Idea Transcript
Universities Research Journal 2011, Vol. 4, No. 2
Zooplankton of Mangrove Tidal Creek in Myeik Coastal Zone Khin May Chit Maung1 and Htay Aung2
Abstract Zooplankton samples were collected from mangrove-lined tidal creek waters in Myeik coastal zone from monthly June 2010 to March 2011. A total of 82 zooplankton species were found from a single collection site near Masan-pa Village. Among zooplankton groups, copepod ranked first in abundance and dominated 85.9% of the total monthly- samples. Protozoa and Protochordata were the second and third dominant groups of zooplankton and constituted as 4.9% and 2.1%, respectively. A classified list of zooplankton from Masan-pa tidal creek was presented. Zooplankton abundance varied in monthly samples, ranging from 1798.99 no/m3 to 4000 no/m3. Keywords: Abundance, classification, diversity, zooplankton.
Introduction Zooplankton is small drifting animals that can be found in all water bodies together with phytoplankton. Although the members of zooplankton represent almost every animal phylum, they are generally characterized by two major forms: holoplankton (permanent plankton) and meroplankton (temporary plankton). The groups of zooplankton are herbivores, carnivores or omnivores on the basis of diets. In the food web of marine ecosystem, zooplankton serves an essential role as an intermediate link between primary producers and secondary consumers. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton, zooplankton is the dominant producers of the oceans pelagic realm. Aggregation or dispersion of zooplankton population and their abundance may be correlated generally with the bloom and patchiness in phytoplankton distribution which in turn related with physical processes that control nutrient availability, temperature, light and transparency. The rich abundance of zooplankton in regions is the prime factor influencing to support high abundance of fish larvae with rapid growth rate, which will in turn become productive fishery grounds. This study attempted to find out what kinds of zooplankton species abound in mangrove-lined water way. The Masan-pa tidal creek in mangrove-estuarine ecosystem of Myeik coastal zone is a highly variable 1. Demonstrator, Department of Marine Science, Mawlamyine University. 2. Pro-Rector, Dr., Mawlamyine University.
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environment due to strong tidal influence. Because of well connection with the marine open sea, there is rhythmic ingress and egress of marine plankton through inflow and outflow of water. No published account is available on the monthly and seasonal distribution of zooplankton from this important mangrove waters. It is aimed to investigate the diversity and abundance of Masan-pa tidal creek. Materials and Methods Study area Zooplankton samples were monthly collected at Masan-pa station which is located in nearshore mangrove waters of Myeik coastal zone from June 2010 to March 2011. The sampling station is sited in mangrove ecosystem, 5 km away from the south-west of Myeik (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Location of zooplankton sampling station Sampling procedures and analytical methods Zooplankton net (30cm in mouth diameter, 100 μm in mesh size and 110 cm in length) was horizontally towed with moderate speed which make the net up and down in the water. All samples concentrated in the plankton net bucket were transferred into the bottle and fixed in 2% seawater-formalin in the field. Seawater salinity and temperature at sampling site were recorded. Samples were examined under the compound microscope for identification and counting, and photographic records were also made. This study followed the classification system used by Davis
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(1955), Newell & Newell (1973), Wickstead (1965), Shirota (1966), Yamaji (1971), Kasturirangan (1963), Han Shein (1975), Aung Kyi (1976), Gayder Kittim Ku (1979) and Htay Htay Mon (2009). The abundance of zooplankton was estimated by species-wise counting, and shown the number of individual per m3 of water as zooplankton standing stock through the net. The volume of water filtered by plankton net was estimated as follow: V= ð r2 d In the formula, V is the volume of water filtered by net r is the radius of the hoop of the net and d is the length of the water column transverse by the net (Goswami, 2004). Results In the present study, a total of eighty-two zooplankton species were identified (Table 1). The zooplankton species were found to be highest in March with 48 species, followed by November (47 species), and January (44 species). The occurrence of zooplankton in December was the lowest in the present study (Fig. 2a). Table 3 shows monthly surface temperature and salinity values of Masan-pa waters from June 2010 to March 2011. The surface temperature of mangrove-lined tidal water was found to be fairly consistent and ranged between 27 °C and 29 °C (Fig. 3b). The monthly variations of salinities were ranged from 23‰ to 28‰ (Fig. 3a).
