)
Total ann. GW recharge( ham) 138148
Stage of GW development in %
2.15 to 5.10 3.65 to 14.0 6.70 to 17.70 5.61to 20.70 2.45 to 13.55 10.55 to 11.35 3.35 to 7.58 6.79 to 12.70 3.60 to 27.17
Toatal GW draft(ham)
1
Max.pre-monsoon GW level ( 2006)- mbgl
District
Sl. No.
DISTRICT WISE GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY
23376
18.57
safe
119805
11981
107824
2626
1239
3866
3.59
safe
56858
5015
51842
14651
1133
15785
30.45
176791
15990
160800
50211
3519
53731
24.07
4 blocks semicritical safe
79207
7920
71288
44499
3896
48395
67.89
safe
52175
5218
46957
1700
807
2507
5.34
safe
168191
14505
153686
68657
3608
72265
47.02
Safe
95203
8083
87120
39045
2186
41231
47.33
Safe
140338
13210
127128
67237
5142
72379
56.93
Semicritical in 2 blocks
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 12 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
10
Murshidabad
4.29 to 20.03
252264
25226
227038
191893
8944
200837
88.46
11
Bardhaman
333868
30573
303295
123679
8221
131900
43.49
12
Howrah
37034
3703
33330
5096
1774
6870
20.61
13
Hoogly
169601
16960
152640
53047
6047
59093
38.71
14
Nadia
217234
21723
195511
166677
6266
172943
88.46
15
Purulia
76745
6598
70147
6000
3666
9666
13.78
16
Paschim Medinipur
381808
37362
344447
116340
7507
123846
35.96
17
Purba Medinipur
6.95 to 21.88 10.60 to 12.80 11.60 to 21.45 5.60 to 9.92 4.83 to 11.50 6.75 to 21.95 14.40 to 70.00
82601
8260
74341
26034
2847
28882
38.85
18
24 Pgs (South )
Semicritical in 15 blocks; critical in 1 block 6 blocks semicritical safe
Semicritical in 2 blocks Semicritical in 6 blocks Safe
Semicritical in 1 block 1 block semicritical
Individual block level data of SWID assessment have been furnished at Annexures IV & V.
SWID study broken down to the sample block level as brought out in the table depicts the status of ground water availability at the block level. Table – 4.4(iii) Sl. No
1
2
3 4.
District/Block
Coochbehar i.Tufangunge II ii.Sitai Jalpaiguri i.Dhupguri ii. Mal Darjeeling i. Phansidewa Uttar Dinajpur i. Goalpkhar I
Max. Premo nsoon GW level(2 006)
Tot. ann. Rechar ge(ha m)
Nat. disc. During monso on(ha m)
Net Ann. GW availab le
Existin g Gr, GW draft for Irrign. (ham)
Existin g GW draft(G r)for Dom & Ind(ha m)
Gross GW draft for all uses(ha m)
Stage of GW develop ment (in % )
Aquifer conditi on
4.15 4.30
20526 11965
2053 1196
18473 10768
2316 1048
269 157
2585 1205
13.99 11.99
Safe safe
14.00 7.80
39913 44400
3991 4440
35922 39960
1371 365
685 250
2056 615
5.72 1.54
Safe Hilly
11.35
29134
2913
26221
1452
414
1865
7.11
Safe
3.35
18080
1808
16272
4748
414
5162
31.72
Safe
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 13 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
5.
Dakshin Dinajpur i. Gangarampur
6
Maldah i.Gajole ii. Ratua II Murshidabad i.Bharatpur I ii. Sagardighi
7
8 9 10 11. 12
13.
14.
15.
16.
17
18
Birbhum i. Rampurhat I Barddhaman i. Ketugram II Nadia i.Nabadwip Howrah i. Uluberia I Hoogly i. Balagarh iiChinsurah - Mogra Bankura i. Ranibandh ii. Kotulpur Puruliya i.Joypur ii.Neturia Paschim Medinipur i.Garbeta I Purba Medinipur i. Khejuri I ii. Panskura I 24-Parganas(N) i. Habra I ii. Barrackpore I iii.Haroa 24-Parganas (S ) i.Canning I ii. Kulpi
6.79
13728
1373
12355
8683
414
9096
73.63
Safe
5.22 10.89
20365 5893
2036 589
18328 5303
5756 4098
479 258
6234 4356
34.01 82.14
Safe Safe
18.90 19.77
7746 13695
775 1369
6971 13325
2932 5638
263 404
3195 6042
45.84 49.03
Semicritical Semicritical
17.70
9235
924
8312
773
256
1028
12.37
Safe
14.62
8125
664
7461
4241
176
4417
59.20
Safe
5.60
5582
558
5024
3027
203
3230
64.29
Safe safe
15.92 16.80
12609 5504
1261 550
11349 4953
4508 692
346 310
4853 1002
42.77 20.22
Safe Safe
12.65 14.75
6780 13764
678 1376
6102 12387
173 6802
170 263
343 7065
5.62 57.04
Safe safe
6.01 4.83
2200 3269
110 327
2090 2942
799 138
172 139
972 277
46.49 9.41
Safe Safe
7.60
17979
1798
16181
8142
314
8456
52.26
Safe
21.20
11130
1113
10017
2345
479
2824
28.19
Safe
10.17 11.50 6.40
7966 5417 7734
797 542 773
7169 4876 6960
4438 1599 2549
323 442 303
4761 2040 2852
66.41 41.84 40.98
Safe Safe safe
2.80 6.00
Safe safe
Semi-critical and critical blocks are confined within the limits of 8 districts. The blocks against each of these districts are furnished below: • • • • • •
Barddhaman; Bhatar, Ketugram-I, Mangalkot, Memari II, Monteswar, Purbasthali II Birbhum: Nalhati II, Nanoor, Murarai II, Rampurhat II Hoogly: Goghat I, Pandua Malda: Harischandrapur II, Kaliachak I Medinipur(W): Daspur II Medinipur(E) : Moyna
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 14 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
• •
4.5
Murshidabad: Barwan, Berhampur, Bhagawangola I, Bhagwangola II, Hariharpara, Jalangi, Lalgola, Jiagunge, Nowda, Raninagra, Bharatpur I, Suti II, Sagrdighi, Domkal, Nabagram and Bharatpur II ( critical) Nadia: Chapra, Hanskhali, Karimpur I, Karimpur II, Tehatta I and Tehatta II.
Ground water aquifers and their yield Based on the geological and geomorphologic set up, characteristics of the aquifers and chemical character of ground water the State can be divided into two broad units.
Fissured Formations: Ground water occurs in these formations in the upper weathered mantle (thickness5-10m) and at deeper levels (60-100m depth) in the fractures, fissures and joints where limited quantities of ground water (less than 20m3/hr) may be available from bore wells and large dia dug wells Porous Formations: Ground water occurs in this formation both under water table and confined condition. In Nadia, Murshidabad (except Kandi Sub-division) districts down to 150m there is absence of any significant clay beds making the entire aquifer up to 150m depth to occur under water table condition. In the Bhabar Zone (foothills of Himalayan) aquifers are having very deep water table and are characterised by high seasonal variation of water table to the tune of 10-12m. In the lateritic part occurring in parts of Birbhum, Barddhaman, Bankura & Paschim Medinipur districts, individual aquifers are of limited thickness and is continuous nature. The potential of this aquifer is very poor. By and large yield of the tube well (down to 100400mbgl) varies from 80-100m3/hr. In the coastal tract of Purba Medinipur, S 24- Parganas, southern part of N 24- Parganas, Bidhannagar and some parts of Haora lying in the active delta of the Ganga --- the Bhagirathi river system ground water occurs under a characteristic hydro-chemical situation in which fresh water group of aquifers occurs within span of 120-300m sandwiched between saline to brackish aquifers. Yield of the tube well varies from 100-150m3//hr. Some of the hot springs (35-410C) from deep seated fractured zones of older rocks occurs around Bakreswar, Birbhum districts Based on the yield prospects the State can be divided into three parts namely: •
Areas of prolific ground water resources (yield is more than 150m3//hr) : Jalpaiguri, Coochbihar, Medinipur, N&S 24- Parganas districts
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 15 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
•
Areas with moderate yield(yield between 50 - 150m3hr) : Comprising part of Malda,Uttar & Dakshin Dinajpur, western part of Murshidabad, marginal tract of Birbhum, Barddhaman, Bankura and Medinipur districts
•
Areas with limited yield prospect (yield less than 50 cum/hr) : Extreme marginal tracts of Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia Table – 4.5(i)
Formations
Districts
CGWB Findings
Consolidated/ Semiconsolidated/Hard Crystalline rocks
Purulia, Bankura, Medinipur, Barddhaman, Birbhum
Ground water occurs in : i) Weathered residuum within 10mbgl. ii) Fractures within 65mbgl having discharge within 20 m3/hr.
Gondwana Sandstone
Purulia, Barddhaman, Birbhum
Ground water occurs in the fractured zone within 100mbgl generally discharging 10 m3/hr with maximum discharge of 22m3/hr.
Formations Unconsolidated /Recent Alluvium
Districts Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Kochbihar, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Hugli, Haora, Medinipur, Barddhaman, Bankura, Birbhum
CGWB Findings Ground water occurs both under unconfined & confined condition within the explored depth of maximum 600mbgl. Aquifers are fairly thick & regionally extensive with large yield prospect of about 150m3/hr. In Birbhum and Bankura districts aquifers beyond 136mbgl upto the drilled depth of 350mbgl in the Tertiary formation are found under autoflow condition. The occurrence of Arsenic in ground water in the depth span of 20-80 mbgl restricted mainly in the eastern part of Bhagirathi river has posed a serious problem. In view of the situation exploration work has been undertaken in the arsenic infested areas & arsenic free deeper aquifers could be identified beneath a thick clay bed in Nadia district.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 16 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
Formations
Districts
Coastal areas/ North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Medinipur, Haora
Formations Older Alluvium
Districts Bhabar zone/ parts of Darjeeling & Jalpaiguri
CGWB Findings Fresh ground water bearing aquifer occurring in varying depth ranges within 180-360mbglwithin the drilled depth of 600mbgl have been established. The fresh group of aquifers are sandwiched between saline/brackish aquifer. The top saline/brackish aquifer lies within the depth span of 20-180m with maximum depth of 320mbgl in the extreme south. Suitably constructed tube well tapping 35m cumulative thickness can yield 100150m3/hr. Shallow fresh water aquifers occur in present day dunes in DighaRamnagar area of Medinipur dist. down to the depth of 9 mbgl & in levee deposit within 50mbgl in Baruipur -SonarpurBhangar-Caning tract in South 24 Parganas. High Concentration of As in ground water is reported in this levee deposit. CGWB Findings In the submontane zone of Himalaya the sediments consist of unassorted materials varying from boulders to sand of various grades. The aquifers are having deep water table & are characterised by high seasonal variations of water level to the tune of 1012m. Recent exploration identified the potential granular zones within the depth range of 150mbgl capable of yielding up to 68m3/hr.
Ground water under semi-confined to Barind Tract/ parts confined condition below a blanket of of Malda,Dakshin about 60m thick clay bed. Saturated Dinajpur granular zone of discontinuous nature generally occurs in the depth span of 65110m, which is capable of yielding upto50m3/hr.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 17 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
The maximum thickness of older alluvium is within 50m, which is capped by laterites. Lateritic Terrain/ Individual aquifer in older alluvium is of parts of Birbhum, limited thickness and discontinuous in nature has poor yield prospect. Recent Barddhaman, Bankura, Medinipur, exploration in the tract has indicated the presence of unconsolidated to semi Murshidabad consolidated Tertiary gravel & sand stone, porous in nature, within depth zone of 100140mbgl.which has the yield prospect of 180m3/hr. Central Ground Water Board has made following recommendation on abstraction of ground water in different formations: Consolidated/ Semi-consolidated/Hard Crystalline rocks: In this water scarce area, topographic lows, zone of intersection of regionally extended joints & fractures (to be identified by resistivity survey) are the suitable locales for ground water development through dug and dug-cum-bore wells. Bore wells within 100m depth is found suitable. Location of the well site should be pinpointed after detailed geophysical survey. Gondwana Sandstone: Bore wells within 100m depth are found suitable. Location of the well site should be pinpointed after detailed geophysical survey. Unconsolidated /Recent Alluvium: Bore wells within 100m depth is found suitable. Location of the well site should be pinpointed after detailed geophysical survey. Ground water can be utilised through heavyduty tube wells within 120mbgl & shallow tube wells within 60mbgl. In arsenic infested area development of shallow aquifers should be avoided 4.6
Agriculture water demand A study has been undertaken by the West Bengal State Pollution Control Board on ’Water Resources and Quality’ of West Bengal . The report provides a statement on demand of water by agriculture and also has made projections on requirement of water by the agriculture sector for a few decades in future. The following table summarises the current (average for the period 1994-95 to 2003-2004) demand and supply of rain water. Table – 4.6(i)
Agricultural water demand and supply through rainfall
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 18 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
Non-monsoon(mcm)
Annual(mcm)
30 2077 878 956 694
273 282 6287 002 2429
607 016 014 348 2869
271 76 02 882 25
01 693 492 128 10
56 2207 798 418 95
601 2953 2780 837 2519
4186 0674 413 6275 265
4463 1222 812 6766 763
3733 2853 5324 4089 4545 441 7024 4915 3927 145 4094 2686 3149 2302 6882 958 6259 4614 4795 023
557 2529 2945 4007 609 926 827 170 2678 2903
119 4055 423 4995 159 2927 2500 4077 4539 378
731 4773 933 770 697 306 2781 4591 366 749
714 2994 550 978 129 2042 2155 314 455 2556
98 244 061 689 044 50 85 222 278 037
161 577 322 2092 359 215 016 534 588 383
271 523 4495 984 4738 968 983 4484 133 459
4431 726 4853 216 4602 4148 481 795 6180 4566
4893 6350 255 862 056 4520 797 6125 6954 132
9286 6104
4556
6937
440
2814
964
2697
370
012
0136
1467 41 9960 4005 58802
13 479 42339
051 4650 69710
168 074 77830
87 494 32024
14 389 21051
425 850 25802
600 4972 74362
433 6256 98329
593 6924 03632
Water demand
Source: WBSPCB report on water resources and quality,2009
The figures in the table show deficit in many districts particularly during the non-monsoon season. Five districts namely Barddhaman, Nadia, Hugli, Purba Medinipur and Howrah show annual deficit with respect to 75% of assured rainfall meaning thereby that at least once in 4 years the demand cannot be met through local resources. This study has also indicated that the demand for water in the agriculture sector is going to go up in future decades in the manner as brought in the following table – 4.6(ii) Table – 4.6(ii) Agriculture water demand in future decades ( in mcm) District Darjeeling
2011 Monsoon 330.4
Non-monsoon 357.5
2021
2031
Non-monsoon 426.9
Non-monsoon 496.2
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Av. Rainfall
Water demand
3149 622 6227 648 3387 2694 3140 2811 2219 952
Av. Rainfall
Av. Rainfall
Assured rainfall l(75%)
Monsoon(mcm)
Assured rainfall (75%)
Cultivable area ( 20042005) sq km
A
Darjeeling Jalpaiguri Coochbehar Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Maldah Murshidabad Birbhum Barddhaman Nadia 24-Pgs(N) Hoogly Bankura Puruliya Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Howrah 24-Pgs (S) West Bengal 88752
(sq km)
As assured rainfall …=(75%)
Area
W Water demand
District
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 19 of 18 Date: January, 2011
Irrigation Resources Baseline
Jalpaiguri Coochbehar Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Maldah Murshidabad Birbhum Barddhaman Nadia 24-Pgs(N) Hoogly Bankura Puruliya Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Howrah 24-Pgs (S) West Bengal
2077.4 1878.0 1955.5 1694.1 1556.9 2528.6 2944.9 4066.8 1609.3 1925.6 1827.0 3170.4 2678.1 2902.8 455.7 713.5 3478.6 42338.6
1155.7 1191.0 2484.0 1089.0 2268.8 3951.7 2045.4 5250.1 4129.7 2695.6 2845.0 1733.9 600.8 3374.1 3714.2 1170.2 1971.4 42267.9
1379.8 1421.9 2965.6 1300.2 2701.6 4717.9 2442.0 6268.0 4930.4 3218.2 3396.6 2070.1 717.3 4028.3 4434.3 1397.0 2353.6 50463.2
1603.9 1652.8 3447.2 1511.4 3140.3 5484.1 2838.6 7286.0 5731.1 3740.9 3948.2 2406.2 833.8 4682.5 5154.5 1623.9 2735.9 58658.4
Source: WBSPCB Report on water resources and quality,2009
Figures in the table indicate that the demand for water during non-monsoon in the agriculture will rise by more than 11% during each of the decades commencing from 2011. Figures of net and gross irrigated area per thousand persons when compared with India or some other states point out that the State is way behind and there is a need to improve through expansion of area under irrigated agriculture. Country/State
Net irrigated area in ha per ‘000 persons
Gross irrigated in ha per ‘000 persons
1. India 53.16 73.04 2.Punjab 147.87 330.35 3.Bihar 43.68 57.93 4.Orissa 52.52 57.76 5.Andhra Pradesh 59.41 77.83 6.Tamilnadu 46.28 55.92 7.West Bengal 29.36 42.08 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Economics and Statistics (2001-2002)
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 1 of 8 Date: January, 2011
Country/State Policy and Regulatory Framework
CHAPTER- 5
COUNTRY/ STATE POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 5.1
National Policies
5.1.1 National Environmental Policy, 2006: This policy intends to mainstream environmental concerns in all developmental activities.. The policy stresses on conservation of critical environmental resources, intra-generational and inter-generational equity, efficiency in environmental resource use and adoption of a pre-cautionary approach. 5.1.2
National Water Policy, 2002: The policy looks at water as a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed, conserved and managed as such. This lays down that water resources development and management need be planned for a hydrological unit such as drainage basin as a whole or for sub-basin multi-sectorally taking into account surface and ground water for sustainable use incorporating quantity and quality aspects as well as environmental considerations.
5.1.3
National Agricultural Policy, 2002: The policy seeks to promote technically sound, economically viable, environmentally non-degrading and socially acceptable use of natural resources – land, water and genetic endowment to achieve sustainable development of agriculture. The policy while stressing on conjunctive use of surface and ground water intends to promote on-farm management of water resources to optimise use of irrigation potential.
5.1.4 National Policy of Farmers, 2007 : The Policy notes non-availability of adequate water for irrigation as a major constraint in achieving higher productivity and stability of farming in many parts of the country. It recognises water as a public resource and not a private property and there is need to evolve mechanisms for just and equitable sharing of water and to include local communities in managing water resources. It stresses on rainwater harvesting and aquifer recharge for ensuring sustainability of supply and the need for regulation and control of the development and management of ground water resources. 5.2
State Policy
5.2.1
State Environment Policy, 1985: It intends to integrate environmental considerations into decision-making process at all levels. This states that rivers, reservoirs, water bodies and watersheds in the State will be protected and developed for ecological balance to provide for agriculture, irrigation, industrial,, drinking and other civic purposes. The thrust of the policy is
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 2 of 8 Date: January, 2011
Country/State Policy and Regulatory Framework
to ensure the tempo of developmental activities taking into account the conservation of environment and natural resources. 5.2.2 EIA guidelines of the State Government: Schedule –I of these guidelines specify that minor irrigation schemes with a command area of less than 2000.0 ha executed by a State agency or approved for execution on the basis of availability of ground water as verified by the State Water Investigation Directorate may not require a separate EIA. 5.3
Regulatory Frame Work
5.3.1
Constitutional Guarantees
5.3.2
•
Article 48 –A of the Constitution: this directive principle states that the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the natural environment.
•
Article 51-A of the constitution: This fundamental duty states that it is the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment
Laws and Acts •
Environmental (Protection) Act,1986 : This act essentially links pollution and natural resource issues. It seeks to supplement existing laws on pollution control and also lays down standards for air quality and noise. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification was originally issued under this act specifying the criteria for categorisation of projects and the procedures for obtaining prior approval for execution of the projects. This has since been superceded by the EIA notification of September,2006
•
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 amended in 1988 and rules made there under: These laws seek to control pollution of water and enhance the quality of water. Under this law, it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharge of effluents and pay consent fees to the WBSPCB.
•
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 amended in1992, 2003ad rules made there under: This act provides for levy and collection of fees consumed by persons and industries to augment resources of Pollution Control Boards.
•
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended in 2009 and the rules made there under: These laws address the prevention and control of air pollution. Remedial action is mandatory, where ambient air quality standards are violated.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 3 of 8 Date: January, 2011
Country/State Policy and Regulatory Framework
•
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and Rules made there under : this act was promulgated to halt the process of diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose. Under the provisions of this act , permission of the Central government is necessary if the execution of any development project requires diversion of forest lands.
•
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Rules made there under: This act intends to protect wildlife in the country through creation of a protected area network and control of poaching and illegal trade in wildlife. Diversion of any forest area included in sanctuaries and national parks l require the prior approval of the Apex court of the country under its current orders after the same has been cleared by the Standing Committee of the National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) and the Central Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court.
•
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act,1958 rules made there under: This act provides for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments as also of archaeological sites and remains of national monuments, Rules under the require that for any construction activity within the area declared as protected , necessary permission has to be obtained from the competent authority .
•
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 1990 : and its subsequent amendments: This notification under the Environment(Protection) Act,1986 supplements the law on site clearance by declaring certain zones as CRZ and regulates the activities in such zones. For any development activity regulated by the provisions of this Regulation within CRZ, clearance of the Coastal Zone Management Authority is necessary for obtaining the approval of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
•
West Bengal Trees (Protection and Conservation in Non-Forest Areas) Act, 2006: Through this enactment, the state government regulates the removal of trees in nonforest areas. This prescribes the procedure for obtaining approval for cutting of trees and the compensatory plantation to be undertaken.
•
West Bengal Forest Produce Transit Rules, 1959: These rules under the provisions of the Indian (Forest) Act, 1927 require that all timber and other forest produce will require a transit permit from the competent authority for transportation within the state and outside the State.
•
West Bengal Ground Water Resources (Management, Control and Regulation) Act, 2005: This act provides for management of ground water resources to prevent
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Country/State Policy and Regulatory Framework
excessive abstraction of ground water. Such abstraction of ground water can only be done with the approval of the competent authority in SWID (State Water Investigation Directorate) on payment of prescribed fees. •
East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006: The act intends to provide for conservation and management of East Kolkata Wetlands and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto.
5.4. National Standards Execution of subprojects will not require any prior environmental clearance but the execution of projects during the period of construction and operation have to be guided by the standards set by the Central Pollution Control Board as per provisions of the regulatory framework. 5.4.1 Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (MOEF Notification Dt. 16.11.2009) Sl.No .
1
Pollutant
SO2,
µg/m
3
3
2
NO2,
3
PM10 µg/m3
µg/m
4
PM2.5 µg/m
5
O3 µg/m3
3
Timeweighted average
Industrial,Resi dential, Rural,and other areas
Concentration in ambient air Ecologically Method of Measurement sensitive area
Annual*
50
20
24hrs** Annual*
80 40
80 30
24hrs** Annual
80 60
80 60
24hrs Annual*
100 40
100 40
24hrs** 8hrs**
60 100
60 100
1hr**
180
180
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Improved West & Gaeke Ultraviolet fluorescence Modified Jacob & Hocheisser Chemiluminence Gravimetric TOEM Beta attenuation Gravimetric TOEM Beta attenuation UV Photometry Chemiluminescence Chemical method ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Country/State Policy and Regulatory Framework
Sl.No .
Pollutant
6
Pb µg/m3
Timeweighted average
Industrial,Resi dential, Rural,and other areas
Annual*
Concentration in ambient air Ecologically Method of Measurement sensitive area
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
8 hrs**
02
02
1hr.** Annual*
04 05
04 05
24hrs** 7
CO mg/m3 3
8
Benzeneµg/m
9
Annual*
01
01
10
BenzoPyrene, ( Particulate phase only) ng/m3 Arsenic ng/m3
Annual*
06
06
11
Nickel ng/3
Annual*
20
20
12
NH3 µg/m3
Annual*
100
100
24hrs**
400
400
AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM2000 ED-XRF using Teflon Filter Non-dispersive Infra red spectroscopy Gas chromatography based continuous analyser Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 Chmilumuminescence Indophenol blue method
*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hrs at uniform intervals. ** 24hrs/08hrs/02 hourly monitored values as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year.2% of time they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring
5.4.2 Ambient Noise Quality Standards
Category of Area / Zone
(A) Industrial area (B) Commercial area (C) Residential area (D) Silence Zone
Limits in dB(A) Leq* Day Time 75 65 55 50
Night Time 70 55 45 40
Note:- 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. 2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.
* dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. A “decibel” is a unit in which noise is measured. “A”, in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period. 5.4.3
Water Quality Criteria The Central Pollution Control Board has classified water resources of the country according to their uses for setting water quality objectives for different water bodies. The classification system is presented hereunder. .
Designated-Best-Use Drinking Water Source without
Class of water
Criteria
A
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less
conventional treatment but after disinfection Outdoor bathing (Organised)
B
Drinking water source after
C
conventional treatment and disinfection
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild life and
D
Fisheries
pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal
E Below-E
5.5
pH betwwn 6.0 to 8.5 Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria
Operational Policies and Directives of the World Bank •
Environmental Assessment - OP/BP 4.01 : Requirements; Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) is one of the ten safeguard policies of the World Bank, which provides the Environmental Assessment (EA) guidance for the lending operations. The OP 4.01
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requires the borrower to screen projects upstream in the project cycle for potential impacts. Thereafter, an appropriate EA approach to assess, minimize / enhance and mitigate potentially adverse impacts is selected depending on nature and scale of project. The EA needs to be integrated in the project development process such that timely measures can be applied to address identified impacts. The policy requires consultation with affected groups and NGOs to recognise community concerns and the need to address the same as part of EA. •
Cultural Property - OPN 11.03: Requirements: The World Bank’s Operational Policy Note 11.03 aims at preserving and avoiding the elimination of structures having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious and unique natural values. Projects that could significantly damage non-replicable cultural properties are declined for funding and the Bank will in turn assist protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in the project rather than leaving that protection to chance. Where ever, projects to be funded by WRIDD encounter cultural properties, suitable cultural properties management plan will require to be prepared and implemented as part of the project. .
•
Natural Habitats – OP/BP 4.04: Operational Policy 4.04 sets out the World Bank’s policy on supporting and emphasising the precautionary approach to natural resource management and ensuring opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. As per this policy, projects that involve significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats are not supported by the Bank. Projects involving non critical habitats are supported if no alternatives are available and if acceptable mitigation measures are in place.
•
Forests – OP/BP 4.36: OP/BP 4.36 sets out specific policy on protection of forests through consideration of forest related impacts of all investment operations, ensuring restrictions for operations affecting critical forest conservation areas, and improving commercial forest practice through use of modern certification systems. The policy requires consultation with local people, the private sector and other stakeholders in forest area.
•
Pest Management – (OP 4.09) The policy requires consideration of putting in place a regime of IPM in CCAs covered by irrigation projects because of increased use of inorganic fertilizer arising out of intensification of agriculture.
•
Safety of Dams (OP &BP 4.37) : For small dams less than 15 metres in height, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. No independent review is required for such dams as is required for large dams that are 15 metres or more in height.
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•
Projects on International waterways (OP & BP 7.50): This applies to any river, canal, lake or similar body of water that forms a boundary between or any river or body of surface water that flows through two or more states. This also applies to any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway as described in the preceding sentence.
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Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
CHAPTER 6
STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 6.1
INTRODUCTION There is a growing consensus that timely and broadbased stakeholder involvement is a vital ingredient for effective environmental assessment, as it is for project planning, appraisal and development in general. The World Bank has found that public participation in EIA tends to improve project design, environmental soundness and social acceptability. This has been the general experience that environmental assessments that successfully involved a broad range of stakeholders tended to lead to more influential environmental assessment processes and, consequently, to development that delivered more environmental and social benefits. Conversely, environmental assessments that failed to be inclusive tended to have less influence over planning and implementation, and consequently resulted in higher social and environmental costs. Stakeholder involvement during environmental assessment can result in accrual of wideranging benefits like: • Helping environmental assessments address relevant issues including those perceived by other sectoral agencies, public bodies, local communities including beneficiaries affected groups etc. • Assisting in improving information flows between proponents and different stakeholder groups thus improving the understanding and ownership of a project • Enabling project proponents to better respond to different stakeholder needs • Helping to harnessing traditional knowledge often overlooked in conventional approaches • Assisting in identifying proper identification of environmental impacts and their characterisation • And above all improving the acceptability and quality of mitigation measures and monitoring process.
6.2
Preliminary State Level Stakeholder Consultation The consultants had consulted policy–making and senior level officers of some Government Departments, autonomous bodies and Government Corporations to have their inputs on the programme conceived by the Client under Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation. The consultation primarily spread over the period of August- October 2008. The list of officials consulted include:
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Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
1. 2. 3. 4.
The Principal Secretary, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development Land Reforms Commissioner The Director , Land Records and Surveys Chief Environmental Officer and Senior Environmental Officer of the Department of Environment 5. Principal Secretary and some Joint Directors of the Department of Agriculture 6. The Project Director, ADMI and the Members of the Project Preparation Team 7. Director and the Additional Director of the State Water Investigation Directorate 8. Member Secretary West Bengal State Pollution Control Board and Scientists under his control 9. The Managing Director, West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency 10. The Director (Distribution), West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd. 11. Professors and Readers of the Kalyani Agriculture University 12. .Officials of CGWB, Eastern Region
During such consultation, the consultants tried to have their comments on the proposed project and their feasibility of implementation. The issues of environmental concern in implementation of the project were raised during consultation with the officers of the Department of Environment and the West Bengal Pollution Control Board. Availability of electrical power for energisation of minor irrigation systems was raised during the process of consultation with the WBSEDC Ltd. The possibility of harnessing nonconventional energy sources on trial basis to energise minor irrigation systems was the focus of consultation with the MD, WBREDA. Department of Agriculture officials and some faculties of Agriculture Universities were extensively consulted for inputs on IPM and INM as well as the issue of increased water use efficiency in agriculture irrigation. CGWB officials tried to focus on their studies on ground water and the results published for different districts. Such consultation indicated that subprojects conceived are not likely to cause any irreversible or significant adverse impacts in case these are screened through a set of criteria built on a proper understanding of the environmental setting, ground /surface water availability, and a proper assessment of the need of the beneficiaries and their willingness to take over operation and maintenance of subprojects. Salient issues that came out of this consultation process are the following; • •
Selection of projects should be demand driven Subprojects need be selected carefully particularly in blocks of very high ground water development status and in the blocks where ground water has been severely affected by arsenic & fluoride contamination
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Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
• • • • •
6.3
Water harvesting tanks, water-harvesting structures, dugwells having CCA less than 2 ha should better be taken up under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. This was impressed upon the Panchyat & Rural Development Department Wherever possible minor irrigation systems should be energised by electricity and for this a dialogue should be started with West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd. Subprojects relying on extraction of ground water in the coastal saline zone have to take guard against ingress of saline water into the aquifers. In some of the districts prone to flooding and water logging and having a very low level of ground water development status , ground water abstraction through irrigation systems may ameliorate such conditions There should be close coordination between the Department of Agriculture and the Water Resources Investigation & Development Department to ensure sustainability of the Participatory Irrigation Management.
Stakeholder consultation in sample blocks In terms of the TOR stakeholder consultations were organised in all sample blocks as selected in consultation with the Client. These have been representative of different agro-climatic zones. All consultation at sites were organised in consultation with the District convenors or their representatives. The participants in such consultations included officials of the WRIDD, the Department of Agriculture, block level officers of the administration and members of farming communities. In many of such consultations, there has been fair representation of women and economically disadvantaged groups. All such consultations have been organised on a proper advance notice amongst the communities. Stakeholder categories and the strength of participation against each category are furnished in the table below;
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Bankura i. Kotulpur 9th Jan.’09 ii. Ranibandh 7th Jan.’09 Birbhum i. Rampurhat-I 20th Nov.’08 Burdwan i. Ketugram-II 5th Dec.’08 Cooch Behar i. Sitai 4th Dec.’08 ii. Tufangunj-II 3rd Dec.’08 Darjeeling i. Phansidewa 5th Dec.’08 Hooghly i. Balagarh 17th Feb.’09 ii. ChinsuraMogra 18th Feb.’09 Howrah i. Uluberia – I 19th March’09
4
5
6
7
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
67
6
2
2
2
61
5
19
70
12
2
7
3
58
31
49
60
18
4
X
14
42
8
27
51
31
3
20
8
20
X
10
31
19
3
9
7
12
4
X
53
18
2
7
9
35
1
1
21
6
3
1
2
15
3
X
64
36
2
17
17
28
8
10
43
28
2
15
11
15
4
X
44
13
3
5
5
31
1
2
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Villagers Total
Villagers SC/ST
2
1
3
Villagers Women
1
2
Engineers & Others
Dist.
Official PRI Rep.
Row No.
Official Administrators
Categories Total No. of Participants
Sl. No.
Officials Total
Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
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Jalpaiguri i. Mal 19th Nov.’08 ii. Dhupguri 20th Nov.’08 Maldah i. Gajal 17th Dec.’08 ii. Ratua 18th Dec.’08 Murshidabad i. Bharatpur – I 22nd Oct.’08 ii. Sagardighi 23rd oct.’08 Nadia i. Nabadwip 6th Nov.’08 24 Parganas (N) i. Barrackpore-I 9th March’09 ii. Habra – I 9th Feb.’09 iii. Haroa 13th March’09 24 Parganas (S) i. Canning – I 6th Feb.’09 ii. Kulpi 3rd Nov.’08 & th 11 Feb.’09 Purulia i. Joypur 6th Nov.’08 ii. Neturia 7th.Nov,08 Purba Medinipur i. Panskura I 11th. Feb,09 ii. Khejuri- I 24th.Feb,09 Paschim Medinipur Garbeta I 3rd Feb,09
11 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
41
29
1
17
11
12
5
5
42
30
5
17
8
12
X
4
35 62
30 53
3 7
20 22
7 24
5 9
1 2
X X
55 52
8 7
X 2
2 2
6 3
47 45
1 6
X 6
50
5
2
X
3
45
1
X
55 25 41
4 11 7
1 1 2
1 3 1
2 7 4
31 14 34
6 4 4
6 X 10
37 68
4 25
1 5
3 12
X 8
33 43
X 4
X 1
41 43
17 23
4 5
6 3
7 15
24 20
6 18
6 12
29
4
2
1
1
25
5
2
31
20
4
14
2
11
4
x
30
23
2
14
7
7
X
4
Dakshin Dinajpur Gangarampur 6th.Feb,09 Uttar Dinajpur Goalpokhr I !9th Dec,08
61
27
6
6
15
34
11
10
64
19
2
5
12
45
2
x
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Villagers Total
Villagers SC/ST
2
8
10
Villagers Women
1
9
Engineers & Others
Dist.
Official PRI Rep.
Row No.
Official Administrators
Categories Total No. of Participants
Sl. No.
Officials Total
Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
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Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
Villagers Participation (gender-wise)
18%
82%
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information. The stakeholders did not have any inhibition in expressing their opinion. Issues raised during such consultation are summarised below: • • • • • • • • • • •
General lack of awareness on organic farming and the need for crop rotation and crop diversification Deficient facilities for soil testing and appropriate advice on use of chemical fertilisers and insecticide/pesticides The need for intensive campaigning for awareness development on IPM/INM is a prime requirement to avoid adverse environmental impacts Need for avoidance of groundwater abstraction in areas severely affected by arsenic and fluoride contamination; in such areas more stress should be laid on surface water irrigation schemes A inventory of old and dysfunctional RLI/DTWs to decide on the possibility of rehabilitation at economic cost More stress on energisation of minor irrigation systems with electricity and rationalizing tariff rate as they feel such rates are high Undertaking of proper bank protection works in stretches of streams used for surface water abstraction Careful Installation of RLIs in stretches of a stream/river bed after proper assessment of discharge to avoid reduced streamflow resulting in problems of siltation Need for avoidance of ground water abstraction to prevent saline water intrusion in coastal areas Need for more co-ordination amongst allied departments to optimise benefits flowing from the scheme. Awareness development for water use efficiency in irrigation and more stress on cropping with less water consumptive crops
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Issues raised during consultaion at different sites are tabulated below; Sl. No.
Issues Raised
1
Excessive use of chemical fertilisers
2
3
4
5 6
7 8
9 10 11
12
14 13
Blocks
Kotulpur, Ranibandh, Sitai, Canning-I, Tufangunj, Gangarampur, Cinsura-Mogra, Goalpokhor, Uluberia-I, Panskura-I, Dhubguri, Mal, Ratua-II, Bharatpur-I, Sagardighi, Barrckpore-I, Habra-I, Nabadwip , Kulpi, Garbeta-I Canning-I, Khejuri-I, Uluberia, Tufangunj, Necessity for Garbeta-I, Gangarampur, Goalpokhor, Panskurarehabilitation of old and I, Dhubguri, Sagardighi, Barrackpore-I, Nabadwip, dysfunctional Garbeta-I RLII/DTW/Sluice Gate Emphasis on organic and Kotulpur, Ranibandh, Sitai, Canning-I, Tufangunj, bio-farming Gangarampur, Cinsura-Mogra, Goalpokhor, Uluberia-I, Ratua-II,Neturia Wastage of irrigation Tufangunj, Gangarampur, Barrackpore-I water through seepage in kutcha channels Lack of awareness for Tufangunj, Goalpokhar, Ratua-II, Barrackpore-I organic farming Ranibandh, Phansideoa More use of less water consumptive crops Shifting of stream and river courses Inadequate departmental / Inter –departmental Coordination Pesticides agri-chemical induced diseases Deficiency in extension services Problem of diesel pumps maintenance and theft of equipment Arsenic/ Fluoride/Iron
Dry season acute water shortage in pond/rivers Siltation of river bed & reduced stream flow
Sitai, Tufangunj, Phansideoa, Dhubguri, Nituria Sitai, Gangarampur
Sitai, Tufangunj, Mal Habra-I Tufangunj, Chinsura-Mogra, Dhubguri, Ratua-II, Nabadwip, Garbeta-I, Joypur and Neturia Tufangunj (Iron), Uluberia, Habra-I, Bharatpur-I, Neturia, Purulia, Mal(iron), Gajol, Ratua-II, HabraI, Nabadwip, Neturia Gangarampur, Tufangunj Tufangunj, Dhubguri
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Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
Sl. No.
Issues Raised
Blocks
14 15
Depletion of water table Irregular /uncertain power supply Local flooding / drainage probleml Leaching of soil nutrients
Khejuri-I, Dhubguri Barrackpore-I, Habra-I, Garbeta-I
Increased salinity of water Inadequate staffing (OCM, KPS) Necessity for introduction of crop rotation / crop diversification Felt need for taking up measures of rain water harvesting Emphasis on use of electricity –run pumps Laying more stress on use of surface water irrigation Augmentation of facilities for soil testing Stress on need for excavation/ reexcavation ponds/beels/ canals Suggestion for more awareness and training camps on IPM /INM Upstream /Municipal Sewage –induced pollution affection irrigation Pollution of soil and ground water from polluted run-off
Khejuri-I, Kulpi
Felt need for introduction of sprinkler/drip irrigation
Sagardighi
16 17 18 19 20
21
22 23
24 25
26
27
28
29
Tufangunj, Ketugram-II, Dhubguri, Mal, Gajol Khejuri-I
Uluberia, Habra-I, Nabadwip Khejuri-I, Panskura-I, Dhubguri, Ratua-II, Bharatpur-I, Sagardighi,Neturia, Garbeta-I Khejuri-I, Dhubguri, Bharatpur-I, Joypur, Neturia, Garbeta-I Mal, Gajol, Ratua-II, Bharatpur-I, Nabadwip Tufangunj(Iron), Uluberia, Habra-I, Bharatpur-I, Neturia, Purulia, Mal(iron), Gajol, Ratua-II, Sagardighi, Habra-I, Joypur Habra-I, Bharatpur-I, Barrackpore-I, Habra-I Mal, Gajol, Ratua-II, Bharatpur-I, Sagardighi, Nabadwip, Joypur,Neturia
Gajol, Neturia
Mal, Barrackpore-I
Mal
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A few photographs of Stakeholder Consultations are furnished below :
Stakeholder Consultation at Gangarampur, Dakshin Dinajpur
Stakeholder Consultation at Balagarh, Hoogly
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Stakeholder consultation at Ranibundh, Bankura
Stakeholder consultation at Goalpokhr-I, Uttar Dinajpur ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT : FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 1 of 4 Date: January,2011
Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
CHAPTER- 7 SCREENING CRITERIA FOR SUB-PROJECTS 7.1
NEED FOR DEFINING CRITERIA Minor irrigation schemes included under the program will not require environmental clearance either from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India or the Department of Environment in the State Government. The Implementing Agency however will require some permission under the regulatory framework of the State and such regulations have been brought out earlier. These have also been reiterated in the Environmental Code of Practice developed for program execution. The funding agency however is keen on ensuring that the execution of sub-projects do not under any circumstances cause any significant adverse impact on any of the environmental components keeping in view some environmental concerns in the environmental setting of the widely geographically dispersed areas of 18 districts of the State.
7.2.
SELECTION OF CRITERIA The environmental setting of the program execution area has been brought out in fair details. Environmental concerns in different agro-climatic zones are fairly predictable from the issues discussed. As the project has the specific objective of conjunctive use of ground and surface water, irrigation resources data have also been brought from secondary sources to have a clear picture. Based on these and drawing inputs from the stakeholder consultations and the officers of the WRIDD at different levels, the criteria for screening have been arrived. The criteria have been designed to be simple so as to avoid a process of detailed analysis at the screening stage. Each criterion has also been scaled to facilitate preparation of a scorecard for each subproject for categorisation as projects of low impact category or medium impact category. Exclusion criteria have been developed on the basis of precautionary principle
7.3.
SELECTED CRITERIA All subprojects identified under the programme can be selected on the following criteria: Criterion I :Siting of the project with reference to environmentally sensitive areas which will include protected area network including wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, natural habitats including reserved forests/protected forests, wetlands of national and international importance, sacred groves of significant bio-diversity, wild elephant corridors etc. Criterion II: Status of ground water availability Criterion III: Degree of Arsenic contamination in the aquifers
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Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 2 of 4 Date: January,2011
Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
Criterion IV: Degree of Fluoride contamination in the aquifers Criterion V: Irrigation water quality determined by parameters of pH, EC (electrical conductivity), SAR (Sodium absorption ratio) and Boron as set by Central Pollution Control Board., Criterion VI: Degree of impact on downstream flow-regime affecting riparian habitat and livelihood of down- stream users Criterion VII: Presence or absence of historic and archaeological remains preserved under the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Act), 1958 Criterion VIII: Possibility of energisation with electrical sources of power Of these criteria I, II, III, IV, V, VII & VIII are relevant for subprojects proposing ground water abstraction whereas criteria I.V.VI.VII & VIII are relevant only for surface flow or river lift irrigation sub-projects. 7.4
SCALES AND SCORING Each of these criteria may be rated on the scales suggested below: Criterion I: Scale 0 -3: 0 (Present beyond 500m), 1 (present within 251m to 500m of CCA or Head works and the reservoir), 2 (present within 101m to 250m). 3 (present within 100m) Criterion II: Scale 0 – 2, 0 (safe) , 1 ( semi critical), 2 ( critical ) Criterion III : Scale 0-2, 0 ( present within permissible limits of 10µg/l as approved by WHO ), 1 ( present within permissible limits of 50 µg/L as approved by the country ), 2 ( present beyond permissible limits of 50µg/l as approved by the country). Criterion IV: Scale 0 – 2, 0 (present within permissible limits of 1mg/L as approved by BIS), 1 (present within limits of > 1.mg/l < 1.5.0mg/l), 2 (present beyond > 1.5mg/l ) Criterion V: Scale 0 -2, 0 (All parameters well within CPCB standards; EC at 25º C < 2000 micromhos/cm and SAR < 20), 1 (SAR > 20 and < 26 and EC at 25º C >2000 and < 2250 micromhos/cm and other parameters within CPCB standards), 2 (one or more of parameters exceed CPCB standards) Criterion VI: Scale 0 – 3, 0 (adverse impact imperceptible), 1 (adverse impact low), 2 (adverse impact moderate), 3 (adverse impact irreversible and significant) Criterion VII : Scale 0-3 , 0 ( present beyond 500m ) , 1 ( present within 251m to 500m ), 2 ( present within101m to 250m ), 3 ( present within 100m)
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 3 of 4 Date: January,2011
Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
Criterion VIII: Scale 0- 3, 0 (Available), 1 (Available on short term of 2 years), 2 (Available on mid term of 5 years), 3 (likely to be available beyond 5 years) All ground water abstraction subprojects having score of 0 to 10 can be categorised as low impact category projects. Projects scoring 11 to 13 will be categorised as medium impact category projects Similarly all surface water projects having scores of 0 to 8 will be categorised as low impact category projects and projects having scores of 9 to 10 will get categorised as medium impact category projects. 7.5
7.6
EXCLUSION CRITERIA •
All ground water abstraction sub- projects having scores of 2 against one or more of criteria II , III, IV & V and shall not be taken up for execution because of likely adverse impacts on ground water depletion, soil quality and on human and livestock health through arsenic and fluoride intake through food chain..
•
All surface water sub-projects (surface flow or river lift) having scores of 2 against criterion V shall not be taken up for execution: Similarly all surface water sub-projects having scores of 3 against criterion VI will be avoided as execution of such sub-projects may have irreversible adverse impact on down stream flow regime, infiltration rate and crop productivity.
•
All sub-projects requiring diversion of areas included in protected areas like sanctuaries and national parks should not be considered for execution as diversion of such areas is a very sensitive issue with the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the GOI and getting clearance for such projects is a time- consuming process involving even the Apex court of the country under the orders in force..