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Table 1. A classified list of identified zooplankton species from Masan-pa tidal creek. Phylum Protozoa
Class Ciliata
Sarcodina
Order Tintinnida
Foraminifera
Family
Genus
Sr. No
Tintinnididae
Tintinnopsis
1
Cyttarocylidae
Favella
2
Globigerinidae
Globigerina
3 4
Coelenterata
Hydrozoa
Arthracanthida
Acanthometridae
Acanthometron
5
Siphonophora
Muggidae
Muggiaea
6
Diphyldae
Diphyes
7
Chaetognatha
Sargittoidea
Sagittoidae
Sagittidae
Sagitta
8
Arthrpoda
Crustaceae
Ostracada
Cypridinidae
Pyrocypris
9
Eucopepoda
Calanidae
Nannocalanus
10
Canthocalanus
11
Eucalanus
12
Eucalanidae
Species Tintinnopsis radix (Fig.4) Favella Taraikaensis (Fig.5) Globigerina sp I (Fig.6) Globigerina sp II (Fig.8) Acanthometron sp (Fig.9) Muggiaea atlantica (Fig.7) Diphyes sp 1 (Fig.11) Sargitta enflata (Fig.12) Pyrocypris sp. 1 (Fig.10) Nannocalanus minor (Fig.14) Canthocalanus pauper (Fig.13) Eucalanus attenuates (Fig.16)
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Phylum
Class
Arthrpoda
Crustaceae
Order Eucopepoda
335
Family Eucalanidae
Genus Eucalanus
Sr. No 13 14
Paracalanidae
Paracalanus
Acrocalanus
Arthrpoda
Crustaceae
Eucopepoda
Species E. subcrassus (Fig.15) E. monachus (Fig.17)
15
E. crassus (Fig.19)
16
Paracalanus parvus (Fig.18)
17
P. aculeatus (Fig.20)
18
P. crassirostris (Fig.21) Acrocalanus gracilis (Fig.22)
19 20
A. gibber (Fig.23)
21
A. similis (Fig.24) Euchaeta concinna (Fig.(25) Centropages furcatus (Fig.26) Centropages tenuiremis (Fig.27) C. dorsipinatus (Fig.28)
Euchaetidae
Euchaeta
22
Centropagidae
Centropages
23
Centropagidae
Centropages
24 25
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Pseudocalanidae
Arthrpoda
Crustaceae
Eucopepoda
Genus
Pseudodiaptomus
Sr. No
Species
26
C. yamadai (Fig.29)
27
Pseudodiaptomus aurivilli (Fig.30)
28
P. hickmani (Fig.31) Temora turbinata (Fig.32) Metacalanus aurivilli (Fig.33) Calanopia elliptica (Fig.34)
Temoridae
Temora
29
Arietellidae
Metacalanus
30
Pontellidae
Calanopia
31
Pontellidae
32
C. aurivilli (Fig.35)
33
C. thompsoni (Fig.36) Labidocera acuta (Fig.37)
Labidocera
34
Labidocera
35
L. pectinata (Fig.38)
36
L. minuta (Fig.39)
37
L. pavo (Fig.40)
38
L. kroyeri (Fig.41)
39
L. euchaeta (Fig.42)
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Phylum
Class
Order
337
Family
Acartiidae
Genus
Sr. No
Pontella
40
Pontellopsis
41
Acartia
42
Crustaceae
Eucopepoda
Pontella danae (Fig.43) Pontellopsis scotti (Fig.44) Acartia negligens (Fig.46)
43
A. danae (Fig.49)
44
A. erythraea (Fig.45) A. spinicauda (Fig.48)
45
Arthrpoda
Species
46
A. centrura (Fig.47) Tortanus forcepatus (Fig.50) Oithona spinirostris Claus (Fig.51)
Tortanidae
Tortanus
47
Oithonidae
Oithona
48 49
O. rigida (Fig.53)
50
O. brevicornis (Fig.52)
51
O. simplex (Fig.54)
52
O. nana (Fig.55)
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Sr. No 53
Arthrpoda
Crustaceae
Eucopepoda
Oncaeidae
Oncaea
54
Lichomolgidae
Kelleria
55
Corycaeidae
Corycaeus
56
Ectiosoonidae
Clytemnestridae
Amphipoda
Micorsetella
Clytemnestra
Species O. similis Claus (Fig.56) Oncaea venusta (Fig.57) Kelleria regalis (Fig.58) Corycaeus speciosus (Fig.59)
57
C. catus (Fig.60)
58
C. andrewsi (Fig.61)
59
Microstella norvegica (Fig.62)
60
M. rosea (Fig.63)
61
Clytemnestra scutellata (Fig.64)
62
C. rostrata (Fig.65) Euterpina acutifrons (Fig.66) Tigriopus sp.1 (Fig.67) Tulbergella cuspidati (Fig.69)
Tachiddidae
Euterpina
63
Harpacticoidae
Tigriopus
64