STANDARDS CONSIDERED IN DEVELOPING CRITERIA In developing the screening both the Indian and international standards have been kept in view. Wherever necessary precautionary principles have been employed to avoid any adverse impact on human health and agriculture productivity
7.6.1
INDIAN STANDARDS • •
Arsenic: 50µg/l Fluoride: 1.0mg/L Permissible limit of fluoride (In absence of alternate source as per IS10500): 1.5mg/l
•
CPCB standards for irrigation water: i. pH between 6.0 and 8.5
ii. Electrical Conductivity at 25º c Micromhos/cm 2250 max iii. Sodium Absorption Ratio 26 max iv. Boron Max. 2mg/l ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT : FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 4 of 4 Date: January,2011
Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects
7.6.2
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS WHO
EPA, USA
1 Arsenic
10µg/l
10µg/l
2. Fluoride
1.5µg/l
2.0mg/l
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
CHAPTER 8
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Environmental Code of Practice & TOR for limited EA 8.1
Introduction Irrigation represents an alteration of the natural conditions of the landscape by extracting water from an available source, adding water to fields where there was none or little before and introducing man-made structures and features to extract, transfer and dispose water. Irrigation projects and irrigated agriculture can impact the environment in a variety of ways. Irrigated agriculture depends on supplies from surface or ground water. The environmental impacts of irrigation systems depends on the nature of water source, the quality of water and how the water is delivered to the irrigated land. The program has a variety of sub-projects. Out of these, the subprojects belonging to surface flow, river lift and water detention structures having CCAs 50 ha are likely to cause some adverse impacts depending upon the environmental sensitivities of the area of influence of such sub-projects. Other subprojects also will have impacts, but their magnitude, duration and direction will be mostly manageable through implementation of generic management measures primarily during the construction and operation phase. The triggering of increased use of fertilisers in the CCA during the operation phase particularly in areas where more than one subproject will be taken up for execution in the same mouza or adjoining mouzas if not tackled properly may have significant adverse impact on soil and water environment. This is more so when such sub-projects become operational in an existing environment of intensive agriculture.
8.2. Anticipated impacts 8.2.1 Fall of water table The provision of drainage to irrigation schemes with high water tables brings benefits to agriculture through lowering of water table. Lowering of ground water table by a few meters may also adversely affect the existing users whether it is required for drinking for humans and livestock or for sustenance of wetlands in the project area of influence specially during the drier parts of the year. Some impacts of falling water table like salt water intrusion and land subsidence may be irreversible and difficult to compensate. This is a likely impact in coastal saline areas of the State. Fall of water table is not anticipated in any of the subprojects selected for execution as the exclusion criteria will not permit extraction of ground water in critical or semi-critical blocks.
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8.2.2 Rise of water table Execution of irrigation schemes quite often bring in its wake the rise of water table leading to conditions of waterlogging. Low irrigation efficiency is generally the principal cause of the rise of the water table. This is attributed to inefficient distribution of water through conveyance channels, poor main system management and adoption of rather archaic in-field irrigation practices. Such impacts, if any, will be low, short term and reversible.
8.2.3 Water Quality arising out of intensification of agriculture through increased use of fertilisers and pesticides.
The altered hydrological regime because of implementation of irrigation schemes often reduces the capacity of the environment to assimilate water soluble pollution. In the present project this may happen only when a number of schemes will be taken up for execution in a restricted geographical area. Reductions in low flows may result in higher concentrations of pollutants discharged into the water courses both from point and non-point sources.
Infiltration of irrigation water in excess of available root zone storage generally penetrates beyond the reach of roots and eventually recharges ground water. Nitrates, salts, and other chemicals dissolved in soil water tend to move with the water. Crops with high water and N requirements tend to increase the potential risk of nitrate pollution to ground water. Light textured soils and intensive production of shallow–rooted crops under irrigation can lead to considerable losses by leaching and thereby contaminating ground water. A high nutrient level is essential for agriculture. In the CCAs of the subprojects, inputs of fertilisers both organic and inorganic may result in excess of nutrients which may cause problems to water bodies. A part of used fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides may drain into the surface and ground water systems. The use of these sources of drinking water supply may be at risk because of the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus salts. The excessive run-off of fertilisers and pesticides may lead to eutrophication and upset the existing balance of the aquatic biota and the associated ecosystems. Increased nutrient level is toxic to some aquatic life and may cause algal blooms depleting the oxygen level which may adversely impact fish and other aquatic life. The consumption pattern was classified into three classes based on actual consumption of fertilizer in the districts in 2008-2009. Highest rate of fertilizer 220-270kg per ha. was applied in Hoogly, Malda and Bardhaman, while the districts of Murshidabad, East Medinipur , Birbhum, Bankura, North 24-Parganas applied dose of 150-220kg per ha and the remaining districts used less than 150 kg per ha(The rate of consumption is below recommended doze of chemical fertilizer which is 450kg per ha.). Further the ratio of NPK in the fertilizer in use by the farmer’s districts is balanced (2.26:1.32:1). This fact coupled with the fact that the level of pesticide use at the rate of 424gm per ha against the national average of 500gm per ha is indicative that there will be very low impact on water quality arising out of increased use of fetiliser In CCAs of subprojects.
Use of excess pesticide for increase harvest of cultivated crops pose a threat to contamination of ground water resources through leaching. Ground water being a closed system generally ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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takes years to decontaminate. Residues of pesticides in agricultural crops also has serious implications on human health. In view of this West Bengal State Pollution Control Board had undertaken a continuous ground water monitoring programme in association with the Central Pollution Control Board at selected stations in the districts of Bardhaman, Howrah, North and South 24-Parganas, Nadia, & Maldah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and Kolkata at 22 stations. Monitored pesticides are BHC, DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Malathion, Methyl Parathion, Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos. The analysis of 22 samples resulted in of -BHC only in four samples and DDT in 2 samples only. Malathion was present only in one sample. Aldrin has been detected in a few samples but this was well below the quantification of the analytical set up. Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos were not detected. Pesticides have also been monitored by an accredited environmental laboratory in a good number of ground water samples collected from stations located in districts like Darjeeling, Nadia, Bardhaman, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, North 24-Parganas, Dakshin Dinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur, Howrah, Hoogly, South 24- Parganas, Paschim Medinipur & Bankura. All such samples had -BHC, BHC and Endosulphan below detection limit. 8.2.4 Low flow regime In the present program adverse impacts of low flow regime may occur when the same flowing waters of a stream are proposed to be used by a number of river lift irrigation schemes of medium and major types. Cumulative impact of these, may impact downstream users when they use the same source for the purpose of irrigation or drinking. The low flow regime during the drier part of the year may affect the livelihood of people downstream dependent on fish catch. Riparian habitats along the banks of the stream also may adversely impacted impacting the terrestrial and the aquatic fauna. Large changes to low flows may alter microhabitats adversely endangering niches of some endangered wetland fauna. 8.2.5 Salinity All irrigation waters contain dissolved salts and these salts are generally low in concentration. Salinization is specially likely to be a problem on poorly drained soils when the ground water is within 3m or less of the surface. Under such circumstances water tends to rise to the surface by capillary action rather than percolating down through the entire soil profile. Saline soils contain sufficient soluble salts to inhibit the growth of most plants. With a predominance of sodium on the exchange complex and a low concentration of salts in the infiltrating water, the infiltration rate and permeability can be severely and irreversibly reduced. Leaching and drainage can cause salt loading of the water resource into which the effluent is discharged.
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Irrigation –induced salinity is generally led by poor on-farm water use efficiency, poor construction, operation and maintenance of conveyance channels causing excessive seepage loss and inadequate or lack of drainage infrastructure. 8.2.6
Arsenic and Fluoride contamination
SWID study has identified 81 blocks as As-affected (concentration > 0.05mg/l spread over 8 districts. The study of the School of Environmental Science of Jadavpur University has identified 68 blocks of such districts as the most affected as more than 10% of the samples from these blocks showed Arsenic contamination at the level of more than 50µg/ l – the permissible level of ground water in the country. One of the reasons adduced for these state of affairs is excessive ground water abstraction. This study by the School of Environmental Science of Jadavpur University shows up that the districts of Nadia and Murshidabad where the ground water development stage is highest in the state is worst affected by arsenic contamination. In a study undertaken in parts of Nadia district by Raychoudhury and others of Division of Environmental Chemistry of National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, it has been concluded that arsenic contaminates agricultural soil and enters crops grown on it. The degree of contamination rises with the increase in the levels of Arsenic in ground water In another study instituted by the Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal and undertaken by the Department of Environmental Science, Kalyani University, such arsenic contamination of rice grown with Arsenic contaminated ground water has been confirmed. This study was conducted in five blocks of Nadia district. Salient findings of the study are: • • •
During the pre-monsoon period, 2007 the average concentration of irrigation water was 0.53mg/l. The average arsenic concentration in the field was found to be in the range of 4.578 to 09.720 mg/kg and this level of contamination was below the maximum of acceptable limit of 20.0 mg /kg recommended by European Commission. Concentrations of Arsenic in the various parts plants of rice plant were ; straw -0.58 to2.68mg /kg dry weight of arsenic, husk – 0.22to1.18mg/kg dry weight of arsenic and grain -0.11 to 0.90 mg/kg dry weight of arsenic. Arsenic concentration in grain did not exceed 1.0mg/kg dry weight of arsenic recommended as the food hygienic concentration limit prescribed by WHO.
CGWB studied arsenic content of raw food items. Analysis of 60 samples revealed that cereals contain low arsenic ( wheat 0.4 to 1.25mg and rice o.3mg/kg in dried samples ) The study of food samples cooked with arseniferous water reflected that arsenic concentration increase from 0.3mg/kg to 0.8mg/kg in case of rice whereas there is not much difference for potato and papaya.
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Fluoride although beneficial when present in concentrations of 0.8-1.0mg/l has been associated with mottled enamel of teeth when present in potable waters in concentrates above 1.5 mg/. Skeletal fluorosis has been observed in concentrations beyond 3mg/l.
A study by A. Anusyua and others of National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research on concentration of fluoride in some food crops brought out higher levels of concentration on crops grown in fluorotic areas. Samples of rice (Oryza sativa,), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare,), and bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) were collected from normal and endemic fluorotic areas located in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India Samples of rice and sorghum grown and consumed in the fluorotic area had significantly higher concentration of fluoride than those collected from the normal area. The values were 0.4 ± 0.32 in rice and 0.4 + 0.16 in sorghum from the fluorotic area and 0.16 ± 0.05 in rice and 0.15 ± 0.04 in sorghum from the normal area.
In another study undertaken by Khandare and others of the National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) the uptake of fluoride by leafy vegetables like amaranth, spinach, cabbage, tomato and lady’s finger grown using irrigation water with 10 ppm F has been confirmed .The study showed that fluoride levels was higher in edible parts of all vegetables compared to controls irrigated with 0.3ppm F water. Fluoride contents ( mg/kg dry weight )with tap water and fluoridated water were 0.71 vs 1.70 for spinach, 3.88 vs20.29 for amaranth, 0.12 vs 0.17 for cabbage, 0.14 vs 0.43 for lady’s finger and 0.12 vs 0.2 for tomato.
8.2.7 Erosion and Sedimentation Erosion in the catchment upstream and delivery of sediments in the reservoir area may adversely impact the life of a surface flow scheme or a water detention structure. Increased sediment flow form the catchment may attract regular desilting of intakes and pumping stations. The increased sediment load may also adversely impact the morphology of the river. Increased turbidity arising from sedimentation may also impact the down stream ecology adversely. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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Irrigation runoff waters carry nutrients and other chemicals Soil erosion and subsequent transport of sediments and adsorbed chemicals is caused by run-off of excess irrigation water from cropland. Soil erosion decreases the productivity of the land. Furrow irrigation causes more erosion than sprinkler or drip irrigation. Sediments transported by irrigation tail waters eventually return to streams and rivers negatively impacting canals and other water conveyance structures, causing sedimentation of reservoirs and other structures creating problems for fish habitat and aquatic systems. Field size, slope and field lay out are difficult to change. Outdated water management practices may result in serious local erosion at the head end of the irrigated field and in sedimentation at the mid or tailend thus disturbing the field micro-topography . 8.2.8 Hinterland effect The subprojects included in the program are small in nature. As such execution of such subprojects in geographically separated areas may not have hinterland effect with substantial increase in intensity of human activity. The construction phase of most of the subprojects will also not attract migration of large force of external laborers, as most of the work force will belong to the unskilled and semiskilled category. Typical activities will include primarily more intensive diversified agriculture and the development of the related infrastructure to support these activities. In cases where more than one surface flow or river lift schemes will be taken up for execution, such impacts may be a little more pronounced but such effect may not entail a ripple effect of environmental degradation. 8.2.9 Public health Impacts Reservoirs and impoundment can cause a variety of health risks. Polluted water is a major cause of diarrhea caused by water- borne infection. The bacteria most commonly found in polluted water are coliforms excreted by humans. Most common diseases associated with contaminated irrigation waters are cholera, typhoid, ascariasis, amoebiosis, girardiasis and enteroinvasive E.coli. There is also a linkage between increase in malaria and construction of reservoirs. Schistomiasis, a parasitic disease has also been demonstrated to increase following reservoir construction. 8.2.10 Impact on flora and fauna The subprojects to be taken up for execution will largely have CCAs less than 50 ha and will not involve clearing of vegetated lands, Protected areas and other sensitive ecological habitats like wetlands, areas of wild elephant corridors, mangroves, reserved and protected forests will be avoided. Stakeholder consultations did not reflect possibilities of forest areas getting affected through execution of subprojects. Small clearing of vegetation at the construction will have imperceptible impact as very few trees will require removal during execution. No niche habitats of any wetland birds or terrestrial fauna will be impacted. Rare and endangered flora and fauna will not be impacted through execution of sub-projects.
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8.2.11 Impact on air quality Air quality in the project surround of surface flow schemes may be impacted through activities of land clearing and grubbing, excavation of soils, construction of embankment and diversion structures and working of the plant, machineries and movement of transport vehicles particularly on dusty haulage roads. Such impacts will however be low to moderate, depending on the magnitude of activities at the work site and reversible. Only during peak period of construction works, the threshold limits of ambient air quality standards may be crossed very temporarily. Obviously such impacts will be low to moderate depending on the time of the project during the pre-construction and construction phases. 8.2.12 Impact on noise quality Most of the sub-projects under the programme will be executed in a rural or semi-urban environment. Noise level may be impacted only during the pre-construction and construction phase through operation of plant and machineries at the working site. These impacts will generally be at very low level but may be moderate in case more than one surface flow schemes get selected for execution at sites having small geographical separation. During the operation phase, the working of the diesel generators will affect noise level. In case when a couple of diesel generators start operating in river lift irrigation, low capacity deep tube wells, shallow tube wells in a small geographical area, this might lead to impacts of moderate degree and . there is likelihood of the noise going over the prescribed standard limits particularly during the hours of night for rural areas. 8.3
Mitigation measures
8.3.1
Fall of water table Sub-projects will get selected through the screening criteria developed for the program. There will be no ground water abstraction in blocks designated as critical as per the findings of the State Water Investigation Directorate. Moreover ground water abstraction is regulated under the provisions of the West Bengal Ground Water Resources (Management, Control and Regulation) Act, 2005. Under the provision of this act each of the sub-project involving ground water abstraction under the program will require prior approval of the SWID. Subprojects in coastal saline areas also require to look into the likely impact of salt-water intrusion and devise measures to prevent such intrusion.
8.3.2
Rise of water table Water logging in the CCA can be mitigated through matching of demand and supply of irrigation water thereby increasing irrigation efficiency. Good drainage will reduce the problem of waterlogging locally. Reduction of seepage through lining of canals in highly permeable areas can reduce the impact of waterlogging. Appropriate designing of irrigation infrastructure and operation supported by the awareness of the beneficiaries to demand only the quantum of water to grow different crops will also go a long way in mitigating this problem, The subprojects being generally of small magnitude, this adverse impact can be
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8.3.3
managed through the integrated effort of the implementing organisation and the extension organisation of the Agriculture Department. Irrigation through flooding has to be controlled particularly in areas where the ground water table remains high even during the post monsoon season. Rise of water table can to some extent be mitigated through encouraging ground water extraction in some districts with very favourable status of ground water and having a rather low level of ground water development. Water Quality Problems of turbidity can be mitigated through putting in place an erosion and sedimentation control protocol in place during the construction and operation phase. Such protocols may include silt fencing, brushwood barriers, contour bunds /hedges, gully plugging through vegetative and rock-checks etc. The impact of agro-chemical pollution through intensive use of fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides will require mitigation through installation of practices of sustainable agriculture through optimisation of inputs of water, fertiliser and insecticides/pesticides and making the farmers aware of use of a judicious mix of inorganic and organic fertiliser and adoption of good agronomic practices. Awareness development and training on implementation of the IPM & INM will be the deciding factor in alleviating the problem of agro-chemical pollution water. The problem of degradation of surface and ground water during the construction phase can be largely mitigated through restriction of grubbing and clearing of vegetation minimally, safe and proper storage of excavated soils away for water courses, proper storage of fuel oil and lubricants on paved platform and safe containers and safe disposal of solid waste and waste water from construction camps.
8.3.4
Low flow regime Low flow regimes under the program may occur only when a number of surface flow schemes or river lift irrigation schemes get executed in a chain using the waters of a particular stream in different stretches not separated by distances. Such tapping of surface waters has to be avoided to ensure that the capacity to transport sediments does not get reduced to the extent of build up of sediments in lower reaches. Flushing of sediment control structures that may cause sediment change balance over a short distance will be avoided. Surface water extraction in such sub-projects has to carefully evaluated by the State Water Investigation Directorate.
8.3.5
Salinity Reducing the level of salinity can be achieved through ensuring recharge with harvested rain water. But this is likely to be a costly proposition when the volume of abstraction of irrigation water is high. Management strategies like altering irrigation methods and schedules, adoption of improved tillage techniques, incorporating soil ameliorates can be useful in reducing the rate of salinity. In coastal areas, the upper zones containing brackish /saline water are to be separated out. The deeper zones need be tapped by providing clay/cement sealing. In these areas fresh
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ground water bearing aquifers are overlain by saline aquifer. A thick clay layer separates these two saline and fresh water aquifer. These layers can be separated through the process of cement sealing. This technique places properly mixed cement slurry against the impervious layer between the casing and the wall of the bore hole either by gravity or pump. Practically it fills the openings principally to retain the impervious character to prevent seepage from the top aquifer. After lowering the well assembly in the reamed bore hole, the annular space between the well assembly and the bore hole is to be shrouded with pea gravel upto the middle part of the clay bed occurring on the top of the fresh water bearing aquifer. On the top of the shrouded gravel cement sealing is to be done against the clay bed. In irrigated agriculture, salinity problems are often associated with or strongly influenced by a shallow water table (within 2 metres of the surface). Salts accumulate in this water table and frequently become an important additional source of salt that moves upward into the crop root zone. Control of an existing shallow water table is thus essential to salinity control and to successful long-term irrigated agriculture. Higher salinity water requires appreciable extra water for leaching, and this adds greatly to a potential water table (drainage) problem and makes long-term irrigated agriculture nearly impossible. Good drainage under these circumstances becomes the decisive mitigating factor in control of salinity. 8.3.6
Arsenic and fluoride contamination Arsenic and fluoride contamination of ground water is a nationally and internationally recognised problem. As far as drinking water supplies are concerned, the removal or containment of arsenic at safe hygienic limits has been developed. The Nalgonda process has been tried successfully for fluoride removal. But all these processes deal with problem of supply of drinking water at household or community level. Production of safe irrigation water through the processes found effective for supply of drinking water will be cost intensive. As such the best mitigation measure will be avoidance of abstraction of ground water in blocks seriously affected by arsenic and fluoride contamination. In 68 blocks more than 10% of the samples showed presence of Arsenic in ground water beyond the permissive level of 50µg/l. The subprojects selected from these blocks have to be necessarily backed up by physical monitoring of arsenic contamination level of ground water to make sure that this is within the approved permissible limit. Such monitoring has to continue for 2 to 3 years after the commissioning of the same. The exclusion criteria developed for this project is categorical indicating that ground water showing arsenic contamination beyond the permissible level should not be used for irrigation for the safety of human and livestock health. Central Ground Water Board through ground water exploration at 17 sites in Nadia, Murshidabad and North 24 -Parganas districts have identified arsenic free aquifers in the depth range of 77m and 270m. Such aquifers may be tapped for ground water abstraction on a restricted scale in case surface water source is not available. But this has to be done under a proper monitoring regime of waters of such aquifers for a period of time. CGWB studies have also established that artificial recharge lowers substantially arsenic concentration. In the experimental study at Ashoknagar, Habra II Block arsenic
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concentration was reduced from 0.12mg/l to < 0.005mg/l in 90 days. In one the studies undertaken by the CGWB ,it has also been established that injection of compressed air into an aquifer through a tube well of 55m BAL at Brioche , Nadia for 75 minutes reduced arsenic concentration to 0.001mg/l from 0.02mg/l. An ‘Orange Sand’ horizon yielding arsenic free ground water has been reported from the arsenic affected areas of West Bengal by a study conducted by the Central Petrological Laboratory of the Geological Survey of India. This study has confirmed the presence of four arsenic free aquifers. The map and diagram reproduced below from the article placed on the web titled ‘ A guide to search for arsenic free ground water in Bengal delta’ by T.Pal & P.K.Mukherjee of CPL show the details of locations and the model showing the occurrence of the six aquifers of which four have been identified as arsenic free.
Locations with filled circles showing the presence of “Orange Sand” aquifer in delta,West Bengal.
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Bengal
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Six aquifer types in Bengal delta
Model showing depositional environment of the six aquifer types (Type-1 to Type-6) as classified in the Bengal delta indicating their sediment characteristics. Type-1, Type-3, Type4, Type-6 are arsenic-free aquifers (marked blue), whereas Type-2, Type-5 are arseniccontaminated aquifers (marked red).
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Physiologically, fluoride is a potent enzyme inhibitor (comparable to lead and to cyanide ion) that accumulates in bones and teeth and is readily transported to sensitive soft tissues. Mottled enamel or dental fluorosis, which results from disturbance of the enamel forming cells by fluoride during the period of tooth formation, is one of the first signs of general chronic fluoride poisoning. Persons in poor health and those who have allergy, asthma, kidney disease, diabetes, gastric ulcer, low thyroid function, and deficient nutrition are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride in drinking water.
In view of the possible adverse impacts of fluoride contamination on human health, and going by the precautionary principles, avoidance of ground water abstraction in minor irrigation subprojects having contaminant level above 1.5mg/l will be the best mitigation measure. Exclusion criteria of subprojects have been designed accordingly.
The Habitation survey of the West Bengal Public Health Engineering Department undertaken during 2003 detected the occurrence of fluoride in ground water beyond 1.50 mg/l in 46 Blocks in 8 districts in a rather sporadic manner than following a definite pattern. Therefore for subprojects proposing ground water abstraction in any of these blocks should be backed up by physical monitoring of contamination level of fluoride in ground water at the subproject sites. During the operation phase of such sub-projects, there has to be rigid monitoring of irrigation water quality to ensure that fluoride contamination does not exceed 1.50 mg/l.
8.3.7
Erosion and Sedimentation.
A protocol for soil erosion and sedimentation control plan has to be developed for each subproject taking into account the topographic, soil, and geomorphological features including the magnitude of construction activities and the execution plan.
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During pre construction, construction phase and the operation, the control plan will necessarily include the following:
•
Construction activities to be primarily restricted to the dry season.
• •
Land clearing, grubbing and vegetation removal to be kept at minimal level. Excavated soil to be placed in embankments and compacted; In case there is a time lag between excavation and construction, excavated soil to be stacked with proper slopes and heights away from water bodies and water courses. Brushwood barriers may be placed in upper reaches to prevent sediments flowing into the reservoir. Contour bunds and contour hedges may be created on terraced lands in the catchment area of the reservoir Provision of geo-textiles on erodible slopes of embankments supported by turfing will help control erosion Provision of sedimentation traps in the designing phase and silt extruders in the construction phase to trap sediments before entry into the storage reservoir and flushing of sediments during the operation phase
• • • •
8.3.8
Hinterland effects
These effects are not likely to crop up as all subprojects under surface flow and river lift schemes will generally have CCAs below 50ha. It is possible that such subprojects may get clustered in a spatially restricted area bringing in its wake some hinterland effect resulting from development of associated infrastructures like markets, market links and small settlements. Such effects have to be controlled through the administrative machinery of the local self governments like the Panchayat and the Municipality to check setting up of syndrome of environmental degradation.
8.3.9 Public Health Impacts
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Vector control measures in the reservoir areas created by water detention structure are the most effective method of control of diseases in settlement in the area of influence of subprojects. Awareness development programmes by local panchyat institutions supported by health workers can reduce this impact to acceptable levels. During construction phase the workers involved should be provided with appropriate personnel protective equipment depending on their areas of deployment.
In arsenic and fluoride affected areas, an intensive monitoring of quality of ground water abstracted has to be undertaken to ensure that arsenic and fluoride level does not cross permissible levels in irrigation water.
8.3.10 Impact on flora and fauna
No sensitive areas like protected areas of wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, wetlands with rich biodiversity and reserved and protected forests will be impacted through the operation of the site selection criteria adopted in the Environmental Code of Practice. All trees removed during the process of clearing at site will be more than compensated through plantation with double the number of trees removed under the operative regulatory framework of the State. All embankments associated with subprojects will be enhanced with plantation of site matching trees in consultation with communities. Such tree plantations will be monitored intensively during the first two years after creation to ensure survival of at least 80% of the number planted.
8.3.11 Impact on air quality
During the construction phase the air quality impact may be only felt in the construction area because of operation of the plant and machinery and the movement of vehicles transporting construction materials. The mitigation measures will include ensuring that all such equipments carry valid pollution under control certificates and the transportation fleet avoids travel through congested routes during busy hours. All haulage roads will require to be kept ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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wet through sprinkling of water at required intervals. All construction materials like earth, sand, stone aggregates etc will be transported properly covered to avoid littering and dust dispersion. Operation phase of the projects has to ensure that DG sets used to operate irrigation installations conform to CPCB/SPCB standards and the pump house is located at least 250m away from settlements.
8.3.12 Impact on noise level
Almost all subprojects will be sited in a rural or a semi-urban environment and the noise level in such surrounds will be impacted during the construction phase though the working of construction plant and machineries and plying of the transport fleet. Construction sites in the case of surface flow and river lift schemes will generally be away from settlements and sensitive receptors. The working hours need be limited between 7am and 7 pm and all sensitive receptors coming within 100m of the construction site will be provided with an improvised portable sound barrier. All equipments must conform to CPCB standards set for noise level and provided with mufflers. During the operation phase diesel generators properly muffled and conforming to CPCB standards may be housed in a sound proof room.
8.4
Environmental Code of Practice
Environmental Code of Practice for execution of subprojects has been drawn up and furnished at Annexure VIII. The code also provides the Rapid Environmental Check List to be filled up for each subproject and has also the Generic Environment Management Plan suggesting mitigation measures for impacts associated with execution of such subprojects both at the construction and the operation phase. Environmental Monitoring Plan defining the parameters, sites, responsibilities for implementation has also been included in the Document.
8.5
Terms of Reference for Limited EA
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Screening criteria have been developed for selection of subprojects to be taken up for execution under the program. Scoring of subprojects on the scales prescribed against each criterion may classify some subprojects as medium impact category. Such subprojects will require limited Environmental Assessment and terms of reference have been developed for such EA keeping in view the guidelines of the World Bank. Environmental Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan will also be developed following the guidelines in the TOR. The TOR for limited EA is furnished at Annexure IX. EMP master table at Annexure XIV identifies issues relevant for the project, measures by the project and the monitoring mechanism.
8.6 Enhancement Measures: 8.6.1 Enhancement of cultural properties: During the course of execution of a few sub-projects, some cultural properties may require relocation. These may include religious shrines of different communities. Such structures shall obviously require to be relocated in consultation with local communities to a suitable sit and rebuilt aesthetically – the architectural design having the approval of the user communities. New sites will require to be enhanced through peripheral hedges, tree planting along the boundaries and planting of flowering and foliage shrubs. Species to be planted may be decided in consultation with communities and necessary technical guidance as necessary need be obtained from the local Forest Range Office or the Divisional Forest Office. Cultural properties not requiring relocation but being located close to the site of MIS may also be enhanced through fencing, renovation and smallscale landscaping. This will help winning beneficaries’ confidence.
8.6.2 Enhancement of waterbodies:
Waterbodies used for provision of irrigation water through lift irrigation should ideally be enhanced as places of rural recreation. Outer embankment slopes after turfing with grass sods should be planted with flowering and fruit trees in consultation with the local communities. The user communities may also provide small rest shades, sitting arrangements to facilitate the use of such recreational plots by the user communities. Ghats may be constructed in case of waterbodies used by local communities for bathing and washing. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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Natural fish recruitment and production of small waterbodies are usually low to support any substantial fishery. Fisheries development in such waterbodies therefore needs to be done with a regular stock improvement programme with the required technical input from the local Fisheries Development Officer. Local Communities may also be organized into Cooperatives to be entrusted with pisciculture. This will be only necessary for waterbodies not covered by the pisciculture component of the programme. The benefits as enlisted below are likely to follow from such practice. • • •
Provide an affordable source of animal protein to rural community. Contribute to rural household and farmer income Encourage non-competitive and multiple use of a primary resource - water with little foreseeable negative influence on traditional use of the resource by the community.
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Energy Use in Minor Irrigation, Irrigation Water Management, Capacity Building
CHAPTER 9
Energy Use in Minor Irrigation, Irrigation Water Management, Capacity Building 9.1
Energy use in minor irrigation Agriculture is emery intensive sector as it uses mechanical and other forms of energy at different stages of the production of crops. Fertiliser, a necessary input for intensive agriculture is itself an energy intensive product. Irrigation in all forms requires the support of power be it mechanical or electrical. The increasing use of ground water abstraction to irrigate crops during the decades commencing from seventies has fuelled up the demand of energy in this sector manifolds. The demand for energy goes up substantially during the boro season in particular as the requirement of irrigation water peaks during this season primarily in districts having large areas under boro cultivation. A study by Dr. Aditi Mukherjee of International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, reveals that of the 262 blocks studied as many as 113 blocks with high ground water potential have low tube well densities. The status of tube well densities based on author’s calculation on the basis of 3rd MI census is reproduced below:
Net groundwater available for irrigation (MCM/1000 ha of cultivable land) versus density of tube wells (No. of tubewells/100 ha of net cultivable land) in 2001: A block level cross tabulation Sr. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Category High groundwater potential l High tube well density High groundwater potential Low tube well density Low groundwater potential High tube well density Low groundwater potential Low tube well density Total
Number of blocks
Percentage
68
26.0
113
43.1
3
1.1
78 262
29.8 100.0
Source: Author’s calculation based on 3 rd MI census (GOI 2001) High groundwater potential: > 5MCM of net groundwater/1000 ha of cultivable land Low groundwater potential: < 5 MCM of net groundwater/1000 ha of cultivable land High tube well density: > 20 tubewells/100 ha of net cultivable land Low tube well density: < 20 tubewells/100 ha of net cultivable land
This situation is likely to change with the implementation of the minor irrigation subprojects under the proposed program. This will obviously raise the level of demand of energy substantially. Stakeholder consultations in sample blocks have clearly indicated that they ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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would always prefer to have electrical power for energisation of the pumps particularly for RLI schemes. It will also be beneficial for them if electrical power is made available for subprojects on cluster of tube wells in a restricted geographical area. Abundance of ground water, high electricity tariff, difficulty in getting new electrical connection has led the ground water abstraction to be largely diesel dependent. This is in sharp contrast with other Indian States like Punjab, Haryana, Gujerat and Tamilnadu In these states, in spite of a precarious situation of ground water conditions, farmers get concessions from the state in terms of electrical subsidies and ground water abstraction in these states is mostly supported by electrical power. In West Bengal, it has been estimated that approximately 12.5% of irrigation pumps are electrified and the balance pumps are diesel operated. This is because of rather low level of outreach of the rural electrification program during the period there was substantial extension of minor irrigation programme. The table below brings out the picture of energy consumption in agriculture in West Bengal compared to other few states of India: Statewise energy consumption (2003-2004), tariff for Agriculture
Sl
State
1 2 3
Haryana Punjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Gujerat Maharastra Tamilnadu West Bengal
4 5 6 7 8
Average tariff for agriculture (Rs/kWh)
5513.856 6242.809 4274.207
% consumption of agriculture to total consumption 28.2 19.9 14.7
28.250
4951.406
10.9
1.19
271.740 105.020 147.170 9.450
4360.644 10572.363 9381.940 785.437
28.5 12.6 18.8 2.5
0.62 0.82 0.01 0.92
Per capita consumption for agriculture (kWh)
Total agriculture consumption(Gwh)
19533.790 31424.050 29175.550
249.090 247.760 71.680
45274.710 50367.450 83672.260 49801.460 31994.340
Gross generation ( Gwh)
0.48 No tariff 0.46
Source: Report of the Expert Group, Planning Commission, Govt. India (September,2007
The figures point out the low level of energy consumption in agriculture at 2.5% of the total generation compared to other states. Average tariff rate is high barring the exception of Uttar Pradesh. West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Limited have published tariff order dated 30.09.2008 of the West Bengal Electricity Regulatory Commission. The rates for irrigation pumping have been revised as below:
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ELECTRICITY TARIFF RATE FOR IRRIGATION IN WEST BENGAL
Monthly consumption in kWH
Energy charge per KWH
Fixed charges/demand charges in Rs/KVA/mon
Applicable Tariff Scheme Tariff scheme
Item
Normal
0.50-70.00 hrs.
All units
Rs 10.00
Consumer category
Sl.no
1
Irrigation pumping for Agriculture(Metered)
Rate c(t)
23.0hrso.60hrs
2
3
Irrigation pumping for agriculture (unmetered)
Rate a(t)
Normal
Rate c (b)
Normal
All units
Rs74.00
All units STW in NB
STW in Other districts Submersible in NB Submersible in other districts
Rs 150.00
Rs 6750/con/annu m Rs 8800/con/annu m Rs.8000/con /annum Rs 10800/con/ann um
This needs to be examined as to whether such rates would be conducive to transfer of management of irrigation subprojects to the beneficiary committes or water user ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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associations. Some sort of incentive schemes in the form of special rebates may require to be designed at least for two years after commissioning of sub- project This may attract the user associations or beneficiary committees to take over the operation and maintenance of such projects as productivity in CCAs of the subprojects is likely to achieve the optimal level through input of services of the Agriculture Department in the matter of supply of other inputs like seeds, fertiliser both organic and inorganic and improved agronomic practices. Metered rates are favourable during odd hours of the day and this has been done to manage demand during peak hours. The Director, Distribution of the Company during consultation has confirmed that as on this date only about 5% of the villages are yet to be electrified. No priority is given for providing energy for pumping irrigation water. However, if there is a demand for the beneficiaries and the same is supported by the selection committee at the district level, power may be supplied in case grid distribution lines are located close to irrigation installations. Proposals will have to originate form the concerned department. Regarding preferential sectoral allocation of power, a change in policy will be required. He mentioned that in the current scenario the peak demand during Boro season does not exceed 7-8% of the generation.
9.2 Alternative energy sources for water pumping in minor Irrigation schemes Erratic supply of conventional sources of energy and concern for the environment and sustainable development has provided renewed thrust to the development and dissemination of renewable energy-driven pump sets. Renewable energy options for water pumping include solar photovoltaic (SPV) pumps, windmill pumps and dual-fuel engine pumps using biogas or producer gas. Out of the four renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping, SPV theoretically has an advantage in meeting the needs of remote communities because of the high distribution costs of grid-power to this market and the competitive position with respect to diesel has improved with the recent oil shock.
9.2.1 Pumping water with solar photovoltaics A surface pump powered with a 1.8 kWp1 PV array can deliver about 140,000 litres of water on a clear sunny day from a total head of 10 meters. This quantity of water drawn has been found to meet the irrigation requirement of 2.5 to 3.0 ha of land by using improved techniques for water distribution (MNES, 2004) A SPV water pumping system consists of a photovoltaic array, motor-pump and a power conditioning equipment (optional). Provision for storage of electricity is not provided in these systems. Instead, if desired, a provision can be made for water storage, which may be more cost effective than having a storage battery. The power conditioning equipment is used to stabilize the fluctuating electrical energy output of the array. Depending upon the total dynamic head and the required flow rate of water, the pumping system can be surface or submersible type and the motor can be either AC or DC. For AC pumping systems an inverter is also required. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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The key barrier to the large-scale dissemination of SPV water pumps is the high capital cost of these systems to the farmers compared to the conventional pumps. As farmers do not face the real costs of operating the conventional pumps, their incentive to switch to SPV pumps is minimal. While for solar pumping system being promoted through IREDA a package of capital and interest subsidy is available to the user, only a capital subsidy (at slightly higher rate) but no interest subsidy is made available for solar pumps being promoted through State Nodal Agencies. As in the year 2003-04, the Ministry initially provided a subsidy to users of SPV water pumping systems of Rs.110/- per watt of the PV array used with the water pumping system until a maximum of Rs.0.25 million per system; later reduced to Rs. 75/0.2 million respectively. Soft loans at 5% per annum for the users directly from IREDA and 2.5% from the financial intermediaries were also made available. Under the programme administered by the State agencies, the subsidy was Rs.135/- per 4 watt of PV array used, later reduced to Rs. 100. The subsidy reductions anticipated a substantial decrease in the cost of SPV pumps, which was based on the cost details given by the SNAs SPVs have considerable CDM potential in the country but their installations are not financially attractive at the current scenario of diesel prices and payments against CERs (Certified Emission Reduction)
Pallav Purohit and Axel Michaelowa of Hamburg Institute of International Economics in their paper titled “ CDM potential of SPV pumps in India “ (2005) have brought out the features of financial attractivenes of installation of SPV pumps and the same is reproduced below: Financial attractiveness an investment on 1.8 kW SPV pumps in India depending on diesel price and subsidy rates and CER revenues Indicators
Simple payback period
Unit
Years
Benefit to cost ratio Net present value (NPV)
Rs.
Cost per CER
Diesel Price and Subsidies Price of diesel Price of diesel Price of diesel (Rs.45/- per ltr.) (Rs.32/- per ltr.) (Rs.32/- + 10% subsidy) 9.38 8.50 6.78 0.91
1.00
1.26
-27166
0
75765
24
---
---
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As far as West Bengal Is concerned, SPVs have so far not been used for pumping irrigation water. As brought out this will not be an economic proposition in the present scenario of cost of diesel and the cost of CER s in the international market.
9.2.2 Biomass gasification technology for power generation to energise
water pumps:
Biomass gasifiers convert the solid biomass (basically wood waste, agricultural residues etc.) into a combustible gas mixture normally called as producer gas. The conversion efficiency of the gasification process is in the range of 60%–70%. The producer gas consists of mainly carbon-monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen gas and methane, and has a lower calorific 3
value (1000–1200 kcal/Nm ) Gasification of biomass and using it in place of conventional direct burning devices will result in savings of atleast 50% in fuel consumption. The gas has been found suitable for combustion in the internal combustion engines for the production of power. Using biomass gas, it is possible to operate a diesel engine on dual fuel mode-part diesel and part biomass gas. Diesel substitution of the order of 75 to 80% can be obtained at nominal loads. The mechanical energy thus derived can be used either for energizing a water pump set for irrigational purpose or for coupling with an alternator for electrical power generation - 3.5 KW - 10 MW. Among the biomass gasification technologies in the world, the open top, twin air entry, reburn gasifier developed at Combustion, Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory (CGPL) of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is unique in terms of generating superior quality producer gas. There are more than 40 plants that are successfully operating in India and overseas for heat and power applications. The biomass gasification technology package consists of a fuel and ash handling system, gasification system - reactor, gas cooling and cleaning system. The temperature of gas exiting the reactor is about 600 – 900 K, and is laden with contaminants in form of particulate matter (1000 mg/Nm3) and tar (150 mg/Nm3). The hot dust laden gas is further processed in the gas cooling and cleaning system in order to condition the gas to a level that is acceptable for engine operations. Typical composition of the gas after cooling to ambient temperature is about 18-20% H2, 18-20% CO, 2-3% CH4, 12% CO2, 2.5% H2O and rest, N2. The lower calorific value of the gas ranges is about 4.7 – 5.0 MJ/Nm3, with a stoichiometry requirement of 1.2 to 1.4 kg of air for every kg of producer gas.
IISC model has the following special features : •
Open top twin entry system ensures a better thermal environment compared conventional closed top model- relatively higher thorough put for the same reactor size and also better gas quality
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•
Available in modules upwards of 5 kg/hr to 1100 kg/hr (5 kWe to 1.2 MWe)
•
Multi-fuel capability – forest & plantation residue, agro residue etc with a maximum moisture content of 15%
•
High gasification efficiency > 80%
•
Low cost of electricity generation
•
Environmentally sound – low NOx in the engine exhaust
•
Value addition products ~ activated carbon, along with energy This biogasifier technology can be installed in specified areas of blocks where there is demand for subprojects but does not have access to electricity. Some areas in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur having a good density of rice-husking machines and sawmils will be good candidate sites for biogassifier plants. There will also be opportunity to feed surplus power from these plants into the existing grid. The project proponent may consider preparing a proposal in consultation with the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Corporation and the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company. The proposal has to prepared after selection of the candidate site and a proper survey of the biomass resources availability in the catchment of the project and the examination of the aspects of financial viability and sustainability.
9.2.3 Windmill pumping of irrigation water Water pumping windmills and wind-solar hybrid systems have been found to be useful for meeting water pumping and small power requirements in a decentralised mode in rural and remote windy areas. The Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources is implementing a programme on “ Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems” to promote utilisation of water pumping windmills, and water solar hybrid systems for water pumping and power generation. A water-pumping windmill pumps water from wells, ponds and bore wells for minor irrigation. Available windmills are of two types namely direct drive and gear type.. The most commonly used windmill has a horizontal axis rotor of3-5.5m dia with 12-24 blades mounted on top of a 10-20m high mild steel tower. The rotor is coupled with a reciprocating pump of 50-100mm dia through a connecting rod. Such windmills start lifting water when the wind speed is 8 to 10km per hr. normally a windmill is capable of pumping in the range of 1000 to 8000 litres per hour depending on the wind speed, the depth of water table and the type of windmill. Windmills are capable of pumping water from a depth of 60m. Water pumping windmills have an advantage in that no fuel is required for their operation and they can be installed in remote windy areas where the conventional means of water pumping are not feasible. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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The MNES provides a subsidy of up to 50% of the EX-works cost of water pumping windmills subject to a ceiling of Rs.20000/-, Rs.30000/- and Rs.45000/- in case of direct drive, gear type and Auroville models respectively. For non-electrified islands, subsidy of up to 90% of the ex-works cost is provided subject to a ceiling of Rs.30000/-, Rs. 45000/- and Rs. 80000/- respectively. The state has windy sites along the coastal belt and also non-electrified islands in the Sunderbans. In view of this, the possibility of water pumping using windmills may be explored in consultation with the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Corporation taking advantage of the scheme of subsidy of the MNES of GOI.
9.3
Irrigation water management issues Water is one of the most important inputs essential for the production of crops. Plants need it continuously during their life and in substantial quantities. It profoundly influences photosynthesis, respiration, absorption, translocation and utilisation of mineral nutrients, and cell division besides some other processes. Both its shortage and excess affects the growth and development of a plant directly and consequently, its yield and quality. The excess water not only hampers the growth of the crop plants due to water logging condition but is also responsible for leaching of plant nutrients in the subsurface layer and production of surface water run off. The loss of nutrients is an economic loss affecting the productivity of soil.. Leaching loss may raise nitrate level of underground water and nutrient rich runoff water may facilitate eutrophication in water bodies receiving such run off.. Besides excess humidity due to over watering sometimes promote breeding of insects and pathogens affecting crop plants. Rainfall is the cheapest source of natural water-supply for crop plants. Rainfall varies from year to year and season to season.. Its distribution and quantum may often be not in accordance with the needs of the crops. Artificial water-supply through irrigation on one occasion, and removal of excess water through drainage on another occasion, therefore, become imperative, if the crops are to be raised successfully. Water management in India, thus, comprises irrigation or drainage or both, depending considerably on environmental conditions, soil, crops , and climate. Water affects the performance of crops not only directly but also indirectly by influencing the availability of other nutrients, the timing of cultural operations, etc. Water and other production inputs interact with one another. In proper combinations, the crop yields can be boosted manifold under irrigated agriculture. Water is a costly input when canals supply it. The misuse of water leads to the problems of water-logging, salt-imbalance, etc., thus rendering agricultural lands unproductive. Hence a proper appreciation of the relationship among soils, crops, climate and water resources is essential for maximising crop production.
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9.3.1 Findings of the study During the study the issue of irrigation water management was discussed with secondary stakeholders like Professors and Scientists of Agriculture Universities, Field level Agriculturists and Water Management Specialists of the Department of Agriculture and some points emerged on demand management of irrigation water;
•
The state is fortunate of having adequate rainfall but method of irrigation, cultivation of water loving crops like rice especially boro –summer paddy without any regard for using water efficiently creates excess demand of water. Prof.Zaman Head of Agronomy, BCKV a well known expert of water management mentioned that about 40-45 percent water is lost from its travel from source to field. Further the practice of levying water charge on per acre basis of crop not on quantity of water used is not conducive to adoption of the concept of water use efficiency. The farmers in general do not regulate the water to be applied to the field on the contrary allow the water to flood the crop field for irrigation overnight to save his labour. As a result large quantity of water is wasted , and soil nutrients and finer soil particles are lost through runoff .The silt of runoff water cause problem of siltation of channels, canals etc. Dr.Patra Jt Director, Water Management mentioned that the availability of irrigation water in the state is quite high and is enough to grow two successive crops one in rabi and another in pre-kharif season, provided the cropping programme is compatible with regard to water availability.
•
Need for proper apportionment of cultivated land in CCA amongst crops on the basis of their irrigation requirements. Crops such as rice demand excessive irrigation water whereas other crops like wheat, potato, vegetables etc do require medium quantum of irrigation water. Mustard, sunflower, sesame, gram, lentil, khesari etc are low to very low irrigation requiring crops.
•
Farmers in the state are fascinated to grow boro rice, which requires excessive irrigation. Low land and heavy soils is good for boro rice and requires less irrigation, but in reality it is observed that medium upland with light textured soil (sandy loam) are also under boro cultivation where water requirement is extremely high. In the last decade the area under boro cultivation increased several times resulting in increased demand for irrigation water.Popularisation SRI technique in boro rice cultivation may lead to substantial water saving as in this system water use is regulated in all stages. This has to be established by demonstration plots in each agro-climatic zone and a regime of intense awareness campaign amongst the farmer communities. Farmers Field Schools may significantly add to the adoption of this system.
•
Agronomists like Prof.Zaman, Dr Patra and field level Agriculturists are of opinion with the expansion of irrigation facilities; boro rice occupies most of the irrigated areas and this practice tends to replace other crops even in dry districts like Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, and Birbhum. Boro requires 850 mm irrigation water, which consume more than
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80 percent water said Dr.Patra water management expert and he went on to add that to meet increasing requirement of water, there is tendency of tapping ground water indiscriminately. The extraction of ground water to provide additional water already created problem of lowering ground water table in certain areas, and has worsened the problem lowering water quality like problem of arsenic, fluoride contamination of ground water.
9.3.2 Conclusion Based on discussions with agricultural scientists and water management specialists following conclusions have been drawn for demand management of irrigation water: • There is need for judicious water management with the existing available irrigation water and avoid over drawal of ground water to accommodate water loving crops. Efforts need be stepped up simultaneously to increase intensity of cropping through crop diversification as an environmentally sustainable practice.