Oxycephalidae
Tulbergella
65
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Phylum
Class
Order
339
Family
Genus
Sr. No
Species
Decapoda
Luciferidae
Lucifer
66
Lucifer penicillifer (Fig.71)
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Heteropoda
Atlantidae
Atlanta
67
Atlanta sp (Fig.70)
Protochordata
Urochordata
Appendicularia
Oikapleuridae
Oikopleura
68
Annelida
Polychaeta
Oikopleura cophocerca (Fig.68) Trochophore larva I (Fig.72) Trochophore larva II (Fig.73) Pontellid nauplius (Fig.74) Cirriped cypris larva (Fig.76) Cirripede nauplius (Fig.75) Brachyuran zoea I (Fig.77) Brachyuran zoea II (Fig.79) Brachyura megalopa (Fig.78) Bivalve larva (Fig.80) Gastropod larva (Fig.81)
69 70
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Pontellidae Balanoides
Pontellid
71 72 73 74 75 76
Mollusca
Pelecypoda
77
Gastropoda
78
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Phylum
Class
Echinodermata
Ophiuroidea
Order
Family
Genus
Sr. No 79 80
Chordata
Osteichthyes
Species Ophiopluteus larva I (Fig.82) Ophiopluteus larva II (Fig.83)
81
Fish larva I (Fig.84)
82
Fish larva II (Fig.85)
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Distribution and Abundance Monthly occurrence and distribution of zooplankton groups is shown in Table 2. The collected zooplankton samples were dominated by copepods both in terms of species and numbers. Calanoid copepods represented by 38 species ranked first as the major component of the zooplankton, and followed by cyclopoid copepod (10 species) and harpacticoid copepod (6 species). Calanoid copepods: Paracalanus parvus, Acrocalanus similes, Pseudodiaptomus aurivilli, Metacalanus aurivilli, Labidocera pectinata, Acartia erythraea and A. spinicauda were dominated in almost all monthly collections with the maximum number of 521/m3, 410.5/m3, 421.05/m3, 210.52/m3, 531.6/m3, 142.1/m3 and 326.3/m3, respectively. With the highest numbers, the cyclopoid copepods: Oithona rigida (605.3/m3), O. brevicornis (568.4/m3), O. nana (147.4/m3), O. similes (1057.9/m3) and Corycaeus andrewsi (589.5/m3) were observed at almost all samples. Euterpina acutifrons was one of the major harpacticoid copepod which occurred in almost every month. The other copepod species were found in certain months of the year. Protozoa and Protochordata were common in almost all months. Other zooplankton groups: Coelenterata, Chaetognatha, Mollusca, Annelida, Echinodermata and Chordata were rarely found in the study area. The estimation of zooplankton abundance in terms of cell density was based on direct counts of sample. Figure 2b shows the fluctuations of zooplankton abundance by month, referring to the number per m3. Overall the density values of zooplankton in all months were ranged from 1798 no/m3 (December) to 4000 no/m3 (October) (Table 3). The cell densities of zooplankton were found to be increasing trend from June to July, and then decreased in August. It then increased in September and October in line with the increase of salinity and decreased in November and December. In February, the density value was lower than that of January and March.
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Fig. 2. Monthly variation in (a) number and (b) density of zooplankton species.
Fig. 3. Monthly variation in (a) Salinity and (b) temperature of study area.
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
Table 2. Monthly occurrence and distribution of zooplankton taxa.