9.4
•
Need micro level water budgeting in collaboration with Agriculture, SWID and Department of Water Resources Development along with drawal of crop plan for the CCA. Water User Associations, Beneficiary Committees and above all the local Gram Panchayat should participate in preparation of the crop plan and the irrigation water budget.
•
There is need for reducing water leakage from its travel from its source to field and also enforce control against use of excess water for irrigation without any basis.
•
To increase water efficiency BCKV is conducting trial on various IW/CPE ratios under different dates of planting based on long term experiments that could be recommended for the alluvial zone and could be implemented to get higher water productivity and higher water use efficiency of the crops. Similar calendar for other zones may be developed and recommended.
•
The summer rice which is traditionally cultivated with continuous submergence needs excess amount of water. However Water Use Efficiency (WUE) can be increased with lesser number of irrigation when irrigation is given 3 days after disappearance of pounded water (AICRP on Water Management, BCKV). Trial on SRI technology for boro is the on going programme which has shown promise in initial trial.
•
Micro irrigation (drip and sprinkler) along with fertigation for different crops and technology may be suitably adopted in dry land and drought prone areas for which State Agriculture Universities (SAU) are carrying on trials.
Capacity Building and Training
9.4.1 The need for capacity building ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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The project proponent is an organised department of the State Government with a well defined division of functions and line hierarchy. They have been responsible for execution and maintenance of such schemes. But under the present program, the functionaries will require to work under the guidelines of the Environmental Management Framework developed for execution of subprojects. This is an area of new experience. Minor irrigation schemes executed earlier did not have such framework as these schemes did not attract the provisions of the EIA guidelines of the State Government. The present program will be executed under the operational policies and guidelines of the funding agency namely the World Bank and subprojects selected for execution under the program need to conform to the provisions of the EMF right from the stage of screening . The construction and operation phase of the subprojects will also be guided by the relevant provisions of the EMF. In this context the officers and staff of the Department of Water Resources Department along with the associated contractors and the local beneficiaries need be sensitised to ensure sustainability, optimal operational efficiency, as also minimise areas of conflict. Stakeholders in beneficiary committees and water user associations will also require to be sensitised to implement IPM and INM as well as the concept of increasing water efficiency.
9.4.2 Target groups Training and education will be primary component of the capacity building exercise, The exercise has to take care of all the levels of the institution of the project proponent. Otherwise there may be differences in attitudinal orientation at different hierarchical levels resulting in communication gap impacting the pace of execution of the program on ground. But the mode and module of training has to be different keeping in view the specific objectives of such training program. In this context, the following hierarchical levels have been identified: • • • • •
Execution Level: Executive Engineer, Assistant Engineer, Sub-assistant engineer Supervisory .level: Superintending Engineer Higher supervisory and policy making level: Chief Engineer, Joint Secretaries and above of the Administrative Department Contractors Stakeholders in Beneficiary Committees and Water User Associations
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9.4.3 Training mode and module The mode, module and duration of such training are indicated in the table below: Target groups 1. Policy making and Higher supervisory level
Supervisory level
2. Execution Level functionaries like Executive Engineers, Assistant Engineers and Sub –assistant Engineers
Module i. Sensitisation on environmental issues of the program and the features of the Environmental Management Framework ii. Exposure and interaction with organisations implementing similar projects in India and abroad
i. Policy and legal framework of Execution of subprojects under the program
ii. Environmental assessment procedures including Environmental Code of Practice and Generic Environment Management Plan A. i. Environmental Code of practice and screening of sub-projects ii. Rapid Reconnaissance and filling up of Rapid Environmental Checklist. iii. Implementation of Generic Environment Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan iv. Preparation of limited EA for medium impact
Mode Lecture
Visits to Indian states and countries where such projects are under execution Regional workshops
Site visit, and lectures;
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Duration 90 minutes
7-10 days
I day in two sessions of 2 hrs each; one workshop in each region
Two days; one day for site visit and rapid reconnaissance and the second day for lecture sessions
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Target groups
Module category projects B. Short term training course in identified institutes
Mode
Duration
Two weeks
3.Contractor and his supervisory staff at site
. 4.Beneficiaries in CCA and local NGOs
i. Procedures for obtaining permission on different issues for execution of subprojects ii. Generic Environment Management Plan for Low impact category subprojects and EMP for medium impact category subprojects .i. Generic Environmental Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan ii. Integrated Pest Management and INM, water use efficiency and crop diversification .
Site visits and lectures Lecture
Lecture
Field visits of selected beneficiary groups of 25 to 30 inside and outside the state to have first hand information on the best practices on IPM &INM
One day in two sessions of two and half hours each to be organised by Executing Divisions
One day ; two sessions of 120 minutes each; to be organised by executing divisions in collaboration with Agriculture Development Officer 3-7days in different agro-climatic zones of the State ; Visits to other Indian states where there is ongoing program of implementation of minor irrigation schemes.
Training on environmental modules may be organised by hiring competent environmental professionals form Consulting Organisation, Professional Institutes or Universities teaching environmental management. For training in IPM, INM, Water use efficiency and crop ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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diversification, professionals from the Department of Agriculture or Agriculture Universities may be drawn. The proposed trips abroad for first hand experience and exchange of ideas may be organised in countries like Mexico and Turkey where such programmes on irrigation are under execution. As far as site visits within the country are concerned, the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharastra and Orissa need be kept in view as all these States have ongoing externally-aided programmes under execution. Such visits will enable the visiting teams to have insight into the environmental and social issues associated with implementation of a variety of subprojects under the programme and how these are being taken care of by the implementing agencies. For the functionaries at the execution level short term training programmes may be organised in some of the identified institutes of the country. Such institutes may be requested to design a course covering technical, social and environmental issues The following Institutes may be approached for this purpose. • • • • •
Water Resources Engineering and Management , Vadodara, Gujerat Irrigation Management training Institute, Trichy, Tamilnadu National Environmental Engineering Research Institute,Nagpur Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal Water and Land Management Institute, Dharwad , Karnataka
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Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination
CHAPTER 10 Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water quality & level, Information Dissemination 10.1
Introduction The programme is an ambitious one and subprojects will have a large geographical spread all over the state. The execution has to be completed within the timeframe fixed. There will also be a need for coordination amongst a number of allied departments of the state government. This obviously necessitates installation of a proper implementation arrangement to assure timely sorting out of problems local, regional, socio-political and above all techno-economic.
10.2
Steering Committees State Level Project Steering Committee At the highest level of the State Government a State level Steering Committee has been set up and is chaired by the Chief Secretary of the State. Secretaries of departments like Water Resources Investigation & Development Department, Department of Agriculture, and Departments of Agriculture Marketing, Finance, Fisheries, Animal Resources, Horticulture, Panchayat and Rural Development and Irrigation and Waterways. The Project Director, Accelerated development of Minor Irrigation is the Member Secretary and Convener of the Committee. District Level Project Steering Committee This Committee is chaired by the District Magistrate. Karmadhakshya, Krishi & Sech Sthayee Samity of the Zilla Parishad is a member of this committee. The Executive Engineer, Agri-Irrigation of the district acts as the member- convener. Other members represented on the committee are the Principal Agriculture Officer, Assistant Director, Agriculture Marketing, Deputy Director, Animal resources Department, Assistant Director of Fisheries, District Panchayat & Rural Development Officer, District Horticulture Officer and Divisional Engineer, Distribution of the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd. This committee will guide and monitor the execution of the programme at the district level.
10.2.1 Project Preparation Team A State Level Project Preparatiom team is functional at the state HQ and this is headed by the Project Director. Other serving officers have been drawn from different wings of the WRIDD. Additional Director, SWID, Superintending Engr., Agri-Irrigation of Project ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
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Cordination Unit, Executive Engr. Agri-Irrigation, Statistical Cell,, Excutive Engr.AgriMechanical, AIP, Farm Implementation Unit and an Asstt. Engineer, Agri-Mechanical of the Project Coordination Unit are represented on this team. An Agronomist of the Department of Agriculture also has been included in this team.
10.2.2 Project Preparation Units at HQ and Districts In consideration of the variety of subprojects included under the programme, the manpower of the Department of Water Resources Investigation and Development at the implementation level will require appropriate and timely guidance on technical, social, agronomic practices, procurement, administrative and financial matters. To meet this end State level and District level project units will be set up. The Project Preparation Unit at the HQ will be manned two senior engineers of the rank of Chief Engineers specialising in ground water and surface water, Other specialists of the team will include Procurement Specialist, Agriculture Specialist, Economist, Financial Management Specialist and an Accounts Officer. This team will be supported by accounts assistants, office assistants, subassistant engineers. The District Level Project Unit will primarily comprise of Subject Matter Specialists in the fields of technical, social, human resources development and administrative and finance. This unit will also be supported by accounts and office assitants.
10.2.3 District Site Selection Committee This committee is already functional in all the districts, where subprojects will be taken up for execution. This committee approves the sites of all minor irrigation projects after scrutiny of the application of the beneficiaries, the feasibility and techno-feasibility reports prepared by agric-irrigation/ agric-mechanical wings and the Executive Engineer of the SWID at the district level. Sabhadhipati, Zilla Parishad chairs this committee. Other members on the committee include two Executive Engineers (Agri- irrigation, Agri-mech.), Principal Agriculture Officer, District Engineer, Minor Irrigation, Divisional Engineer, Distribution of the WBSEDC Ltd., and Geologist & Executive Engineer of SWID . Karmadaksya, Krishi and Sthayee Samity is also represented on the committee. The beneficiaries initially have to make an application through the local Panchayat to the concerned Executive Engineer of the district. The Executive Engineer will get it examined and prepare a feasibity report to place the proposal before the DSSC for approval. After approval by the DSSC a techno-feasibility report has to be prepared by the Division of the SWID located at district HQ before the subproject can be taken up for execution. Large number of subprojects will be taken up in each district for execution under the programme and all such projects will require the stamp of approval of this DSSC. The Implementing Agency at the district level with the help of the District Level Project Unit has ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
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to garner all resources to have their projects approved by this committee before they are proposed for adoption under the programme It will therefore be necessary to have such projects examined with reference to the screening criteria of subprojects of the Environmental Management Framework before these are put up before the committee for approval.
10.3
Implementation The Project Director, an officer of the rank of the Chief Engineer will be in charge of the implementation of the program. All the officers at the regional, district, subdivision will be allocated responsibilities for implementation of subprojects selected for implementation within their jurisdiction. River lift and tube well schemes will be the responsibility of the Agrimechanical Division while Agri-Irrigation Divisions will implement all other types of subprojects.
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State Level Project Steering Committee (Chaired by the Chief Secretary)
Project Preparation
Project Implementation
State Level Project Preparation Unit
Project Director, ADMI SPMU
Superintending Engineers at Regional Level District Level Project Steering Committee (Chaired by the District Magistrate)
District Level Project Preparation Unit
District Site Selection Committee (Chaired by the Sabhadhip ati, Zilla Parishad)
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
Executive Engineers at District Level DPMU MM
Assistant Engineers and Subassistant Engineers at the Subdivisional and Block Level
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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10.3.1 Existing Implementation organisational infrastructure WRIDD has a good coverage of the districts as far as implementation mechanism is concerned. Project Director, ADMI will head this structure on ground in the matter of implementation of the program. There are 8 Circles – 4 Agri-mechanical and 4 Agriirrigation and each of these is headed by an officer of the rank of Superintending Engineer. Agri-mechanical circles are located at Barddhaman, Medinipur, Berhampur and Siliguri. Agri-irrigation circles are located at Kolkata, Bankura, Krishnanagar and Raigunge. All the Districts have Executive Engineers of Agri-mechanical and Agri-irrigation wing excepting the district of Darjeeling which has only one Agri-irrigation Executive Engineer. Districts like Murshidabad have 2 Agri-mechanical and 2 Agri-irrigation divisions whereas Maldah and Nadia have 2 Agri-mechanical and 2 Agri-irrigation divisions respectively. Executive Engineer Agri-mechanical, Howrah looks after both the districts of Howrah and South 24-Parganas.Each Executive Engineer is assisted by three to six Assistant Engineers at the subdivisional level During discussion with the client, it was clear that this organisation will require some reinforcement at the subdivisional level through induction of incremental Assistant Engineers and Sub-Assistant Engineers in many of the existing divisions for implementation of the program as the existing strength will not be able to cope up with the demands of execution because of the existing workload of project execution under other schemes and maintenance of old schemes. A few of the districts may also require strengthening at the district level. The actual picture on requirement for incremental staff at different levels will be worked out by the WRIDD in consultation with funding agency. For smooth implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme and implementation of the GEMP, and the Environmental Code of Practice, it will be necessary to induct One Assistant Engineer (Environment) and one Environment Specialist at each of 18 DPMUs. A senior Environmental Engineer may be attached to the Project Director to supervise the works of the Environmental Engineers/ Environment Specialists and to assist the Project Director in overall environmeatal monitoring of the programme An Officer of the rank of Supertending Engineer of WRIDD may be designated to coordinate the works of Environmental Wing of the DPMU and the Senior Environmental Engineer. Senior Environmental Engineer and Environmental Engineers/Environmental Specialists will guide the implementing field level officers in drawing up limited EA for sub-projects categorised as medium impact category. The Environmental Wings of DPMUs will also be responsible for the monitoring f the GEMP for low impact category projects and the EMP prepared for medium impact category projects.
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10.4
Water Quality and Water Level Monitoring
10.4.1 Introduction Water is a precious resource. This has to be managed on sound principles of sustainability to ensure food security for the population, to provide potable water for domestic consumption and to meet industrial and environmental demands. Water quality is of paramount importance in sectors of domestic consumption and agriculture to avoid adverse impacts on human and livestock health through use of contaminated water, In this context, monitoring of water level and water quality obviously will be a primary task of the Implementing agency of this ambitious programme.
10.4.2 Agencies responsible for monitoring State water Investigation Directorate
i.
State Water Investigation Directorate under WRIDD is responsible for monitoring of water level and water quality for management of water resources of minor irrigation in the agriculture sector. Water level monitoring is done through 2022 monitoring stations located all over the State. Such monitoring is done through piezometry, dugwells and Mark II/Mark III tube wells during the months of January, April/May, August and November. District-wise distribution of SWID hydrograph stations is reflected in the following table:
SWID HYDRO-GRAPH STATIONS
Sl.No
District
Total no of HS
No of Piezometry tube
No of tube wells
No of dug wells
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Maldah Murshidabad Nadia North 24Parganas South 24Parganas Greater Kolkata
42 68 42 42 35 39 114 191 107
29 41 0 42 35 37 96 191 107
0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0
13 27 42 0 0 2 7 0 0
79
79
0
0
55
10
45
0
10 11
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Sl.No
District
Total no of HS
No of Piezometry tube
No of tube wells
No of dug wells
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Howrah Hoogly Barddhaman Birbhum Bankura Purulia Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Total
81 117 179 82 160 132 231
36 117 152 45 5 0 15
45 0 0 0 0 0 82
0 0 27 37 155 132 134
226 2022
30 1067
196 379
0 576
19
Water quality monitoring is undertaken during pre-monsoon and post- monsoon. Parameters monitored are pH, conductivity, carbonate, bicarbonate, total hardness, As, total dissolved solids and Fe. Fl is monitored only on request. Such monitoring is conducted through the existing network of departmental laboratories located in the districts of Jalpaiguri, Maldah, Barddhaman, Kolkata, Berhampur and Medinipur. Each district caters to the requirement of one or more districts in the manner as detailed below: • • • • • •
Jalpaiguri Lab.: Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Coochbehar, Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur Barddhaman Lab: Barddhaman and Birbhum Maldah Lab: Maldah Kolkata Lab: Kolkata, Howrah, Hoogly, 24-Parganas (South) , 24-Parganas (North), Nadia Berhampore Lab : Murshidabad Medinipur Lab.: Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia It is apparent that there is a lot of pressure on the existing laboratories at Jalpaiguri, Kolkata and Medinipur. The demand for water quality monitoring is going to rise appreciably on implementation of the subprojects under the ADMI programme. Obviously there is need for expansion of the existing infrastructure of laboratories to undertake monitoring of water quality both during implementation and operation of the subprojects under the programme. SWID has some proposals for such expansion.
ii.
WBPHED and others West Bengal Public Health Engineering Department in collaboration with NGOs runs a network of laboratories for monitoring drinking water quality. There are 83 such laboratories spread over 19 districts of West Bengal. The distribution of Laboratories in different districts is as follows :
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination C 011-abhi/ar
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 8 of 10 Date: January, 2011
Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination
Sl No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total
District
Bankura Barddhaman Birbhum Dakshin Dinajpur Darjeeling Howrah Hoogly Jalpaiguri Coochbehar Kolkata Maldah Murshidabad Nadia 24-Parganas (North) Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Purulia 24-Parganas ( South ) Uttar Dinajpur
Number run by PHED 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 4 2 2 4 1 36
Number run by NGOs 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 7 7 5 1 47
Total
3 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 1 5 6 5 8 11 9 2 9 2 83
83 water quality laboratories are functional in the State- 36 through West Bengal Public Health Engineering Department and 47 with NGO assistance and UNICEF’s technical and financial support. PH, hardness, iron, residual chlorine, arsenic fluoride, salinity and bacteriological contamination are monitored through these laboratories.
Based on this infrastructure the State Government has decided to utilize the network to test all drinking water resources for clinical and bacteriological parameters once in a year under the National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme. Department of Panchayat and Rural Development have issued guidelines in this regard wherein Gram Panchayats have been given the responsibility of water quality surveillance. iii.
Central Ground Water Board (Eastern Region) Central Ground Water Board regularly monitors ground water four times a year (January, April, August and November) through ground water monitorng wells tapping both water tables as well as unconfined aquifers. Such monitoring shows that the depth of water table varies from less than 2m to more than 20m bgl in the premonsoon period and from less than
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination C 011-abhi/ar
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 9 of 10 Date: January, 2011
Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination
1m to 20m bgl in the postmonsoon period. The distribution of ground water monitoring wells in the districts is provided in the following table.
District
Total No. of monitoring wells
Dakshin Dinajpur Uttar Dinajpur Malda Nadia Barddhaman Howrah Hoogly North 24-Parganas South 24-Parganas Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Purulia
Types of wells Dugwells
21 16 42 59 94 15 47 39 58 57 37 62
12 12 26 15 42 6 12 5 8 30 1 62
Piezometers/Tube wells 9 4 16 44 52 9 35 34 50 27 36 -
Source: CGWB, ER (District Information Brochure on Ground Water)
iv.
West Bengal State Pollution Control Board WBPCB monitors the quality of both surface and ground water on a regular basis through a statewide network. Under the National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP), the WBPCB monitors the river quality through eight stations on River Hoogly, Four on River Damodar, one station each on river Barakar and river Rupnarayan, and one station after the confluence of river Rupnarayan to river Hoogly. Parameters like PH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia, Nitrite, nitrate, Total Kjeldal Nitrogen (TKN ), salinity, Total Coliform (TC), Fecal Coliform (FC). Heavy metal concentrations like copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury etc are also monitored from time to time. WBPCB conducted ground water quality monitoring analysis by following a specific monitoring schedule at selected stations like Durgapur, Asansol , Haldia, Kalyani, Barasat, Dankuni, Howrah (Domjur) and Kolkata (Tangra, Topsia, Garia, Dhapa, and Behala). General and bacteriological parameters were checked twice a year and specific parameters like trace metals etc. were checked once a year.
10.5 Recommendations on monitoring and dissemination There is a reasonable infrastructure on ground on water quality monitoring in the state. With a proper coordinating mechanism amongst the agencies a clear picture of water quality can emerge for different agro-climatic regions of the State in general and rural areas in particular. There is some mechanism for dissemination of water quality for drinking water ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination C 011-abhi/ar
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 10 of 10 Date: January, 2011
Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination
through the guidelines of the Panchayat and Rural Development Department. Similar guidelines will have to be put in place as far as irrigation water quality is concerned. In this context following recommendations are made : • Reinforcement of the existing infrastructure of laboratories under SWID and development of fee structure for tests to recover operation and maintenance costs. • Composition of Water Quality Surveillance Groups from amongst the members of Beneficiary Committees and Water User Associations and train them as lab technicians and sample collectors and allow them to operate within a defined geographical area. Building up cost-effective premises from where these groups will operate and providing them with Water Sample Analysis field Kits through earmarking some funds against subprojects under the programme and allowing such groups to charge some fees against conducting required tests will help such groups to be self sustaining. Such field kits have been developed by Development Alternatives -an NGO and tested in the field. This is branded as Jal-Tara Kit and physical (turbidity, temperature) and chemical (pH, iron, chloride, residual chlorine, nitrate, hardness) and bacteriological parameters can be analysed through this kit. This also has been customised for fluoride and arsenic. Peoples’ Science Institute, Dehradun have also developed a kit and they have also undertaken succesfully training communities on different aspects of monitoring of water quality. These NGOs may initially be used to train some Surveillance Groups in different agro-climatic zones who in their turn can train Surveillance Groups in their zone. CPCB has also developed a simple kit for water quality monitoring. It will be convenient to have a mix of water kits from different organizations. Results from these kits need be cross-checked with results obtained from SWID-operated laboratories to decide on the accuracy level of such kits. • Performance of Water Quality Surveillance groups can be monitored by a Committee constituted .at Block level comprising of Members of Panchayat Samity, Sub-assistant Engineer of the Water Resource Department and the Agriculture Development Officer or his representative.This Committee will also be responsible for dissemination of the water quality of relevant mouzas amongst the beneficiaries. For dissemination of such information at the block level a quarterly news letter in local language may be published by the district level officers of WRIDD for circulation amongst the beneficiaries/ member of water user associations. In case some newsletters are published by the Agriculture Development Officer, the subject of irrigation water quality may be introduced in such newsletters. • Farmers Field Schools in different regions may also be used as focal points for dissemination of information on irrigation water quality. • In the long run it wiil be useful to have a Web Portal of the Department which will have the details of irrigation water quality for different mouzas, Compilation of such information form different agencies and the surveillance groups should be the responsibility of a Cell at the HQ and the Cell should continuously update the portal with such information. This can be accessed by the District level offices to download irrigation water quality information for ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination C 011-abhi/ar
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR
Page 11 of 10 Date: January, 2011
Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination
dissemination from their end amongst stakeholders. The connectivity can be developed using the State Wide Area Network.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FINALREPORT
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Level, Information Dissemination C 011-abhi/ar
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 1 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
Chapter 11 Dam Safety Plan 11.1 Introduction: Dam safety is an area of concern particularly in case of major or medium irrigation where dams irrigate an area of more than 2000ha and heights are more than 10m. WB policies however, do have concern for dams of smaller heights also as failure of such dams affect adversely the program objective of minor irrigation and the benefits estimated to accrue from the project at the project formulation stage. Such failures may also lead to loss of life and property though on a much smaller scale than failures of dams more than 10m in height. Safe minor irrigation dams /embankments have a role to instill confidence amongst the beneficiaries in water user associations ensuring better upkeep by them for the assessed longevity of such structures. 11.2 Types proposed under ADMI: The programme envisages construction of dams, abutment and earthen embankments in schemes of surface flow and water detention structures. Surface flow storage structures under the programme will have target CCAs of 30ha, 40 ha and 50ha whereas each water detention structure is proposed to have a target CCA of 5ha. The storage behind 3 types of surface flow structures will vary between 6.5ham and 12ham. Embankments generally will be less than 500m in length but in a few sites depending on the configuration of the ground may be more than 500m The Maximum CCA in case of surface flow structure has been kept at 50ha to avoid acquisition of private land for water storage, as this is a very sensitive issue in different agro-climatic regions of the state. WRIDD proposes to take up approximately 510 such schemes of surface flow structures under the programme. These will primarily be confined to the districts of Birbhum, Bankura, Burdwan, Maldah, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling. The proposed distribution of such structures is furnished in the table below: Sl. No
District
1 2 3 4 5 6
Surface flow MI schemes
Total
30ha
40ha
50ha
Birbhum Bankura Darjeeling
70 0 0
0 75 0
10 0 14
80 75 14
Burdwan W. Midnapore Purulia
25 0
0 0
10 20
35 20
0
0
50
50
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 2 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
7
Jalpaiguri Total
0 95
0 75
10 114
10 284
Source: WRIDD
11.3 Classification of dams and embankments by height classes All dams proposed under the programme will belong to two height classes namely 4-6m and 6-8m. Embankments will also be placed in these two height classes.249 of these embankments in 4m-6m height class will have lengths greater than 400m. Similarly 35 embankments in 6m-8m height class will have embankments grater than 400m in length. Tables below depict the distribution of dams and embankment in different height/Length classes
Classification of Dams by height classes District
CCA
4m-6m
6m-8m Av. Reservoir area nil nil 5 4ha
25 5
70 10
70 10
3ha 5ha
nil nil
nil nil
nil nil
nil nil
10
65
75
4ha
nil
nil
nil
nil
50ha
14
0
14
5ha
nil
nil
nil
nil
JAL
50ha
0
14
10
5ha
nil
nil
nil
nil
W-MED
50ha
10
5
0
5
5
4ha
PURU
50ha
25
0
25
0
25
4ha
BDN
30ha 50ha
BIRB
30ha 50ha
70 10
BNKR
40ha
DARJ
Total nos
Total nos
Av. Reservoir area 3ha 5ha
Types Stone Mass boulder concrete 0 25 0 5
15
Types Stone Mass boulder concrete nil nil 0 5
5ha
25
5ha
Classification of embankments by height/ length classes
400m
400m
PC-017-011-abhi/ar
>400m
8m 201-
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
>400
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 3 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
400m Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
400m Nil
249
Nil
400m Nil
35
Nil
400m Nil
m Nil
Source: WRIDD
11.4 Safety considerations in design of mass concrete/stone boulder dams: Safe design of dams particularly those above 3m in height and below 10 metres must necessarily focus on the following issues; •
Safety against hydraulic failures due to overtopping, wave action and tail water.
•
Safety against structural instability
•
Safety against seepage failures due to internal erosion and development of pore pressure due to insufficient drainage
•
Special design requirements depending on specific conditions
Safety of dams proposed under subprojects of surface flow minor irrigation schemes has been checked against the following items: • • • •
Safety against tension Safety against overturning Safety against sliding- safety factor 1.5 is adopted Safety against crushing
While computing the high flood discharge, four different methods are used and these are Run off coefficient method, Rational method, Dicken’s formula and Ryve’s method. The maximum of these values is used in designing spillway capacities of the dam. Total floor length and depth of cut-off wall is decided in the light of exit gradient theory. Hydraulic jump and Cistern methods also have been used in some specific cases Thickness of floor is estimated by Khosla’s theory. Suitability of dam foundations will be determined through visual inspection or by density or gradation tests. Geological investigations, as necessary, have been carried out in case of some dams and embankments where sites have already been selected in subprojects of different districts in house by the Geology wing under the Directorate. Rock foundations ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 4 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
have been investigated to determine their permeability. If erosive leakage, excessive uplift pressure or high water loss occur through joints, fissures, crevices, permeable strata or any fault plane, grouting of foundations have been suggested. 11.5 Design of Earthen Embankment: The basic principle of designing an embankment is to produce a safe and functional structure through all phase of construction and operation. To achieve this, following criteria have to be met. •
The embankment must be safe against overtopping during extreme flooding
•
Slopes of embankments must be stable under all conditions of reservoir operation including rapid draw down of the reservoir
•
The embankment has to be so designed as not to impose excessive stresses on the foundation
•
Seepage through embankment, foundation and abutments has to be controlled to ensure prevention of sloughing of the slopes. Design has also to take care to prevent piping and excessive pore pressure.
•
The upstream slope of the embankment has to be protected against wave action and the downstream slope protected against wind and rain erosion.
Safety check of earthen embankments proposed in subprojects under the programme comprise of the following; •
Phreatic line check
•
Check against sliding: Safety factor of 2 is adopted.
•
Slip circle check- for determination of outer and inner slopes of embankment.
Compaction of cohesive soils like clayey sand, silty sand, clayey gravel, silty gravel and clayey soils etc. shall be done to 95% proctor density. In respect of other less cohesive soils like sandy soils, sandy gravelly soil compaction shall be done to 65% relative density with addition of moisture. While designing dams / embankments the following guidelines and criteria have always kept in view: •
Criteria for design of Solid Gravity Dams: IS 6512-1984
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 5 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
• • • • • • • • • •
Guidelines for fixing Spillway capacity: : IS 11223 - 1985 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design: IS 1893 Code of Practice for Stability Analysis of Earth Dams: IS 7894 - 1975 Guidelines for determination of effects of sedimentation in planning & performance of reservoir. IS 12182-1987 Construction of Spillways and similar overflow structures – Code of practice: IS 11155 –1994 IS: 10635-1993: free board requirement in embankment-dam Guidelines IS: 8414-1977- Guidelines for under seepage control measures for earth and rockfill dams IS 6066:1994 Pressure grouting of rock foundations IS12169:1987 Criteria for design of small embankments IS 8237: Code of practice for protection of sloes of embankments
11.6 Designing and Checks: All such structures are designed by an Engineer in the rank of an Assistant/ Executive Engineer on the basis of the data furnished by the Sub-assistant Engineer/Assistant Engineer. Such data include findings of the geological investigation where necessary. The Executive Engineers of the divisions approve such designs. This procedure may be considered adequate for dams less than 3m in height and for earthen embankments less than 3m in height and 250 m in length. For all dams and embankments above these specifications, the assistance of a competent graduate design engineer at the HQ is advisable. Such an Engineer may be inducted in the Project Director’s office by hiring the services of a qualified retired Engineer having retired from the Irrigation and Waterways Department and good experience in designing medium and minor irrigation dams. All designs by in house competent Engineers will require to be independently checked by the hired Specialist Design Engineer for subsequent approval by the Project Director. Execution will necessarily be undertaken by the Implemennting Division only on receipt of such approval. All records of design and approval will be properly preserved both in the office of the Project Director and the Implementing Division for reference by superior inspecting officers in the rank of the Super in tending and the Chief Engineer. Purpose of the design check will focus on the following issues: A.
Establishment of the structure design basis: This will include; • • •
Description of the existing situation preferably in drawings Geometry of the structure ( lay out , cross-sections and detailed drawings) Characteristics of construction material
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 6 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
• • B.
B. Calculation of the structure stability (safety factors): •
• •
C.
Characteristics of the foundation ( soil layering, and properties). Design Codes and Standards
Structure loading including all forces expected to affect the structure like external water pressure, internal water pressure( pore pressure and Uplift) in the dam and foundation, silt pressure, seimicity, weight of the structure and forces of appurtenances of the structure etc will be determined Consideration of structure stability considering failure mechanisms like overturning, sliding and over stressing Calculation of the embankment stability considering sliding, settlement, pore pressures and liquefaction, erosion because of wave action, overtopping and piping and slope protection.
Recommendations for structure strengthening ,if required: •
Suggest structure strengthening in case safety factor adopted is low. Recommend soil investigations , investigations on foundations etc 11.7 Quality Control in Construction Stage Quality control on procurement of materials like cement, steel, pipes etc shall be as per procurement policy approved for the project. Specifications of such materials will also properly get reflected in tender conditions.. Tender notice is also a part of the contract document. The Site Engineer in the rank of Sub Assistant Engineer/ Assistant Engineer will allow use of such materials in construction after satisfying himself about the quality of material. In case of any deficiency, he brings it to the notice of the supervising Assistant Engineer/ Executive Engineer. A.
Earthen Embankments: i. The site for construction of embankment has to be stripped to a depth of 15 to 20cm and all vegetation including trees, shrubs and their roots will require to be removed from such site. ii. Soils required for embankment, as far as possible, shall be collected from the borrow areas within the submersion zone subject to suitability of such materials for embankment construction. iii. Density tests for borrow area soil will be conducted with varying moisture content to find out Maximum Dry Bulk density and the Optimum Moisture Content. iv. Earth should be placed in layers of 20cm to 22.5cm when Standard Power Roller is used for compaction. During placement of layers clods & stones > 7.4cm should be handpicked and removed. v. In case the layer is dry water should sprinkled uniformly over the layer. Rapid Moisture Meter may be used to determine the moisture content of each layer.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 7 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
vi. Standard Proctor Density tests shall be conducted once in the borrow area. Such density tests will also be done in each layer and or one test for every 150.0 cu m earthwork placed and compacted. This should specially be done for all embankments higher than 3m. vii. Turfing shall preferably be done to prevent formation of rain cut and gulleys; slope on the waterside shall preferably be revetted with stones; outer slope of embankments may suitably turfed with grass sods and planting of site specific shrubs. viii. Compaction of cohesive soils like clayey sand, silty sand, clayey gravel, silty gravel and clayey soils etc. shall be done to 95% proctor density. In respect of other less cohesive soils like sandy soils, sandy gravelly soils compaction shall be done to 65% relative density with addition of moisture. B.
Stone Masonry Works: i. Quality of Stones; Stones shall be unweathered hard variety free from signs of decay, flaws and cracks. 75% of such stones shall be of dimensions not less than 15cm in any direction and should preferably weigh more than 25kg. Some sample stones should be tested for water absorption. All quarry sites for collection of stones should be approved by the Site Engineer ii. Sand: Sand should be washed and screened and free from organic impurities as well as silt and clay. Maximum size of particles of sand should not exceed 4.5mm and silt and clay content necessarily has to be limited to 3% by weight. iii. Cement: Cement shall be grade 40 or more and procured from reputed manufactures or their authorised dealers.. A certificate should be obtained from the manufacturer of such bands on essential properties like initial setting time, final setting time, fineness, 28 day compressive strength, consistency etc. iv. Water: Water used for making mortar shall have a value between 6 and 8.5. It should be free from objectionable quantities of silt, organic matter and other impurities. v. Construction procedure for quality assurance: • Cement mortar with cement and sand shall be prepared in conformity with specifications mentioned in drawings and bill of quantities. . A mechanical mixer should be used when mortar preparation is in substantial volume. • Consistency of mortar shall be in the range of water cement ration of 0.6. • A large quantum of mortar should not be made ready in one go. Only such quantum as could be used in masonry works within 30 minutes of mixing should be made ready. The first batch of mortar shall be made richer by mixing 10% more cement over and above that required for the particular mix. • Test for comprehensive strength of mortar shall be carried out for 28 days strength. A minimum of 3 test specimens shall be made for each type/class of mortar
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 8 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
•
•
Masonry work has to progress course by course and a maximum of 0.60 m high masonry may be raised in a day. And each such course should be checked for verticality. The top surface of each course shall be wire brushed to remove excess mortar to make the surface rough enough to ensure good bonding between courses. Curing of masonry is to be taken up after about 4 to 6 hours of construction and water should be softly sprayed. All exposed surfaces of stone masonry need be kept wet for a minimum period of 14 days.
C.
Concrete Works :
i.
Aggregates- Fine and Coarse: Sand shall be well graded with fineness modules of 2.2 to 2.8. No sand particle shall be more than 4.75 mm. Grading and fineness modulus shall be carried through sieve analysis.. Such fine aggregate has to be necessarily be free from silt, clay and other impurities.
Coarse aggregate comprises of all aggregate particles of more than 4.75-mm size. Preferably aggregates having sizes between 40 mm and 20mm are to be used for mass concrete. Such coarse aggregate should be hard and well graded to produce concrete of the desired strength and consistency. Coarse aggregates shall be tested for gradation, water absorption and also impact and abrasion values in case of availability of equipments. As in the case of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates shall be free from silt, clay, dust and other impurities. ii.
Water for Concrete: Water used for cement concrete shall have a pH value preferably between 6 and 8.5 and should be free from oils, salts, acids and organic impurities. Suitability for use water for concrete may be determined through determination of average 28 days compressive strength of at least three 15cm concrete cubes prepared with water proposed to be used and such compressive strength should not be less than 90% of the average strength of 3 similar concrete cubes prepared with distilled water.
iii.
Concrete Mix • • • • • •
Proportioning of concrete mix shall be done in batches keeping in view the volume of the work to be done in a day. The consistency of concrete will be such that concrete can be easily placed and compacted without segregation of materials. The consistency of concrete is to be determined through slump test and it should lie within the range of50mm to 75mm . Concrete except for small jobs shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer. The mixer always should be clean and free from set concrete. The site must be cleared of all debris, loose material and vegetation before placement of concrete. Concrete shall be placed in layers of 30cm to 45cm and in quick succession to prevent any separation of layers. Adequate curing of concrete is a necessity to enhance its durability and keem its permeability at optimal level.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 9 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
• •
Concrete shall not be thrown from a height of more than1.5m. When concrete is to be placed below ground level chutes should be used and such chute should be kept moist with water prior to delivery of concrete. The class of concrete or the grade of concrete shall be as shown in the drawings. Concrete may be classified on the basis of 28 days compressive strength in the manner as below: Concrete Class / Grade
•
Cube strength at 28 days ( kg/cm2 )
Mix Proportion
M 25
250
1:1:2
M20
200
1:1.5:3
M15
150
1:2:4
M10
100
1:3:6
No of samples to be taken from each grade of concrete shall be broadly as given in the table below; No of samples to be tested Quantity of concrete in the work( m3) !-5
1
6-15
2
16-30
3
31-50
4
>51
4+ 1 additional sample for each 50 cum or part thereof
3 test specimens shall be cast from each sample for testing at 28 days. The test result will be the average of three test specimens. 11.8 Responsibility for quality control during construction Phase: Responsibility for quality control during the construction phase shall primarily devolve on the officers and staff of the line hierarchy like Sub-assistant Engineer, Assistant Engineer and the Executive Engineer. For all dams of heights 3m or more and embankments of heights 3m or more and length 250 metres or more have to be necessarily inspected by higher supervisory officers of the rank of Superintending Engineer/ Chief Engineer. It would however be advisable to create Quality Control Cell in Bankura, Bardhaman and Jalpaiguri and such Cell may comprise of an Executive Engineer and an Assistant Engineer selected by the Project Director from amongst the Officers serving in the region. Such Cell shall have the authority to visit any site of ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 10 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
construction of dams and embankments and check up whether guidelines for quality control have been enforced at site. They will be under obligation to diagnose deviations if any to the concerned Executive Engineer and copies of such inspection note shall be sent to the Superintending Engineer and the Project Director through FAX or E-mail. These Cells should have a mobile van and the requisite equipments required for quality control. These three Cells may have defined jurisdiction as below: i. Cell at Bankura: Bankura, Purulia and West Midanapore ii. Cell at Bardhaman: Bardhaman and Birbhum iii. Cell at Jalpaiguri; Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling Local Panchyat institutions have the right to access drawings, estimates and tender notices and these institutions also keep a vigil on the quality of constructions and the material procured for the purpose. In the present programme beneficiary committees of Water User associations may also be encouraged to participate to assure quality control of procured material and construction. 11.9 Certification for payments and submission of Completion Certificate: Measurements are recorded by the Sub-assistant engineer at the site and such measurements are certified by the Assistant Engineer before payments are released by the Executive Engineer who is also responsible for submission of the completion report. Assistant Engineers and above are generally graduate engineers.. A few of them are holders of Master’s degree. Sub-assistant engineers are largely Diploma Engineers while many of them are also graduate engineers.
11.10 Inspection of dams and checklist for Inspection report All dams with appurtenances require regular inspection under normal operating conditions and immediately following unusual event such as first filling, a flood, or any seismic activity in the region. The schedule of inspection under normal operating conditions with reference to specific sites and potential problems may be conveniently followed particularly for all dams and its associated structures to ensure diagnosis of any problem. Such inspection should be made compulsory for all dams along with its appurtenances having a height of more than 4m and/or reservoir capacity of 1mcm. Routine inspection should be undertaken by officers of the rank of AEs/ EEs. This inspection may be conducted monthly /quarterly/ half yearly depending on the hazard category of the dam. Reviews of such inspection need be enforced by higher supervisory levels of SEs/ CEs on half yearly/ yearly basis.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 11 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
SUGGESTED INSPECTION SCHEDULE Location Upstream Slope Crest
Potential problem Slope failure Settlement Tree and shrub growth Seepage
Downstream slope
Slope failure Tree and shrub growth Downstream toe
Seepage Bulging indicative of slope failure
Spillway
Debris blocking spillway
Low level outlet
Erosion Piping
Time for inspection After rapid drawdown of reservoir After heavy rains Year round Du ring and after high reservoir levels During and after high reservoir levels Year round During and after high reservoir levels During and after high reservoir levels Periodically throughout the year After heavy rains During and after high reservoir levels
A simple format for inspection report is suggested below: Dam Inspection Report i. Location of the dam (Block, Mouza, JL no.) : ii. Type of dam: ( Dam height, reservoir area, top width, crest length , material used in construction may be mentioned) iii. Date of commissioning: iv. Designed by: v. Date of Inspection vi. Inspecting Officer with designation Particulars with reference to Dam:
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 12 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
i. Upstream Slope
Vegetation
Condition
ii. Upstream protection
Type of protection
Condition
iii. Downstream slope
Vegetation
Condition
Seepage
Condition
Outlets/Inlets a
Pipe
i. ii. iii.
Location: Type: Size ;
Condition
Spillway i. ii. iii.
Condition
Location: Type: Capacity
D. Abutments
Erosion Seepage
E. Reservoir i. ii. iii. iv.
Condition Condition
Capacity Level Source of supply Drainage
F. Conditions Downstrem of dam i. ii. iii.
Condition
Condition
Channel: Vegetation: Structures
G. Repairs recommended ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 13 of 13 Date: January,2011
Dam Safety
H. Documentation through photographs / sketches
Signature of the Inspecting Officer with date
K. Review by Supervisory level Officers like SEs/CEs Comments on items of inspection by the Inspecting Officer: Signature of the Reviewing Officer with date
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 1 of10 Date: December, 2011
Projects on International Waterways
CHAPTER 12 PROJECTS ON INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS
12.1 Introduction: West Bengal has a large number of waterways coming under the meaning of International Waterways as defined under the Operational Policy of the World Bank. Most of such waterways however occur in the northern part of the State. These waterways are located in river sub-basins like Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Tista, Punarbhaba and Attreye. The Teesta, Torsha, Jaldhaka, Raidak, Sankosh originating from Bhutan and Sikkim flow through the districts of Jalpaiguri & Coochbehar and finally flow down to Bangladesh- the neighboring country to the Brahmaputra at different locations. The Torsha has tributaries like Kaljani, Sil Torsa, Char Torsa, Sanjai, Holong, Ghargaria, Garam, Dima, Pana, Jainti and Gabar-Basra. The Great Rangit, Rammam, Rongpo, Relli, Lish, Ghish, Chel, Mal, Neora and Karala are tributaries of the Teesta. Raidak has tributaries in Raidak I, Raidak-II, and Turturi. Jaldhaka has tributaries like Mujnai, Murti, Diana, Sulanga, Dolong, Dharla, Ghatia, Kumlai, Gilandi, Duduga. Attreyee, Jamuna Punarbhaba & Tangon of Dakshin Dinajpur originate from Bangladesh. Of these Attreyee & Jamuna flow back to Bangladesh. Tangon after merger with Punarbhaba meet the river Mahananda in Maldah district. Mahananda having its tributaries in Mechi, Balason, Dauk, Kulik, Chiranali, and Tangon joins Ganga-Padma system downstream of Farakka barrage in Bangladesh. Mathabhanga-Churni-Ichhamati system of rivers originate at Mathabhanga off-taking from GangaPadma downstream of Farakka Barrage in Bangladesh. Reaching West Bengal at Majhedia in Nadia dt. This bifurcates into two – the Churni flowing in south-westerly direction meets the Bhagirathi at Ranaghat whereas the other branch flowing in south-easterly direction meets the Bay of Bengal through Raimangal of 24-Parganas (South) The discussion amply brings out that a very large number rivers with their tributaries in West Bengal will come under the meaning of international waterways as defined under the WB policy of Projects of International waterways. Such waterways are primarily confined within the boundaries of districts like Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda and Murshidabad.
2.2 Details of projects proposed under ADMI: WRIDD under the ADMI- programme has proposed 2395 surface water schemes covering CCA of 63555 ha and 2265 ground water schemes covering CCA of 75346ha.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 2 of10 Date: December, 2011
Projects on International Waterways
ha
CCA
Total no of struct ures
SWM IS
WDS
Sl No
Distri ct
RLI MD & MN
Proposed Surface Water Schemes
1
Coochbehar
262
0
0
262
5880
2
Jalpaiguri
328
50
10
388
7390
3
Birbhum
96
0
80
176
5320
4
Bankura
98
0
75
173
5960
5
N- 24Parganas
43
0
0
43
1260
6
Darjeeling
46
7
14
67
1655
7
N-Dinajpur
86
0
0
86
2240
8
S- Dinajpur
119
0
0
119
3580
9
Malda
175
0
0
175
5000
10
Murshidabad
64
0
0
64
2160
11
Nadia
169
0
0
169
3960
12
Burdwan
126
60
35
211
4650
13
Hoogly
92
0
0
92
2320
14
S-24Parganas
56
0
0
56
1320
15
Howrah
15
0
0
15
400
16
E-Medinipur
23
0
0
23
920
17
W-Medinipur
116
0
20
136
5340
18
Purulia
80
0
50
130
4200
Total
1994
117
284
2395
63555
Source: WRIDD
Ground Water Schemes ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 3 of10 Date: December, 2011
ha
CCA
Total structures
Pumped Dugwell Clust. (30 ha)
STW Clust. (30ha)
MDTW 20ha
District
Sl No
LDTW clust. (36 ha)
Projects on International Waterways
1
Coochbehar
50
0
400
9
459
15670
2
Jalpaiguri
30
0
550
62
642
22260
3
Birbhum
21
70
0
0
91
2940
4
Bankura
24
61
0
0
61
2676
5
N- 24Parganas
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
Darjeeling
0
0
36
4
40
1416
7
N-Dinajpur
18
85
182
0
285
9972
8
S- Dinajpur
4
8
0
0
12
368
9
Malda
30
66
141
0
237
8052
10
Murshidaba d
0
16
0
0
16
576
11
Nadia
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
Burdwan
40
87
0
0
127
3932
13
Hoogly
18
56
0
0
74
2376
14
S-24Parganas
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
Howrah
16
0
0
0
16
320
16
EMedinipur
48
47
0
0
95
2652
17
WMedinipur
60
26
0
0
86
2136
18
Purulia
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
359
522
1309
75
2265
75346
Source: WRIDD
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 4 of10 Date: December, 2011
Projects on International Waterways
12.3 Surface water availability in basins /sub-basins having international waterways Brahamaputra basin has sub-basins like Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Teesta with a very large no of tributaries coming under the definition of international waterways, GangaBhagirathi has Mahananda, Punarbhaba and Attreye and these sub-basins also have tributaries coming under the definition of international waterways. These sub-basins coming under the two major basins account for annual resources of surface water of 79583 mcm. The table below gives the detailed break-up of sub-basin wise availability of surface water. Disaggregated figures for tributaries are not available. This may also be noted that all international waterways are confined within the civil jurisdiction of Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda , Nadia and Murshidabad. Estimate of annual surface water availability in river basins having International waterways: Basin
Sub-basin
District
Rivers, tributaries & sub-tributaries
Annual Utilisation water Existing resources (mcm) Med/ Minor Maj. 1365
Jalpaiguri& Coochbehar
Sankosh, Chiklajhora& Raidak II
Raidak
---Do ---
Raidak , Raidak II Turturi
6666
Torsa
----Do----
Raidak I, Gadadhar, Kharkhari, Dima Torsa, Kaljani, Siltorsa, Char Torsa,Sanjai Hollong, Ghargharia, Garam, Pana, Jainti, Gabur Basra
11908
Brahamaputra Sankosh
-
Jaldhaka
--Do------
Utilisation Proposed Med/ Maj.