Protozoa
16
17
20
16
16
26
14
18
33
6
Coelenterata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
Chaetognatha
0
0
0
11
11
7
0
15
0
3
249
634
496
441
665
491
336
579
463
581
Mollusca
7
13
4
5
6
7
4
4
0
15
Protochordata larva
15
16
27
15
17
0
9
9
0
0
Arthropoda
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
343
June
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Annelida larva
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
17
Echinodermata larva
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Chordata larva
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Table 3. Monthly surface salinity, temperature and zooplankton abundance of study area. Abundance (no/m3)
Months
Salinity (‰)
Temperature ( °C)
June
23
27
1944.72
July
24
27
3532.66
August
24
27
2748.74
September
25
27
3834.17
October
27
27
4000
November
26
28
2723.62
December
26
28
1798.99
January
27
27
3361.81
February
26
29
2060.3
March
28
29
3271.36
Disscussion and Conclusion The occurrence and abundance of zooplankton is important indication for the assessment on the abundance of fisheries resources. Some studies concerned with Myanmar plankton were carried out since 1969s. A total of 82 zooplankton species were recorded from the single study site. Although this occurrence of zooplankton species is decreased in compared with the previous study by Han Shein (1975), Kyi Win (1977) and Htay
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Htay Mon (2009), the study waters is thus considered being rich in diversity of zooplankton populations as all monthly samples are composed of not less than 20 species of zooplankton. In all collections, copepods were predomoinant with 85.9% of total sample counts and followed by Protozoa (4.9%) and Protochordata (2.1%). This present observation of species composition was more or less similar to that of observation in Andaman Sea observed by Jitchum, Daungdee and Patrajinda (2006). Moreover, monthly dominant abundance of copepods in zooplankton populations in the present observation coincided with the various investigations of zooplankton in other regions described by Chew, Chong and Ooi (2008) and Htay Htay Mon (2009). The abundance of zooplankton in terms of standing stocks ranged between 15.61 no/m3 and 478.61 no/m3 for 78 zooplankton taxa (Zin Lin Khine and Htay Aung, 2009) in Myanmar Territory waters of North-east Andaman Sea, 510 no/m3 - 109464 no/m3 for 119 taxa (Htay Htay Mon, 2009) in Setsè and Yathae Taung and 43.34 individual/m3- 185.17 individual/m3 for 65 groups of zooplankton taxa (Jitchum, Daungdee and Patrajinda (2006) in the Andaman Sea. According to the zooplankton species investigated in the Andaman Sea in 2006 including Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand, the highest abundance of zooplankton species was observed in Myanmar waters. Total zooplankton abundance of the present study was in the range of 1798 no/m3 – 4000 no/m3 for 82 zooplankton species. Although there were different in species composition and abundance of zooplankton observed in different study areas, the investigations and results of zooplankton in various regions including present study show that copepods were the most dominant and abundance in zooplankton population. The highest zooplankton abundance in this study occurred in the month of October and followed by September and January. During June and December, the zooplankton density declined to lowest level for a year. The affects of temperature and salinity on the seasonal distribution of different zooplankton groups have been indicated by Aung Kyi (1976) and Htay Htay Mon (2009). The present observation also showed that the increase of temperature and salinity coincided with the increase of zooplankton population, particularly copepod. The mangrove environment is characterized by a large amount of organic materials and exposure to diurnal and seasonal variation of physico-
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chemical conditions. Dead mangrove trees, fruits and leaves, together with decomposing dead under-ground fine roots provide organic detritus, primarily utilized by bacteria and fungi which convert undigestible plant tissue into a protein source for animals of the detritus food chain. Therefore, detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton together in combination contribute the most biologically productive mangrove-estuarine ecosystem. It can be concluded that the study waters, mangrove tidal creek in Myeik Coastal Zone is highly productive and sustains a rich community of zooplankton in terms of species diversity and abundance, and thus it has been supporting various fisheries resources. Although the findings of this study based on 10 months period are inadequate to discuss the changes in structure of zooplankton community, still provide baseline data of zooplankton diversity common to Masan-pa mangrove waters. Further studies are needed to conduct the dynamics of zooplankton community in correlation with physical and chemical parameters of mangrove-lined estuarine waters in Myeik Coastal Zone.
4
5
6
7
9 8 10
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13
12
11
14
15
Figures. 4-15. Zooplankton. Fig. 4. Tintinnopsis radix, Fig. 5. Favella taraikaensis, Fig. 6. Globigerina sp.1, Fig. 7. Muggiaea atlantica, Fig. 8. Globigerina sp.2, Fig. 9. Acanthometron sp., Fig. 10. Pyrocypris sp.1, Fig. 11. Diphyes sp. 1, Fig. 12. Sargitta enflata, Fig. 13. Canthocalanus pauper, Fig. 14. Nannocalanus minor, Fig. 15. Eucalanus subcrassus, (Scale bars, 0.5mm).
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17
347
18
19
15
20
24
28
21
22
23
25
29
26 27
30
31
32
Figs. 16-32. Zooplankton. Fig. 16. Eucalanus attenuates. Fig. 17. E. monachus. Fig. 18. Paracalanus parvus. Fig. 19. E. crassus. Fig. 20. P. aculeatus. Fig. 21. P. crassirostris. Fig. 22. Acrocalanus gracilis. Fig. 23. A. gibber. Fig. 24. A. similes. Fig. 25. Euchaeta concinna. Fig. 26. Centropages furcatus. Fig. 27. C. tenuiremis. Fig. 28. C. dorsipinatus. Fig. 29. C. yamadai. Fig. 30. Pseudodiaptomus aurivilli. Fig. 31. P. hickmani. Fig. 32. Temora turbinate, (Scale bars, 0.3 mm).
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33
35
34
38
39
44
43
48
49
40
45
50
36
37
41
42
46
47
51
52
Figs. 33-52. Zooplankton. Fig. 33. Metacalanus aurivilli. Fig. 34. Calanopia elliptica. Fig. 35. C. aurivilli. Fig. 36. C. thompsoni. Fig. 37. Labidocera acuta. Fig. 38. L. pectinata. Fig. 39. L. minuta,.Fig. 40. L. pavo. Fig. 41. L. kroyeri. Fig. 42. L. euchaeta. Fig. 43. Pontella danae. Fig. 44. Pontellopsis scotti. Fig. 45. Acartia erythraea. Fig. 46. A. negligens. Fig. 47. A. centrura. Fig. 48. A. spincauda. Fig. 49. A. danae. Fig. 50. Tortanus forcepatus. Fig. 51. Oithona spinirostris. Fig. 52. O. brevicornis. (Scale bars, 0.5mm).
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54
53 0
58
60
59
64 65
349
66
57
56
62
61
67
68
63
69
70
71
72
73
74
Figs. 53-74. Zooplankton. Fig. 53. Oithona rigida. Fig. 54. O. simplex. Fig. 55. O. nana. Fig. 56. O. similis. Fig. 57. Oncaea venusta. Fig. 58. Kelleria regalis. Fig. 59. Corycaeus speciosus. Fig. 60. C. catus. Fig. 61. C. andrewsi. Fig. 62. Microstella norvegica. Fig. 63. M. rosea. Fig. 64. Clytemnestra rostrata. Fig. 65. C. scutellata. Fig. 66. Euterpina acutifrons. Fig. 67. Tigriopus sp 1. Fig. 68. Oikopleura cophocerca. Fig. 69. Tulbergella cuspidate. Fig. 70. Atlanta sp. Fig. 71. Lucifer penicillifer. Fig. 72. Trochophore larva I. Fig. 73. Trochophore larva II. Fig. 74. Pontellid nauplius.(Scale bars,0.3 mm).
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75
79 0
83
77
76
80
78
81
84
82
85
Figs. 75-85. Zooplankton. Fig. 75. Cirripede nauplius. Fig. 76. Cirriped cypris larva. Fig. 77. Brachyuran zoea I. Fig. 78. Brachyuran megalopa. Fig. 79. Brachyuran zoea II. Fig. 80. Bivalve larva. Fig. 81. Gastropod larva. Fig. 82. Ophiopluteus larva I. Fig. 83. Ophiopluteus larva II. Fig. 84. Fish larva I. Fig. 85. Fish larva II. (Scale bars, 0.2 mm)
Acknowledgements We would like to express our special thanks, to Dr Myint Shwe, Rector of Myeik University for his permission to carry out this research. We wish to acknowledge to Prof. U. Soe Htun, Head of Marine Science Department, Mawlamyine University, Prof. Daw Nang Mya Han, Head of Marine Science Department and all teachers from Myeik University, for their suggestions. The first author, Khin May Chit Maung, would like to thank her beloved parents, U Chit Maung and Daw May Lwin, for their physical, moral and financial supports throughout this study. In addition, funding for this work from the Department of Higher Education (Lower Myanmar), the Ministry of Education and the Department of Marine Science, Mawlamyine University is also mostly appreciated.
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Wickstead, J.H. (1965). An introduction to the study of tropical plankton. Department of Technical Co-operation and Marine Biological Association, Plymouth. 153 pp. Yamaji, I. (1971). Illustrations of the marine plankton of Japan. Hoikusha publication, Japan, 324 pp. Zin Lin Khine and Haty Aung. (2009). Distribution, abundance and diversity of plankton in Myanmar Territory waters of North East Andaman Sea. J. Myan. Acad. Art & Sc. 7 (5): 389-414.