Minor
12665 Jaldhaka, Buri Torsa, Jiti, Mujnai, Indong, Murti, Diana,Sutanga, Dolong,Dharla,, Ghatia, Kumlai, Gilandi, Duua, Kalikhola
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Page 5 of10 Date: December, 2011
Projects on International Waterways
Basin
Sub-basin
GangaBhagirathi
District
Rivers, tributaries & sub-tributaries
Annual Utilisation water Existing resources (mcm) Med/ Minor Maj. 32124 3810
Teesta
Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar
Mahananda
Darjeeling, Mahananda, 13334 Uttar Mechi, Dinajpur & Malda Swarnamati, Bataria, Boon, Chenga, Manja, Lachka, Rohini, Balason, Buri Balason, Dauk, Nagar, Kulik Kanki, Gamari, Chiramati, Tangon,Kalindi, Phulhar, Barsoi, Punarbhaba
Utilisation Proposed Med/ Maj. 1535
Minor
Punarbhaba Punarbhaba
---Do-----
1034 Attreye
Atreye
Dakshin Dinajpur
487
Source: Hydrological assessment of ADMI- project by WAPCOS (March, 2010)
12. 4 Water requirement for Proposed Surface Water Schemes in different districts: WRIDD has estimated the total requirement of surface and ground water for each individual scheme to successfully operate these schemes. The requirement has been assessed as given below:
• • • • • •
Medium RLI : 43.72 ham Minor RLI : 21.86ham SFMIS 30ha: 11.07ham SFMIS 40ha: 14.76ham SFMIS 50ha: 18.45ham WDS : 2.3ham
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Page 6 of10 Date: December, 2011
Projects on International Waterways
On the basis of these figures, the total requirement of surface water has been calculated and the same is reflected in the following table.
Surface water requirement for proposed subprojects
Sl.No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
District
Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia Burdwan Hoogly S- 24 Pgs N- 24Pgs Howrah Birbhum Bankura W. Midnapore E.Midnapore Purulia
Total
Water requirement ham
Surface water Schemes RLI Med Min 40ha 20ha 32 230 4 324 0 46 26 60 60 59 75 100 44 20 29 140 29 97 24 68 10 46 20 43 5 10 40 56 50 48 101 15 23 0 5 75
0 50 7 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
577
117
1417
SFMIS WDS
30ha
40ha
50ha
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 0
0 10 14 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 20 0 50
6339.40 7345.76 1279.96 2448.32 3912.94 5465.00 2357.88 4328.28 3987.55 2535.76 1442.76 1084.00 437.20 4687.66 4342.20 5112.62 1005.56 1797.50
75
114
59910.35
95
The figures in the table eloquently point out that the surface water requirements in the districts of Coochbehar, Darjeeling, Malda, and Bankura are on the higher side. Howrah has a small requirement. Other districts have requirements ranging between 1000ham and 6000 ham. 12.5 Assessment of requirement of ground water WRIDD has assessed the requirement of groundwater for each of ground water schemes proposed under the programme. Requirements have been assessed as hereunder: • •
MDTW; 21.67ham LDTW: 6.50ham
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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• •
STW: 6.50ham PDW: : 5.42ham
On the basis of these figures the total requirement of ground water for proposed schemes has been calculated district wise and the same is furnished in the table below. Ground water requirement for proposed sub-projects
Sl no
District
MDTW 20ha
LDTW clusters 36ha
STW clusters 36ha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Total
Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Darjeeling Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Malda Murshidabad Nadia Burdwan Hoogly S- 24 Pgs N- 24Pgs Howrah Birbhum Bankura W. Midnapore E.Midnapore Purulia
50 30 0 18 4 30 0 0 40 18 0 0 16 21 24 60 48 0 359
0 0 0 85 8 66 16 0 87 56 0 0 0 70 61 26 47 0 522
400 550 36 182 0 141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1309
Pumped dugwell clusters 30 ha 9 62 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75
Water requirement ham I6973.18 24106.34 1404.00 10842.06 398.68 8723.10 624.00 0.00 4259.80 2574.00 0.00 0.00 346.72 3185.07 2899.08 1300.20 2873.16 0.00 80509.39
The figures indicate that the requirement of groundwater in the districts of Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Uttar Dinajpur and Malda are on the higher side. Nadia, South –24 Pgs, North24Pgs and Purulia do not have any requirement of ground water under this programme.The requirement of Howrah, Hoogly,Murshidabad and Dakshin Dinajpur are on the low side. 12.6 Status of ground water in the State of West Bengal and scope for future development beyond March, 2010:
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR
Page 8 of10 Date: December, 2011
Projects on International Waterways
Net ground water availability beyond March,2004 for irrigation has been assessed district wise. On the basis of this WAPCOS- the Hydrology Consultant has assessed equivalent nos. of STW/LDTWs, MDTWS and HDTWs and the figures are furnished in the table below. District
Net ground water availability for irrigation beyond March, 2004(ha m)
Equivalent nos. of possible ground water structures beyond March,2004 STW/LDTW
MDTW
HDTW
Darjeeling
43539
62199
15832
7916
Jalpaiguri
224667
320953
81697
40849
Coochbehar
172412
246303
52246
26123
Uttar Dinajpur
79221
52814
7545
3772
Dakshin Dinajpur
44556
29704
4243
2122
Malda
51613
34409
4916
2458
Murshidabad
16842
8421
1604
802
Nadia
19513
13009
1858
929
24-Parganas (N)
36951
26394
3519
1760
Howrah
25813
16133
2458
1229
Hoogly
91175
45588
8683
4342
Burdwan
167429
83715
15946
7973
Bankura
131453
82158
15917
7598
Purulia
59207
37004
-
5317
Birbhum
111651
69782
10633
2563
Purba Medinipur
44342
27714
5126
12581
Paschim Medinipur
217654
136034
25162
Source: SWID & WAPCOS Hydrological Assessment of ADMI ( March,2010)
12.7 Requirement vis-a vis availability: Surface water availability figures have not been updated since the assessment in 1987. The figure for availability West Bengal stands at 13.29mhm of which 5.31 m ham has been designated as utilizable. The total requirement of surface water for proposed sub-projects under the present programme has been estimated at 59910 ham which is only 1.13% of utilizable volume ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Page 9 of10 Date: December, 2011
Projects on International Waterways
CGWB and SWID in their March, 2004 assessment have projected the availability of ground water at 2.746mham. Ground water requirement for subprojects under the programme has been assessed at 80509 ham. Therefore this requirement is only 2.93% of the projected availability. 12.8 Observations of the World Bank on abstraction of surface water from International Waterways World Bank in their communication dated 23.09.2010 to His Excellency Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, Hon’ble Minister of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh brings out the following points: •
Rivers namely the Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Raidak, Sankosh, Punarbhaba and Attrai in the northern part of West Bengal originate from Sikkim and Bhutan and are tributaries of the Brahmaputra river of Bangladesh –the downstream riparian country. Similarly the river system of 24-Parganas in southern part of West Bengal form the border with Bangladesh and flow into the Bay of Bengal.
•
The study has calculated the total monthly river flow with a probability of occurrence of 75%(i,e guaranteed in 3 yrs out of an average of 4 yrs.) and the total monthly irrigation volume as a percentage of the total monthly river flow.
•
The total incremental abstraction as percentage of the total annual river flow at 75% dependability is low ranging from 0.06% for the Teesta River Basin to 1.96% for the Atrai river basin. The maximum percentage abstraction rate occurs during the lean season flow of rivers and during a month when irrigation requirements are highest. Even then but for two rivers of Atrai and Sankosh, the rate of abstraction does not exceed 4.5%. The abstraction rate of Atrai & Sankosh for the proposed sub-projects stands as high as 20.44% and 14.59% respectively. The table below reflects the situation adequately:
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River System
Teesta Sankosh Raidak Torsa Jaldhaka Punarbha Atrai 24-Parganas
Incremental Water Abstraction Range as % 0f total available flow in the River System
Maximum (July) 0.01 0.30 0.02 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.42 0.06
%
Minimum% (February) 0.60 14.59 1.09 4.50 4.54 1.29 20.44 3.05
Total increme ntal water abstract ion
0.06 1.40 0.10 0.43 0.44 0.12 1.96 0.29
12.9 Suggested Mitigation Measures To avoid negative impact arising out of abstraction of surface water on the river flows of International Waterways the following measures need be adopted by the Govt. of West Bengal during execution of the minor irrigation schemes under ADMI. • •
•
No new scheme shall be taken up on any river, rivulet or stream directly flowing into Bangladesh. Abstraction of surface water from Atrai and Sankosh has to be kept below 5% during peak month. This can partly be achieved through bringing in changes in cropping pattern in CCAs of the proposed sub-projects relying more on watersaving crop in the season and discouraging cultivation of boro paddy. During the phase of implementation, it may be necessary to divert some of the sub-projects to adjoining sub-basins. As far as abstraction of ground water is concerned, no subprojects of Shallow, LDTW and MDTW will be installed within 600m of the border with Bangladesh.
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Page 1 of10 Date: December, 2011
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Chapter- 13 Pesticide Management 13.1 Introduction Agriculture practices which include pests and disease control methods, application of plant nutrients, choice of crops play a very important role in environment management especially for healthy maintenance of agro ecosystem for sustainability and to avoid problem of pollution through insecticide/pesticides which can directly enter human system through crops and indirectly through the route of animal products like fish, meat etc. Similarly the use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers without adequate organic matter application results in leaching of nitrates which affect water quality. Further, in eastern India in general and in West Bengal in particular summer paddy (Boro) cultivation is taken up as the usual practice whenever water is available. This is done in most cases without any consideration of economics, markets of possible other crops even high yielding cash crops like vegetables. This large scale monoculture of Boro without consideration of type of soil, quantum of available water, leads to excessive use of water ( Boro cultivation is even taken up in sandy soil when irrigation facility is available) which results into conflicts among farmers for water use and promote tapping even from arsenic affected areas, saline areas. Prof. Watson, Chief Scientists, World Bank, Director International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science, and Technology for Development stresses the need for combining local traditional knowledge with the knowledge of modern agriculture in his statement “We have got to make sure that footprint of agriculture on climate is lessened; we have to make sure we do no degrade soil, we do not degrade water, and we do not have adverse effects on biodiversity. There are some major challenges, but we believe that combining local and traditional knowledge with formal knowledge challenges can be met.”
13.2 Project area for study West Bengal having total geographical area of 8.8 million hectares 5.2 million ha of net cropped area and out of this net irrigated area 3.63 million ha (68.73%) has 180.04% cropping intensity. Nearly 50 million people live in rural area in 37,910 villages. A large number of towns out of total 379 towns are agriculture-based. A little more than 50% of state’s income is from Agriculture. It produces 13.8% of the total production of rice in the country and is one of the principal rice growing states in India. Other important crops are potato, jute, and oilseeds etc. Boosting agricultural production and reducing rural poverty are high on the agenda of the state. There is little scope for increasing cultivated area. Hence agricultural intensification through development of minor irrigation is the main pillar of strategy which aims at increasing cropping intensity in targeted area to more than 200%.The intensification of agriculture may result in increasing use of fertilizer and pesticide which may create problem of the environment. So, the study has been carried with the following objectives.
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13.3 Objective of study Objectives are outlined below: •
Study the trend of fertilizer and pesticide use in various districts of the state over a decade,
•
Checking the list of registered of pesticides in use in the state to assess about the use of banned pesticide (WHO class1A/1B and class II) pesticides based on secondary data.
•
Plant protection system of the state at present and future plan and program, constraints faced for implementation
•
To devise strategies for Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in short and medium term for prevention of water and soil pollution that may be triggered because of increased use of fertilizer and pesticides /insecticides in CCAs of the subprojects selected for implementation under the program of ADMI project.
13.4 Methodology Methodology included analysis of the secondary data and reports available on fertilizer and pesticides use from the State Agriculture Department and holding consultations with State Government officials and Agriculture experts of State Agriculture Universities (SAUs). Discussion with Agriculture Scientists, Plant Protection Experts and officials, focus group discussion and interview with farmers during stake holder consultations were also included in such methodology. 13.5 Observation and Analysis of data 13.5.1 Trend of Fertilizer use The trend of fertilizer and pesticide use in different districts are based on data of Agriculture Dept. There are 18 districts of the state, out of which 11 districts have average cropping intensity of 220 and remaining 7 districts have cropping intensity varying between 150 and 218. The consumption of fertilizer varies from district to district irrespective of cropping intensity which may be dependent on type of crops grown in the area. Trend of fertilizer and pesticide use are provided in tables and graphical presentations below: The consumption pattern was classified into three classes based on actual consumption of fertilizer in the districts in 2008-2009. Highest rate of fertilizer 220-270kg per ha. was applied in Hoogly, Malda and Bardhaman, while the districts of Murshidabad, East Medinipur , Birbhum, Bankura, North 24-Parganas applied dose of 150-220kg per ha and the remaining districts used less than 150 kg per ha(The rate of consumption is below recommended doze of chemical fertilizer which is 450kg per ha.). Further the ratio of NPK in the fertilizer in use by the farmer’s districts is balanced (2.26:1.32:1). ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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30%of total cost. Krishi Projukti Sahakyas (KVS) interviewed are of opinion that they are burdened with various schemes, so it is not possible to provide focused attention in the area of pest management. However they appreciated need of awareness about organic pesticides and IPM. Department of Agriculture in their report suggested training and engagement of NGOs as service providers to popularize organic and eco-friendly pesticides and IPM in the area of irrigated agriculture. 13.6 Chemical Pesticides used in the State The pesticides used in the State are registered under Sec 9/3of Insecticide Act of 1968.Two hundred twenty one of pesticides are registered under the act, out of which 49 falls under category of W H O‘s classification (10 in 1B and 39 in II).The list of registered pesticides showing the W H O banned class is in Table I of Attachment I. Survey of the dealers dealing in pesticides by Inspectors engaged by Agriculture Department, revealed that no banned pesticides by the state are being sold by them. Besides they do not have pesticides banned in India (The list of banned pesticides is table II of the Attachment I. and the list of pesticides whose uses are restricted are in table III of the Attachment I. 13.6.1 Pesticide monitoring Primary monitoring of ground and surface water quality during study evaluated pesticide parameters like alpha-BHC, gama-BHC and Endosulphan. In almost all the cases values of such parameters were below detection limit. Secondary data of WBPCB as furnished in Annexure XII both for ground and surface waters reflect values of aldrin, dieldrin, endosulphan and DDT mostly below detection limit. Residues of pesticides in agricultural crops also have serious implications on human health. In view of this West Bengal State Pollution Control Board had undertaken a continuous ground water monitoring program in association with the Central Pollution Control Board at selected stations in the districts of Bardhaman, Howrah, North and South 24-Parganas, Nadia, & Maldah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and Kolkata at 22 stations. Monitored pesticides are BHC, DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Malathion, Methyl Parathion, Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos. The analysis of 22 samples resulted in detection of -BHC only in four samples and DDT in 2 samples . Malathion was present only in one sample. Aldrin has been detected in a few samples but this was well below the quantification of the analytical set up. Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos were not detected. The study instituted by the Department of Environment, Govt. of West Bengal and undertaken by the Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management in Jalpaiguri district on pesticide residues in agricultural products observed as follows; •
The soils of the tea gardens in the Terai region showed the highest degree of contamination with respect to chloropyriphos, ethion, heptachlor, dicofol, betaendosulphan, endosulphan sulphate and cypermethrin.
•
None of the irrigating water samples sampled from the vegetable and fruit fields in the area responded to the presence of pesticides.
•
Among the pesticides studied chloropyriphos, dicofol, heptachlor and ethion were detected in the rivers and canals surrounding the tea gardens of the Terai and Dooars region.
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The proposed area additional CCA to be covered under I ADMI project is 1633621 ha distributed in 18 districts. All the districts are using chemical fertilizer much below the all India average recommended dose. But the districts of Malda, Nadia, North24 Parganas, Howrah, Hoogly and East Midnapore are using high dose of pesticides which is above state and National average. District wise proposed additional CCA with SW under WB_ADMIP are as below:
COB JAL DARJ (SLG)
Proposed Addl. CCA by SW (ha) 5880 7390 1655
ND
2240
SD MLD
3580 5000
Dist.
Dist. MSD NDA N24PGS S24PGS HOW HOOGH
Addl. CCA by SW (ha) 2,160 3960 1260
BDN BIRB E-MED
Addl. CCA by SW (ha) 4650 5320 920
1,320
W-MED
5340
400 2320
BANKR PURU
5960 4200
Dist.
Source: WRIDD 13.8 Pesticide management programme including IPM of the State Agriculture Department The Joint Director of Plant Protection under the Director of Agriculture is the authorised officer under the Insecticide act of 1968 who carry out activity as per provision of the act. He is also responsible for issue of licences for setting up manufacturing unit after obtaining clearance under Environmental Protection Act; 1986.There is one testing laboratory at Midnapore for testing insecticide samples. The facility is considered inadequate considering requirement. No laboratory for testing bio pesticides has been set up in the state. At least two such laboratories are needed said Joint Director, Plant Protection. He mentioned that overall consumption of technical grade pesticide in the state is 0.424kg per ha. This is below national average. Studies on Integrated Control Measure in the state reflect that use of insect tolerant crop varieties, cultural management including use of balanced dose of fertilizers, need based application of insecticides and biological control of the pest are considered most appropriate practice. 13.8.1 Plant protection Strategy proposed of Agriculture Department (2007-12) The strategy riveted on the following programmes: •
Popularisation of Bio pesticides
•
Popularisation of Botanical pesticides
•
State level plant protection training meeting
•
District level plant protection training meeting
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The Agriculture Deptt.Government of West Bengal adopted the policy to promote the use of botanical and bio pesticides for its cost -effectivity and to encourage IPM for deriving comprehensive benefits. State level and district level plant protection training meetings, are also organised from time to time. 13.8.2 Plant protection system The plant protection system of the state has the following components: •
Registration of pesticides as per Insecticide Act, 1968 and survey of a credible sample of sellers/distributors of pesticides is done by 450 (four hundred fifty) insecticide inspectors in 18 (eighteen) districts.
•
Classification of pesticides done by Department of Agriculture based on active ingredients (ai) and marked with bright red, bright yellow, bright blue and bright green triangle to be used for specified crop/s;
Lethal dose (LD) 50 test animals Classification Medium LD by the oral route (acute toxicity) 1. Extremely toxic 1-50 2. Highly toxic 51-500 3. Moderately 501-5,000 toxic 4.Slightly toxic More than 5,000
mg/Kg body weight of
Colour of identification Medium LD by the band on the dermal route (dermal label toxicity) 1-200 Bright red 201-2,000 Bright yellow 2001-20,000 Bright blue More than 20,000
Bright green
Source: Report of Deptt. of Agriculture •
Survey and surveillance: There are state, range, district, subdivision and block level monitoring committee for monitoring pest, disease and weed situation.
•
IPM training programme: Training of Block Level Extension Workers was organized during 10th plan, where 30 officers were trained on rice IPM besides training of 40SMS.
•
Training of man power and demonstration: Training of officers and farmers were imparted through Farmers Field School in Rice, Oilseeds, Pulses, Sugarcane, Cotton and Vegetables during 1997-98 and 2005-06. All extension personnel and 809,950 farmers have been trained.
•
Five regional plant protection training programme were conducted for extension workers where 150 number of extension workers were trained by University Professors and Research Scientists.
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•
23,430 field demonstrations were taken up during 10th plan for rice, pulses, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, mango and vegetables.
•
Training and awareness programme of man power by CIPMC: Central Integrated Pest Management Centre organizes training of Farmers, Krishi Prajukti Sahayak, Agriculture Extension Worker, NGOs in collaboration with state government. They are at present undertaking training and awareness programme for IPM of paddy, mango and vegetables. A wide publicity of the programme is arranged in the form of rally with poster and charts and banners for general awareness among public.
•
Selection and training of Farmer’s Field School (FFS): Two hundred FFSs will be set up in 17 districts in the blocks selected by Principal Agricultural Officer (PAO).Under this programme the farmers will be enlightened on judicious use of pesticides and at the same time identification of pests and diseases and beneficial insects with calculation of pest and defender ratio management. There is planting programme of trees for ecological balance. The programme will be conducted in the field with at least 35-40 farmers in 40ha land.
•
Arrangement for treatment of crop seeds with the partnership of private companies.
•
Bio Village Programme
State Agriculture Department has a Bio village programme for sustainable agriculture. In this programme, farmers are taught use of Bio/Botanical pesticides including training on use of microbial pesticides and use of predators and parasites (on vegetable crops for disposing as bio produce) with the emphasis on result demonstration in selected model villages under the supervision of AO, D.P.PO, SMS, ADO, KPS of the respective district, subdivision and block, involving Panchayats, Officers of Agriculture Marketing, Horticulture, Food Processing, Mycologist, Entomologist of the district, Farmers including Women farmers belonging to Self Help Groups and reputed NGOs. Already 75 BVs have been set up across the state since launching in 2004-05.In these villages farmers are trained on the appropriate use of (i) Bio/Botanical pesticides and use of Bio microbes and parasites, (ii)use of Bio fertilizers, (iii)adopting System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for boro rice cultivation. Another 118 (84 from State fund and 34 from Rastrya Bikash Yojona) are proposed to be executed by June, 2010. 13.8.3 Future programme for Plant Protection The programme for 2010-11 to 2014-15 includes: •
Training for FFS to train up farmers for 16 weeks period for a particular crop; Farmers are to be trained to identify friendly and harmful insect and their ratio throughout the cropping season.
•
Master Trainer Farmers Training: Some educated farmers and interested farmers amongst bio village and FFS are to be trained for master trainer so that they can train farmers of the locality.
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•
Continuous training and updating: To update with new technology or innovations among officers, field staff, farmers, input dealers provisions has been kept for training. It is proposed to hold meeting at 5 tiers viz (a) Range level Plant Protection training with 150 officers for three days, (b) District level Plant Protection training for 50 officers for three days, (c) District level Plant Protection training for 100 farmers and dealers (d) Subdivision wise KPS training on Plant Protection and Organic farming system and (e) Master farmers training programme in 51 subdivision with 100 KPS at the rate of 3 in each district.
•
Setting of Bio village: The object is to grow consciousness amongst 40-50 farmers of the particular village with 10-15 ha land. The farmers are to be trained to adopt judicious use of chemical fertilizer with organic manure and adoption of concept of IPM which includes bio/botanical pesticides. The entire activity will be carried out on the principle of ‘doing is believing’.
•
100%seed treatment: To prevent against future disease attack, seed treatment will be carried out which will prevent 80% of disease incidence. There will be provision for subsidized price of seed treatment chemical. The present coverage under treated seed is 41% which was 23% before campaign.
•
Plant Health Clinic and Diagnostic Laboratory: The farmer faces various problems while cultivating crops and among the problems about 70 to 80% are related to plant protection. In most cases they obtain advice from input dealers who may not have proper knowledge. In view of the problem, state government proposes to open Plant Health Clinic and Diagnostic laboratory at least one in each subdivision and two in bigger subdivision. The laboratory may be run by the staff of the Department or by NGO with the support of the Department.
13.8.4 Analysis of Pesticide Management program of the State While analyzing the “State Pesticide Management Programs (SPMP)” and reviewing the draft IPM strategy and the effectiveness of its current strategy it may be seen that Agriculture Dept. has several field programme in the areas of plant protection including IPM and supply of quality pesticides, diagnostic centres besides programme of bio-village, crop diversification and various other demonstrations to promote sustainable agriculture. The available infrastructure and man power falls short because of very large geographical expanse of the area to be covered. There is only one pesticide testing laboratory having capacity to analyze 650 samples. There is no laboratory for testing Bio pesticides. So it is impossible to cover the large number of samples generated by the state from one testing laboratory and testing of bio-pesticides is not possible under the existing set up. IPM has already been established in the State since 1988 and now it covers all the crops but so far only 40% implementation could be made due to inadequacy of departmental field staff/workers. As a solution, to supplement the need NGOs may be trained and engaged as service providers for this purpose with a view to popularize and adopt the measures on
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regular basis with the farming community to take it as a major tool of effectiveness in irrigated agriculture; 13.9
Strategies, Action plan and Recommendations for ADMI project •
Building awareness amongst the farming community for judicious pest management with special emphasis on predisposing factors for occurrence of pest and diseases, and disseminate information about banned pesticides, effect of indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, safety measures for handling pesticides, use of bio-pesticides etc. This can be achieved through: o
Mass campaign;
o
Publicity through print & electronic media; and
o
Holding awareness meetings at least 5-10 in nos. with the farmers in each of ADMI project blocks; blocks where pesticide use is likely to go up above the state average need be selected preferentially for such meetings
o
Knowledge building amongst selected farmers for counting Economic Threshold Level (ETL); identification of predators, assessment of pest defender ratio etc to take decision for spraying pesticide.
o
Intensification of bio pesticide production and testing in collaboration with identified reputed organisations having infrastructural facilities and competent qualified professionals.
(Pest & Defender ratio i.e. if one finds one pest and two defenders, ratio is 1:2, farmer need not have to go for pesticide management.) The used defenders are of 2 (two) types one “Predator” (i.e. friendly insects) and the other is “Parasite”. The predominant predators available in West Bengal are Concede Beetle, 8 (eight) varieties of spiders, Mirid bug, Long horn grasshoppers, Cricket and Ophioria. The predominant useful parasites available in the State are Cotasia, Xynphopimpla and Carrops. 13.9.1 Preparation of project specific Pest management plan for all project Districts The District Project Management Unit may provide guidelines for preparation and implementation of pesticide management plan in the CCAs of ADMI project blocks. The plan will include awareness generation especially against banned pesticides, restriction on use of class IA/IB and class II pesticides, capacity building for decision making for undertaking pesticide spray, demonstration for use of Bio and Botanical pesticides, and monitoring and evaluation. The DPMU will facilitate selection of NGOs for awareness generation, capacity building and monitoring. Arrangement for orientation and training of the selected NGOs may be organized by the DPMU with the help of State Agriculture Universities.
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WRIDD may initiate a dialogue with Department Of Agriculture, GoWB regarding the issue of deregistration of Class 1A/1B pesticides from the list of registered pesticides. Department of Agriculture may undertake a survey of pesticide use in the manner as suggested below and decide on the course of action to phase out use of Class II pesticides. Survey by Inspectors of the Department should be carried on regular basis in ADMI project blocks. This survey may be carried out through multi-stage sampling: •
The districts where pesticide use is anticipated to go up because of implementation of the ADMI-program need be selected.
•
Then a convenient sample of blocks may be selected from the identified districts
•
A random sample of dealers /distributors may be interviewed or a questionnaire survey undertaken to know about the pesticides they sell and reasons thereof.
•
A random sample of villages may be taken up from the selected blocks at another level
•
From the sample villages, farmers/planters/ plantation workers may be identified for holding focus group discussion. Concerned Agriculture Extension Workers may be interviewed to understand the use of ClassIA/IB and Class II pesticides. Such a survey will help to draw up a plan for prevention/restriction of use of such pesticides.
Such a survey should be supervised and monitored by the DPMU. 13.9.2 Setting up of Bio Villages as Result Demonstration unit Biovillage program will have the components of (I) awareness generation of beneficiaries & their capacity building for organic farming, (ii) production of organic manure and bio pesticides and (iii) supply of bio-inputs. Demonstration area of 20 ha (preferably in compact blocks) in each of 100 blocks selected preferentially from 6 districts using high dose of pesticides will be organised. Such selection will be done by DPMUs with the assistance of PPP (Project Program Promoters appointed by the Deptt. of Agriculture. Implementation of the bio-village program has the basic requirements as follows: •
Crops / cropping sequence: i. multipurpose legume tree for fodder, green leaf manuring, ii. Green manure/covercrops like dhaincha, sun hemp, and green gram iii. Trees and herbs for botanical pesticides like drumstick, neem, turmeric, calotropis etc and iv. Leguminous crops like pulses as intercrop or mix crop with non-legume crops
•
Nutrient sources: i. Vermi-compost/ Enriched compost (Phosphocompost) ii. Farmyard manure iii. Oil cakes iv. Biofertiliser (Rhizobium, Azotobactor, Azospirillium and PSB) v. Azolla vi. Crop residues, vii.Rock phosphate and Liquid manure ( Cowdung slurry, Cow urine )
The bio-village program implementation requires judicious selection of compact blocks of 15 to 20 has distributed amongst different categories of farmers having a fair representation of ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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small and marginal farmers. Different cropping pattern has to be drawn up depending on the situation of the land. Uplands should be allocated for orchard of fruits like mango, guava, papaya, lime and vegetables while low lands need go for aman rice- khesari/ rapeseed. Medium lands may have combination of aman rice with a variety of vegetables. It will be useful to have on or more small bio-gas plant developed within the bio-village program having a minimum of 6-12 milch cows through distribution of such cows amongst the members of SHGS. This will help production of organic manure including cowdung slurry and cow urine. The bio-village program for an average area of 20 ha will cost approximately Rs. 4.38 lacs. There will be variation depending on the cropping pattern, targeted production of vermicompost, biopesticides and requirement of development of small animal farms through SHGS of the beneficiaries in the program. The approximate estimated break up of such cost may be as follows: a. Awareness meetings: RS.50000.00 b. Augmentation of production facilities, production and supply of inputs like BT, NPV, biopesticides, biofertilisers etc; Rs 1,50,000.00 c. Subsidy for establishment of cattle farms through subsidy; Rs. 1,00,000.00 d. Subsidy for adoption of suggested cropping pattern; Rs75000.00 e. Contingencies including measurement of residual toxicity; Rs 63000.00 Impact of bio-village program may be monitored from 3rd. year onwards from adoption using the following indicators •
Assessment of pesticide residues in the crop through residual analysis
•
Reduction in the quantum of use of inorganic fertiliser and pesticides and
•
Reduction in the frequency of irrigation under adopted cropping patterns
13.9.3 Expected Benefits that can be derived by adopting BV program are: •
Improvement in soil health due to incorporation of micro-organism in the soil,
•
Reducing the cost of cultivation by replacing 15-20% chemical fertilizers with Bio-fertilizer, vermicompost, greenmanure and farm yard manure;
•
Introduction of one pulse crop in the cropping sequence which indirectly build soil nutrient status as well as supply of pulses for consumption;
•
Reducing 55-65% of the cost against their chemical pesticides which will build awareness for use of organic and biodegradable substances;
•
Generate awareness about predator, pest insects, disease identification skills etc. guide others;
•
Production of better quality and safe food without degrading environment
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CHAPTER 14 ENVIRONMENTAL BUDGET 14.1
INTRODUCTION: Subprojects under the programme will be executed all over the state with the exclusion of Kolkata. As the bulk of the projects will be of low impact category, impacts will be managed through the provisions of the Environmental Code of Practice, which has a format for Rapid Environmental Checklist, the Generic Environment Management Plan and the Environment Monitoring Plan. This Generic Environment Management Plan along with the Environment Monitoring Plan will be a part of the contract document and therefore implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring plan will be binding on the appointed contractors. A very small number of projects that might require cover of limited Environmental Assessment prepared on the basis of terms of reference provided, specific Environmental Management Plan with suggested mitigation measures and a Environment Monitoring Plan will have to be prepared. In such cases of subprojects, environmental budget has to be prepared separately.
14.2
COST ESTIMATES: The present budget therefore provides for the following components:
• Training component for different target groups proposed for capacity building •
Requirement for infrastructure for expansion of irrigation water quality testing facilities
•
Organisation of water quality surveillance groups, their training and provision of of water quality kits
•
Dissemination of irrigation water quality information at the block level
•
Sponsoring studies on contamination of food crops grown in arsenic contaminated and fluorotic areas and bioaccumulation by SAUs and other reputed Institutions
•
Incremental staff for for District Project Management Units & State Project Management Unit
•
Induction of a Dam Safety Expert at Project Hq for designing dams and embankments and checking of such designs done by the field level engineers and their certification
•
Quality control during construction of dams and embankment- provision of mobile vans and equipments
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•
Strengthening of pesticide management programme through a set of actions like awareness development through workshops and seminars, execution of bio-vilage programme in specified blocks
•
Cost of relocation of cultural /religious properties and enhancement thereof.
•
Enhancement of selected waterbodies to cater to rural recreation and supporting livelihood of people associated with such water bodies.
The detailed cost estimate is provided in the table below:
Sl no
A
Components
Units of Unit measurem cost (Rs. ents In lacs
Total
Provision in (Rs. in lacs )
Environmental capacity Building A1. Training Programme Regional Workshops In country
Nos
3.00
5
15.00
Nos
1.00
24
24.00
Nos
1.50
6
9.0
Nos
1.50
30
45.00
Nos
2.50
7
17.50
Nos
9.00
3
27.00
Nos
3.00
5
15.00
TRAINING ON ECOPS Training on rapid reconnaissance
TRAINING ON PREPARATION OF EMP Exposure visit in country outside the state Exposure visit –Foreign( Group of 3 officers) State level- Apex level Training of WRIDD engineers Subtotal A2. Workshops, seminars & consultancies Workshops State level apex level workshops Stakeholders workshop District level/intermediate level workshops Awareness generation among contractors
152.50
Nos
5.00
2
10.00
Nos Nos
0.50 3.00
36 48
18.00 144.00
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Sl no
Components
Awareness generation amongst beneficiaries Training of water quality surveillance groups Dissemination of WQ data and brochures As/F study for contamination of crops Awareness programme for Pesticide management Project coordination meeting Subtotal
Unit Units of measurem cost (Rs. In lacs ents Nos 1.00
Total
60
Provision in (Rs. in lacs ) 60.00
Nos
0.50
20
10.00
Per annum
15.00
5yrs
75.00
LS
100.00
Blocks
0.50
150
75.00
Nos
0.10
12
1.20 493.20
Per annum
10.00
5
50.00
B.
B1. Monitoring & Evaluation Concurrent Monitoring Environmental audit Evaluation and outcomes of impacts Evaluation of EMP implementation Subtotal C
LS
40.00 90.00
LS LS
30.00 25.00 55.00
LS
100.00
C1.Communication Bio-village publicity campaign Dissemination/publication
Subtotal D
Physical D1. Grants /Assistance Intensification of bio-pesticide production through reputed institutions/organisations D2. Works Bio-village programme implementation Relocation and restoration of cultural properties
ENHANCEMENT OF WATERBODIES
Per ha
0.219
4000
876.00
Nos
1.00
80
80.00
N0s
1.50
100
150.00
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Sl no
Components
D3. Goods & Equipment Water quality testing kits Dam safety Testing Mobile Van Water quality Laboratories under SWID
Unit Units of measurem cost (Rs. In lacs ents Nos Nos Nos
0.20 10.00 100.00
Institutional cost E1. Investment cost and maintenance Office equipment and maintenance Vehicles operation and maintenance
Provision in (Rs. in lacs )
150 2 4
30.00 20.00 400.00 980.00
SUBTOTAL E
Total
LS
Subtotal E2. Operational cost Manpower for DPMUs and SPMU Office operationg cost
Subtotal Grand total
1.35 25.60 30.00 56.95
555.60 97.00 652.60 3156.25
Detailed break –up and annual phasing is provided in the Attachment to this chapter. The Attachment also provides for the the details of manpower.
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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ATTACHMENT-II
Table-I: YEAR WISE AND DISTRICT WISE RATE OF CHEMICAL FERTILISER AND PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION FROM 1998 TO 2009 DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 COOCHB GROSS CROPPED 497,584 498,569 508,435 496,697 474,909 484,207 494,282 512,378 EHAR AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 53,459 61,459 58,034 64,559 65,196 62,867 72,623 73,272 FERT. USED 107 123 114 130 137 130 147 143 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 105 110 115 125 115 125 175 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 211 216 232 263 238 253 342 USE(g/ha) DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 JALPAIG GROSS CROPPED 493,991 510,923 560,742 552,962 577,640 549,570 563,756 561,803 URI AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 48,335 55,775 53,768 58,311 59,191 56,707 66,533 67,041 FERT. USED 98 109 96 105 102 103 118 119 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 100 115 110 120 110 120 170 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 196 205 199 208 200 213 303 USE(g/ha)
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 486,873 547,108 551,876 35,189 72
38,378 70
45,736 83
175
180
180
359
329
326
COMPONENTS
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 550,464 564,375 550,759 43,870 80
42,910 76
81,836 149
160
175
175
291
310
318
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DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 DARJEEL GROSS CROPPED 178,125 173,672 186,337 175,453 176,708 176,243 176,197 239,773 ING AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 29,079 34,690 32,223 34,444 35,526 32,549 37,985 36,750 FERT. USED 163 200 173 196 201 185 216 153 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. USE(MT) PESTICIDE. USE(g/ha) DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 NORTH- GROSS CROPPED 467,240 486,432 501,042 512,100 513,781 532,930 501,964 497,341 DINAJPU AREA (ha) R FERT. USED (MT) 38,361 35,938 40,608 40,150 FERT. USED 75 67 81 81 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 80 95 90 100 90 100 105 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 164 190 176 195 169 199 211 USE(g/ha)
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 192,458 195,832 194,119 42,435 220
48,919 250
22,951 118
-
-
-
-
-
-
COMPONENTS
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 470,490 496,684 508,263
59,100 126
54,433 110
83,277 164
105
115
130
223
232
256
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DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 SOUTH- GROSS CROPPED 290,403 298,258 299,159 300,178 298,498 308,281 311,468 299,867 DINAJPU AREA (ha) R FERT. USED (MT) 30,318 29,503 46,426 45,587 FERT. USED 102 96 149 152 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 85 90 95 105 95 105 100 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 285 301 316 352 308 337 333 USE(g/ha) DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 MALDA GROSS CROPPED 437,285 440,127 459,556 444,394 445,687 449,409 456,659 439,819 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 52,553 59,448 43,284 49,164 49,712 47,482 60,150 61,649 FERT. USED 120 135 94 111 112 106 132 140 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 110 135 120 130 120 130 195 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 250 294 270 292 267 285 443 USE(g/ha)
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 303,018 322,276 326,675
36,426 120
36,631 114
40,912 125
105
115
125
347
357
383
COMPONENTS
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 396,827 391,126 450,766 94,161 237
78,734 101,383 201 225
185
195
205
466
499
455
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DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 MURSHI GROSS CROPPED 840,503 879,055 754,937 914,586 927,370 972,035 958,222 937,782 DABAD AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 68,111 78,601 51,623 58,848 59,264 56,251 63,737 66,853 FERT. USED 81 89 68 64 64 58 67 71 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 125 120 135 145 135 145 205 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 142 159 148 156 139 151 219 USE(g/ha) DIST
NADIA
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 GROSS CROPPED 731,364 769,126 721,627 851,759 858,397 820,449 758,133 730,461 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 70,027 78,723 51,091 58,978 59,477 56,390 65,950 68,673 FERT. USED 96 102 71 69 69 69 87 94 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 315 319 325 335 325 335 400 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 410 442 382 390 396 442 548 USE(g/ha)
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 946,786 976,247 937,768 ##### 145
##### 144,638 135 154
195
205
215
206
210
229
COMPONENTS
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 701,345 697,744 697,229 90,898 130
86,237 124
98,869 142
410
420
430
585
602
617
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DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 NORTH- GROSS CROPPED 545,945 548,090 513,692 579,227 506,801 481,854 471,766 495,911 24 AREA (ha) PARGAN AS FERT. USED (MT) 68,383 78,474 63,698 74,195 73,469 68,562 83,291 81,536 FERT. USED 125 143 124 128 145 142 177 164 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 310 325 319 329 310 320 395 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 566 633 551 649 643 678 797 USE(g/ha) DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 SOUTH- GROSS CROPPED 549,515 571,845 538,791 543,016 539,759 562,734 505,302 507,604 24 AREA (ha) PARGAN AS FERT. USED (MT) 56,841 66,203 63,142 68,213 68,410 66,039 72,532 71,017 FERT. USED 103 116 117 126 127 117 144 140 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 145 135 155 165 155 165 195 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 254 251 285 306 275 327 384 USE(g/ha)
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 516,214 520,413 510,901
67,601 131
74,192 143
82,719 162
395
405
415
765
778
812
COMPONENTS
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 539,085 531,258 539,916
33,288 62
45,144 85
53,846 100
185
195
205
343
367
380
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DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 HOWRAH GROSS CROPPED 170,862 181,660 165,339 167,408 176,502 190,043 182,789 170,994 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 53,512 62,899 57,902 66,120 66,124 62,488 66,329 63,700 FERT. USED 313 346 350 395 375 329 363 373 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 135 155 135 145 135 145 190 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 743 937 806 822 710 793 1,111 USE(g/ha)
DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 HOOGHL GROSS CROPPED 489,729 495,856 396,385 518,916 517,585 524,153 520,655 528,672 Y AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) ##### ##### ##### ##### 98,656 110,816 102,312 ##### FERT. USED 201 223 258 206 206 200 219 198 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 265 290 271 280 270 280 355 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 534 732 522 541 515 538 671 USE(g/ha)
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 164,019 162,860 158,264 20,203 123
17,433 107
22,375 141
180
190
200
1,097
1,167
1,264
COMPONENTS
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 535,781 540,588 554,606 ##### 272
##### 147,402 265 266
340
350
360
635
647
649
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DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 BARDHA GROSS CROPPED 882,626 872,844 788,677 874,757 859,770 865,078 837,135 825,028 852,176 832,176 861,894 MAN AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 119,606 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 193,689 132,868 118,086 ##### ##### FERT. USED 136 152 150 142 144 138 154 153 205 219 225 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 290 271 290 290 280 290 365 345 345 355 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 332 344 332 337 324 346 442 405 415 412 USE(g/ha)
DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 BIRBHU GROSS CROPPED 514,319 515,514 458,666 533,884 537,277 516,705 532,994 514,494 M AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 65,162 74,215 64,603 68,559 67,773 65,076 67,741 63,960 FERT. USED 127 144 141 128 126 126 127 124 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 155 155 160 160 150 160 200 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 301 338 300 298 290 300 389 USE(g/ha)
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 549,725 560,771 568,120 81,184 148
89,480 160
87,924 155
180
180
190
327
321
334
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DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 EAST- GROSS CROPPED 631,367 626,731 664,987 639,565 486,060 515,122 513,900 515,303 MEDINIP AREA (ha) UR FERT. USED (MT) 70,229 80,154 80,321 84,279 83,805 79,675 85,466 85,804 FERT. USED 111 128 121 132 172 155 166 167 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 195 195 200 200 190 190 260 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 311 293 313 411 369 370 505 USE(g/ha)
DIST
COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 552,564 522,481 519,922
93,747 170
88,228 169
86,687 167
240
240
250
434
459
481
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 WEST GROSS CROPPED 738,124 792,259 773,563 778,645 900,844 914,208 922,571 931,881 966,714 938,644 982,084 MEDINIP AREA (ha) UR FERT. USED (MT) 71,697 81,665 82,625 86,163 81,271 78,225 86,379 84,475 ##### ##### 129,003 FERT. USED 97 103 107 111 90 86 94 91 124 130 131 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 295 295 300 300 290 290 370 350 350 365 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 372 381 385 333 317 314 397 362 373 372 USE(g/ha) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar
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DIST
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 BANKUR GROSS CROPPED 500,644 523,165 499,239 539,233 427,465 441,203 460,514 493,854 A AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 49,018 55,748 54,555 57,470 53,750 51,806 56,844 54,752 FERT. USED 98 107 109 107 126 117 123 111 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 170 170 175 175 165 165 210 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 325 341 325 409 374 358 425 USE(g/ha)
DIST
COMPONENTS
YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 PURULIA GROSS CROPPED 350,017 361,237 325,423 356,235 285,370 357,101 354,623 329,642 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 43,466 51,338 46,948 49,587 45,520 42,367 45,682 43,230 FERT. USED 124 142 144 139 160 119 129 131 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. 110 110 115 115 105 105 110 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. 305 338 323 403 294 296 334 USE(g/ha)
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 551,043 565,767 514,447 75,715 137
80,884 143
80,730 157
190
190
200
345
336
389
COMPONENTS
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 358,953 385,158 373,907 13,634 38
12,983 34
15,333 41
90
90
100
251
234
267
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Table-II DISTRICT WISE FUTURE PROJECTION OF FERTILIZER USE RATE AND PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION RATES SL #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Dist.
COB JAL DARJ(SLG) ND SD MLD MSD NDA N-24PGS S-24PGS HOW HOOGH BDN BIRB E-MED W-MED BANKR PURU
Addl. CCA by SW
ha 9,044 13,610 2,595 3,560 5,400 11,000 2,160 4,760 3,030 1,320 400 2,380 5,356 7,755 920 6,165 15,216 8,950
CI
% 220 218 204 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 202 194 220 204 174 160
ADDL.P RJ. GCA
ha 19,897 29,670 5,294 7,832 11,880 24,200 4,752 10,472 6,666 2,904 880 5,236 10,819 15,045 2,024 12,577 26,476 14,320
RATE FERTILIZER USE 07-’08 08-’09
Kg./ha 70 76 250 110 114 201 135 124 143 85 107 265 219 160 169 130 143 34
Kg/ha 83 149 118 164 125 225 154 142 162 100 141 266 225 155 167 131 157 41
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PESTICIDE CONSUMP. RATE 07-’08 08-’09
g/ha 329 310 232 357 499 210 602 778 367 1,167 647 415 321 459 373 336 234
FERTILISER USE RATE
PESTICIDE CONSUMP. RATE
GROWTH EXPDT. FERT GROWTH EXPDT. VELOCITY USE RATE VELOCITY PESTICIDE CONSUMP. RATE g/ha % Kg./ha % g./ha 326 18.57% 98 -0.91% 323 318 96.05% 292 2.58% 326 -52.80% 56 256 49.09% 245 10.34% 282 383 9.65% 137 7.28% 411 455 11.94% 252 -8.82% 415 229 14.07% 176 9.05% 250 617 632 14.52% 163 2.49% 812 847 13.29% 184 4.37% 380 17.65% 118 3.54% 393 1,264 1,369 31.78% 186 8.31% 649 651 0.38% 267 0.31% 412 2.74% 231 -0.72% 409 334 -3.13% 150 4.05% 348 481 504 -1.18% 165 4.79% 372 0.77% 132 -0.27% 371 450 389 9.79% 172 15.77% 267 20.59% 49 14.10% 305
ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY